Once you have grasped this concept of the Latin present participle and its kinship with modern English vocabulary, you will start finding participles on every page. Some are common everyday words, while others are erudite and unusual.<\/p>\r\n
The 4th conjugation Latin verb scire<\/b> meant \u201cto know.\u201d The present participle scient<\/b>- did not become an English adjective, but the derived noun scientia <\/b>(\u201cknowledge\u201d) is our word science<\/i>. A prescient<\/i> person is someone \u201cknowing ahead\u201d (< prae<\/b>-scient<\/b>-), and prescience<\/i> is \u201cforeknowledge.\u201d If you are omniscient<\/i>, you know everything.<\/p>\r\n
The 3rd conjugation verb fluere<\/b> meant \u201cto flow.\u201d Thus fluent<\/i> is simply \u201cflowing.\u201d Affluent<\/i> suggests money \u201cflowing toward\u201d (prefix ad-<\/b>), and effluent<\/i>, sewage \u201cflowing out\u201d (prefix ex-<\/b>). Influence<\/i> comes from Latin influentia<\/b>, <\/b>which is also the source of influenza<\/i>.[footnote] That Italian ending occurs also in cadenza<\/em>, a doublet of cadence<\/em> and chance<\/em>\u2014all types of \u201cfalling,\u201d from cadentia<\/strong>\u2014and in credenza<\/em>, a doublet of credence<\/em> (< L credentia<\/strong>).[\/footnote] A co<\/i>nfluence<\/i> is the place where two rivers \u201cflow together\u201d; the German city Coblenz (< Confluentia<\/b>) is at the confluence of the Mosel and the Rhine.<\/p>\r\n In plane geometry, a secant<\/i> is a line \u201ccutting\u201d a circle, whereas a tangent<\/i> is a line merely \u201ctouching.\u201d The word crescent<\/i> referred originally to the \u201cgrowing\u201d moon (< L crescere<\/b>); and then the image of the crescent moon gave its name to that distinctive shape wherever it occurs (including the croissant<\/i>, which is a French doublet). The verb crescere<\/b> belongs to a 3rd conjugation group called INCEPTIVE or INCHOATIVE verbs; all contain the infix -sc-<\/b>, which suggests \u201cbeginning to\u201d or \u201cbecoming.\u201d These verbs provide a remarkable set of present participles: liquescent <\/i>(\u201cbecoming liquid\u201d), tumescent <\/i>(\u201cbeginning to swell\u201d), pubescent <\/i>(\u201cbecoming adult\u201d), nascent, renascent, juvenescent, senescent, luminescent, incandescent, incalescent, iridescent, convalescent, effervescent, efflorescent, evanescent, obsolescent, recrudescent <\/i>(\u201cbecoming raw again\u201d). <\/i>What do the others mean?<\/p>\r\n Here is a list of present participles, arranged by conjugation type. Though it may seem interminable, it could be much longer. There is an amazing number of participial derivatives in English, some of them very expressive and evocative words. Each is a pure Latin participle stem; this means that the 1st conjugation derivatives will end in -ant<\/i>, and the rest in -ent. <\/i>Some etymological meanings are given; look up others if you wish.<\/p>\r\n 1ST CONJUGATION: <\/b><\/p>\r\n ambulant<\/i> (\u201cwalking\u201d), flagrant<\/i> (\u201cblazing\u201d), fragr<\/i>ant, vagrant<\/i> (\u201cwandering\u201d),<\/i> errant<\/i> (\u201cstraying\u201d), aberrant,<\/i> expectant <\/i>(\u201cwatching out\u201d), extravagant<\/i> (\u201cwandering outside\u201d), ignorant<\/i> (\u201cnot knowing\u201d), infant<\/i> (\u201cnot speaking\u201d), migrant <\/i>(\u201cmoving\u201d), emigrant, immigrant, reluctant, repugnant.<\/i> From DENOMINATIVE VERBS (Chapter 11, \u00a776<\/a> - \u00a779<\/a>) come many 1st conjugation present participles. Thus dominant<\/i> is \u201cmastering\u201d (< dominus<\/b>) and deviant<\/i> is \u201cgoing off the road\u201d (< via<\/b>). Identify the noun bases in these words: militant, mendicant<\/i> (\u201cbegging\u201d), itinerant<\/i> (\u201ctravelling\u201d), ope<\/i>rant,<\/i> radiant,<\/i> stagnant, stimulant, defoliant, exorbitant, consonant, dissonant, abundant, redundant, undulant.