{"id":70,"date":"2016-08-01T19:30:41","date_gmt":"2016-08-01T23:30:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots2\/?post_type=chapter&p=70"},"modified":"2016-12-05T18:56:15","modified_gmt":"2016-12-05T23:56:15","slug":"%c2%a7114-greek-nouns-of-the-third-declension","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots2\/chapter\/%c2%a7114-greek-nouns-of-the-third-declension\/","title":{"raw":"\u00a7114. Greek Nouns of the Third Declension","rendered":"\u00a7114. Greek Nouns of the Third Declension"},"content":{"raw":"

To a greater extent than in the 1st and 2nd declensions, the Greek 3rd declension contains many words that appear in English in exact or conventional transliteration. Some of these are proper names from religion and mythology: \u0396\u03b5\u03c5\u03c2, \u03a0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03c5\u03c2, \u2019\u039f\u03b4\u03c5\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5\u03c5\u03c2, \u2019\u0391\u03c4\u03bb\u03b1\u03c2, \u03a4\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd,\u00a0\u039a\u03b1\u03bb\u03c5\u03c8\u03c9, \u039a\u03c5\u03ba\u03bb\u03c9\u03c8, \u03a3\u03c4\u03c5\u03be = Zeus, Prometheus, Odysseus, Atlas, Titan, Calypso, Cyclops, Styx. <\/i>Many 3rd declension common nouns have also entered English without adaptation: \u03bc\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03c5\u03c1, \u03bd\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b1\u03c1, \u03bb\u03b1\u03c1\u03c5\u03b3\u03be, \u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1\u03be, \u1f00\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1, \u03ba\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1, \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c2, \u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c2, \u03c0\u03c5\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd, \u03ba\u03c5\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2, \u1f51\u03b2\u03c1\u03b9\u03c2 = martyr, nectar, larynx, climax, aroma, coma, polis, metropolis, pylon, kudos, hubris.<\/i> (Both these lists could be extended substantially.)<\/p>\r\n

