{"id":762,"date":"2016-07-30T14:09:45","date_gmt":"2016-07-30T18:09:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/?post_type=chapter&p=762"},"modified":"2016-11-30T14:44:15","modified_gmt":"2016-11-30T19:44:15","slug":"%c2%a785-the-latin-gerundive-the-nd-form","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/chapter\/%c2%a785-the-latin-gerundive-the-nd-form\/","title":{"raw":"\u00a785. The Latin Gerundive: the -ND- form","rendered":"\u00a785. The Latin Gerundive: the -ND- form"},"content":{"raw":"

The GERUNDIVE is far less important than the present participle. You should be able to recognize its more obvious English derivatives, but there is no need to examine its Latin formation and grammatical use. In brief, it is a 1st and 2nd declension verbal adjective, which always has the characteristic morpheme -nd- <\/b>in both Latin and English.[footnote] If you\u2019re curious about the original Latin form, you may wish to know that the gerundive, like the present participle, shows -a-<\/strong> for the 1st conjugation and -e-<\/strong> for all the rest, with -ie-<\/strong> for -i-<\/strong> verbs. Thus (1) amandus<\/strong>, (2) reverendus<\/strong>, (3) agendus<\/strong>, (4) audiendus<\/strong>, (3 i-stems) faciendus<\/strong>.[\/footnote] (It may help to remember this element by the -nd-<\/i> of geru<\/i>nd<\/b><\/em>ive<\/i>.)<\/p>\r\n

In its most fundamental usage, the Latin gerundive conveys the idea of obligation or necessity. The name Amanda<\/i> is a feminine gerundive, meaning \u201c[a woman] to be loved,\u201d \u201c[a woman] who must be loved.\u201d Miranda<\/i>, similarly, is \u201c[a woman] to be admired.\u201d Two of the most familiar Latin gerundives in English are both 2nd declension neuter adjectives used as nouns: memorandum<\/i>, \u201c[a thing] that must be remembered,\u201d and referendum<\/i>, \u201c[a thing] that should be brought back.\u201d Again, an addendum<\/i> is a thing that should be added, and a corrigendum<\/i> one that should be corrected; a hastily edited book may contain a list of addenda<\/i> and corrigenda<\/i> (regular Latin plurals). Originally, propaganda<\/i> were things to be propagated or disseminated. An agenda<\/i> (L agere<\/b>) is a list of \u201c[things] to be done\u201d; that form, too, is plural, though the singular agendum<\/i> sounds very pedantic in English. How would you pluralize memorandum<\/i> and referendum<\/i>? (You have a choice in both cases.) The plural pudenda<\/i> (L pudere<\/b>) are things to be ashamed of\u2014a rather coy and archaic euphemism for the human genitals.<\/p>\r\n

Some gerundives have lost their Latin endings in English, thus sounding less alien. A legend<\/i> is a thing \u201cto be read\u201d (L legere<\/b>) and reverend<\/i> means \u201cto be revered.\u201d If you have been exposed to traditional arithmetic, you will know all about the subtrahend<\/i>, the multiplicand<\/i>, and the dividend<\/i>; the last, of course, is a word of broader application. Through Italian, English has acquired the musical term crescendo<\/i> (L crescendus<\/b>, \u201cto be increased\u201d), its opposite diminuendo<\/i>, and sforzando<\/i> (sf<\/b><\/em> =<\/i> \u201cto be forced\u201d).<\/p>\r\n

If you want a few exotic and disguised gerundives, try hacienda<\/i> (< facienda<\/b>), viand<\/i> (< vivenda<\/b>), and launder <\/i>(< late Latin lavandarius<\/b> < lavanda<\/b>, \u201cto be washed). At this point, we might just say, \u201cq.e.d.\u201d (quod erat demonstrandum<\/b>: \u201cthat which was to be demonstrated\u201d).[footnote] At the risk of causing confusion and panic, let us dare to mention that there is another Latin verbal form known as the GERUND\u2014a noun, like its English counterpart in -ing<\/em>. It appears in the Latin phrases modus vivendi<\/strong> (\u201cway of living\u201d) and modus operandi<\/strong> (\u201cway of operating\u201d), as well as in the word innuendo<\/em>, which originally meant \u201cby nodding\u201d\u2014thereby conveying a hint or insinuation.[\/footnote]<\/p>","rendered":"

