{"id":716,"date":"2016-07-29T20:54:47","date_gmt":"2016-07-30T00:54:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/?post_type=chapter&p=716"},"modified":"2017-06-16T16:13:54","modified_gmt":"2017-06-16T20:13:54","slug":"%c2%a763-latin-verbs-of-the-first-conjugation","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/chapter\/%c2%a763-latin-verbs-of-the-first-conjugation\/","title":{"raw":"\u00a763. Latin Verbs of the First Conjugation","rendered":"\u00a763. Latin Verbs of the First Conjugation"},"content":{"raw":"

Like Latin nouns, Latin verbs can be grouped by pattern or type, so as to make them much easier to learn. In Chapters 2 and 3, we learned nouns in groups that we called DECLENSIONS. For some two thousand years, Latin verb groups have been known as\u00a0CONJUGATIONS<\/strong> <\/b>(literally, forms \u201cjoined together\u201d). Don\u2019t let the label alarm you; once again, we are merely talking about separate types or categories.<\/p>\r\n

The 1st conjugation is an ideal place to begin, since it is the easiest and most regular. It is not the category to which vid\u0113<\/b>re<\/b> belongs; all verbs in this first class will have a PRESENT INFINITIVE in -<\/b>\u0101<\/strong>re<\/b>, like voc<\/b>\u0101<\/strong>re<\/b> (\u201cto call\u201d) or port<\/b>\u0101<\/strong><\/b>re<\/b> (\u201cto carry\u201d). Because the -\u0101<\/strong><\/b><\/b>-<\/b> of that infinitive ending is a long vowel, we should pronounce the form as voca\u0304\u0301<\/b><\/b>re<\/b>. (Don\u2019t use those marks in writing the word; they are merely pronunciation guides.) The regular simplicity of the 1st conjugation is best seen in the PERFECT PARTICIPLE, which almost always assumes a form like voc\u0101<\/strong><\/b><\/b>tus<\/b> or port\u0101<\/strong><\/b><\/b>tus<\/b>. That reassuring fact makes this conjugation thoroughly predictable\u2014a great blessing, since it is the source of at least a thousand English words. Remember it, then, as the \u201cvowel A<\/b>\u201d conjugation, characterized by the two forms -ARE<\/b> and -ATUS<\/strong><\/b>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
<\/a>Table 9.1: LATIN FIRST CONJUGATION VERBS<\/strong><\/caption>\r\n
cantare, cantatus<\/strong><\/td>\r\nsing<\/td>\r\nputare, putatus<\/strong><\/td>\r\nthink, reckon<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
clamare, clamatus<\/strong><\/td>\r\nshout<\/td>\r\nsecare, sectus<\/strong><\/td>\r\ncut<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
mutare, mutatus<\/strong><\/td>\r\nchange<\/td>\r\nservare, servatus<\/strong><\/td>\r\nsave<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
plicare, plicatus<\/strong><\/td>\r\nfold<\/td>\r\nstare, status<\/strong><\/td>\r\nstand<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
portare, portatus<\/strong><\/td>\r\ncarry<\/td>\r\nvocare, vocatus<\/strong><\/td>\r\ncall<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n

This is a mere sampling of literally hundreds of Latin verbs that follow this pattern. Just to keep you honest, we have included one that departs from type: the perfect participle of secare<\/b> does not show the usual -atus <\/b>ending, but instead is sectus<\/b>. If you apply the memory trick given in \u00a762<\/a>, you can easily remember sectus<\/b> from the English word section <\/i>(\u201csomething cut\u201d).<\/p>\r\n

At first glance, you may not spot a great many English derivatives from the verbs in Table 9.1<\/a>. The real linguistic dividends start to accrue when you combine these verb bases with the prefixes of the last chapter (\u00a759<\/a>). Though portare<\/b> by itself may suggest only the French-derived portage <\/i>(< late Latin portaticum<\/b>), the prefixes will soon bring to mind such words as import<\/i>, important<\/i>, export<\/i>, report<\/i>, deportation<\/i> (a \u201ccarrying away\u201d), disport<\/i> (to \u201ccarry apart\u201d from work)\u2014the source, believe it or not, of our common word sport<\/i>. A similar assault on putare <\/b>will yield compute, computer, deputation, dispute, impute, reputable, disreputable, <\/i>and reputation,<\/i> as well as more learned words like putative<\/i>. In earlier chapters we saw that the scope of Latin noun and adjective derivatives is rich and varied; but the extent of Latin verb derivatives in English is simply mind-boggling.<\/p>\r\n

