{"id":745,"date":"2016-07-30T13:59:26","date_gmt":"2016-07-30T17:59:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/?post_type=chapter&p=745"},"modified":"2017-06-16T17:50:37","modified_gmt":"2017-06-16T21:50:37","slug":"%c2%a777-denominative-verbs-in-are-atus-and-their-nouns-in-at-io","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/chapter\/%c2%a777-denominative-verbs-in-are-atus-and-their-nouns-in-at-io\/","title":{"raw":"\u00a777. Denominative Verbs in -ARE, -ATUS, and their nouns in -AT -IO","rendered":"\u00a777. Denominative Verbs in -ARE, -ATUS, and their nouns in -AT -IO"},"content":{"raw":"

For the sake of illustration, let us begin with a simple noun concept, like forma<\/b>, \u201cshape.\u201d The base of this 1st declension noun, as we learned in Chapter 2 (\u00a710, Table 2.1<\/a>), is form-<\/b>. Let us assume, then, that you want to express the action concept \u201cto give something a shape,\u201d \u201cto shape.\u201d In Latin, this idea can be easily conveyed by inventing a 1st conjugation verb\u2014form-are<\/b>, form-atus<\/b>. It\u2019s as simple as that. Now, if you want to express the notion \u201cto shape again,\u201d add a common prefix so as to get re-form-are<\/b>, re-form-atus<\/b>. Attach a suffix, and in three steps we have arrived at the Reformation<\/i> (L re-form-at-io<\/b>), a \u201cre-shaping\u201d that was one of the most profoundly important events in European history.<\/p>\r\n

Notice some of the delightfully regular features of the Latin denominative and its English descendants. A cause for rejoicing is the fact that the vast majority of these verbs belong to the FIRST CONJUGATION<\/strong><\/b>, a pattern that we know to be straightforward and predictable. What we\u2019re dealing with, in effect, is the addition of -are<\/b>, -atus <\/b>to a vast number of Latin nouns. \u201cTo get into a mask\u201d (L persona<\/b>) is im-person-are<\/b>, im-person-atus<\/b>: to impersonate<\/i>. As in this particular example, a great many of the English derivative verbs will end in -ate<\/i>; that is to say, they will be derived from the 1st conjugation Latin perfect participle in -atus<\/b>. Furthermore, as we saw in Chapter 10 (\u00a771<\/a>), it will be an incredibly easy step to turn that perfect participle into a noun: \u201cthe act of getting into a mask\u201d is an im-person-at-io<\/b>, <\/b>English <\/b>impersonation<\/i>. Because the Latin noun that meant \u201cwheel\u201d was rota<\/b>, the verb \u201cto wheel\u201d is rot-are<\/b>, rot-atus<\/b>, and we can fully understand the etymology of rotate<\/i> and rotation<\/i> (rot-at-io<\/b>). You will likely be amazed at the number of English words that can be explained by those few obvious principles.<\/p>\r\n

