The ancient Greeks told myths about how the universe came to be in\u00a0cosmogonies<\/em>, from the ancient Greek words cosmos, \"<\/em>order (of things) and gonos<\/em>, \"procreation.\" So a cosmogony is a myth about the procreation of the order (of things). They also had theogonies<\/em> (from gonos <\/em>and theoi,\u00a0<\/em>\"gods\"). These stories told about the creation of the gods and the struggles and hierarchies among them.<\/p>\r\n The earliest cosmogony<\/em> and theogony<\/em> from ancient Greece that still survives today is an epic poem written by the poet Hesiod, who lived in Boeotia (an area in north eastern Greece) in the 8th\/7th century BCE. Hesiod's Theogony<\/em> starts with the birth of the first primordial gods out of formless chaos and recounts how the major and minor gods, demigods, heroes, and humans came to be. It combines genealogies<\/em> (catalogues of who is descended from whom) and etiological<\/em> myths for how the various aspects of the universe and world came to be.<\/p>\r\n\r\n However, during the [pb_glossary id=\"5112\"]Hellenistic period[\/pb_glossary] the iconography of the Giants changed to mixed creatures with human heads and torsos and snake-like legs. This was meant to stress their connection to Gaia, their mother: snakes were seen as chthonic animals, and consequently many of the children of Gaia were represented with serpentine features in art.<\/p>\r\n \r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_469\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1089\"] Specific Olympian gods were almost always represented fighting the same adversaries during the war: Athena slays Enceladus with her spear, Dionysus kills Eurytus, Poseidon throws an island on Polybotes, Hecate burns Clytios.<\/p>\r\n \r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_1783\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"261\"] The victory against the Giants was often used as a tool of political propaganda to celebrate victories against foreign enemies. For instance, sculptures representing this myth were displayed on the metopes on the eastern side of the Parthenon to remember Athens' victory against the Persians, and on the massive Altar of Zeus in Pergamon to commemorate the local king\u2019s victory against the Galatian Gauls.<\/p>\r\n \r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_1784\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"800\"] The ancient Greeks told myths about how the universe came to be in\u00a0cosmogonies<\/em>, from the ancient Greek words cosmos, “<\/em>order (of things) and gonos<\/em>, “procreation.” So a cosmogony is a myth about the procreation of the order (of things). They also had theogonies<\/em> (from gonos <\/em>and theoi,\u00a0<\/em>“gods”). These stories told about the creation of the gods and the struggles and hierarchies among them.<\/p>\n The earliest cosmogony<\/em> and theogony<\/em> from ancient Greece that still survives today is an epic poem written by the poet Hesiod, who lived in Boeotia (an area in north eastern Greece) in the 8th\/7th century BCE. Hesiod’s Theogony<\/em> starts with the birth of the first primordial gods out of formless chaos and recounts how the major and minor gods, demigods, heroes, and humans came to be. It combines genealogies<\/em> (catalogues of who is descended from whom) and etiological<\/em> myths for how the various aspects of the universe and world came to be.<\/p>\n The\u00a0Theogony\u00a0<\/em>describes the ordering of the universe, including the ascendancy of Zeus and the other Olympians, and the births of the major divinities. The poem falls into discrete parts:<\/p>\n 1-115: Invocation to the muses<\/p>\n 116-122: Chaos and the primordial deities<\/p>\n 123-232: The second generation of gods (the children of the primordial deities)<\/p>\n 233-335: The descendants of Pontos<\/p>\n 270-336: The descendants of Ceto and Phorcus<\/p>\n 337-506: Children of the Titans<\/p>\n 507-884: Challenges to Zeus<\/p>\n 885-964: The Olympians<\/p>\n 965-1020: Goddesses who bore children to mortal men<\/p>\n The poem leaves off with a transition into another of Hesiod’s poems, called The Catalogue of Women<\/em>, which exists today only in fragments. These fragments can be read here<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n Let us begin our song with the Heliconian Muses<\/a>, who hold great and holy Mount Helicon<\/a>, and dance on soft feet around the deep-blue spring and the altar of Zeus<\/a>.