If you know any French, you will recognize cantare<\/b> as the source of chanter; <\/i>indeed, it is usual for 1st conjugation Latin verbs in -are<\/b> to become 1st conjugation French verbs in -er<\/i>. Thus English chant<\/i> can be seen as an Old French loan-word, whereas recant<\/i> and incantation <\/i>come directly from Latin.[footnote] Sometimes English will \u201ccorrect\u201d or \u201cre-Latinize\u201d the spelling of a word taken from French. The term descant<\/em>, for instance, was derived from L discantus<\/strong> (\u201csinging apart\u201d) through F deschant<\/em>.[\/footnote] Therefore enchant<\/i> and incant<\/i> are perfect doublets, while enchantment<\/i> and incantation<\/i> are closely related. You may be startled to realize that a sea shanty<\/i> and a Bach cantata<\/i> are brothers under the skin.<\/p>\r\n

Don\u2019t be surprised if you find spelling changes in Latin verb derivatives. Our verbs claim<\/i> (\u201cshout\u201d), exclaim<\/i> (\u201cshout out\u201d), proclaim<\/i> (\u201cshout forth\u201d) and reclaim<\/i> (\u201cshout back\u201d) are all derivatives of clamare<\/b>. But observe how the corresponding noun derivatives, all from the perfect participle, show the correct Latin spelling: exclamation, proclamation, reclamation.<\/i> A parallel is seen in derivatives of vocare<\/b>. From the present stem we get convoke<\/i> (\u201ccall together\u201d), evoke<\/i> (\u201ccall out \u201d), invoke<\/i> (\u201ccall in\u201d), provoke<\/i> (\u201ccall forth\u201d), and revoke<\/i> (\u201ccall back), whereas the perfect participle provides us with convocation<\/i>, invocation<\/i>, and provocation<\/i>. (We\u2019ll meet later such interesting forms as irrevocable<\/i>.) Notice, by the way, that reclaim<\/i> and revoke<\/i> are very close in etymological meaning, and do have some kinship in meaning today.<\/p>\r\n

Sometimes the English derivatives can be thoroughly disguised. From plicare<\/b> you would soon discover complicate<\/i> (\u201cfold together\u201d), implicate<\/i> (\u201cfold in\u201d) and explication<\/i> (\u201ca folding out\u201d), and you might then track down implicit<\/i> and explicit<\/i>; but you would need an etymological dictionary to uncover plait<\/i>, pleat<\/i>, ply<\/i> (all < plicatus<\/b>), imply<\/i>, employ<\/i> (both < implicare<\/b>), deploy<\/i>, display<\/i> (both < displicare<\/b>), apply<\/i>, appliqu<\/i>\u00e9<\/em> (both < applicatus<\/b> < ad-plicatus<\/b>), and the noun exploit<\/i> (< explicatus<\/b>). If you then learned that the root plic- <\/b>occurs also in complex<\/i>, accomplice<\/i>, simplicity<\/i>, and multiply <\/i>(= Germanic manifold<\/i>), you would realize that you had unfolded a very complicated pattern.<\/p>\r\nThe first time around, you are likely to make a few mistakes. You would be wrong to think that servare<\/b> is the source of English serve<\/i> (< L servire<\/b>); but it is the origin of conserve, conservation, preserve, reservation, reservoir,<\/i> etc. The important Latin verb stare<\/b>, status<\/b> is cognate with\u2014but is not the source of\u2014the Germanic English verb stand<\/i>; it has given us the derivatives status<\/i>, station<\/i>, stature<\/i>, constant<\/i>, instant<\/i>, stance<\/i>, and inconstancy<\/i>. There is absolutely no way that you can grasp all these words at once; some of them will be carefully explained in later chapters. The only expectation at present is that you will try to learn the two necessary Latin forms and the basic English meanings for each of the verbs on the table, making intelligent use of any English clues that you can spot.\r\n