What follows is a fairly daunting word-list; perhaps you can subdivide it into two or three instalments for learning purposes. If only one Greek word is listed, that will be the nominative (vocabulary) form, which provides an obvious base or combining form. If two Greek words are given, the second will be the genitive singular (= base + -\u03bf\u03c2).<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
<\/a>Table 18.1: GREEK THIRD DECLENSION NOUNS<\/strong><\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
GREEK NOUN<\/td>\r\nTRANSLITERATION (BASE)<\/td>\r\nENG. MEANING<\/td>\r\nDERIVATIVE
<\/b><\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u1f00\u03b7\u03c1<\/td>\r\na<\/b>\u0113<\/strong>r<\/b><\/td>\r\nair<\/span><\/i><\/td>\r\naerodynamic<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u03c0\u03c5\u03c1<\/td>\r\npyr<\/b><\/span><\/td>\r\nfire<\/span><\/i><\/td>\r\npyromania<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u1f51\u03b4\u03c9\u03c1<\/td>\r\nhyd\u014d<\/strong><\/b>r (hydr-)<\/b><\/td>\r\nwater<\/span><\/i><\/td>\r\nhydraulic<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u03b4\u03b1\u03b9\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd<\/td>\r\ndaim<\/b>\u014d<\/strong>n<\/b><\/span><\/td>\r\ngod, spirit<\/span><\/i><\/td>\r\ndemonic<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1<\/td>\r\ncheir<\/b><\/span><\/td>\r\nhand<\/span><\/i><\/td>\r\nchiropractor<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2<\/td>\r\npous, pod-<\/b><\/td>\r\nfoot<\/span><\/i><\/td>\r\npodiatrist<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1, \u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2<\/td>\r\ngast<\/b>\u0113<\/strong>r, gastr-<\/b><\/td>\r\nstomach<\/span><\/i><\/td>\r\ngastronomy<\/i>
<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u1f40\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u1f40\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/td>\r\nodous, odont-<\/b><\/td>\r\ntooth<\/span><\/i><\/td>\r\northodontic<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u1fe5\u03b9\u03c2, \u1fe5\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2<\/td>\r\nrhis, rhin-<\/b><\/td>\r\nnose<\/span><\/i><\/td>\r\nrhinoceros<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u03c6\u03c9\u03c2, \u03c6\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/td>\r\nph<\/b>\u014d<\/strong>s, ph<\/b>\u014d<\/strong>t-<\/b><\/td>\r\nlight<\/span><\/i><\/td>\r\nphotograph<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u1f00\u03bd\u03b7\u03c1, \u1f00\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2<\/td>\r\nan<\/b>\u0113<\/strong>r, andr-<\/b><\/td>\r\nman<\/span><\/i><\/td>\r\npolyandry<\/i>
<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7, \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2<\/td>\r\ngyn<\/b>\u0113<\/strong>, gynaik-<\/b><\/span><\/td>\r\nwoman<\/span><\/i><\/td>\r\ngynecology<\/i>
<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2, \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2<\/td>\r\npais, paid-<\/b><\/span><\/b><\/td>\r\nchild<\/span><\/i><\/td>\r\np(a)ediatric<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u03b3\u03b5\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd, \u03b3\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/td>\r\nger<\/b>\u014d<\/strong>n, geront-<\/b><\/span><\/b><\/td>\r\nold man<\/td>\r\ngerontology<\/i>
<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c2<\/td>\r\npolis<\/b><\/span><\/td>\r\ncity<\/span><\/i><\/td>\r\nacropolis<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u1f00\u03bb\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2<\/td>\r\nalgos (alg-)<\/b><\/td>\r\npain<\/span><\/i><\/td>\r\nneuralgia<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u03b2\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2<\/td>\r\nbaros (bar-)<\/b><\/td>\r\nweight<\/span><\/i><\/td>\r\nbarometer<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u1f10\u03b8\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2<\/td>\r\nethnos (ethn-)<\/b><\/td>\r\nnation<\/span><\/i><\/td>\r\nethnic<\/i>
<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u1f20\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2<\/td>\r\n\u0113<\/strong>thos (<\/b>\u0113<\/strong>th-)<\/b><\/td>\r\ncustom, character<\/td>\r\nethos<\/i>
<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u03b1\u1f31\u03bc\u03b1, \u03b1\u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/td>\r\nhaima, haimat-<\/b><\/td>\r\nblood<\/span><\/i><\/td>\r\nhae<\/i>mophilia<\/i>
<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u03b4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1, \u03b4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/td>\r\nderma, dermat-<\/b><\/span><\/td>\r\nskin<\/span><\/i><\/td>\r\nhypodermic<\/i>
<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u1f40\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1, \u1f40\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/td>\r\nonyma, onymat-<\/b><\/td>\r\nname<\/span><\/i><\/td>\r\nsynonym<\/i>
<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
(\u1f40\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1, \u1f40\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2)<\/td>\r\n(onoma, onomat-)<\/b><\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\nonomatopoeia<\/i>
<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1, \u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/td>\r\ns<\/b>\u014d<\/strong>ma, s<\/b>\u014d<\/strong>mat-<\/b><\/td>\r\nbody<\/span><\/i><\/td>\r\npsychosomatic<\/i>
<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u03c7\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1, \u03c7\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/td>\r\nchr<\/b>\u014d<\/strong>ma, chr<\/b>\u014d<\/strong>mat-<\/b><\/td>\r\ncolour<\/span><\/i><\/td>\r\nchromos<\/i>ome<\/i><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n

