{"id":38,"date":"2016-08-01T13:23:32","date_gmt":"2016-08-01T17:23:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots2\/?post_type=chapter&p=38"},"modified":"2017-07-06T15:33:40","modified_gmt":"2017-07-06T19:33:40","slug":"%c2%a7100-notes-on-classical-greek-pronunciation","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots2\/chapter\/%c2%a7100-notes-on-classical-greek-pronunciation\/","title":{"raw":"\u00a7100. Notes on Classical Greek Pronunciation","rendered":"\u00a7100. Notes on Classical Greek Pronunciation"},"content":{"raw":"

A.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 VOWELS:<\/p>\r\n\r\n

\r\n\r\n<\/span>Alpha<\/b> (\u03b1) and iota<\/b> (\u03b9) were pronounced very much like Latin a<\/b> and i<\/b> (long or short).\r\n\r\n<\/span>Epsilon<\/b> (\u03b5) and omicron<\/b> (\u03bf) were always short vowels in Greek, like Latin \u0115<\/strong><\/b> and \u014f<\/strong><\/b>\u2014very much like the English vowels in get <\/i>and got<\/i>.\r\n\r\n<\/span>Eta<\/b> (\u03b7) and omega<\/b> (\u03c9) were always long vowels, like Latin \u0113<\/strong><\/b> and \u014d<\/strong><\/b>\u2014something like the English sounds in gate<\/i> and goat<\/i>. THESE TWO VOWELS SHOULD ALWAYS BE TRANSCRIBED as \u0113<\/strong> and \u014d<\/strong>, in order to distinguish them from epsilon and omicron.\r\n\r\n<\/span>Upsilon<\/b> (\u03c5) was not pronounced like Latin u<\/b>, but rather like the u<\/i> in French pur <\/i>or German gr\u00fcn<\/em>. The Romans transliterated it as y<\/b> (i.e., capital upsilon).\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

B.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 CONSONANTS:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
\u03b2, \u03b3, \u03b4, \u03ba, \u03bb, \u03bc, \u03bd, \u03be, \u03c0, \u03c3 (\u03c2), \u03c4<\/span><\/td>\r\nmuch like English<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u03b6<\/span><\/td>\r\nlike dz<\/em> in English adze<\/em><\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u03c1<\/span><\/td>\r\nlightly trilled (?); at the beginning of<\/span> words, aspirated as h<\/sup>r or rh<\/sup><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u03b8<\/span><\/td>\r\nan aspirated <\/span>\u03c4 = (th<\/sup>), like th<\/em> in English coathook<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u03c6<\/span><\/td>\r\nan aspirated<\/span> \u03c0 = (ph<\/sup>), like ph<\/em> in English uphill<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u03c7<\/span><\/td>\r\nan aspirated<\/span> \u03ba = (kh<\/sup>), like kh<\/em> in English backhoe<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u03c8<\/span><\/td>\r\nalways pronounced like ps<\/em> in English capsule<\/em>, even at the start of words<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n

C.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 BREATHINGS:<\/p>\r\n

If a word begins with a vowel, a BREATHING MARK<\/strong> is placed above it to indicate whether or not that vowel is ASPIRATED\u2014that is, whether or not there is an h<\/i> sound at the start of the word.[footnote] If a word begins with a diphthong, the breathing mark is placed over the second letter of the diphthong; e.g., \u03b1\u1f30, \u03b1\u1f50, \u03b5\u1f30,\u00a0\u03b5\u1f50, \u03bf\u1f31, \u03bf\u1f51, \u03c5\u1f31. If the word begins with a capital vowel, the breathing mark is placed to the left of the capital; e.g.,\u00a0\u02bcA\u03b8\u03b7\u03c5\u03b7, \u02bdO\u03bc\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 = Ath\u0113n\u0113<\/strong>, Hom\u0113ros<\/strong> (E Homer<\/em>).[\/footnote] If there is an h<\/i> sound, the ROUGH BREATHING<\/strong> mark is used (\u02bd as in \u1f21\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 = h\u0113<\/strong><\/b>lios<\/b>). If there is no h<\/i> sound, the SMOOTH BREATHING<\/strong> mark is used (\u02bc as in \u1f00\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03b1 = agora<\/b>). One or the other must be present on all such words. Because rho is aspirated at the beginning of words, initial rho is written\u00a0\u1fe5 as in \u1fe5\u03c5\u03b8\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 = ruthmos<\/b> or rhythmos<\/b>.<\/p>","rendered":"