The GERUNDIVE is far less important than the present participle. You should be able to recognize its more obvious English derivatives, but there is no need to examine its Latin formation and grammatical use. In brief, it is a 1st and 2nd declension verbal adjective, which always has the characteristic morpheme -nd- <\/b>in both Latin and English.[1]<\/sup><\/a> (It may help to remember this element by the -nd-<\/i> of geru<\/i>nd<\/b><\/em>ive<\/i>.)<\/p>\n

In its most fundamental usage, the Latin gerundive conveys the idea of obligation or necessity. The name Amanda<\/i> is a feminine gerundive, meaning \u201c[a woman] to be loved,\u201d \u201c[a woman] who must be loved.\u201d Miranda<\/i>, similarly, is \u201c[a woman] to be admired.\u201d Two of the most familiar Latin gerundives in English are both 2nd declension neuter adjectives used as nouns: memorandum<\/i>, \u201c[a thing] that must be remembered,\u201d and referendum<\/i>, \u201c[a thing] that should be brought back.\u201d Again, an addendum<\/i> is a thing that should be added, and a corrigendum<\/i> one that should be corrected; a hastily edited book may contain a list of addenda<\/i> and corrigenda<\/i> (regular Latin plurals). Originally, propaganda<\/i> were things to be propagated or disseminated. An agenda<\/i> (L agere<\/b>) is a list of \u201c[things] to be done\u201d; that form, too, is plural, though the singular agendum<\/i> sounds very pedantic in English. How would you pluralize memorandum<\/i> and referendum<\/i>? (You have a choice in both cases.) The plural pudenda<\/i> (L pudere<\/b>) are things to be ashamed of\u2014a rather coy and archaic euphemism for the human genitals.<\/p>\n

Some gerundives have lost their Latin endings in English, thus sounding less alien. A legend<\/i> is a thing \u201cto be read\u201d (L legere<\/b>) and reverend<\/i> means \u201cto be revered.\u201d If you have been exposed to traditional arithmetic, you will know all about the subtrahend<\/i>, the multiplicand<\/i>, and the dividend<\/i>; the last, of course, is a word of broader application. Through Italian, English has acquired the musical term crescendo<\/i> (L crescendus<\/b>, \u201cto be increased\u201d), its opposite diminuendo<\/i>, and sforzando<\/i> (sf<\/b><\/em> =<\/i> \u201cto be forced\u201d).<\/p>\n

If you want a few exotic and disguised gerundives, try hacienda<\/i> (< facienda<\/b>), viand<\/i> (< vivenda<\/b>), and launder <\/i>(< late Latin lavandarius<\/b> < lavanda<\/b>, \u201cto be washed). At this point, we might just say, \u201cq.e.d.\u201d (quod erat demonstrandum<\/b>: \u201cthat which was to be demonstrated\u201d).[2]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

  1. If you\u2019re curious about the original Latin form, you may wish to know that the gerundive, like the present participle, shows -a-<\/strong> for the 1st conjugation and -e-<\/strong> for all the rest, with -ie-<\/strong> for -i-<\/strong> verbs. Thus (1) amandus<\/strong>, (2) reverendus<\/strong>, (3) agendus<\/strong>, (4) audiendus<\/strong>, (3 i-stems) faciendus<\/strong>. ↵<\/a><\/li>
  2. At the risk of causing confusion and panic, let us dare to mention that there is another Latin verbal form known as the GERUND\u2014a noun, like its English counterpart in -ing<\/em>. It appears in the Latin phrases modus vivendi<\/strong> (\u201cway of living\u201d) and modus operandi<\/strong> (\u201cway of operating\u201d), as well as in the word innuendo<\/em>, which originally meant \u201cby nodding\u201d\u2014thereby conveying a hint or insinuation. ↵<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":20,"menu_order":6,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"Chapter 12: Latin Present Participles and Gerundives","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[52],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-762","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","chapter-type-numberless"],"part":751,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/762","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/20"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/762\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1918,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/762\/revisions\/1918"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/751"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/762\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=762"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=762"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=762"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=762"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}