First, a few comments on English spelling. You have learned that the Greek diphthong \u03b1\u03b9 became regularly adapted in Latin as ae<\/b>. That convention is reflected in the derivatives of \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03ba- (gynaik<\/b>- \u201cwoman\u201d), \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4- (paid<\/b>- \u201cchild\u201d), and \u03b1\u1f31\u03bc- (haim<\/b>-, \u201cblood\u201d). What can be confusing is that this ae<\/b> may be either maintained in English or reduced further to e<\/b>. The full development is illustrated in the progression from G \u03b4\u03b1\u03b9\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd to L daemon<\/b> to E demon<\/i>.[footnote]In the semantic area, this word is a fine example of PEJORATION or deterioration of meaning (\u00a715<\/a>), since the original Greek word had a very positive denotation\u2014a divinity or spirit (Socrates\u2019 inner voice).[\/footnote] Thus there are two correct spellings for the medical specialist who treats children\u2014paediatrician<\/i> or pediatrician.<\/i> If you look under \u201cPhysicians and Surgeons\u201d in the Victoria Yellow Pages, you will find both spellings used (probably revealing the geographical or educational origin of the specialist). The same is true of gynaecology<\/i> or gynecology<\/i>, haemorrhage <\/i> or hemorrhage.<\/i> In Canadian usage, there is an overwhelming trend towards the simpler e s<\/i>pelling. The only problem with this simplification is that it can sometimes create minor confusion. A perfect example is the Greek root \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4- (paid-<\/b>, \u201cchild\u201d). If it is kept as paed<\/b>-, the etymology of its derivatives will be abundantly clear; if, however, it is reduced to ped<\/b>- (as is customary in North America), it becomes identical in form to the unrelated Latin root for \u201cfoot.\u201d Because of Latin derivatives like pedal<\/i> and pedicure\u2014<\/i>and the hybrid pedometer<\/i> (an instrument to measure walking speed)\u2014one may run the risk of associating orthopedic<\/i> (orthopaedic<\/i>) with feet, or of wrongly viewing pedophilia<\/i> as some kind of foot fetish. Other derivatives of \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4- include pedagogue<\/i> (G \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4-\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2, \u201cchild-leader\u201d > L paedagogus<\/b>), pedagogy<\/i>, encyclopedia<\/i>,[footnote]The word encyclopedia<\/em> (still often spelled encyclopaedia<\/em> in the U.K.), is derived from G \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 (paideia<\/strong> < \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2), \u201ceducation\u201d (of children). The compound meant \u201ccircular (i.e., complete) education.\u201d[\/footnote] pederast<\/i> (\u201cchild-lover,\u201d now almost completely supplanted by pedophile<\/i>, a word that dates only from 1951), and pedodon<\/i>tist<\/i> (< \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4-\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4-\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2,[footnote]We'll be meeting the suffix -\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 many times. A 1st declension masculine ending, it may be viewed as the Greek counterpart of the Latin AGENT SUFFIX -or<\/strong>. Occasionally a Greek noun in -\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 was adapted as a 1st declension Latin noun in -ista<\/strong>. Whether or not there was an intermediate Latin form, the suffix appears in English as -ist.<\/em>[\/footnote] a dentist who works on children\u2019s teeth). Notice, by the way, that the first -o- <\/i>of ped-odont-ist<\/i> is not a connecting vowel, since it begins the base form that means \u201ctooth\u201d; we should similarly divide the words orth-odont-ist<\/i> and peri-odont-ist<\/i>.<\/p>\r\n

The first noun in Table 18.1<\/a>, \u1f00\u03b7\u03c1, became the Latin loan-word a<\/b>\u0113<\/strong>r<\/b>, after exact transliteration; this was the source (through Old French) of English air<\/i>. To make it clear that this Latin word has two syllables, we may wish to use the diaeresis[footnote]The word diaeresis<\/em> looks as if it might have been derived from \u1f00\u03b7\u03c1. That is not the case; however it is a Greek derivative, from \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 + \u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd (\u201cto take apart\u201d).[\/footnote] mark, spelling the form as a<\/b>\u00eb<\/strong>r<\/b>. When the word aerial<\/i> first entered the English language, it was pronounced \u201ca-er-i-al.\u201d If the initial two letters had evolved from the Latin diphthong ae<\/b>, the modern English spelling would likely have become \u201ce<\/i>rial.\u201d<\/i> Our word airplane<\/i> was originally (1866) adapted from French as aeroplane, <\/i>and may still be spelled that way; the form was apparently intended to mean \u201cair wanderer\u201d (cf. planet<\/i>), though its second element soon became associated in usage with the more obvious plane<\/i> (< L planus<\/b>).<\/p>\r\n

The alternative bases of \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7, \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2 (gun- and gunaik- ) are apparent in the contrast between mis-o-<\/i>gyn<\/b>-y<\/i> or andr-o-<\/i>gyn<\/b>-ous<\/i>, on the one hand, and gynec<\/b>-o-logy<\/i>, on the other. Words like \u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1 and\u00a0\u03c7\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1 may have two combining forms; see English chrom<\/b>-o-<\/i>some<\/b>,<\/i> as opposed to chromat<\/b>-ic<\/i> and pysch-o-<\/i>somat<\/b>-ic<\/i>. Again, phos<\/b>-phorus<\/i> (< \u03c6\u03c9\u03c3\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2, \u201clight-bearing\u201d) can be contrasted with phot<\/b>-o-graph<\/i>. Greek was unlike Latin in this capacity to use two different forms of the same noun in forming derivatives or compounds. The phenomenon does represent a complication in English word analysis.<\/p>\r\n

