{"id":114,"date":"2016-08-01T19:53:34","date_gmt":"2016-08-01T23:53:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots2\/?post_type=chapter&p=114"},"modified":"2017-07-06T16:22:11","modified_gmt":"2017-07-06T20:22:11","slug":"%c2%a7135-a-sampling-of-greek-verb-roots","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots2\/chapter\/%c2%a7135-a-sampling-of-greek-verb-roots\/","title":{"raw":"\u00a7135. A Sampling of Greek Verb Roots","rendered":"\u00a7135. A Sampling of Greek Verb Roots"},"content":{"raw":"

To illustrate our approach, let us take five different Greek verbs and show how a knowledge of their roots alone will help us understand a lot of English vocabulary. The present infinitive forms will also be listed, if only to prove that they are really irrelevant to English. Much more importantly, you\u2019ll be given a few simple rules for creating Greek nouns and adjectives from verb roots. Though you will not gain any grammatical insight into the Greek verb, you will emerge from this short experiment with the basic equipment that you need to cope with Greek verb derivatives in English.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
<\/a>Table 22.1: TRIAL SAMPLE OF GREEK VERBS<\/b><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
VERB ROOT<\/td>\r\nENGLISH MEANING<\/td>\r\nPRESENT INFINITIVE<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u03b8\u03b5-<\/td>\r\nthe<\/b>-<\/td>\r\n\u201cplace\u201d<\/td>\r\n\u03c4\u03b9\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9<\/td>\r\n(\u201cto place\u201d)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u03b4\u03bf-<\/td>\r\ndo<\/b>-<\/td>\r\n\u201cgive\u201d<\/td>\r\n\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9<\/td>\r\n(\u201cto give\u201d)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1-<\/td>\r\nsta<\/b>-<\/td>\r\n\u201cstand\u201d<\/td>\r\n\u1f31\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9<\/td>\r\n(\u201cto stand\u201d)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9-<\/td>\r\nkri<\/b>-<\/td>\r\n\u201cdivide,\u201d \u201cjudge\u201d<\/td>\r\n\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd<\/td>\r\n(\u201cto judge\u201d)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u03bb\u03c5-<\/td>\r\nly<\/b>-<\/td>\r\n\u201cloosen,\u201d \u201cset free\u201d<\/td>\r\n\u03bb\u03c5\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd<\/td>\r\n(\u201cto loosen\u201d)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n

As always, the root is the minimal element of meaning. Though \u03b8\u03b5- and \u03b4\u03bf- could not stand alone in Greek speech, they were the sounds that made the Greek ear register the idea of \u201cplacing\u201d and \u201cgiving,\u201d respectively. The infinitives \u03c4\u03b9\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 and \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 are examples of actual words formed from verb roots\u2014you can see the two roots at their heart. One may well ask, however, whether there is any point in learning these complicated Greek forms (unless it is to recognize them when they occur in major English dictionaries). From our examples above, it would appear that the Greek present infinitive may end either in -\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 or in -\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd. Greek \u03c4\u03b9\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 is the equivalent, in form and meaning, of Latin ponere<\/b>, whereas Greek \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 corresponds with Latin dare<\/b>. (The roots \u03b4\u03bf- and da-<\/b> are cognate.)<\/p>\r\n

We\u2019ll completely ignore the question, \u201cHow did the Greeks use these roots to express verbal concepts?\u201d Instead, let\u2019s ask, \u201cHow did the Greeks form other parts of speech in which these verb roots have affected English?\u201d Here is one answer. It was common practice in Greek to add the suffix -\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 (-sis<\/b>) to a verb root in order to create an abstract noun. Therefore Greek had a noun \u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 (the-sis<\/b>) that meant \u201ca placing.\u201d We may compare it with its Latin parallel from ponere<\/b>, the abstract noun positio <\/b>(posit-io<\/b>). Although they are not really synonyms, thesis<\/i> and position<\/i>\u2014English words with the same etymological meaning\u2014do have some semantic relationship. The Greek form may be adapted in English: \u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 (do-sis<\/b>), \u201ca giving,\u201d is the etymon of English dose<\/i>.<\/p>\r\n