[1]<\/sup><\/a> [5] After they have washed their tender bodies in Permessus or in the Horse’s Spring[2]<\/sup><\/a> or Olmeius, they dance fair and lovely on the highest peak of Helicon<\/a>, moving with vigorous feet. At night, they rise from there and go out into the world, [10] veiled in thick mist, and they sing their song with lovely voices, praising Zeus<\/a> the aegis<\/a>-holder, and queenly Hera<\/a> of Argos<\/a> who walks on golden sandals, and the daughter of the aegis-holder, bright-eyed Athena<\/a>, and Phoebus<\/a> Apollo<\/a>, and Artemis<\/a> who delights in arrows, [15] and Poseidon<\/a> the earth holder who shakes the earth, and revered Themis<\/a>, and quick-glancing Aphrodite<\/a>, and Hebe<\/a> with the crown of gold, and fair Dione<\/a>, Leto<\/a>, Iapetus<\/a>, and Cronus<\/a> the crafty counsellor, Eos<\/a>, and great Helios<\/a>, and bright Selene<\/a>, [20] Gaia<\/a>, too, and great Ocean<\/a>, and dark Night<\/a>, and all the other deathless gods, who live forever…<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n One day they taught me their glorious song while I was shepherding my lambs under holy Helicon<\/a>. The goddesses\u2014 [25] the Muses<\/a> of Olympus<\/a>, daughters of Zeus<\/a> the aegis<\/a>-holder\u2013 first said this to me, \u201cShepherds of the wilderness, wretched, shameful things, only looking to fill your bellies, we know how to speak many false things as though they were true; but, when we want to, we know how to say true things too.\u201d<\/p>\n The quick-voiced daughters of great Zeus<\/a> said this to me and they gave [30] me a marvellous rod made of sturdy laurel. And they breathed a divine voice into me, so that I can celebrate the things that will be and the things that happened before. And they commanded me to sing about the race of the blessed gods, who live eternally, but always to sing about themselves both first and last.<\/p>\n [35] But why all this about oak or stone? Come you, let’s begin with the Muses<\/a> who gladden the great spirit of their father Zeus<\/a> in Olympus<\/a> with their songs, telling of things that are and that will be and that were in times before with consenting voice. Unwearying flows the sweet sound [40] from their lips, and the house of their father Zeus<\/a> the loud-thunderer is joyful at the lily-like voice of the goddesses as it spreads abroad, and the peaks of snowy Olympus<\/a> resound, and the homes of the immortals. And they, uttering their immortal voice, celebrate in song first of all the revered race of the gods [45] from the beginning, those whom Gaia<\/a> and wide Uranus<\/a> produced, and the gods sprung of these, givers of good things. Then next, the goddesses sing of Zeus<\/a>, the father of gods and men, as they begin and end their song, how much he is the most excellent among the gods and supreme in power. [50] And again, they chant the race of men and strong giants, and gladden the heart of Zeus<\/a> within Olympus<\/a>,\u2014the Olympian Muses<\/a>, daughters of Zeus<\/a> the aegis<\/a>-holder.<\/p>\n In Piera, Mnemosyne<\/a>, who reigns over the hills of Eleuther, bore them from union with Zeus, the son of Cronus<\/a>, [55] a forgetting of ills and a rest from sorrow. For nine nights did wise Zeus<\/a> lie with her, entering her holy bed remote from the other immortals. And when a year passed and the seasons came round as the months waned, and many days were accomplished, [60] she bore nine daughters, all of one mind, whose hearts are set upon song, and whose spirit is free from care, a little way from the top-most peak of snowy Olympus<\/a>.There are their bright dancing places and beautiful homes, and beside them the Graces<\/a> and Himeros<\/a> live [65] in delight. And they, uttering through their lips a lovely voice, sing the laws of all and the good ways of the immortals, uttering their lovely voice.