If your physician is a foot specialist, (s)he is perhaps a podiatrist<\/i> (\u201cfoot healer\u201d). However, if the medical practice is concerned with hands and feet, the doctor will be a chiropodist<\/i> (< \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1-\u03bf-\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4-\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2). Some other medical specialties from Table 18.1<\/a> are gynecology, gerontology, dermatology, and haematology.<\/i><\/p>","rendered":"

To a greater extent than in the 1st and 2nd declensions, the Greek 3rd declension contains many words that appear in English in exact or conventional transliteration. Some of these are proper names from religion and mythology: \u0396\u03b5\u03c5\u03c2, \u03a0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03c5\u03c2, \u2019\u039f\u03b4\u03c5\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5\u03c5\u03c2, \u2019\u0391\u03c4\u03bb\u03b1\u03c2, \u03a4\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd,\u00a0\u039a\u03b1\u03bb\u03c5\u03c8\u03c9, \u039a\u03c5\u03ba\u03bb\u03c9\u03c8, \u03a3\u03c4\u03c5\u03be = Zeus, Prometheus, Odysseus, Atlas, Titan, Calypso, Cyclops, Styx. <\/i>Many 3rd declension common nouns have also entered English without adaptation: \u03bc\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03c5\u03c1, \u03bd\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b1\u03c1, \u03bb\u03b1\u03c1\u03c5\u03b3\u03be, \u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1\u03be, \u1f00\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1, \u03ba\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1, \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c2, \u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c2, \u03c0\u03c5\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd, \u03ba\u03c5\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2, \u1f51\u03b2\u03c1\u03b9\u03c2 = martyr, nectar, larynx, climax, aroma, coma, polis, metropolis, pylon, kudos, hubris.<\/i> (Both these lists could be extended substantially.)<\/p>\n

What follows is a fairly daunting word-list; perhaps you can subdivide it into two or three instalments for learning purposes. If only one Greek word is listed, that will be the nominative (vocabulary) form, which provides an obvious base or combining form. If two Greek words are given, the second will be the genitive singular (= base + -\u03bf\u03c2).<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
<\/a>Table 18.1: GREEK THIRD DECLENSION NOUNS<\/strong><\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
GREEK NOUN<\/td>\nTRANSLITERATION (BASE)<\/td>\nENG. MEANING<\/td>\nDERIVATIVE
<\/b><\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u1f00\u03b7\u03c1<\/td>\na<\/b>\u0113<\/strong>r<\/b><\/td>\nair<\/span><\/i><\/td>\naerodynamic<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u03c0\u03c5\u03c1<\/td>\npyr<\/b><\/span><\/td>\nfire<\/span><\/i><\/td>\npyromania<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u1f51\u03b4\u03c9\u03c1<\/td>\nhyd\u014d<\/strong><\/b>r (hydr-)<\/b><\/td>\nwater<\/span><\/i><\/td>\nhydraulic<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u03b4\u03b1\u03b9\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd<\/td>\ndaim<\/b>\u014d<\/strong>n<\/b><\/span><\/td>\ngod, spirit<\/span><\/i><\/td>\ndemonic<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1<\/td>\ncheir<\/b><\/span><\/td>\nhand<\/span><\/i><\/td>\nchiropractor<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2<\/td>\npous, pod-<\/b><\/td>\nfoot<\/span><\/i><\/td>\npodiatrist<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1, \u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2<\/td>\ngast<\/b>\u0113<\/strong>r, gastr-<\/b><\/td>\nstomach<\/span><\/i><\/td>\ngastronomy<\/i>
<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u1f40\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u1f40\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/td>\nodous, odont-<\/b><\/td>\ntooth<\/span><\/i><\/td>\northodontic<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u1fe5\u03b9\u03c2, \u1fe5\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2<\/td>\nrhis, rhin-<\/b><\/td>\nnose<\/span><\/i><\/td>\nrhinoceros<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u03c6\u03c9\u03c2, \u03c6\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/td>\nph<\/b>\u014d<\/strong>s, ph<\/b>\u014d<\/strong>t-<\/b><\/td>\nlight<\/span><\/i><\/td>\nphotograph<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u1f00\u03bd\u03b7\u03c1, \u1f00\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2<\/td>\nan<\/b>\u0113<\/strong>r, andr-<\/b><\/td>\nman<\/span><\/i><\/td>\npolyandry<\/i>
<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7, \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2<\/td>\ngyn<\/b>\u0113<\/strong>, gynaik-<\/b><\/span><\/td>\nwoman<\/span><\/i><\/td>\ngynecology<\/i>
<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2, \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2<\/td>\npais, paid-<\/b><\/span><\/b><\/td>\nchild<\/span><\/i><\/td>\np(a)ediatric<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u03b3\u03b5\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd, \u03b3\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/td>\nger<\/b>\u014d<\/strong>n, geront-<\/b><\/span><\/b><\/td>\nold man<\/td>\ngerontology<\/i>
<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c2<\/td>\npolis<\/b><\/span><\/td>\ncity<\/span><\/i><\/td>\nacropolis<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u1f00\u03bb\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2<\/td>\nalgos (alg-)<\/b><\/td>\npain<\/span><\/i><\/td>\nneuralgia<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u03b2\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2<\/td>\nbaros (bar-)<\/b><\/td>\nweight<\/span><\/i><\/td>\nbarometer<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u1f10\u03b8\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2<\/td>\nethnos (ethn-)<\/b><\/td>\nnation<\/span><\/i><\/td>\nethnic<\/i>
<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u1f20\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2<\/td>\n\u0113<\/strong>thos (<\/b>\u0113<\/strong>th-)<\/b><\/td>\ncustom, character<\/td>\nethos<\/i>
<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u03b1\u1f31\u03bc\u03b1, \u03b1\u1f31\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/td>\nhaima, haimat-<\/b><\/td>\nblood<\/span><\/i><\/td>\nhae<\/i>mophilia<\/i>
<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u03b4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1, \u03b4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/td>\nderma, dermat-<\/b><\/span><\/td>\nskin<\/span><\/i><\/td>\nhypodermic<\/i>
<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u1f40\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1, \u1f40\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/td>\nonyma, onymat-<\/b><\/td>\nname<\/span><\/i><\/td>\nsynonym<\/i>
<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
(\u1f40\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1, \u1f40\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2)<\/td>\n(onoma, onomat-)<\/b><\/td>\n<\/td>\nonomatopoeia<\/i>
<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1, \u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/td>\ns<\/b>\u014d<\/strong>ma, s<\/b>\u014d<\/strong>mat-<\/b><\/td>\nbody<\/span><\/i><\/td>\npsychosomatic<\/i>
<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u03c7\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1, \u03c7\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/td>\nchr<\/b>\u014d<\/strong>ma, chr<\/b>\u014d<\/strong>mat-<\/b><\/td>\ncolour<\/span><\/i><\/td>\nchromos<\/i>ome<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

