So far, we have met two Latin suffixes (-\u0101<\/b>lis<\/b> and -<\/b>\u012blis<\/b>) that create 3rd declension adjectives. In this section we see two (-\u0101<\/b>nus<\/b> and -<\/b>\u012bnus<\/b>) that form adjectives of the 1st and 2nd declension, as we can recognize by the reliable ending -us<\/b>.<\/p>\r\n
The -<\/b>\u0101<\/b>nus<\/b> group is very small and will be dismissed with two examples:<\/p>\r\n\r\n The Latin word h\u016bm\u0101nus<\/strong> (E human<\/i>) is an odd case. Regardless of appearances, it is not related to h\u016dmus<\/strong>, \u201cearth,\u201d but is an irregular derivative of the 3rd declension noun homo<\/b>, hominis<\/b>, \u201cmankind,\u201d \u201chumankind,\u201d \u201cperson\u201d (to be distinguished from vir<\/b>, the male human being).<\/p>\r\n The -<\/b>\u012b<\/b>nus <\/b>group is somewhat larger and more productive, from the English point of view. Here are some representative examples:<\/p>\r\n\r\n sal<\/b>, sal-is<\/b> (\u201csalt\u201d) > salinus<\/b> (E saline<\/i>)<\/p>\r\n mare<\/b>, mar-is<\/b> (\u201csea\u201d) > marinus<\/b> (E marine<\/i>)<\/p>\r\n divus<\/b> = deus<\/b> (\u201cgod\u201d) > divinus<\/b> (E divine<\/i>)<\/p>\r\n femina<\/b> (\u201cwoman\u201d) > femininus<\/b> (E feminine<\/i>)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n The corresponding word masculine<\/i> is derived from masculinus<\/b>, whose etymology we\u2019ll learn a little later in the course. Notice that the -ine<\/i> of these -inus<\/b> derivatives can be pronounced at least three different ways in English.<\/p>\r\n You will be familiar with at least some Latin-derived adjectives that refer to animals. This was a consistent use of the suffix -inus<\/b>, forming words that regularly came into English as derivatives in -ine<\/i> (here pronounced to rhyme with \u201cmine\u201d):<\/p>\r\n\r\n canis<\/b> (\u201cdog\u201d) > caninus<\/b> (E canine<\/i>, \u201cpertaining to a dog\u201d)<\/p>\r\n feles<\/b> (\u201ccat\u201d) > felinus<\/b> (E feline<\/i>, \u201cpertaining to a cat,\u201d \u201ccatlike\u201d)<\/p>\r\n equus<\/b> (\u201chorse\u201d) > equinus<\/b> (E equine<\/i>, \u201cpertaining to a horse\u201d)<\/p>\r\n porcus<\/b> (\u201cpig\u201d) > porcinus<\/b> (E porcine<\/i>, \u201cpertaining to a pig,\u201d \u201clike a pig\u201d)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n These animal words are mainly clinical and technical. We say \u201ccanine distemper,\u201d but \u201cdoggy bag\u201d; and no one would ever reverse the two adjectives. On the other hand, we can say that a person moves with feline<\/i> grace, or that someone\u2019s appearance is porcine<\/i>. When we\u2019re being uncomplimentary or rude, we generally use Germanic adjectives. To call a man \u201cpiggy\u201d or \u201cpiggish\u201d is a more direct insult than to call him \u201cporcine\u201d\u2014unless he\u2019s a Latin scholar. You might describe a woman as \u201chorsey,\u201d referring either to her interests or to her appearance; in the second case, at least, that would be a \u201ccatty\u201d remark.<\/p>\r\n How many English animal adjectives in -ine<\/i> can you think of? How do they differ in connotation from their Germanic counterparts, such as \u201ccatty\u201d or \u201cpiggish\u201d or \u201cdoglike\u201d? Search your own vocabulary honestly, and then consult the Bestiary in\u00a0\u00a7<\/a>41<\/a>.<\/p>","rendered":" So far, we have met two Latin suffixes (-\u0101<\/b>lis<\/b> and –<\/b>\u012blis<\/b>) that create 3rd declension adjectives. In this section we see two (-\u0101<\/b>nus<\/b> and –<\/b>\u012bnus<\/b>) that form adjectives of the 1st and 2nd declension, as we can recognize by the reliable ending –us<\/b>.<\/p>\n The –<\/b>\u0101<\/b>nus<\/b> group is very small and will be dismissed with two examples:<\/p>\n The Latin word h\u016bm\u0101nus<\/strong> (E human<\/i>) is an odd case. Regardless of appearances, it is not related to h\u016dmus<\/strong>, \u201cearth,\u201d but is an irregular derivative of the 3rd declension noun homo<\/b>, hominis<\/b>, \u201cmankind,\u201d \u201chumankind,\u201d \u201cperson\u201d (to be distinguished from vir<\/b>, the male human being).