<\/p>\n Then the Muses went to Olympus<\/a>, delightful in their sweet voice, with godly song, and the dark earth resounded [70] about them as they chanted and a lovely sound rose up beneath their feet as they went to their father. And he was reigning in the sky, holding the lightning and glowing thunderbolt, after he had overcome his father Cronus<\/a> by force; and he distributed fairly to the immortals their portions and declared their privileges.<\/p>\n [75] These things, then, the Muses<\/a> sang who dwell on Olympus<\/a>, nine daughters conceived by great Zeus<\/a>: Cleio and Euterpe, Thaleia, Melpomene and Terpsichore, and Erato and Polyhymnia and Urania and Calliope, who is the leader of them all, [80] for she attends on worshipful princes: whichever of the Zeus-nourished princes the daughters of great Zeus<\/a> honour and behold at his birth, they pour sweet dew upon his tongue, and from his lips flow gracious words. All the people [85] look towards him while he settles cases with true judgements: and he, speaking confidently, would soon bring a wise end to even a great quarrel; for this reason there are princes with wise hearts; wise, because when the people are misguided in their assembly, they [the princes] easily set matters right again [90], persuading them with gentle words. And when he passes through a gathering, they greet him as a god with gentle reverence, and he stands out among the assembled: such is the holy gift of the Muses<\/a> to men. For it is through the Muses<\/a> and far-shooting Apollo<\/a> that [95] there are singers and harpers upon the earth; but princes are from Zeus<\/a>, and happy is he whom the Muses<\/a> love: speech flows sweetly from his mouth. For although a man has sorrow and grief in his newly-troubled soul and lives in dread because his heart is distressed, yet, when a singer, [100] the servant of the Muses<\/a>, chants the glorious deeds of men of old and the blessed gods who inhabit Olympus<\/a>, at once he forgets his heaviness and does not remember his sorrows at all; but the gifts of the goddesses soon turn him away from these.<\/p>\n Hail, children of Zeus<\/a>! Grant lovely song [105] and celebrate the holy race of the deathless gods who are forever, those that were born of Gaia<\/a> and starry Uranus<\/a> and gloomy Night<\/a> and them that briny Pontus<\/a> reared. Tell how, in the beginning, gods and earth came to be, and rivers, and the boundless sea with its raging swell, [110] and the gleaming stars, and the wide sky above, and the gods who were born of them, givers of good things, and how they divided their wealth, and how they shared their honours amongst themselves, and also how they first took many-folded Olympus<\/a>. Declare to me these things, from the beginning, you Muses<\/a> who dwell in the house of Olympus<\/a>, [115] and tell me which of them happened first.<\/p>\n In truth at first Chaos<\/a> came to be, but next wide-bosomed Gaia<\/a>, the ever-sure foundation of all the deathless ones who hold the peaks of snowy Olympus<\/a>, and dim Tartarus<\/a> in the depth of the wide-pathed earth, [120] and Eros<\/a>, fairest among the deathless gods, who loosens the limbs and overcomes the mind and the wise counsels of all gods and all men. From Chaos<\/a> came forth Erebus<\/a> and black Night<\/a>.<\/p>\n Then from Night<\/a> were born Aether<\/a> and Day<\/a>, [125] whom she conceived and bore from (sexual) union in love with Erebus<\/a>. And Gaia<\/a> first bore starry Uranus<\/a>, equal to herself, to cover her on every side, and to be an ever-sure abiding-place for the blessed gods. And she brought forth long hills, graceful homes [130] of the Nymphs<\/a> who dwell among the glens of the hills. She bore also the fruitless deep with his raging swell, Pontus<\/a>, without the sweet union of love. But afterwards she lay with Uranus<\/a> and bore deep-swirling Ocean<\/a>, Coeus<\/a> and Crius and Hyperion<\/a> and Iapetus<\/a>, [135] Theia and Rhea<\/a>, Themis<\/a> and Mnemosyne<\/a> and gold-crowned Phoebe and lovely Tethys<\/a>. After them was born Cronus<\/a> the wily, youngest and most terrible of her children, and he hated his lusty father.