First, a few comments on English spelling. You have learned that the Greek diphthong \u03b1\u03b9 became regularly adapted in Latin as ae<\/b>. That convention is reflected in the derivatives of \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03ba- (gynaik<\/b>– \u201cwoman\u201d), \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4- (paid<\/b>– \u201cchild\u201d), and \u03b1\u1f31\u03bc- (haim<\/b>-, \u201cblood\u201d). What can be confusing is that this ae<\/b> may be either maintained in English or reduced further to e<\/b>. The full development is illustrated in the progression from G \u03b4\u03b1\u03b9\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd to L daemon<\/b> to E demon<\/i>.[1]<\/sup><\/a> Thus there are two correct spellings for the medical specialist who treats children\u2014paediatrician<\/i> or pediatrician.<\/i> If you look under \u201cPhysicians and Surgeons\u201d in the Victoria Yellow Pages, you will find both spellings used (probably revealing the geographical or educational origin of the specialist). The same is true of gynaecology<\/i> or gynecology<\/i>, haemorrhage <\/i> or hemorrhage.<\/i> In Canadian usage, there is an overwhelming trend towards the simpler e s<\/i>pelling. The only problem with this simplification is that it can sometimes create minor confusion. A perfect example is the Greek root \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4- (paid-<\/b>, \u201cchild\u201d). If it is kept as paed<\/b>-, the etymology of its derivatives will be abundantly clear; if, however, it is reduced to ped<\/b>– (as is customary in North America), it becomes identical in form to the unrelated Latin root for \u201cfoot.\u201d Because of Latin derivatives like pedal<\/i> and pedicure\u2014<\/i>and the hybrid pedometer<\/i> (an instrument to measure walking speed)\u2014one may run the risk of associating orthopedic<\/i> (orthopaedic<\/i>) with feet, or of wrongly viewing pedophilia<\/i> as some kind of foot fetish. Other derivatives of \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4- include pedagogue<\/i> (G \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4-\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2, \u201cchild-leader\u201d > L paedagogus<\/b>), pedagogy<\/i>, encyclopedia<\/i>,[2]<\/sup><\/a> pederast<\/i> (\u201cchild-lover,\u201d now almost completely supplanted by pedophile<\/i>, a word that dates only from 1951), and pedodon<\/i>tist<\/i> (< \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4-\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4-\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2,[3]<\/sup><\/a> a dentist who works on children\u2019s teeth). Notice, by the way, that the first -o- <\/i>of ped-odont-ist<\/i> is not a connecting vowel, since it begins the base form that means \u201ctooth\u201d; we should similarly divide the words orth-odont-ist<\/i> and peri-odont-ist<\/i>.<\/p>\n

