{"id":768,"date":"2016-07-30T14:14:43","date_gmt":"2016-07-30T18:14:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/?post_type=chapter&p=768"},"modified":"2017-06-16T18:06:59","modified_gmt":"2017-06-16T22:06:59","slug":"%c2%a788-adjectives-from-the-present-base-ax-uus-ulus-idus","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/chapter\/%c2%a788-adjectives-from-the-present-base-ax-uus-ulus-idus\/","title":{"raw":"\u00a788. Adjectives from the Present Base (-AX, -UUS, -ULUS, -IDUS)","rendered":"\u00a788. Adjectives from the Present Base (-AX, -UUS, -ULUS, -IDUS)"},"content":{"raw":"

We can swiftly review a number of adjective-forming suffixes that were regularly added to the LATIN PRESENT INFINITIVE BASE.<\/p>\r\n

1. -AX<\/b>. This suffix could be combined with a present verb base (e.g., ten-ere<\/b>, \u201chold\u201d) to form a 3rd declension adjective of the type tenax<\/b>, tenac-is<\/b>, \u201cinclined to hold,\u201d with English derivatives like tenacious<\/i> and tenacity<\/i> (L ten-ac-itas<\/b>).[footnote] The -acious<\/em> ending on tenacious<\/em> is derived from French tenacieux<\/em>, which was influenced by the Latin -osus<\/strong> type of adjective. There was never a Latin form \u201ctenaciosus.<\/strong>\u201d[\/footnote] Here is a sample:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
LATIN INFINITIVE<\/td>\r\nLATIN MEANING<\/td>\r\nLATIN ADJECTIVE<\/td>\r\nENGLISH DERIVATIVES<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
aud\u0113<\/strong><\/b><\/b>re<\/b><\/td>\r\n\u201cdare\u201d<\/td>\r\n\u00a0audax<\/b><\/td>\r\n\u00a0audacious,<\/i> audacity<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
vivere<\/b><\/td>\r\n\u201clive\u201d<\/td>\r\n\u00a0vivax<\/b><\/td>\r\n\u00a0vivacious, vivacity<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
capere<\/b><\/td>\r\n\u201ctake\u201d<\/td>\r\n\u00a0capax<\/b><\/td>\r\n\u00a0capacious, capacity<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
rapere<\/b><\/td>\r\n\u201cseize\u201d<\/td>\r\n\u00a0rapax<\/b><\/td>\r\n\u00a0rapacious, rapacity<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
loqui<\/b><\/td>\r\n\u201cspeak\u201d<\/td>\r\n\u00a0loquax<\/b><\/td>\r\n\u00a0loquacious, loquacity<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
pugnare<\/b><\/td>\r\n\u201cfight\u201d<\/td>\r\n\u00a0pugnax<\/b><\/td>\r\n\u00a0pugnacious, pugnacity<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n

2. -UUS<\/b>. We met several of these adjectives in Chapter 4 (\u00a726<\/a>), though you weren\u2019t told at the time that they derived from verbs. If noc\u0113<\/strong><\/b>re<\/b> is \u201cto harm,\u201d then nocuus<\/b> (E nocuous<\/i>) is \u201cinclined to harm,\u201d \u201charmful,\u201d and innocuus<\/b> (E innocuous<\/i>) is its opposite. The root of tangere<\/b> appears as tig-<\/b> in contiguus<\/b>; so English contiguous<\/i> means \u201ctouching together.\u201d From con-tinere<\/b> (\u201chold together\u201d) came continuus<\/b>, whence continuous<\/i> and continuity<\/i>. Deciduus<\/b> is derived from de-cidere<\/b>, a compound of cadere<\/b>; therefore deciduous<\/i> leaves are \u201cinclined to fall down.\u201d What is the etymology of conspicuous<\/i>?<\/p>\r\n

3. -ULUS<\/b>. Very similar in meaning, this suffix had limited use in Latin. Bibulus<\/b> (< bibere<\/b>) is the etymon of English bibulous<\/i> (\u201ctending to drink\u201d), and tremulus<\/b> (< tremere<\/b>), of tremulous<\/i> (\u201cinclined to tremble\u201d). Other English examples are pendulous<\/i> (pendere<\/b>, \u201chang\u201d), querulous<\/i> (queri<\/b>, \u201ccomplain\u201d), and garrulous<\/i> (garrire<\/b>, \u201cchatter\u201d).<\/p>\r\n

4. -IDUS<\/b>. These adjectives often correspond with deverbative nouns in -or<\/b>, of the type introduced in \u00a774<\/a>. Thus tim\u0113<\/strong><\/b>re<\/b> (\u201cto fear\u201d) gave rise to the noun timor<\/b> (reflected in E timorous<\/i>) and the adjective timidus<\/b> (\u201cinclined to fear\u201d) > English timid<\/i>. Similarly,<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
pall\u0113<\/strong><\/b><\/b>re<\/b> (\u201cto be pale\u201d)<\/td>\r\n> pallor<\/b> (noun)<\/td>\r\npallidus<\/b> (adj.), E pallid<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
rig\u0113<\/strong><\/b><\/b>re<\/b> (\u201cto be stiff\u201d)<\/td>\r\n> rigor<\/b><\/td>\r\nrigidus<\/b>, E rigid<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
tum\u0113<\/strong><\/b><\/b>re<\/b> (\u201cto swell\u201d)<\/td>\r\n> tumor<\/b><\/td>\r\ntumidus<\/b>, E tumid<\/i> [cf. tumescent<\/i>, -ence<\/i>]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\nOther English adjectives of this type include: fervid, liquid, livid, stupid, squalid, valid, vapid, lucid, rapid, <\/i>and vivid<\/i>.[footnote] All but the last three have corresponding -or <\/strong>nouns, both in Latin and in English. Except for rapid<\/em> (rapere<\/strong>) and vivid<\/em> (vivere<\/strong>) all these adjectives are derived from 2nd conjugation verbs.[\/footnote]","rendered":"