<\/p>\n And again, she bore the Cyclopes<\/a>, overbearing in spirit, [140] Brontes, and Steropes and stubborn-hearted Arges, who gave Zeus<\/a> the thunder and made the thunderbolt: in all else they were like the gods, [145] but one eye only was set in the midst of their foreheads. And they were called Cyclopes<\/a> [Orb-eyed] because one orbed eye was set in their foreheads. Their works had strength and might and craft.<\/p>\n And again, three other sons were born of Gaia<\/a> and Uranus<\/a>, great and mighty beyond telling, Cottus and Briareus and Gyges [ the Hecatoncheires<\/a> ], arrogant children. [150] From their shoulders sprang a hundred arms, not to be approached, and fifty heads grew from the shoulders upon the strong limbs of each, and the stubborn strength they had in their great bodies was invincible . Of all the children that were born from Gaia<\/a> and Uranus<\/a>, [155] these were the most terrible, and they were hated by their own father from the day they were born. And he used to hide them all away in a secret place of Gaia<\/a> so soon as each was born, and would not allow them to come up into the light: and Uranus<\/a> rejoiced in his evil doing. But vast Gaia<\/a> [160] groaned within, being restricted, and she came up with a crafty and evil plan. Right away she created the element of grey flint and shaped a great sickle, and told her dear sons her plan. And she spoke, encouraging them, while she was vexed in her dear heart, [165] \u201cMy children, sired by a wicked father, if you obey me, we will punish the vile abuse of your father; for he first thought of doing shameful things.\u201d So she spoke; but fear seized them all, and none of them uttered a word. But great Cronus<\/a> the wily took courage and answered his dear mother, [170] \u201cMother, I will undertake to do this deed, for I do not care for our evil father, for he first thought of doing shameful things.\u201d<\/p>\n So he spoke and vast Gaia<\/a> rejoiced greatly in spirit, and hid and set him up for an ambush, and put in his hands [175] a jagged sickle, and revealed to him the whole plot. And Uranus<\/a> came, bringing on night and longing for love, and he lay over top of Gaia<\/a> spreading himself fully upon her. Then the son from his ambush stretched forth his left hand and in his right took the great long sickle [180] with jagged teeth, and swiftly lopped off his own father’s genitals and cast them away to fall behind him. And they did not fall from his hand uselessly; for Gaia<\/a> received all the bloody drops that gushed forth, and as the seasons progressed [185] she gave birth to the strong Erinyes<\/a> and the great Giants<\/a> with gleaming armour, holding long spears in their hands and the Nymphs<\/a> whom they call Meliae all over the boundless earth.<\/p>\n And as soon as he had cut off the genitals with flint and cast them from the land into the surging sea, [190] they were swept away over the watercourse for a long time: and a white foam spread around them from the immortal flesh, and in it there grew a maiden. First she came close to holy Cythera, and from there, afterwards, she came to sea-girt Cyprus, and emerged as a powerful and lovely goddess, and grass [195] grew up around her, beneath her shapely feet. Gods and men call her Aphrodite<\/a>, the foam-born goddess, and rich-crowned Cytherea<\/a>. Foam-born because she grew amid the foam, and Cytherea<\/a> because she reached Cythera. They also called her Cyprogenes because she was born in billowy Cyprus, [200] and Philommedes[3]<\/sup><\/a> as well because she sprang from the genitals of Uranus<\/a>. And with her went Eros<\/a>, and lovely Desire [ Himeros<\/a> ] followed her at her birth at the first and as she went into the assembly of the gods. This honour she has from the beginning, and this is the portion allotted to her among men and undying gods,\u2014 [205] the whisperings of maidens and smiles and deceits with sweet delight and love and graciousness.