<\/i>To review and stress that all-important key to the perfect participle, here is an \u201c-ion<\/em>\u201d <\/b>guide to the ten 1st conjugation verbs on Table 9.1<\/a>: incantation, exclamation, mutation, complication, deportation, reputation, section, conservation, station, <\/i>and vocation.<\/i><\/p>","rendered":"

Like Latin nouns, Latin verbs can be grouped by pattern or type, so as to make them much easier to learn. In Chapters 2 and 3, we learned nouns in groups that we called DECLENSIONS. For some two thousand years, Latin verb groups have been known as\u00a0CONJUGATIONS<\/strong> <\/b>(literally, forms \u201cjoined together\u201d). Don\u2019t let the label alarm you; once again, we are merely talking about separate types or categories.<\/p>\n

The 1st conjugation is an ideal place to begin, since it is the easiest and most regular. It is not the category to which vid\u0113<\/b>re<\/b> belongs; all verbs in this first class will have a PRESENT INFINITIVE in –<\/b>\u0101<\/strong>re<\/b>, like voc<\/b>\u0101<\/strong>re<\/b> (\u201cto call\u201d) or port<\/b>\u0101<\/strong><\/b>re<\/b> (\u201cto carry\u201d). Because the –\u0101<\/strong><\/b><\/b>–<\/b> of that infinitive ending is a long vowel, we should pronounce the form as voca\u0304\u0301<\/b><\/b>re<\/b>. (Don\u2019t use those marks in writing the word; they are merely pronunciation guides.) The regular simplicity of the 1st conjugation is best seen in the PERFECT PARTICIPLE, which almost always assumes a form like voc\u0101<\/strong><\/b><\/b>tus<\/b> or port\u0101<\/strong><\/b><\/b>tus<\/b>. That reassuring fact makes this conjugation thoroughly predictable\u2014a great blessing, since it is the source of at least a thousand English words. Remember it, then, as the \u201cvowel A<\/b>\u201d conjugation, characterized by the two forms -ARE<\/b> and -ATUS<\/strong><\/b>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
<\/a>Table 9.1: LATIN FIRST CONJUGATION VERBS<\/strong><\/caption>\n
cantare, cantatus<\/strong><\/td>\nsing<\/td>\nputare, putatus<\/strong><\/td>\nthink, reckon<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
clamare, clamatus<\/strong><\/td>\nshout<\/td>\nsecare, sectus<\/strong><\/td>\ncut<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
mutare, mutatus<\/strong><\/td>\nchange<\/td>\nservare, servatus<\/strong><\/td>\nsave<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
plicare, plicatus<\/strong><\/td>\nfold<\/td>\nstare, status<\/strong><\/td>\nstand<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
portare, portatus<\/strong><\/td>\ncarry<\/td>\nvocare, vocatus<\/strong><\/td>\ncall<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

This is a mere sampling of literally hundreds of Latin verbs that follow this pattern. Just to keep you honest, we have included one that departs from type: the perfect participle of secare<\/b> does not show the usual -atus <\/b>ending, but instead is sectus<\/b>. If you apply the memory trick given in \u00a762<\/a>, you can easily remember sectus<\/b> from the English word section <\/i>(\u201csomething cut\u201d).<\/p>\n

At first glance, you may not spot a great many English derivatives from the verbs in Table 9.1<\/a>. The real linguistic dividends start to accrue when you combine these verb bases with the prefixes of the last chapter (\u00a759<\/a>). Though portare<\/b> by itself may suggest only the French-derived portage <\/i>(< late Latin portaticum<\/b>), the prefixes will soon bring to mind such words as import<\/i>, important<\/i>, export<\/i>, report<\/i>, deportation<\/i> (a \u201ccarrying away\u201d), disport<\/i> (to \u201ccarry apart\u201d from work)\u2014the source, believe it or not, of our common word sport<\/i>. A similar assault on putare <\/b>will yield compute, computer, deputation, dispute, impute, reputable, disreputable, <\/i>and reputation,<\/i> as well as more learned words like putative<\/i>. In earlier chapters we saw that the scope of Latin noun and adjective derivatives is rich and varied; but the extent of Latin verb derivatives in English is simply mind-boggling.<\/p>\n