The first noun in Table 18.1<\/a>, \u1f00\u03b7\u03c1, became the Latin loan-word a<\/b>\u0113<\/strong>r<\/b>, after exact transliteration; this was the source (through Old French) of English air<\/i>. To make it clear that this Latin word has two syllables, we may wish to use the diaeresis[4]<\/sup><\/a> mark, spelling the form as a<\/b>\u00eb<\/strong>r<\/b>. When the word aerial<\/i> first entered the English language, it was pronounced \u201ca-er-i-al.\u201d If the initial two letters had evolved from the Latin diphthong ae<\/b>, the modern English spelling would likely have become \u201ce<\/i>rial.\u201d<\/i> Our word airplane<\/i> was originally (1866) adapted from French as aeroplane, <\/i>and may still be spelled that way; the form was apparently intended to mean \u201cair wanderer\u201d (cf. planet<\/i>), though its second element soon became associated in usage with the more obvious plane<\/i> (< L planus<\/b>).<\/p>\n

The alternative bases of \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7, \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2 (gun- and gunaik- ) are apparent in the contrast between mis-o-<\/i>gyn<\/b>-y<\/i> or andr-o-<\/i>gyn<\/b>-ous<\/i>, on the one hand, and gynec<\/b>-o-logy<\/i>, on the other. Words like \u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1 and\u00a0\u03c7\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1 may have two combining forms; see English chrom<\/b>-o-<\/i>some<\/b>,<\/i> as opposed to chromat<\/b>-ic<\/i> and pysch-o-<\/i>somat<\/b>-ic<\/i>. Again, phos<\/b>-phorus<\/i> (< \u03c6\u03c9\u03c3\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2, \u201clight-bearing\u201d) can be contrasted with phot<\/b>-o-graph<\/i>. Greek was unlike Latin in this capacity to use two different forms of the same noun in forming derivatives or compounds. The phenomenon does represent a complication in English word analysis.<\/p>\n

If your physician is a foot specialist, (s)he is perhaps a podiatrist<\/i> (\u201cfoot healer\u201d). However, if the medical practice is concerned with hands and feet, the doctor will be a chiropodist<\/i> (< \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1-\u03bf-\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4-\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2). Some other medical specialties from Table 18.1<\/a> are gynecology, gerontology, dermatology, and haematology.<\/i><\/p>\n

  1. In the semantic area, this word is a fine example of PEJORATION or deterioration of meaning (\u00a715<\/a>), since the original Greek word had a very positive denotation\u2014a divinity or spirit (Socrates\u2019 inner voice). ↵<\/a><\/li>
  2. The word encyclopedia<\/em> (still often spelled encyclopaedia<\/em> in the U.K.), is derived from G \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 (paideia<\/strong> < \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2), \u201ceducation\u201d (of children). The compound meant \u201ccircular (i.e., complete) education.\u201d ↵<\/a><\/li>
  3. We'll be meeting the suffix -\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 many times. A 1st declension masculine ending, it may be viewed as the Greek counterpart of the Latin AGENT SUFFIX -or<\/strong>. Occasionally a Greek noun in -\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 was adapted as a 1st declension Latin noun in -ista<\/strong>. Whether or not there was an intermediate Latin form, the suffix appears in English as -ist.<\/em> ↵<\/a><\/li>
  4. The word diaeresis<\/em> looks as if it might have been derived from \u1f00\u03b7\u03c1. That is not the case; however it is a Greek derivative, from \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 + \u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd (\u201cto take apart\u201d). ↵<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":20,"menu_order":2,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"Chapter 18: The Greek Noun (Declension 3)","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[52],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-70","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","chapter-type-numberless"],"part":67,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/70","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/20"}],"version-history":[{"count":13,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/70\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":538,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/70\/revisions\/538"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/67"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/70\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=70"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=70"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=70"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=70"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}