<\/p>\n But these sons whom he begot himself great Uranus<\/a> used to call Titans<\/a> [Strainers] in reproach, for he said that they strained and arrogantly did [210] a dreadful deed, and that vengeance for it would come afterwards. And Night<\/a> bore hateful Doom [Moiros] and black Fate [Ker] and Death<\/a>, and she bore Sleep<\/a> and the tribe of Dreams [Oneiroi]. [214] And again the goddess murky Night<\/a>, though she lay with no one, [213] bore Blame [Momos] and painful Woe [Oizys], [215] and the Hesperides<\/a> who guard the rich, golden apples and the trees bearing fruit beyond glorious Ocean<\/a>. Also she bore the Destinies and ruthless avenging Fates<\/a>: Clotho and Lachesis and Atropos, who give men both evil and good at their birth, [220] and they pursue the transgressions of men and of gods. And these goddesses never cease from their dreadful anger until they punish the transgressor with a terrible penalty. Also deadly Night<\/a> bore Nemesis<\/a> to afflict mortal men, and after her, Deceit [Apate] and Friendship [Philotes] [225] and hateful Old Age [Geras] and hard-hearted Strife<\/a>. But abhorred Strife<\/a> bore painful Toil [Ponos] and Forgetfulness<\/a> and Famine [Limos] and tearful Sorrows [Algea], Fightings [Hysminai] also, Battles [Makhai], Murders [Phonoi], Manslaughters [Androktasiai], Quarrels [Neikea], Lying Words [Pseudo-Logoi], Disputes [Amphilogiai], [230] Lawlessness [Dysnomia] and Ruin<\/a>, all of one nature, and Oath [Horkos] who most troubles men upon earth when anyone willfully swears a false oath.<\/p>\n And Pontus<\/a> [the sea] fathered Nereus<\/a>, the eldest of his children, who tells the truth and does not lie and men call him the Old Man [235] because he is trusty and gentle and does not forget the laws of righteousness, but thinks just and kindly thoughts. And yet again he fathered great Thaumas and proud Phorcus<\/a>, mating with Gaia<\/a>, and fair-cheeked Ceto<\/a> and Eurybia who has a heart of flint within her.<\/p>\n [240] And from Nereus<\/a> and rich-haired Doris<\/a>, daughter of Ocean<\/a> the perfect river, were born children, the lovely goddesses Ploto, Eucrante, Sao, and Amphitrite<\/a>, and Eudora, and Thetis<\/a>, Galene and Glauce, [245] Cymothoe, Speo, Thoe and lovely Halie, and Pasithea, and Erato, and rosy-armed Eunice, and gracious Melite, and Eulimene, and Agaue, Doto, Proto, Pherusa, and Dynamene, and Nisaea, and Actaea, and Protomedea, [250] Doris, Panopea, and comely Galatea<\/a>, and lovely Hippothoe, and rosy-armed Hipponoe, and Cymodoce who with Cymatolege and Amphitrite<\/a> easily calms the waves upon the misty sea and the blasts of raging winds, [255] and Cymo, and Eione, and rich-crowned Alimede, and Glauconome, fond of laughter, and Pontoporea, Leagore, Euagore, and Laomedea, and Polynoe, and Autonoe, and Lysianassa, and Euarne, lovely of shape and without blemish of form, [260] and Psamathe of charming figure and divine Menippe, Neso, Eupompe, Themisto, Pronoe, and Nemertes who has the nature of her deathless father. These fifty daughters sprang from virtuous Nereus<\/a>, skilled in excellent crafts. [265]<\/p>\n And Thaumas wedded Electra the daughter of deep-flowing Ocean<\/a>, and she bore him swift Iris<\/a> and the long-haired Harpies<\/a>, Aello [Storm-swift] and Ocypetes [Swift-flier] who on their swift wings keep pace with the blasts of the winds and the birds; for they dart along quick as time.<\/p>\n [270] And Ceto<\/a> bore to Phorcus<\/a> the fair-cheeked Graeae<\/a>, sisters grey from their birth. And both deathless gods and men who walk on earth call them Graeae<\/a>, Pemphredo well-dressed, and saffron-robed Enyo, and the Gorgons<\/a> who dwell beyond glorious Ocean<\/a> [275] in the frontier land towards Night<\/a> where the clear-voiced Hesperides<\/a> are, Sthenno, and Euryale, and Medusa<\/a> who suffered a deplorable fate: she was mortal, but the other two were deathless and did not grow old. The Dark-haired One [ Poseidon<\/a> ] lay with her in a soft meadow amid spring flowers. [280] And when Perseus<\/a> cut off her head, there sprang forth great Chrysaor<\/a> and the horse