{"id":51,"date":"2016-08-01T19:19:46","date_gmt":"2016-08-01T23:19:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots2\/?post_type=chapter&p=51"},"modified":"2016-11-30T17:06:15","modified_gmt":"2016-11-30T22:06:15","slug":"%c2%a7106-greek-nouns-of-the-second-declension","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots2\/chapter\/%c2%a7106-greek-nouns-of-the-second-declension\/","title":{"raw":"\u00a7106. Greek Nouns of the Second Declension","rendered":"\u00a7106. Greek Nouns of the Second Declension"},"content":{"raw":"

When we first met Latin masculine nouns of the 2nd declension, we noticed a good many (like circus<\/b>, focus<\/b>, and stimulus<\/b>) that have come into English without any change in form. There are extremely few unchanged derivatives from the Greek -\u03bf\u03c2 declension, though the English word cosmos <\/i>(\u201cuniverse\u201d) is very close to its Greek etymon, \u03ba\u03bf\u03c2\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2. This is only because the noun \u03ba\u03bf\u03c2\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 was not used as a Latin loan-word. When the Romans borrowed nouns of this type, they consistently adapted the ending to the Latin 2nd declension -us<\/b>, and made other standard changes in spelling:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
G<\/td>\r\n\u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2<\/td>\r\nkhoros<\/strong><\/td>\r\n\"dance,\" \"chorus\"<\/td>\r\n> L<\/td>\r\nchorus<\/b><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
<\/td>\r\n\u1f30\u03c3\u03b8\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2<\/td>\r\nisthmos<\/strong><\/td>\r\n\u201cneck of land\u201d<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\nisthmus<\/b>
<\/b><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
<\/td>\r\n\u039f\u1f50\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2<\/td>\r\nOuranos<\/b><\/span><\/td>\r\n\u201cSky\u201d [a god]<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\nUranus<\/b><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
<\/td>\r\n\u1f51\u03bc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2<\/td>\r\nhumnos<\/b><\/span><\/td>\r\n\u201cfestive song\u201d<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\nhymnus<\/b>
<\/b><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
<\/td>\r\n\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2<\/td>\r\nthronos<\/b><\/span><\/td>\r\n\u201celevated seat\u201d<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\nthronus<\/b><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n

In the English derivatives hym<\/i>n<\/i> and throne<\/i>, we can recognize common patterns of Anglicizing Latin words that we first met in Part I, \u00a714<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n

Here are some useful 2nd declension Greek nouns in -\u03bf\u03c2:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
<\/a>Table 16.2: GREEK SECOND DECLENSION NOUNS IN -\u03bf\u03c2<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
GK. NOUN<\/td>\r\nTRANSLITERATION<\/td>\r\nENG. MEANING<\/td>\r\nENG. DERIVATIVE<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u1f00\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2<\/td>\r\nanthr\u014dpos<\/strong><\/td>\r\nman (= human)<\/td>\r\nanthropology<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2<\/td>\r\nbios<\/b><\/span><\/td>\r\nlife<\/span><\/i><\/td>\r\nbiology<\/i>
<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u03b3\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2<\/td>\r\ngamos<\/b><\/span><\/td>\r\nmarriage<\/span><\/i><\/td>\r\nbigamy<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u03b4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2<\/td>\r\ndaktylos<\/b><\/span><\/td>\r\nfinger<\/span><\/i><\/td>\r\ndactyl<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2<\/td>\r\nd\u0113mos<\/strong><\/td>\r\npeople<\/span><\/i><\/td>\r\ndemography<\/i>
<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u03b8\u03b5\u03bf\u03c2<\/td>\r\ntheos<\/b><\/span><\/td>\r\ngod<\/span><\/i><\/td>\r\nmonotheism<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u03ba\u03c5\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2<\/td>\r\nkyklos<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/td>\r\nwheel, circle<\/td>\r\ncycle<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u03bb\u03b9\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2<\/td>\r\nl<\/b>ithos<\/b><\/span><\/td>\r\nstone<\/span><\/i><\/td>\r\nlithograph<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u03bd\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2<\/td>\r\nnekros<\/b><\/span>
<\/i><\/td>\r\n		corpse<\/span><\/i><\/td>\r\nnecropolis<\/i>
<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u03be\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2<\/td>\r\nxenos<\/b><\/span>
<\/i><\/td>\r\n		stranger<\/span><\/i><\/td>\r\nxenophobia<\/i>
<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2<\/td>\r\noikos<\/b><\/span><\/b>
<\/i><\/td>\r\n		house<\/span><\/b><\/i><\/td>\r\necology<\/i>
<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u1f40\u03c6\u03b8\u03b1\u03bb\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2<\/td>\r\nophthalmos<\/b><\/span><\/b>
<\/i><\/td>\r\n		eye<\/span><\/b><\/i><\/td>\r\nophthalmologist<\/i>
<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2<\/td>\r\ntopos<\/b><\/span>
<\/i><\/td>\r\n		place<\/span><\/i><\/td>\r\ntopic<\/i>
<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2<\/td>\r\nchronos<\/b><\/span><\/td>\r\ntime<\/span><\/i><\/td>\r\nchronicle<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n

