{"id":739,"date":"2016-07-29T21:09:54","date_gmt":"2016-07-30T01:09:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=739"},"modified":"2016-12-14T20:09:34","modified_gmt":"2016-12-15T01:09:34","slug":"%c2%a774-other-noun-forming-suffixes","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/chapter\/%c2%a774-other-noun-forming-suffixes\/","title":{"raw":"\u00a774. Other Noun-forming suffixes","rendered":"\u00a774. Other Noun-forming suffixes"},"content":{"raw":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;text-indent: 36pt\">If we were resolved to master all the noun-forming suffixes used with Latin verb stems, we would have to learn perhaps ten more types. The three that we have seen in<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/chapter\/%c2%a771-the-perfect-participle-base-suffix-io-as-abstract-noun\/\"> \u00a771<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/chapter\/%c2%a772-the-perfect-participle-base-suffix-ura-as-abstract-noun\/\">\u00a772<\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/chapter\/%c2%a773-the-perfect-participle-base-suffix-or-as-agent-noun\/\">\u00a773<\/a> are the most important. Five more are given here, for <strong>REFERENCE PURPOSES<\/strong><b><\/b> only:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Present-infinitive base + <b>-or<\/b> (<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/chapter\/18-latin-nouns-third-declension\/\">\u00a718<\/a>): <b>terr<strong>\u0113<\/strong><\/b><b>re &gt; terror<\/b>; <b>torp<strong>\u0113<\/strong><\/b><b>re <\/b>&gt; <b>torpor<\/b>; <b>horr<strong>\u0113<\/strong><\/b><b>re <\/b>&gt; <b>horror<\/b>; <b>cand<strong>\u0113<\/strong><\/b><b>re <\/b>&gt; <b>candor<\/b>; <b>ferv<strong>\u0113<\/strong><\/b><b>re <\/b>&gt; <b>fervor<\/b>; <b>langu<strong>\u0113<\/strong><\/b><b>re <\/b>&gt; <b>languor<\/b>. This is an entirely different <b>-or<\/b> suffix from the agent type of <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/chapter\/%c2%a773-the-perfect-participle-base-suffix-or-as-agent-noun\/\">\u00a773<\/a>. Notice that all these verbs belong to the second conjugation.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Present-infinitive base + -<b>men<\/b>. A number of these nouns have come into English without change: <i>acumen<\/i> (&lt; <b>acuere<\/b>, \u201csharpen\u201d[footnote] Cf. E <em>acute<\/em> (\u201csharpened\u201d), from the Latin perfect participle <strong>acutus<\/strong>. Its antonym, <em>obtuse<\/em> (\u201cblunted\u201d), is from <strong>obtundere<\/strong>, <strong>obtusus<\/strong>.[\/footnote]), <i>st<\/i><i>amen<\/i> (&lt; <b>stare<\/b>, \u201cstand\u201d), <i>semen<\/i> (&lt; <b>serere<\/b>, \u201csow\u201d), <i>specimen<\/i> (&lt; <b>specere<\/b>, \u201clook at\u201d), <i>regimen<\/i> (&lt; <b>regere<\/b>, \u201crule\u201d). <i>Regimen<\/i> has two English doublets, <i>regime<\/i> and <i>realm<\/i>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Present-infinitive base + <b>-mentum<\/b>. A <i>document<\/i> (L <b>documentum<\/b>) was originally a device for teaching (<b>doc<strong>\u0113<\/strong><\/b><b>re<\/b>). An <i>ornament<\/i> is a thing used for decorating (<b>ornare<\/b>). A mere sampling of this type might include <i>argument<\/i> (&lt; <b>arguere<\/b>, \u201cprove\u201d), <i>augment<\/i> (&lt; <b>aug<strong>\u0113<\/strong><\/b><b>re<\/b>, \u201cincrease\u201d), <i>complement<\/i> and <i>supplement<\/i> (&lt; <b>pl<strong>\u0113<\/strong><\/b><b>re<\/b>, \u201cfill\u201d), <i>figment<\/i> (&lt; <b>fingere<\/b>, \u201cinvent\u201d), <i>pigment<\/i> (&lt; <b>pingere<\/b>, \u201cpaint\u201d), and <i>sediment<\/i> (&lt; <b>sed<strong>\u0113<\/strong><\/b><b>re<\/b>, \u201csit\u201d). E <i>movement<\/i> and <i>momentum<\/i> are doublets, both derived from L <b>movimentum<\/b> (&lt; <b>mov<strong>\u0113<\/strong><\/b><b>re<\/b>, \u201cmove\u201d).