<\/i><\/p>\r\n 2ND CONJUGATION<\/b>:<\/p>\r\n ardent<\/i> (\u201cburning\u201d), docent<\/i> (\u201cteaching\u201d), latent <\/i>(\u201chiding\u201d), patent, penitent, student<\/i> (\u201cfeeling enthusiasm\u201d), torrent, abhorrent, absorbent, adjacent,<\/i> (\u201clying beside\u201d), complacent, despondent, deterrent<\/i> (\u201cfrightening off\u201d), innocent <\/i>(\u201cnot harming\u201d), insolent<\/i>, resplendent<\/i>, refulgent<\/i> (\u201cgleaming back\u201d), adherent<\/i>, coherent<\/i> (\u201csticking together\u201d), inherent, apparent, transparent, trans<\/i>lucent <\/i>(\u201cshowing light across\u201d), ambivalent <\/i>(\u201cbeing strong on both sides\u201d), prevalent, equivalent, detergent <\/i>(\u201cwiping away\u201d), imminent <\/i>(< immin\u0113<\/strong><\/b><\/b>re<\/b>, \u201coverhang\u201d), immanent<\/i> (< man\u0113<\/strong><\/b><\/b>re<\/b>, \u201cremain\u201d).<\/p>\r\n 3RD CONJUGATION<\/b>:<\/p>\r\n lambent<\/i> (\u201clicking\u201d), plangent<\/i> (\u201cwailing\u201d) pungent<\/i> (\u201cpricking\u201d = poignant<\/i>), regent <\/i>(\u201cruling\u201d), rodent<\/i> (\u201cgnawing\u201d), serpent<\/i> (\u201ccreeping\u201d), strident <\/i>(\u201cgrating\u201d), constituent, inadvertent, intelligent, intermittent, confident, diffident, incumbent <\/i>(\u201clying upon\u201d), recumbent, repellent, stringent <\/i>(\u201cdrawing tight\u201d), insurgent,<\/i> resurgent<\/i>.<\/p>\r\n 3RD CONJUGATION, I-BASE: <\/b><\/p>\r\n sapient<\/i> (< sapere<\/b>, \u201cbe wise\u201d), homo sapiens.<\/i><\/p>\r\n 4TH CONJUGATION: <\/b><\/p>\r\n lenient <\/i>(\u201csoothing\u201d), nutrient<\/i> (\u201cnourishing\u201d), orient<\/i> (\u201crising\u201d), prurient<\/i> (\u201citching\u201d), ebullient, emollient <\/i>(\u201csoftening out\u201d), expedient, obedient<\/i> (< audire<\/b>).<\/p>\r\n IRREGULAR: <\/b><\/p>\r\n absent<\/i>, present<\/i> (< esse<\/b>, \u201cto be\u201d); potent, impotent, omnipotent<\/i> (< posse<\/b>, \u201cto be able\u201d); transient, ambient, circumambient<\/i> (< ire<\/b>, \u201cto go\u201d).<\/p>","rendered":" Once you have grasped this concept of the Latin present participle and its kinship with modern English vocabulary, you will start finding participles on every page. Some are common everyday words, while others are erudite and unusual.<\/p>\n The 4th conjugation Latin verb scire<\/b> meant \u201cto know.\u201d The present participle scient<\/b>– did not become an English adjective, but the derived noun scientia <\/b>(\u201cknowledge\u201d) is our word science<\/i>. A prescient<\/i> person is someone \u201cknowing ahead\u201d (< prae<\/b>–scient<\/b>-), and prescience<\/i> is \u201cforeknowledge.\u201d If you are omniscient<\/i>, you know everything.<\/p>\n The 3rd conjugation verb fluere<\/b> meant \u201cto flow.\u201d Thus fluent<\/i> is simply \u201cflowing.\u201d Affluent<\/i> suggests money \u201cflowing toward\u201d (prefix ad-<\/b>), and effluent<\/i>, sewage \u201cflowing out\u201d (prefix ex-<\/b>). Influence<\/i> comes from Latin influentia<\/b>, <\/b>which is also the source of influenza<\/i>.[1]<\/sup><\/a> A co<\/i>nfluence<\/i> is the place where two rivers \u201cflow together\u201d; the German city Coblenz (< Confluentia<\/b>) is at the confluence of the Mosel and the Rhine.<\/p>\n In plane geometry, a secant<\/i> is a line \u201ccutting\u201d a circle, whereas a tangent<\/i> is a line merely \u201ctouching.\u201d The word crescent<\/i> referred originally to the \u201cgrowing\u201d moon (< L crescere<\/b>); and then the image of the crescent moon gave its name to that distinctive shape wherever it occurs (including the croissant<\/i>, which is a French doublet). The verb crescere<\/b> belongs to a 3rd conjugation group called INCEPTIVE or INCHOATIVE verbs; all contain the infix -sc-<\/b>, which suggests \u201cbeginning to\u201d or \u201cbecoming.