Pegasus<\/a> who is so called because he was born near the springs of Ocean<\/a>; and that other, because he held a golden blade in his hands. Now Pegasus<\/a> flew away and left the earth, the mother of flocks, [285] and came to the deathless gods: and he dwells in the house of Zeus<\/a> and brings to wise Zeus<\/a> the thunder and lightning. But Chrysaor<\/a> was joined in love to Callirrhoe, the daughter of glorious Ocean<\/a>, and begot three-headed Geryon<\/a>. Mighty Heracles<\/a> slew [290] him in sea-girt Erythea by his shambling oxen on that day when he drove the wide-browed oxen to holy Tiryns, and had crossed the ford of Ocean<\/a> and killed Orthus<\/a> and Eurytion the herdsman in the dim place out beyond glorious Ocean<\/a>.<\/p>\n [300] And in a hollow cave she [ Ceto<\/a> ] bore another monster, irresistible, in no way like mortal men or undying gods, the goddess fierce Echidna<\/a> who is half a nymph<\/a> with glancing eyes and fair cheeks, and half a huge snake, great and awful, with speckled skin, eating raw flesh beneath the secret parts of the holy earth. And there she has a cave deep down under a hollow rock far from the deathless gods and mortal men. There, then, did the gods appoint her a glorious house to dwell in: and she keeps guard in Arima beneath the earth, grim Echidna<\/a>, [305] a nymph<\/a> who does not die or grow old all her days.<\/p>\n Men say that Typhon<\/a> the terrible, outrageous and lawless, was joined in love to her, the maid with glancing eyes [ Echidna<\/a> ]. So she conceived and brought forth fierce offspring; first she bore Orthus<\/a> the hound of Geryon<\/a>, [310] and then again she bore a second, a monster not to be overcome and that may not be described, Cerberus<\/a> who eats raw flesh, the brazen-voiced hound of Hades<\/a>, fifty-headed, relentless and strong. And again she bore a third, the evil-minded Hydra of Lerna<\/a>, whom the goddess, white-armed Hera<\/a> nourished, [315] being angry beyond measure with the mighty Heracles<\/a>. And her Heracles<\/a>, the son of Zeus<\/a>, of the house of Amphitryon<\/a>, together with warlike Iolaus<\/a>, destroyed with the unpitying sword through the plans of Athena<\/a> the plunderer.<\/p>\n She [ Echidna<\/a> ] was the mother of Chimera<\/a> who breathed raging fire, [320] a creature fearful, great, swift footed and strong, who had three heads, one of a grim-eyed lion, another of a goat, and another of a snake, a fierce dragon; in her forepart she was a lion; in her back-end, a dragon; and in her middle, a goat, breathing forth a fearful blast of blazing fire. [325]Pegasus<\/a> and noble Bellerophon<\/a> slew her; but Echidna<\/a> was subdued in intercourse with Orthus<\/a> and brought forth the deadly Sphinx<\/a>, which destroyed the Cadmeans, and the Nemean lion<\/a>, which Hera<\/a>, the good wife of Zeus<\/a>, brought up and made to haunt the hills of Nemea, a plague to men. [330] There he preyed upon the tribes of her own people and had power over Tretus of Nemea and Apesas: yet the strength of forceful Heracles<\/a> overcame him.<\/p>\n And Ceto<\/a> was joined in love to Phorcus<\/a> and bore her youngest, the awful snake who guards [335] the golden apples in the secret places of the dark earth at its great endpoint. This is the race of Ceto<\/a> and Phorcus<\/a>.<\/p>\n And Tethys<\/a> bore to Ocean<\/a> eddying rivers, Nilus, and Alpheus, and deep-swirling Eridanus, Strymon, and Meander, and the fair stream of Ister, [340] and Phasis, and Rhesus, and the silver eddies of Achelous<\/a>, Nessus, and Rhodius, Haliacmon, and Heptaporus, Granicus, and Aesepus, and holy Simoeis<\/a>, and Peneus, and Hermus, and Caicus’ fair stream, and great Sangarius, Ladon, Parthenius, [345] Euenus, Ardescus, and divine Scamander<\/a>.