Here are a few examples that use familiar noun vocabulary from Chapters 2 and 3:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
\u00a0LATIN NOUN OR BASE<\/td>\r\nLATIN DENOMINATIVE VERB<\/td>\r\nENG. VERB<\/td>\r\nENG. NOUN<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u00a0tabula<\/b> (\u201clist\u201d)<\/td>\r\n\u00a0tabulare<\/b>, tabulatus<\/b><\/td>\r\n\u00a0tabulate<\/i><\/td>\r\n\u00a0tabulation<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u00a0locus<\/b> (\u201cplace\u201d)<\/td>\r\n\u00a0locare<\/b>, locatus<\/b><\/td>\r\n\u00a0locate<\/i><\/td>\r\n\u00a0location<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u00a0populus<\/b> (\u201cpeople)<\/td>\r\n\u00a0populare<\/b>, populatus<\/b><\/td>\r\n\u00a0populate<\/i><\/td>\r\n\u00a0population<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u00a0stimulus<\/b> (\u201cspur\u201d)<\/td>\r\n\u00a0stimulare<\/b>, stimulatus<\/b><\/td>\r\n\u00a0stimulate<\/i><\/td>\r\n\u00a0stimulation<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u00a0terminus<\/b> (\u201cend\u201d)<\/td>\r\n\u00a0terminare<\/b>, terminatus<\/b><\/td>\r\n\u00a0terminate<\/i><\/td>\r\n\u00a0termination<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u00a0officium<\/b> (\u201cduty\u201d)<\/td>\r\n\u00a0officiare<\/b>, officiatus<\/b><\/td>\r\n\u00a0officiate<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u00a0vitium <\/b>(\u201cfault\u201d)<\/td>\r\n\u00a0vitiare<\/b>, vitiatus<\/b><\/td>\r\n\u00a0vitiate<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u00a0labor<\/b> (\u201cwork\u201d)<\/td>\r\n\u00a0e-laborare<\/b>, e-laboratus<\/b><\/td>\r\n\u00a0elaborate<\/i><\/td>\r\n\u00a0elaboration<\/i>
<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u00a0milit<\/b>- (\u201csoldier)<\/td>\r\n\u00a0militare<\/b>, militatus<\/b><\/td>\r\n\u00a0militate<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u00a0origin<\/b>- (\u201csource\u201d)<\/td>\r\n\u00a0originare<\/b>, originatus<\/b><\/td>\r\n\u00a0originate<\/i><\/td>\r\n\u00a0origination<\/i>
<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u00a0capit-<\/b> (\u201chead\u201d)<\/td>\r\n\u00a0de-capitare<\/b>, de-capitatus<\/b><\/td>\r\n\u00a0decapitate<\/i><\/td>\r\n\u00a0decapitation<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u00a0lumin<\/b>- (\u201clight\u201d)<\/td>\r\n\u00a0il-luminare<\/b>, il-luminatus<\/b><\/td>\r\n\u00a0illuminate<\/i><\/td>\r\n\u00a0illumination<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u00a0opus<\/b>, oper<\/b>- (\u201cwork\u201d)<\/td>\r\n\u00a0operare<\/b>, operatus<\/b><\/td>\r\n\u00a0opera<\/i>te<\/i><\/td>\r\n\u00a0operation<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u00a0gradu<\/b>- (\u201cstep\u201d)<\/td>\r\n\u00a0graduare<\/b>, graduatus<\/b><\/td>\r\n\u00a0graduate<\/i><\/td>\r\n\u00a0graduation<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u00a0situ-<\/b> (\u201cposition\u201d)<\/td>\r\n\u00a0situare<\/b>, situatus<\/b><\/td>\r\n\u00a0situate<\/i><\/td>\r\n\u00a0situation<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n

The English nouns in the fourth column, of course, all come from Latin nouns of the type tabulatio<\/b>, tabulation-is<\/b>; locatio<\/b>, location-is<\/b>, etc. Not every -io<\/b> word of this kind actually existed in real Latin use, at any time in history; many of them were created in modern English (or French) as the result of inventiveness and analogy. (It is a curious and paradoxical fact of English that our language has more Latin derivatives than the sum total of all known Latin words!) In addition to producing the -io<\/b> type nouns, Latin denominative verbs could be the source of AGENT NOUNS like terminator<\/b>, originator<\/b>, and operator<\/b>, which maintain their exact Latin form in English. (\u00a773<\/a>).<\/p>\r\n

We could devise another long list of denominative verbs from familiar Latin adjectives. Firmus<\/b> is the source of the verb con-firm-are<\/b>, con-firm-atus<\/b> and its derived noun con-firm-at-io<\/b> (E confirmation<\/i>); compare ad-fir<\/b>m-at-io<\/b> > affirmation<\/i>. Acceleration<\/i> is derived from ad-celer-at-io <\/b>(< celer<\/b>, \u201cfast\u201d), and abbreviation<\/i> from ad-brevi-at-io<\/b> (< brevis<\/b>, \u201cshort\u201d). Alleviate<\/i> (ad-levi-are<\/b>) and aggravate<\/i> (ad-grav-are<\/b>) are etymological opposites, from levis<\/b> (\u201clight\u201d) and gravis<\/b> (\u201cheavy\u201d). These last few examples illustrate the principle of assimilation<\/i> (< ad-simil-at-io<\/b>). From longus<\/b> come e-long-at-io <\/b>and pro-long-at-io<\/b>, (E elongation<\/i> and prolongation<\/i>.). The adjectival base of infatuated <\/i>is fatu-us<\/b> (\u201csilly\u201d); of desiccated<\/i>, sicc-us<\/b> (\u201cdry\u201d); and of extenuated,<\/i> tenu-is<\/b> (\u201cthin\u201d).<\/p>","rendered":"