<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Present-infinitive base + <b>-bula<\/b>, <b>-bulum<\/b>, or <b>-culum<\/b>. These nouns appear in English as <i>-ble<\/i>, or <i>-cle<\/i>; they were mentioned at the very end of Chapter 7 (<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/chapter\/%c2%a756-interesting-words\/\">\u00a756<\/a>) as a group of words that can be quite easily confused with Latin diminutives. Their force is very concrete: a <i>stable<\/i> (L <b>stabulum<\/b> &lt; <b>stare<\/b>) is a \u201cstand-place\u201d; and a <i>vehicle<\/i> (L <b>vehiculum<\/b> &lt; <b>vehe<\/b><b>re<\/b>, \u201ccarry,\u201d \u201cconvey\u201d) is a \u201ccarry-thing.\u201d <i>Fable<\/i> (L <b>fa-bula<\/b> &lt; <b>fari<\/b>, \u201cspeak\u201d) is directly related to <i>fame<\/i> (L <b>fa-ma<\/b>) and <i>fate<\/i> (L <b>fa-tum<\/b>). A few other examples are <i>curriculum<\/i> (&lt; <b>currere<\/b>, \u201crun\u201d), <i>spectacle<\/i> (&lt; <b>spectare<\/b>, \u201cwatch\u201d), and <i>miracle<\/i> (&lt; <b>mirari<\/b>, \u201cmarvel\u201d). A <i>tentacle<\/i> is a \u201ctry-thing\u201d (&lt; <b>temptare<\/b>). Closely akin to this group are words with slightly different suffixes\u2014the doublets <i>spectrum<\/i> and <i>spectre<\/i> (L <b>spectrum<\/b>, \u201clook-at-thing,\u201d \u201cimage\u201d &lt; <b>specere<\/b>[footnote] We saw another \u201clook-at-thing\u201d in <strong>specimen<\/strong>, from <strong>specere<\/strong>. Latin also had a noun <strong>specula<\/strong> (\u201cwatch-place,\u201d \u201ctower,\u201d) which lies behind our verb <em>speculate<\/em>, and yet another noun <strong>speculum<\/strong> (\u201cmirror\u201d).[\/footnote]), <i>fulcrum<\/i> (L <b>fulcrum<\/b>, \u201cprop-thing\u201d &lt; <b>fulcire<\/b>), and <i>sep<\/i><i>ulchre<\/i> (L <b>sepulcrum<\/b>, \u201cbury-place,\u201d &lt; <b>sepelire<\/b>, <b>sepultus<\/b>).<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Present-infinitive base + <b>-ium<\/b>. Second-declension neuter nouns can be formed from verbs by the addition of this simple suffix, examples of which we met in <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/chapter\/12-latin-nouns-second-declension\/\">\u00a712<\/a>. Some of these have entered English with the suffix unchanged: <i>odium<\/i> (\u201chatred\u201d), <i>tedium<\/i> (\u201cboredom,\u201d) [L <b>taedium<\/b>,<b> <\/b>\u201cdisgust\u201d], and <i>delirium<\/i> (\u201craving\u201d). A <i>compendium <\/i>(\u201csomething weighed together\u201d) has come to mean an abridgement or a shortcut. As we saw back in <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/chapter\/14-patterns-change-in-form\/\">\u00a714<\/a>, words like this may take other forms in English: L <b>studium<\/b> &gt; E <i>study<\/i>, L <b>refugium<\/b> &gt; E <i>refuge<\/i>, L <b>sacrificium<\/b> &gt; E <i>sacrifice<\/i>, L <b>solstitium<\/b> &gt; E <i>solstice<\/i>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;text-indent: 36pt\">If we were resolved to master all the noun-forming suffixes used with Latin verb stems, we would have to learn perhaps ten more types. The three that we have seen in<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/chapter\/%c2%a771-the-perfect-participle-base-suffix-io-as-abstract-noun\/\"> \u00a771<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/chapter\/%c2%a772-the-perfect-participle-base-suffix-ura-as-abstract-noun\/\">\u00a772<\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/chapter\/%c2%a773-the-perfect-participle-base-suffix-or-as-agent-noun\/\">\u00a773<\/a> are the most important. Five more are given