<\/p>\n Also she brought forth a holy company of daughters who with the lord Apollo<\/a> and the Rivers have youths in their keeping\u2014to this charge Zeus<\/a> appointed them\u2014Peitho, and Admete, and Ianthe, and Electra, [350] and Doris, and Prymno, and Urania divine in form, Hippo, Clymene, Rhodea, and Callirrhoe, Zeuxo and Clytie, and Idyia, and Pasithoe, Plexaura, and Galaxaura, and lovely Dione<\/a>, Melobosis and Thoe and handsome Polydora, [355] Cerceis lovely of form, and soft eyed Pluto, Perseis, Ianeira, Acaste, Xanthe, Petraea the fair, Menestho, and Europa, Metis<\/a>, and Eurynome<\/a>, and Telesto saffron-clad, Chryseis and Asia and charming Calypso<\/a>, [360] Eudora, and Tyche, Amphirho, and Ocyrrhoe, and Styx<\/a> who is the foremost of them all. These are the eldest daughters that sprang from Ocean<\/a> and Tethys<\/a>; but there are many others. For there are three thousand neat-ankled daughters of Ocean<\/a> who are dispersed far and wide, [365] and in every place equally serve the earth and the deep waters, children who are glorious among goddesses. And as many other rivers are there, babbling as they flow, sons of Ocean<\/a>, whom queenly Tethys<\/a> bore, but their names it is hard for a mortal man to tell, [370] but people know those by which they each dwell.<\/p>\n And Theia was subdued in intercourse to Hyperion<\/a> and bore great Helios<\/a> and clear Selene<\/a> and Eos<\/a> who shines upon all that are on earth and upon the deathless Gods who live in the wide sky. [375]<\/p>\n And Eurybia, bright goddess, was joined in love to Crius and bore great Astraeus, and Pallas<\/a>, and Perses who also was eminent among all men in wisdom.<\/p>\n And Eos<\/a> bore to Astraeus the strong-hearted winds, brightening Zephyrus<\/a>, and Boreas<\/a>, headlong in his course, [380] and Notus<\/a>,\u2014a goddess mating in love with a god.<\/p>\n And after these Erigeneia bore the star Eosphorus [Dawn-bringer], and the gleaming stars with which the sky is crowned.<\/p>\n And Styx<\/a> the daughter of Ocean<\/a> was joined to Pallas<\/a> and bore Zelus [Zeal] and trim-ankled Nike<\/a> in the house. Also she brought forth [385] Cratos<\/a> and Bia<\/a>, famous children. These have no house apart from Zeus<\/a>, nor any dwelling nor path except that wherein the god leads them, but they dwell always with Zeus<\/a> the loud-thunderer. For so did Styx<\/a> the deathless daughter of Ocean<\/a> plan [390] on that day when the Olympian Lightning god called all the deathless gods to great Olympus<\/a>, and said that whosoever of the gods would fight with him against the Titans<\/a>, he would not deprive him of his rights, but each should have the office which he had before amongst the deathless gods. [395] And he declared that he who was without office or right under Cronus<\/a>, should be raised to both office and rights as is just. So deathless Styx<\/a> came first to Olympus<\/a> with her children through the wit of her dear father. And Zeus<\/a> honoured her, and gave her very great gifts, [400] for he appointed her to be the great oath of the gods, and her children to live with him always. And carried out his promises to them all. But he himself reigns and rules mightily.<\/p>\n Again, Phoebe came to the desired embrace of Coeus<\/a>. [405] Then through the love of the god the goddess conceived and brought forth dark-gowned Leto<\/a>, always mild, kind to men and to the deathless gods, mild from the beginning, gentlest in all Olympus<\/a>. Also she [Phoebe] bore Asteria of happy name, whom Perses once [410] led to his great house to be called his dear wife.<\/p>\n And she [Asteria] conceived and bore Hecate<\/a> whom Zeus<\/a> the son of Cronus<\/a> honoured above all. He gave her splendid gifts, to have a share of the earth and the unfruitful sea. She received honour also in the starry sky, [415] and is honoured exceedingly by the deathless gods. For to this day, whenever any man on earth offers rich sacrifices and prays for favor according to custom, he calls upon Hecate<\/a>. Great honour comes easily to him whose prayers the goddess receives favorably, [420] and she bestows wealth upon him; for the power is with her. For as many as were born of Gaia<\/a> and Ocean<\/a> amongst all these she has her due portion. The son of Cronus<\/a> did her no wrong nor took anything away of all that was her portion among the former Titan<\/a> gods: [425] but she holds, as the division was at the first from the