For the sake of illustration, let us begin with a simple noun concept, like forma<\/b>, \u201cshape.\u201d The base of this 1st declension noun, as we learned in Chapter 2 (\u00a710, Table 2.1<\/a>), is form-<\/b>. Let us assume, then, that you want to express the action concept \u201cto give something a shape,\u201d \u201cto shape.\u201d In Latin, this idea can be easily conveyed by inventing a 1st conjugation verb\u2014form-are<\/b>, form-atus<\/b>. It\u2019s as simple as that. Now, if you want to express the notion \u201cto shape again,\u201d add a common prefix so as to get re-form-are<\/b>, re-form-atus<\/b>. Attach a suffix, and in three steps we have arrived at the Reformation<\/i> (L re-form-at-io<\/b>), a \u201cre-shaping\u201d that was one of the most profoundly important events in European history.<\/p>\n

Notice some of the delightfully regular features of the Latin denominative and its English descendants. A cause for rejoicing is the fact that the vast majority of these verbs belong to the FIRST CONJUGATION<\/strong><\/b>, a pattern that we know to be straightforward and predictable. What we\u2019re dealing with, in effect, is the addition of -are<\/b>, -atus <\/b>to a vast number of Latin nouns. \u201cTo get into a mask\u201d (L persona<\/b>) is im-person-are<\/b>, im-person-atus<\/b>: to impersonate<\/i>. As in this particular example, a great many of the English derivative verbs will end in -ate<\/i>; that is to say, they will be derived from the 1st conjugation Latin perfect participle in -atus<\/b>. Furthermore, as we saw in Chapter 10 (\u00a771<\/a>), it will be an incredibly easy step to turn that perfect participle into a noun: \u201cthe act of getting into a mask\u201d is an im-person-at-io<\/b>, <\/b>English <\/b>impersonation<\/i>. Because the Latin noun that meant \u201cwheel\u201d was rota<\/b>, the verb \u201cto wheel\u201d is rot-are<\/b>, rot-atus<\/b>, and we can fully understand the etymology of rotate<\/i> and rotation<\/i> (rot-at-io<\/b>). You will likely be amazed at the number of English words that can be explained by those few obvious principles.<\/p>\n