here, for <strong>REFERENCE PURPOSES<\/strong><b><\/b> only:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<ul>\n<li>Present-infinitive base + <b>-or<\/b> (<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/chapter\/18-latin-nouns-third-declension\/\">\u00a718<\/a>): <b>terr<strong>\u0113<\/strong><\/b><b>re &gt; terror<\/b>; <b>torp<strong>\u0113<\/strong><\/b><b>re <\/b>&gt; <b>torpor<\/b>; <b>horr<strong>\u0113<\/strong><\/b><b>re <\/b>&gt; <b>horror<\/b>; <b>cand<strong>\u0113<\/strong><\/b><b>re <\/b>&gt; <b>candor<\/b>; <b>ferv<strong>\u0113<\/strong><\/b><b>re <\/b>&gt; <b>fervor<\/b>; <b>langu<strong>\u0113<\/strong><\/b><b>re <\/b>&gt; <b>languor<\/b>. This is an entirely different <b>-or<\/b> suffix from the agent type of <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/chapter\/%c2%a773-the-perfect-participle-base-suffix-or-as-agent-noun\/\">\u00a773<\/a>. Notice that all these verbs belong to the second conjugation.<\/li>\n<li>Present-infinitive base + &#8211;<b>men<\/b>. A number of these nouns have come into English without change: <i>acumen<\/i> (&lt; <b>acuere<\/b>, \u201csharpen\u201d<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Cf. E acute (\u201csharpened\u201d), from the Latin perfect participle acutus. Its antonym, obtuse (\u201cblunted\u201d), is from obtundere, obtusus.\" id=\"return-footnote-739-1\" href=\"#footnote-739-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a>), <i>st<\/i><i>amen<\/i> (&lt; <b>stare<\/b>, \u201cstand\u201d), <i>semen<\/i> (&lt; <b>serere<\/b>, \u201csow\u201d), <i>specimen<\/i> (&lt; <b>specere<\/b>, \u201clook at\u201d), <i>regimen<\/i> (&lt; <b>regere<\/b>, \u201crule\u201d). <i>Regimen<\/i> has two English doublets, <i>regime<\/i> and <i>realm<\/i>.<\/li>\n<li>Present-infinitive base + <b>-mentum<\/b>. A <i>document<\/i> (L <b>documentum<\/b>) was originally a device for teaching (<b>doc<strong>\u0113<\/strong><\/b><b>re<\/b>). An <i>ornament<\/i> is a thing used for decorating (<b>ornare<\/b>). A mere sampling of this type might include <i>argument<\/i> (&lt; <b>arguere<\/b>, \u201cprove\u201d), <i>augment<\/i> (&lt; <b>aug<strong>\u0113<\/strong><\/b><b>re<\/b>, \u201cincrease\u201d), <i>complement<\/i> and <i>supplement<\/i> (&lt; <b>pl<strong>\u0113<\/strong><\/b><b>re<\/b>, \u201cfill\u201d), <i>figment<\/i> (&lt; <b>fingere<\/b>, \u201cinvent\u201d), <i>pigment<\/i> (&lt; <b>pingere<\/b>, \u201cpaint\u201d), and <i>sediment<\/i> (&lt; <b>sed<strong>\u0113<\/strong><\/b><b>re<\/b>, \u201csit\u201d). E <i>movement<\/i> and <i>momentum<\/i> are doublets, both derived from L <b>movimentum<\/b> (&lt; <b>mov<strong>\u0113<\/strong><\/b><b>re<\/b>, \u201cmove\u201d).<\/li>\n<li>Present-infinitive base + <b>-bula<\/b>, <b>-bulum<\/b>, or <b>-culum<\/b>. These nouns appear in English as <i>-ble<\/i>, or <i>-cle<\/i>; they were mentioned at the very end of Chapter 7 (<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/chapter\/%c2%a756-interesting-words\/\">\u00a756<\/a>) as a group of words that can be quite easily confused with Latin diminutives. Their force is very concrete: a <i>stable<\/i> (L <b>stabulum<\/b> &lt; <b>stare<\/b>) is a \u201cstand-place\u201d; and a <i>vehicle<\/i> (L <b>vehiculum<\/b> &lt; <b>vehe<\/b><b>re<\/b>, \u201ccarry,\u201d \u201cconvey\u201d) is a \u201ccarry-thing.