Most of the compound derivatives\u2014words with endings like -logy, -graphy,<\/i> and -phobia <\/i>\u2014will be explained in the next chapter. Notice the English adjectives dactylic, cyclic, ophthalmic, topic,<\/i> and chronic<\/i>; these are all regular derivatives from Greek forms in -\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2. (English cyclical<\/i> and topical<\/i> show the extra Latin suffix.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
<\/a>Table 16.3: GREEK SECOND DECLENSION NOUNS IN -<\/b>\u03bf\u03bd<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
GK. NOUN<\/td>\r\nTRANSLITERATION<\/td>\r\nENG. MEANING<\/td>\r\nENG. DERIVATIVE<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u03b6\u03c9\u03bf\u03bd<\/td>\r\nz<\/b>\u014d<\/strong>on<\/b><\/td>\r\nanimal<\/span><\/i><\/td>\r\nzoology<\/i>
<\/b><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u03b8\u03b5\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd<\/td>\r\ntheatron<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/td>\r\nviewing-place<\/td>\r\ntheatre<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd<\/td>\r\nkentron<\/b><\/span><\/span>
<\/i><\/td>\r\n		sharp point, goad<\/td>\r\ncentre<\/i>
<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd<\/td>\r\nmetron<\/b><\/span><\/td>\r\nmeasure<\/span><\/i><\/td>\r\nmetre<\/i>, metric<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd<\/td>\r\nneuron<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/td>\r\nsinew, [nerve]<\/td>\r\nneurology<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u1f40\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd<\/td>\r\norganon<\/b><\/span><\/span>
<\/i><\/td>\r\n		tool, instrument<\/td>\r\norgan<\/i>
<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u1f40\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03bf\u03bd<\/td>\r\nosteon<\/b><\/span><\/td>\r\nbone<\/span><\/i><\/td>\r\nosteopath<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd<\/td>\r\npteron<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/td>\r\nfeather, wing<\/td>\r\npterodactyl<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n ","rendered":"

When we first met Latin masculine nouns of the 2nd declension, we noticed a good many (like circus<\/b>, focus<\/b>, and stimulus<\/b>) that have come into English without any change in form. There are extremely few unchanged derivatives from the Greek -\u03bf\u03c2 declension, though the English word cosmos <\/i>(\u201cuniverse\u201d) is very close to its Greek etymon, \u03ba\u03bf\u03c2\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2. This is only because the noun \u03ba\u03bf\u03c2\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 was not used as a Latin loan-word. When the Romans borrowed nouns of this type, they consistently adapted the ending to the Latin 2nd declension -us<\/b>, and made other standard changes in spelling:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
G<\/td>\n\u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2<\/td>\nkhoros<\/strong><\/td>\n“dance,” “chorus”<\/td>\n> L<\/td>\nchorus<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\n\u1f30\u03c3\u03b8\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2<\/td>\nisthmos<\/strong><\/td>\n\u201cneck of land\u201d<\/td>\n<\/td>\nisthmus<\/b>
<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\n\u039f\u1f50\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2<\/td>\nOuranos<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n\u201cSky\u201d [a god]<\/td>\n<\/td>\nUranus<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\n\u1f51\u03bc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2<\/td>\nhumnos<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n\u201cfestive song\u201d<\/td>\n<\/td>\nhymnus<\/b>
<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\n\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2<\/td>\nthronos<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n\u201celevated seat\u201d<\/td>\n<\/td>\nthronus<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