If you know any French, you will recognize cantare<\/b> as the source of chanter; <\/i>indeed, it is usual for 1st conjugation Latin verbs in -are<\/b> to become 1st conjugation French verbs in -er<\/i>. Thus English chant<\/i> can be seen as an Old French loan-word, whereas recant<\/i> and incantation <\/i>come directly from Latin.[1]<\/sup><\/a> Therefore enchant<\/i> and incant<\/i> are perfect doublets, while enchantment<\/i> and incantation<\/i> are closely related. You may be startled to realize that a sea shanty<\/i> and a Bach cantata<\/i> are brothers under the skin.<\/p>\n

Don\u2019t be surprised if you find spelling changes in Latin verb derivatives. Our verbs claim<\/i> (\u201cshout\u201d), exclaim<\/i> (\u201cshout out\u201d), proclaim<\/i> (\u201cshout forth\u201d) and reclaim<\/i> (\u201cshout back\u201d) are all derivatives of clamare<\/b>. But observe how the corresponding noun derivatives, all from the perfect participle, show the correct Latin spelling: exclamation, proclamation, reclamation.<\/i> A parallel is seen in derivatives of vocare<\/b>. From the present stem we get convoke<\/i> (\u201ccall together\u201d), evoke<\/i> (\u201ccall out \u201d), invoke<\/i> (\u201ccall in\u201d), provoke<\/i> (\u201ccall forth\u201d), and revoke<\/i> (\u201ccall back), whereas the perfect participle provides us with convocation<\/i>, invocation<\/i>, and provocation<\/i>. (We\u2019ll meet later such interesting forms as irrevocable<\/i>.) Notice, by the way, that reclaim<\/i> and revoke<\/i> are very close in etymological meaning, and do have some kinship in meaning today.<\/p>\n

Sometimes the English derivatives can be thoroughly disguised. From plicare<\/b> you would soon discover complicate<\/i> (\u201cfold together\u201d), implicate<\/i> (\u201cfold in\u201d) and explication<\/i> (\u201ca folding out\u201d), and you might then track down implicit<\/i> and explicit<\/i>; but you would need an etymological dictionary to uncover plait<\/i>, pleat<\/i>, ply<\/i> (all < plicatus<\/b>), imply<\/i>, employ<\/i> (both < implicare<\/b>), deploy<\/i>, display<\/i> (both < displicare<\/b>), apply<\/i>, appliqu<\/i>\u00e9<\/em> (both < applicatus<\/b> < ad-plicatus<\/b>), and the noun exploit<\/i> (< explicatus<\/b>). If you then learned that the root plic- <\/b>occurs also in complex<\/i>, accomplice<\/i>, simplicity<\/i>, and multiply <\/i>(= Germanic manifold<\/i>), you would realize that you had unfolded a very complicated pattern.<\/p>\n

The first time around, you are likely to make a few mistakes. You would be wrong to think that servare<\/b> is the source of English serve<\/i> (< L servire<\/b>); but it is the origin of conserve, conservation, preserve, reservation, reservoir,<\/i> etc. The important Latin verb stare<\/b>, status<\/b> is cognate with\u2014but is not the source of\u2014the Germanic English verb stand<\/i>; it has given us the derivatives status<\/i>, station<\/i>, stature<\/i>, constant<\/i>, instant<\/i>, stance<\/i>, and inconstancy<\/i>. There is absolutely no way that you can grasp all these words at once; some of them will be carefully explained in later chapters. The only expectation at present is that you will try to learn the two necessary Latin forms and the basic English meanings for each of the verbs on the table, making intelligent use of any English clues that you can spot.<\/p>\n

<\/i>To review and stress that all-important key to the perfect participle, here is an \u201c-ion<\/em>\u201d <\/b>guide to the ten 1st conjugation verbs on Table 9.1<\/a>: incantation, exclamation, mutation, complication, deportation, reputation, section, conservation, station, <\/i>and vocation.<\/i><\/p>\n

  1. Sometimes English will \u201ccorrect\u201d or \u201cre-Latinize\u201d the spelling of a word taken from French. The term descant<\/em>, for instance, was derived from L discantus<\/strong> (\u201csinging apart\u201d) through F deschant<\/em>. ↵<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":20,"menu_order":3,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"Chapter 9: The Latin Verb System","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[52],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-716","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","chapter-type-numberless"],"part":585,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/716","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/20"}],"version-history":[{"count":14,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/716\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2092,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/716\/revisions\/2092"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/585"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/716\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=716"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=716"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=716"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=716"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}