\u201d These verbs provide a remarkable set of present participles: liquescent <\/i>(\u201cbecoming liquid\u201d), tumescent <\/i>(\u201cbeginning to swell\u201d), pubescent <\/i>(\u201cbecoming adult\u201d), nascent, renascent, juvenescent, senescent, luminescent, incandescent, incalescent, iridescent, convalescent, effervescent, efflorescent, evanescent, obsolescent, recrudescent <\/i>(\u201cbecoming raw again\u201d). <\/i>What do the others mean?<\/p>\n Here is a list of present participles, arranged by conjugation type. Though it may seem interminable, it could be much longer. There is an amazing number of participial derivatives in English, some of them very expressive and evocative words. Each is a pure Latin participle stem; this means that the 1st conjugation derivatives will end in -ant<\/i>, and the rest in -ent. <\/i>Some etymological meanings are given; look up others if you wish.<\/p>\n 1ST CONJUGATION: <\/b><\/p>\n ambulant<\/i> (\u201cwalking\u201d), flagrant<\/i> (\u201cblazing\u201d), fragr<\/i>ant, vagrant<\/i> (\u201cwandering\u201d),<\/i> errant<\/i> (\u201cstraying\u201d), aberrant,<\/i> expectant <\/i>(\u201cwatching out\u201d), extravagant<\/i> (\u201cwandering outside\u201d), ignorant<\/i> (\u201cnot knowing\u201d), infant<\/i> (\u201cnot speaking\u201d), migrant <\/i>(\u201cmoving\u201d), emigrant, immigrant, reluctant, repugnant.<\/i> From DENOMINATIVE VERBS (Chapter 11, \u00a776<\/a> – \u00a779<\/a>) come many 1st conjugation present participles. Thus dominant<\/i> is \u201cmastering\u201d (< dominus<\/b>) and deviant<\/i> is \u201cgoing off the road\u201d (< via<\/b>). Identify the noun bases in these words: militant, mendicant<\/i> (\u201cbegging\u201d), itinerant<\/i> (\u201ctravelling\u201d), ope<\/i>rant,<\/i> radiant,<\/i> stagnant, stimulant, defoliant, exorbitant, consonant, dissonant, abundant, redundant, undulant.<\/i><\/p>\n 2ND CONJUGATION<\/b>:<\/p>\n ardent<\/i> (\u201cburning\u201d), docent<\/i> (\u201cteaching\u201d), latent <\/i>(\u201chiding\u201d), patent, penitent, student<\/i> (\u201cfeeling enthusiasm\u201d), torrent, abhorrent, absorbent, adjacent,<\/i> (\u201clying beside\u201d), complacent, despondent, deterrent<\/i> (\u201cfrightening off\u201d), innocent <\/i>(\u201cnot harming\u201d), insolent<\/i>, resplendent<\/i>, refulgent<\/i> (\u201cgleaming back\u201d), adherent<\/i>, coherent<\/i> (\u201csticking together\u201d), inherent, apparent, transparent, trans<\/i>lucent <\/i>(\u201cshowing light across\u201d), ambivalent <\/i>(\u201cbeing strong on both sides\u201d), prevalent, equivalent, detergent <\/i>(\u201cwiping away\u201d), imminent <\/i>(< immin\u0113<\/strong><\/b><\/b>re<\/b>, \u201coverhang\u201d), immanent<\/i> (< man\u0113<\/strong><\/b><\/b>re<\/b>, \u201cremain\u201d).<\/p>\n 3RD CONJUGATION<\/b>:<\/p>\n lambent<\/i> (\u201clicking\u201d), plangent<\/i> (\u201cwailing\u201d) pungent<\/i> (\u201cpricking\u201d = poignant<\/i>), regent <\/i>(\u201cruling\u201d), rodent<\/i> (\u201cgnawing\u201d), serpent<\/i> (\u201ccreeping\u201d), strident <\/i>(\u201cgrating\u201d), constituent, inadvertent, intelligent, intermittent, confident, diffident, incumbent <\/i>(\u201clying upon\u201d), recumbent, repellent, stringent <\/i>(\u201cdrawing tight\u201d), insurgent,<\/i> resurgent<\/i>.<\/p>\n 3RD CONJUGATION, I-BASE: <\/b><\/p>\n sapient<\/i> (< sapere<\/b>, \u201cbe wise\u201d), homo sapiens.<\/i><\/p>\n 4TH CONJUGATION: <\/b><\/p>\n lenient <\/i>(\u201csoothing\u201d), nutrient<\/i> (\u201cnourishing\u201d), orient<\/i> (\u201crising\u201d), prurient<\/i> (\u201citching\u201d), ebullient, emollient <\/i>(\u201csoftening out\u201d), expedient, obedient<\/i> (< audire<\/b>).<\/p>\n IRREGULAR: <\/b><\/p>\n absent<\/i>, present<\/i> (< esse<\/b>, \u201cto be\u201d); potent, impotent, omnipotent<\/i> (< posse<\/b>, \u201cto be able\u201d); transient, ambient, circumambient<\/i> (< ire<\/b>, \u201cto go\u201d).<\/p>\n