We can swiftly review a number of adjective-forming suffixes that were regularly added to the LATIN PRESENT INFINITIVE BASE.<\/p>\n

1. -AX<\/b>. This suffix could be combined with a present verb base (e.g., ten-ere<\/b>, \u201chold\u201d) to form a 3rd declension adjective of the type tenax<\/b>, tenac-is<\/b>, \u201cinclined to hold,\u201d with English derivatives like tenacious<\/i> and tenacity<\/i> (L ten-ac-itas<\/b>).[1]<\/sup><\/a> Here is a sample:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
LATIN INFINITIVE<\/td>\nLATIN MEANING<\/td>\nLATIN ADJECTIVE<\/td>\nENGLISH DERIVATIVES<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
aud\u0113<\/strong><\/b><\/b>re<\/b><\/td>\n\u201cdare\u201d<\/td>\n\u00a0audax<\/b><\/td>\n\u00a0audacious,<\/i> audacity<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
vivere<\/b><\/td>\n\u201clive\u201d<\/td>\n\u00a0vivax<\/b><\/td>\n\u00a0vivacious, vivacity<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
capere<\/b><\/td>\n\u201ctake\u201d<\/td>\n\u00a0capax<\/b><\/td>\n\u00a0capacious, capacity<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
rapere<\/b><\/td>\n\u201cseize\u201d<\/td>\n\u00a0rapax<\/b><\/td>\n\u00a0rapacious, rapacity<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
loqui<\/b><\/td>\n\u201cspeak\u201d<\/td>\n\u00a0loquax<\/b><\/td>\n\u00a0loquacious, loquacity<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
pugnare<\/b><\/td>\n\u201cfight\u201d<\/td>\n\u00a0pugnax<\/b><\/td>\n\u00a0pugnacious, pugnacity<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

2. -UUS<\/b>. We met several of these adjectives in Chapter 4 (\u00a726<\/a>), though you weren\u2019t told at the time that they derived from verbs. If noc\u0113<\/strong><\/b>re<\/b> is \u201cto harm,\u201d then nocuus<\/b> (E nocuous<\/i>) is \u201cinclined to harm,\u201d \u201charmful,\u201d and innocuus<\/b> (E innocuous<\/i>) is its opposite. The root of tangere<\/b> appears as tig-<\/b> in contiguus<\/b>; so English contiguous<\/i> means \u201ctouching together.\u201d From con-tinere<\/b> (\u201chold together\u201d) came continuus<\/b>, whence continuous<\/i> and continuity<\/i>. Deciduus<\/b> is derived from de-cidere<\/b>, a compound of cadere<\/b>; therefore deciduous<\/i> leaves are \u201cinclined to fall down.\u201d What is the etymology of conspicuous<\/i>?<\/p>\n

3. -ULUS<\/b>. Very similar in meaning, this suffix had limited use in Latin. Bibulus<\/b> (< bibere<\/b>) is the etymon of English bibulous<\/i> (\u201ctending to drink\u201d), and tremulus<\/b> (< tremere<\/b>), of tremulous<\/i> (\u201cinclined to tremble\u201d). Other English examples are pendulous<\/i> (pendere<\/b>, \u201chang\u201d), querulous<\/i> (queri<\/b>, \u201ccomplain\u201d), and garrulous<\/i> (garrire<\/b>, \u201cchatter\u201d).<\/p>\n

4. -IDUS<\/b>. These adjectives often correspond with deverbative nouns in -or<\/b>, of the type introduced in \u00a774<\/a>. Thus tim\u0113<\/strong><\/b>re<\/b> (\u201cto fear\u201d) gave rise to the noun timor<\/b> (reflected in E timorous<\/i>) and the adjective timidus<\/b> (\u201cinclined to fear\u201d) > English timid<\/i>. Similarly,<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
pall\u0113<\/strong><\/b><\/b>re<\/b> (\u201cto be pale\u201d)<\/td>\n> pallor<\/b> (noun)<\/td>\npallidus<\/b> (adj.), E pallid<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
rig\u0113<\/strong><\/b><\/b>re<\/b> (\u201cto be stiff\u201d)<\/td>\n> rigor<\/b><\/td>\nrigidus<\/b>, E rigid<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
tum\u0113<\/strong><\/b><\/b>re<\/b> (\u201cto swell\u201d)<\/td>\n> tumor<\/b><\/td>\ntumidus<\/b>, E tumid<\/i> [cf. tumescent<\/i>, -ence<\/i>]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Other English adjectives of this type include: fervid, liquid, livid, stupid, squalid, valid, vapid, lucid, rapid, <\/i>and vivid<\/i>.[2]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

  1. The -acious<\/em> ending on tenacious<\/em> is derived from French tenacieux<\/em>, which was influenced by the Latin -osus<\/strong> type of adjective. There was never a Latin form \u201ctenaciosus.<\/strong>\u201d ↵<\/a><\/li>
  2. All but the last three have corresponding -or <\/strong>nouns, both in Latin and in English. Except for rapid<\/em> (rapere<\/strong>) and vivid<\/em> (vivere<\/strong>) all these adjectives are derived from 2nd conjugation verbs. ↵<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":20,"menu_order":2,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"Chapter 13: Turning Latin Verbs into Latin Adjectives","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[52],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-768","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","chapter-type-numberless"],"part":588,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/768","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/20"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/768\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2102,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/768\/revisions\/2102"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/588"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/768\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=768"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=768"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=768"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=768"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}