If \u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 means \u201ca placing,\u201d then \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 (syn-thesis<\/b>) is \u201ca placing together,\u201d \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 (anti-thesis<\/b>) is \u201ca placing against,\u201d and \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 (hypo-thesis<\/b>) is \u201ca placing beneath.\u201d Would you agree that the Greek derivatives synthesis<\/i> and hypothesis<\/i> have semantic links with the parallel Latin derivatives composition<\/i> and supposition<\/i>? A metathesis<\/i> is a \u201cchange\u201d (\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1-) in placement\u2014for instance, a transposition<\/i> of two letters of the aplhabet\u2014oops, I meant alphabet. A prosthesis<\/i> (cf. \u00a7133<\/a>) is something \u201cplaced in addition\u201d (\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3-), like an artificial limb. We see two Greek prefixes at work in the noun \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 (par-en-thesis<\/b>), a device for placing something in and beside.<\/p>\r\n

Moving down our experimental list of verb roots, we can assume that the same noun suffix will be added to \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1- to produce \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2, \u201ca standing\u201d; and we may be familiar with the English word stasis<\/i> (used, for instance, of a fluid stoppage in human physiology). More interesting, perhaps, is \u1f10\u03ba\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 (ek-stasis<\/b>), source of the English word ecstasy<\/i>. In Greek mystery religions, you achieved the state of ecstasy <\/i>when you had the feeling that you were \u201cstanding outside\u201d your body, thus allowing the god to come inside (\u1f10\u03bd\u03b8\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2, E enthusiasm<\/i>). The medical term \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 (meta-stasis<\/b>) describes the \u201cchange of standing\u201d when a cancer moves from one part of the body to another.<\/p>\r\n

From the verb root \u03ba\u03c1\u03b9- (kri-<\/b>, \u201cdivide,\u201d \u201cjudge\u201d) there is only one noun of this type\u2014\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2; a crisis<\/i> is a moment of division or judgement. (Note also criterion<\/i> < \u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd). However, from the verb root \u03bb\u03c5- (ly-<\/b>, \u201cloosen\u201d) we have a bonanza of English noun derivatives (all pure Greek): analysis, catalysis, paralysis, dialysis, <\/i>and psychoanalysis.<\/i> Several of these were discussed in the last chapter, but now you will be better equipped to understand their form. If the Latin translation of \u03bb\u03c5\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd (\u201cto loosen\u201d) is solvere<\/b>, then an analysis<\/i> is perhaps equivalent to a resolution<\/i> (resolutio<\/b>).<\/p>\r\n

Before we leave our trial group of verb roots, let us become acquainted with two other Greek suffixes used in verb derivatives.<\/p>\r\n

Whereas the suffix -sis <\/b>was added to verbs to form abstract nouns, the suffix -ma <\/b>(-ma<\/b>) <\/b>was similarly used to create concrete nouns. The only example apparent in our trial group is \u03b8\u03b5\u03bc\u03b1 (the-ma<\/b>), source of English theme<\/i>. There are some other verbal derivatives of this type that have entered English without change: drama<\/i> (< \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1-, \u201cdo\u201d), dogma<\/i> (< \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba-, \u201cthink\u201d), and cinema<\/i> (\u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03b7-, \u201cmove\u201d). Others have been adapted in spelling, like poem<\/i> (< \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd-, \u201cmake\u201d; cf. \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd-\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 > L poeta<\/b>, \u201cmaker\u201d).<\/p>\r\n

Finally, you should meet the suffix -\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2 (-tikos<\/b>), which will turn a Greek verb root (or base) into an adjective. Don\u2019t confuse it with the suffix -\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2 (-ikos<\/b>), which converts a Greek noun base into an adjective. From our list of sample verbs, we can at once spot English words like synthetic<\/i> (\u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2, syn-the-tikos<\/b>), hypothetical<\/i> (\u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2, hyp-o-the-tikos<\/b> + L -alis<\/b>), critic<\/i> (\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2, cri-tikos<\/b>), static<\/i> (\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2, sta-tikos<\/b>), ecstatic<\/i> (\u1f10\u03ba\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2, ek-sta-tikos<\/b>), analytic<\/i> (\u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2, ana-ly-tikos<\/b>), catalytic<\/i> (\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2, kata-ly-tikos<\/b>), and paralytic<\/i> (\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2, para-ly-tikos<\/b>).<\/p>\r\n