A.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 VOWELS:<\/p>\n

\n

<\/span>Alpha<\/b> (\u03b1) and iota<\/b> (\u03b9) were pronounced very much like Latin a<\/b> and i<\/b> (long or short).<\/p>\n

<\/span>Epsilon<\/b> (\u03b5) and omicron<\/b> (\u03bf) were always short vowels in Greek, like Latin \u0115<\/strong><\/b> and \u014f<\/strong><\/b>\u2014very much like the English vowels in get <\/i>and got<\/i>.<\/p>\n

<\/span>Eta<\/b> (\u03b7) and omega<\/b> (\u03c9) were always long vowels, like Latin \u0113<\/strong><\/b> and \u014d<\/strong><\/b>\u2014something like the English sounds in gate<\/i> and goat<\/i>. THESE TWO VOWELS SHOULD ALWAYS BE TRANSCRIBED as \u0113<\/strong> and \u014d<\/strong>, in order to distinguish them from epsilon and omicron.<\/p>\n

<\/span>Upsilon<\/b> (\u03c5) was not pronounced like Latin u<\/b>, but rather like the u<\/i> in French pur <\/i>or German gr\u00fcn<\/em>. The Romans transliterated it as y<\/b> (i.e., capital upsilon).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

B.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 CONSONANTS:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u03b2, \u03b3, \u03b4, \u03ba, \u03bb, \u03bc, \u03bd, \u03be, \u03c0, \u03c3 (\u03c2), \u03c4<\/span><\/td>\nmuch like English<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u03b6<\/span><\/td>\nlike dz<\/em> in English adze<\/em><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u03c1<\/span><\/td>\nlightly trilled (?); at the beginning of<\/span> words, aspirated as h<\/sup>r or rh<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u03b8<\/span><\/td>\nan aspirated <\/span>\u03c4 = (th<\/sup>), like th<\/em> in English coathook<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u03c6<\/span><\/td>\nan aspirated<\/span> \u03c0 = (ph<\/sup>), like ph<\/em> in English uphill<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u03c7<\/span><\/td>\nan aspirated<\/span> \u03ba = (kh<\/sup>), like kh<\/em> in English backhoe<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u03c8<\/span><\/td>\nalways pronounced like ps<\/em> in English capsule<\/em>, even at the start of words<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

C.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 BREATHINGS:<\/p>\n

If a word begins with a vowel, a BREATHING MARK<\/strong> is placed above it to indicate whether or not that vowel is ASPIRATED\u2014that is, whether or not there is an h<\/i> sound at the start of the word.[1]<\/sup><\/a> If there is an h<\/i> sound, the ROUGH BREATHING<\/strong> mark is used (\u02bd as in \u1f21\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 = h\u0113<\/strong><\/b>lios<\/b>). If there is no h<\/i> sound, the SMOOTH BREATHING<\/strong> mark is used (\u02bc as in \u1f00\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03b1 = agora<\/b>). One or the other must be present on all such words. Because rho is aspirated at the beginning of words, initial rho is written\u00a0\u1fe5 as in \u1fe5\u03c5\u03b8\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 = ruthmos<\/b> or rhythmos<\/b>.<\/p>\n

  1. If a word begins with a diphthong, the breathing mark is placed over the second letter of the diphthong; e.g., \u03b1\u1f30, \u03b1\u1f50, \u03b5\u1f30,\u00a0\u03b5\u1f50, \u03bf\u1f31, \u03bf\u1f51, \u03c5\u1f31. If the word begins with a capital vowel, the breathing mark is placed to the left of the capital; e.g.,\u00a0\u02bcA\u03b8\u03b7\u03c5\u03b7, \u02bdO\u03bc\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 = Ath\u0113n\u0113<\/strong>, Hom\u0113ros<\/strong> (E Homer<\/em>). ↵<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":20,"menu_order":4,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"Chapter 15: The Greek Language","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[52],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-38","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","chapter-type-numberless"],"part":3,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/38","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/20"}],"version-history":[{"count":15,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/38\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":562,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/38\/revisions\/562"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/3"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/38\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=38"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=38"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=38"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=38"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}