In the English derivatives hym<\/i>n<\/i> and throne<\/i>, we can recognize common patterns of Anglicizing Latin words that we first met in Part I, \u00a714<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Here are some useful 2nd declension Greek nouns in -\u03bf\u03c2:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
<\/a>Table 16.2: GREEK SECOND DECLENSION NOUNS IN -\u03bf\u03c2<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
GK. NOUN<\/td>\nTRANSLITERATION<\/td>\nENG. MEANING<\/td>\nENG. DERIVATIVE<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u1f00\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2<\/td>\nanthr\u014dpos<\/strong><\/td>\nman (= human)<\/td>\nanthropology<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2<\/td>\nbios<\/b><\/span><\/td>\nlife<\/span><\/i><\/td>\nbiology<\/i>
<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u03b3\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2<\/td>\ngamos<\/b><\/span><\/td>\nmarriage<\/span><\/i><\/td>\nbigamy<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u03b4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2<\/td>\ndaktylos<\/b><\/span><\/td>\nfinger<\/span><\/i><\/td>\ndactyl<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2<\/td>\nd\u0113mos<\/strong><\/td>\npeople<\/span><\/i><\/td>\ndemography<\/i>
<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u03b8\u03b5\u03bf\u03c2<\/td>\ntheos<\/b><\/span><\/td>\ngod<\/span><\/i><\/td>\nmonotheism<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u03ba\u03c5\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2<\/td>\nkyklos<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/td>\nwheel, circle<\/td>\ncycle<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u03bb\u03b9\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2<\/td>\nl<\/b>ithos<\/b><\/span><\/td>\nstone<\/span><\/i><\/td>\nlithograph<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u03bd\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2<\/td>\nnekros<\/b><\/span>
<\/i><\/td>\n		corpse<\/span><\/i><\/td>\nnecropolis<\/i>
<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u03be\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2<\/td>\nxenos<\/b><\/span>
<\/i><\/td>\n		stranger<\/span><\/i><\/td>\nxenophobia<\/i>
<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2<\/td>\noikos<\/b><\/span><\/b>
<\/i><\/td>\n		house<\/span><\/b><\/i><\/td>\necology<\/i>
<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u1f40\u03c6\u03b8\u03b1\u03bb\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2<\/td>\nophthalmos<\/b><\/span><\/b>
<\/i><\/td>\n		eye<\/span><\/b><\/i><\/td>\nophthalmologist<\/i>
<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2<\/td>\ntopos<\/b><\/span>
<\/i><\/td>\n		place<\/span><\/i><\/td>\ntopic<\/i>
<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2<\/td>\nchronos<\/b><\/span><\/td>\ntime<\/span><\/i><\/td>\nchronicle<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Most of the compound derivatives\u2014words with endings like -logy, -graphy,<\/i> and -phobia <\/i>\u2014will be explained in the next chapter. Notice the English adjectives dactylic, cyclic, ophthalmic, topic,<\/i> and chronic<\/i>; these are all regular derivatives from Greek forms in -\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2. (English cyclical<\/i> and topical<\/i> show the extra Latin suffix.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
<\/a>Table 16.3: GREEK SECOND DECLENSION NOUNS IN –<\/b>\u03bf\u03bd<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
GK. NOUN<\/td>\nTRANSLITERATION<\/td>\nENG. MEANING<\/td>\nENG. DERIVATIVE<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u03b6\u03c9\u03bf\u03bd<\/td>\nz<\/b>\u014d<\/strong>on<\/b><\/td>\nanimal<\/span><\/i><\/td>\nzoology<\/i>
<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u03b8\u03b5\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd<\/td>\ntheatron<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/td>\nviewing-place<\/td>\ntheatre<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd<\/td>\nkentron<\/b><\/span><\/span>
<\/i><\/td>\n		sharp point, goad<\/td>\ncentre<\/i>
<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd<\/td>\nmetron<\/b><\/span><\/td>\nmeasure<\/span><\/i><\/td>\nmetre<\/i>, metric<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd<\/td>\nneuron<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/td>\nsinew, [nerve]<\/td>\nneurology<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u1f40\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd<\/td>\norganon<\/b><\/span><\/span>
<\/i><\/td>\n		tool, instrument<\/td>\norgan<\/i>
<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u1f40\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03bf\u03bd<\/td>\nosteon<\/b><\/span><\/td>\nbone<\/span><\/i><\/td>\nosteopath<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd<\/td>\npteron<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/td>\nfeather, wing<\/td>\npterodactyl<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

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