With this theoretical and practical[footnote]E theoretical<\/em> < \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b7-, \"observe,\" \"speculate\"; practical<\/em> < \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3-, \"do,\" the source also of pragmatic<\/em>.[\/footnote] knowledge at our disposal, we can now survey a number of common Greek roots, trying out each of these suffixes in turn.<\/p>","rendered":"

To illustrate our approach, let us take five different Greek verbs and show how a knowledge of their roots alone will help us understand a lot of English vocabulary. The present infinitive forms will also be listed, if only to prove that they are really irrelevant to English. Much more importantly, you\u2019ll be given a few simple rules for creating Greek nouns and adjectives from verb roots. Though you will not gain any grammatical insight into the Greek verb, you will emerge from this short experiment with the basic equipment that you need to cope with Greek verb derivatives in English.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
<\/a>Table 22.1: TRIAL SAMPLE OF GREEK VERBS<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
VERB ROOT<\/td>\nENGLISH MEANING<\/td>\nPRESENT INFINITIVE<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u03b8\u03b5-<\/td>\nthe<\/b>–<\/td>\n\u201cplace\u201d<\/td>\n\u03c4\u03b9\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9<\/td>\n(\u201cto place\u201d)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u03b4\u03bf-<\/td>\ndo<\/b>–<\/td>\n\u201cgive\u201d<\/td>\n\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9<\/td>\n(\u201cto give\u201d)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1-<\/td>\nsta<\/b>–<\/td>\n\u201cstand\u201d<\/td>\n\u1f31\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9<\/td>\n(\u201cto stand\u201d)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9-<\/td>\nkri<\/b>–<\/td>\n\u201cdivide,\u201d \u201cjudge\u201d<\/td>\n\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd<\/td>\n(\u201cto judge\u201d)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u03bb\u03c5-<\/td>\nly<\/b>–<\/td>\n\u201cloosen,\u201d \u201cset free\u201d<\/td>\n\u03bb\u03c5\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd<\/td>\n(\u201cto loosen\u201d)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

As always, the root is the minimal element of meaning. Though \u03b8\u03b5- and \u03b4\u03bf- could not stand alone in Greek speech, they were the sounds that made the Greek ear register the idea of \u201cplacing\u201d and \u201cgiving,\u201d respectively. The infinitives \u03c4\u03b9\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 and \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 are examples of actual words formed from verb roots\u2014you can see the two roots at their heart. One may well ask, however, whether there is any point in learning these complicated Greek forms (unless it is to recognize them when they occur in major English dictionaries). From our examples above, it would appear that the Greek present infinitive may end either in -\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 or in -\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd. Greek \u03c4\u03b9\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 is the equivalent, in form and meaning, of Latin ponere<\/b>, whereas Greek \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 corresponds with Latin dare<\/b>. (The roots \u03b4\u03bf- and da-<\/b> are cognate.)<\/p>\n

We\u2019ll completely ignore the question, \u201cHow did the Greeks use these roots to express verbal concepts?\u201d Instead, let\u2019s ask, \u201cHow did the Greeks form other parts of speech in which these verb roots have affected English?\u201d Here is one answer. It was common practice in Greek to add the suffix -\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 (-sis<\/b>) to a verb root in order to create an abstract noun. Therefore Greek had a noun \u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 (the-sis<\/b>) that meant \u201ca placing.\u201d We may compare it with its Latin parallel from ponere<\/b>, the abstract noun positio <\/b>(posit-io<\/b>). Although they are not really synonyms, thesis<\/i> and position<\/i>\u2014English words with the same etymological meaning\u2014do have some semantic relationship. The Greek form may be adapted in English: \u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 (do-sis<\/b>), \u201ca giving,\u201d is the etymon of English dose<\/i>.<\/p>\n

If \u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 means \u201ca placing,\u201d then \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 (syn-thesis<\/b>) is \u201ca placing together,\u201d \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 (anti-thesis<\/b>) is \u201ca placing against,\u201d and \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 (hypo-thesis<\/b>) is \u201ca placing beneath.\u201d Would you agree that the Greek derivatives synthesis<\/i> and hypothesis<\/i> have semantic links with the parallel Latin derivatives composition<\/i> and supposition<\/i>? A metathesis<\/i> is a \u201cchange\u201d (\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1-) in placement\u2014for instance, a transposition<\/i> of two letters of the aplhabet\u2014oops, I meant alphabet. A prosthesis<\/i> (cf. \u00a7133<\/a>) is something \u201cplaced in addition\u201d (\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3-), like an artificial limb. We see two Greek prefixes at work in the noun \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 (par-en-thesis<\/b>), a device for placing something in and beside.<\/p>\n