<\/p>\n The –<\/b>\u012b<\/b>nus <\/b>group is somewhat larger and more productive, from the English point of view. Here are some representative examples:<\/p>\n sal<\/b>, sal-is<\/b> (\u201csalt\u201d) > salinus<\/b> (E saline<\/i>)<\/p>\n mare<\/b>, mar-is<\/b> (\u201csea\u201d) > marinus<\/b> (E marine<\/i>)<\/p>\n divus<\/b> = deus<\/b> (\u201cgod\u201d) > divinus<\/b> (E divine<\/i>)<\/p>\n femina<\/b> (\u201cwoman\u201d) > femininus<\/b> (E feminine<\/i>)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n The corresponding word masculine<\/i> is derived from masculinus<\/b>, whose etymology we\u2019ll learn a little later in the course. Notice that the -ine<\/i> of these -inus<\/b> derivatives can be pronounced at least three different ways in English.<\/p>\n You will be familiar with at least some Latin-derived adjectives that refer to animals. This was a consistent use of the suffix -inus<\/b>, forming words that regularly came into English as derivatives in –ine<\/i> (here pronounced to rhyme with \u201cmine\u201d):<\/p>\n canis<\/b> (\u201cdog\u201d) > caninus<\/b> (E canine<\/i>, \u201cpertaining to a dog\u201d)<\/p>\n feles<\/b> (\u201ccat\u201d) > felinus<\/b> (E feline<\/i>, \u201cpertaining to a cat,\u201d \u201ccatlike\u201d)<\/p>\n equus<\/b> (\u201chorse\u201d) > equinus<\/b> (E equine<\/i>, \u201cpertaining to a horse\u201d)<\/p>\n porcus<\/b> (\u201cpig\u201d) > porcinus<\/b> (E porcine<\/i>, \u201cpertaining to a pig,\u201d \u201clike a pig\u201d)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n These animal words are mainly clinical and technical. We say \u201ccanine distemper,\u201d but \u201cdoggy bag\u201d; and no one would ever reverse the two adjectives. On the other hand, we can say that a person moves with feline<\/i> grace, or that someone\u2019s appearance is porcine<\/i>. When we\u2019re being uncomplimentary or rude, we generally use Germanic adjectives. To call a man \u201cpiggy\u201d or \u201cpiggish\u201d is a more direct insult than to call him \u201cporcine\u201d\u2014unless he\u2019s a Latin scholar. You might describe a woman as \u201chorsey,\u201d referring either to her interests or to her appearance; in the second case, at least, that would be a \u201ccatty\u201d remark.<\/p>\n How many English animal adjectives in -ine<\/i> can you think of? How do they differ in connotation from their Germanic counterparts, such as \u201ccatty\u201d or \u201cpiggish\u201d or \u201cdoglike\u201d? Search your own vocabulary honestly, and then consult the Bestiary in\u00a0\u00a7<\/a>41<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":20,"menu_order":5,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"Chapter 5: Turning Latin Nouns into Adjectives","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[52],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-677","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","chapter-type-numberless"],"part":581,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/677","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/20"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/677\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2027,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/677\/revisions\/2027"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/581"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/677\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=677"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=677"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=677"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=677"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
urbs<\/b>, urb-is<\/b> > urb<\/b>anus<\/b> (E urban<\/i> and urbane<\/i>)<\/div>\r\n
urbs<\/b>, urb-is<\/b> > urb<\/b>anus<\/b> (E urban<\/i> and urbane<\/i>)<\/div>\n