Here are a few examples that use familiar noun vocabulary from Chapters 2 and 3:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u00a0LATIN NOUN OR BASE<\/td>\nLATIN DENOMINATIVE VERB<\/td>\nENG. VERB<\/td>\nENG. NOUN<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00a0tabula<\/b> (\u201clist\u201d)<\/td>\n\u00a0tabulare<\/b>, tabulatus<\/b><\/td>\n\u00a0tabulate<\/i><\/td>\n\u00a0tabulation<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00a0locus<\/b> (\u201cplace\u201d)<\/td>\n\u00a0locare<\/b>, locatus<\/b><\/td>\n\u00a0locate<\/i><\/td>\n\u00a0location<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00a0populus<\/b> (\u201cpeople)<\/td>\n\u00a0populare<\/b>, populatus<\/b><\/td>\n\u00a0populate<\/i><\/td>\n\u00a0population<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00a0stimulus<\/b> (\u201cspur\u201d)<\/td>\n\u00a0stimulare<\/b>, stimulatus<\/b><\/td>\n\u00a0stimulate<\/i><\/td>\n\u00a0stimulation<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00a0terminus<\/b> (\u201cend\u201d)<\/td>\n\u00a0terminare<\/b>, terminatus<\/b><\/td>\n\u00a0terminate<\/i><\/td>\n\u00a0termination<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00a0officium<\/b> (\u201cduty\u201d)<\/td>\n\u00a0officiare<\/b>, officiatus<\/b><\/td>\n\u00a0officiate<\/i><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00a0vitium <\/b>(\u201cfault\u201d)<\/td>\n\u00a0vitiare<\/b>, vitiatus<\/b><\/td>\n\u00a0vitiate<\/i><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00a0labor<\/b> (\u201cwork\u201d)<\/td>\n\u00a0e-laborare<\/b>, e-laboratus<\/b><\/td>\n\u00a0elaborate<\/i><\/td>\n\u00a0elaboration<\/i>
<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00a0milit<\/b>– (\u201csoldier)<\/td>\n\u00a0militare<\/b>, militatus<\/b><\/td>\n\u00a0militate<\/i><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00a0origin<\/b>– (\u201csource\u201d)<\/td>\n\u00a0originare<\/b>, originatus<\/b><\/td>\n\u00a0originate<\/i><\/td>\n\u00a0origination<\/i>
<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00a0capit-<\/b> (\u201chead\u201d)<\/td>\n\u00a0de-capitare<\/b>, de-capitatus<\/b><\/td>\n\u00a0decapitate<\/i><\/td>\n\u00a0decapitation<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00a0lumin<\/b>– (\u201clight\u201d)<\/td>\n\u00a0il-luminare<\/b>, il-luminatus<\/b><\/td>\n\u00a0illuminate<\/i><\/td>\n\u00a0illumination<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00a0opus<\/b>, oper<\/b>– (\u201cwork\u201d)<\/td>\n\u00a0operare<\/b>, operatus<\/b><\/td>\n\u00a0opera<\/i>te<\/i><\/td>\n\u00a0operation<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00a0gradu<\/b>– (\u201cstep\u201d)<\/td>\n\u00a0graduare<\/b>, graduatus<\/b><\/td>\n\u00a0graduate<\/i><\/td>\n\u00a0graduation<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00a0situ-<\/b> (\u201cposition\u201d)<\/td>\n\u00a0situare<\/b>, situatus<\/b><\/td>\n\u00a0situate<\/i><\/td>\n\u00a0situation<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

The English nouns in the fourth column, of course, all come from Latin nouns of the type tabulatio<\/b>, tabulation-is<\/b>; locatio<\/b>, location-is<\/b>, etc. Not every -io<\/b> word of this kind actually existed in real Latin use, at any time in history; many of them were created in modern English (or French) as the result of inventiveness and analogy. (It is a curious and paradoxical fact of English that our language has more Latin derivatives than the sum total of all known Latin words!) In addition to producing the -io<\/b> type nouns, Latin denominative verbs could be the source of AGENT NOUNS like terminator<\/b>, originator<\/b>, and operator<\/b>, which maintain their exact Latin form in English. (\u00a773<\/a>).<\/p>\n

We could devise another long list of denominative verbs from familiar Latin adjectives. Firmus<\/b> is the source of the verb con-firm-are<\/b>, con-firm-atus<\/b> and its derived noun con-firm-at-io<\/b> (E confirmation<\/i>); compare ad-fir<\/b>m-at-io<\/b> > affirmation<\/i>. Acceleration<\/i> is derived from ad-celer-at-io <\/b>(< celer<\/b>, \u201cfast\u201d), and abbreviation<\/i> from ad-brevi-at-io<\/b> (< brevis<\/b>, \u201cshort\u201d). Alleviate<\/i> (ad-levi-are<\/b>) and aggravate<\/i> (ad-grav-are<\/b>) are etymological opposites, from levis<\/b> (\u201clight\u201d) and gravis<\/b> (\u201cheavy\u201d). These last few examples illustrate the principle of assimilation<\/i> (< ad-simil-at-io<\/b>). From longus<\/b> come e-long-at-io <\/b>and pro-long-at-io<\/b>, (E elongation<\/i> and prolongation<\/i>.). The adjectival base of infatuated <\/i>is fatu-us<\/b> (\u201csilly\u201d); of desiccated<\/i>, sicc-us<\/b> (\u201cdry\u201d); and of extenuated,<\/i> tenu-is<\/b> (\u201cthin\u201d).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":20,"menu_order":2,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"Chapter 11: Turning Latin Nouns into Latin Verbs","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[52],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-745","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","chapter-type-numberless"],"part":587,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/745","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/20"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/745\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2097,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/745\/revisions\/2097"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/587"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/745\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=745"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=745"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=745"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=745"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}