Moving down our experimental list of verb roots, we can assume that the same noun suffix will be added to \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1- to produce \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2, \u201ca standing\u201d; and we may be familiar with the English word stasis<\/i> (used, for instance, of a fluid stoppage in human physiology). More interesting, perhaps, is \u1f10\u03ba\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 (ek-stasis<\/b>), source of the English word ecstasy<\/i>. In Greek mystery religions, you achieved the state of ecstasy <\/i>when you had the feeling that you were \u201cstanding outside\u201d your body, thus allowing the god to come inside (\u1f10\u03bd\u03b8\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2, E enthusiasm<\/i>). The medical term \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 (meta-stasis<\/b>) describes the \u201cchange of standing\u201d when a cancer moves from one part of the body to another.<\/p>\n

From the verb root \u03ba\u03c1\u03b9- (kri-<\/b>, \u201cdivide,\u201d \u201cjudge\u201d) there is only one noun of this type\u2014\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2; a crisis<\/i> is a moment of division or judgement. (Note also criterion<\/i> < \u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd). However, from the verb root \u03bb\u03c5- (ly-<\/b>, \u201cloosen\u201d) we have a bonanza of English noun derivatives (all pure Greek): analysis, catalysis, paralysis, dialysis, <\/i>and psychoanalysis.<\/i> Several of these were discussed in the last chapter, but now you will be better equipped to understand their form. If the Latin translation of \u03bb\u03c5\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd (\u201cto loosen\u201d) is solvere<\/b>, then an analysis<\/i> is perhaps equivalent to a resolution<\/i> (resolutio<\/b>).<\/p>\n

Before we leave our trial group of verb roots, let us become acquainted with two other Greek suffixes used in verb derivatives.<\/p>\n

Whereas the suffix -sis <\/b>was added to verbs to form abstract nouns, the suffix -ma <\/b>(-ma<\/b>) <\/b>was similarly used to create concrete nouns. The only example apparent in our trial group is \u03b8\u03b5\u03bc\u03b1 (the-ma<\/b>), source of English theme<\/i>. There are some other verbal derivatives of this type that have entered English without change: drama<\/i> (< \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1-, \u201cdo\u201d), dogma<\/i> (< \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba-, \u201cthink\u201d), and cinema<\/i> (\u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03b7-, \u201cmove\u201d). Others have been adapted in spelling, like poem<\/i> (< \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd-, \u201cmake\u201d; cf. \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd-\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 > L poeta<\/b>, \u201cmaker\u201d).<\/p>\n

Finally, you should meet the suffix -\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2 (-tikos<\/b>), which will turn a Greek verb root (or base) into an adjective. Don\u2019t confuse it with the suffix -\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2 (-ikos<\/b>), which converts a Greek noun base into an adjective. From our list of sample verbs, we can at once spot English words like synthetic<\/i> (\u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2, syn-the-tikos<\/b>), hypothetical<\/i> (\u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2, hyp-o-the-tikos<\/b> + L -alis<\/b>), critic<\/i> (\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2, cri-tikos<\/b>), static<\/i> (\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2, sta-tikos<\/b>), ecstatic<\/i> (\u1f10\u03ba\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2, ek-sta-tikos<\/b>), analytic<\/i> (\u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2, ana-ly-tikos<\/b>), catalytic<\/i> (\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2, kata-ly-tikos<\/b>), and paralytic<\/i> (\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2, para-ly-tikos<\/b>).<\/p>\n

With this theoretical and practical[1]<\/sup><\/a> knowledge at our disposal, we can now survey a number of common Greek roots, trying out each of these suffixes in turn.<\/p>\n

  1. E theoretical<\/em> < \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b7-, \"observe,\" \"speculate\"; practical<\/em> < \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3-, \"do,\" the source also of pragmatic<\/em>. ↵<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":20,"menu_order":2,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"Chapter 22: Greek Verbs and their Derivatives","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[52],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-114","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","chapter-type-numberless"],"part":111,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/114","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/20"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/114\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":575,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/114\/revisions\/575"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/111"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/114\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=114"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=114"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=114"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=114"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}