\u201d <i>Fable<\/i> (L <b>fa-bula<\/b> &lt; <b>fari<\/b>, \u201cspeak\u201d) is directly related to <i>fame<\/i> (L <b>fa-ma<\/b>) and <i>fate<\/i> (L <b>fa-tum<\/b>). A few other examples are <i>curriculum<\/i> (&lt; <b>currere<\/b>, \u201crun\u201d), <i>spectacle<\/i> (&lt; <b>spectare<\/b>, \u201cwatch\u201d), and <i>miracle<\/i> (&lt; <b>mirari<\/b>, \u201cmarvel\u201d). A <i>tentacle<\/i> is a \u201ctry-thing\u201d (&lt; <b>temptare<\/b>). Closely akin to this group are words with slightly different suffixes\u2014the doublets <i>spectrum<\/i> and <i>spectre<\/i> (L <b>spectrum<\/b>, \u201clook-at-thing,\u201d \u201cimage\u201d &lt; <b>specere<\/b><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"We saw another \u201clook-at-thing\u201d in specimen, from specere. Latin also had a noun specula (\u201cwatch-place,\u201d \u201ctower,\u201d) which lies behind our verb speculate, and yet another noun speculum (\u201cmirror\u201d).\" id=\"return-footnote-739-2\" href=\"#footnote-739-2\" aria-label=\"Footnote 2\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[2]<\/sup><\/a>), <i>fulcrum<\/i> (L <b>fulcrum<\/b>, \u201cprop-thing\u201d &lt; <b>fulcire<\/b>), and <i>sep<\/i><i>ulchre<\/i> (L <b>sepulcrum<\/b>, \u201cbury-place,\u201d &lt; <b>sepelire<\/b>, <b>sepultus<\/b>).<\/li>\n<li>Present-infinitive base + <b>-ium<\/b>. Second-declension neuter nouns can be formed from verbs by the addition of this simple suffix, examples of which we met in <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/chapter\/12-latin-nouns-second-declension\/\">\u00a712<\/a>. Some of these have entered English with the suffix unchanged: <i>odium<\/i> (\u201chatred\u201d), <i>tedium<\/i> (\u201cboredom,\u201d) [L <b>taedium<\/b>,<b> <\/b>\u201cdisgust\u201d], and <i>delirium<\/i> (\u201craving\u201d). A <i>compendium <\/i>(\u201csomething weighed together\u201d) has come to mean an abridgement or a shortcut. As we saw back in <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/chapter\/14-patterns-change-in-form\/\">\u00a714<\/a>, words like this may take other forms in English: L <b>studium<\/b> &gt; E <i>study<\/i>, L <b>refugium<\/b> &gt; E <i>refuge<\/i>, L <b>sacrificium<\/b> &gt; E <i>sacrifice<\/i>, L <b>solstitium<\/b> &gt; E <i>solstice<\/i>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-739-1\"> Cf. E <em>acute<\/em> (\u201csharpened\u201d), from the Latin perfect participle <strong>acutus<\/strong>. Its antonym, <em>obtuse<\/em> (\u201cblunted\u201d), is from <strong>obtundere<\/strong>, <strong>obtusus<\/strong>. <a href=\"#return-footnote-739-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-739-2\"> We saw another \u201clook-at-thing\u201d in <strong>specimen<\/strong>, from <strong>specere<\/strong>. Latin also had a noun <strong>specula<\/strong> (\u201cwatch-place,\u201d \u201ctower,\u201d) which lies behind our verb <em>speculate<\/em>, and yet another noun <strong>speculum<\/strong> (\u201cmirror\u201d). <a href=\"#return-footnote-739-2\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 2\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":20,"menu_order":7,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"Chapter 10: Turning Latin Verbs into Latin Nouns","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[52],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-739","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","chapter-type-numberless"],"part":586,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/739","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/20"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/739\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2045,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/739\/revisions\/2045"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/586"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/739\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=739"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=739"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=739"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=739"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}