beginning, [427] privilege both on earth, and in the sky, and in the sea. [426] Also, because she is an only child, the goddess does not receive less honour, [428] but much more still, for Zeus<\/a> honours her. She greatly aids and advances whomever she wants: [434] she sits by worshipful kings in judgement, [430] and in the assembly, whoever she wants is distinguished among the people. And when men arm themselves for the battle that destroys men, [433] then the goddess is at hand to give victory and grant glory readily to whomever she wants [435] She is also good when men contend at the games, for there too the goddess is with them and profits them: and he who gets the victory by might and strength wins the rich prize easily with joy, and brings glory to his parents. And she stands by whichever horsemen she wants: [440] and to those whose business is in the grey discomfortable sea, and who pray to Hecate<\/a> and the loud-crashing Earth-Shaker<\/a>, easily the glorious goddess gives great catch, and easily she takes it away as soon as seen, if so she wants. She is good in the farmstead with Hermes<\/a> to increase the stock. [445] The droves of cattle and wide herds of goats and flocks of fleecy sheep, if she wants, she increases from a few, or makes many to be less. So, then, although her mother’s only child, she is honoured amongst all the deathless gods. [450] And the son of Cronus<\/a> made her a nurse of the young who after that day saw with their eyes the light of all-seeing Dawn<\/a>. So from the beginning she is a nurse of the young, and these are her honours.<\/p>\n But Rhea<\/a> was made wife to Cronus<\/a> and bore splendid children, Hestia<\/a>, Demeter<\/a>, and gold-sandaled Hera<\/a> [455] and strong Hades<\/a>, pitiless in heart, who dwells under the earth, and the loud-crashing Earth-Shaker<\/a>, and wise Zeus<\/a>, father of gods and men, by whose thunder the wide earth is shaken. These great Cronus<\/a> swallowed as each [460] came forth from the womb to their mother’s knees with this intent, that no other of the proud sons of Uranus<\/a>\u00a0 should be king among the deathless gods. For he learned from Gaia<\/a> and starry Uranus<\/a> that he was destined to be overcome by his own son, [465] strong though he was, through the contriving of great Zeus<\/a>. Therefore he kept no blind outlook, but watched and swallowed down his children: and unceasing grief seized Rhea<\/a>. But when she was about to bear Zeus<\/a>, the father of gods and men, [470] then she begged her own dear parents, Gaia<\/a> and starry Uranus<\/a> , to devise some plan with her to conceal the birth of her dear child, and some retribution to overtake great, crafty Cronus<\/a> for his own father and also for the children whom he had swallowed down. And they readily heard and obeyed their dear daughter, [475] and told her all that was destined to happen, both to Cronus<\/a> the king and his stout-hearted son. So they sent her to Lyctus, to the rich land of Crete, when she was ready to bear great Zeus<\/a>, the youngest of her children. Vast Gaia<\/a> received him from Rhea<\/a> [480] in wide Crete to nourish and to bring up. To that place came Gaia<\/a> carrying him swiftly through the black night to Lyctus first, and took him in her arms and hid him in a remote cave beneath the secret places of the holy earth on thick-wooded Mount Aegeum; but to the mightily ruling son of Uranus<\/a>, the earlier king of the gods, [485] she gave a great stone wrapped in swaddling clothes. Then he took it in his hands and thrust it down into his belly: wretch! he did not know that in place of the stone his son was left behind, unconquered and untroubled, [490] and that he was soon to overcome him by force and might and drive him from his honours, himself to reign over the deathless gods.<\/p>\n After that, the strength and glorious limbs of the prince [ Zeus<\/a> ] increased quickly, and as the years rolled on, great Cronus<\/a> the wily was beguiled by the deep suggestions of Gaia<\/a>, [495] and brought up again his offspring, vanquished by the arts and might of his own son, and he vomited up first [500] the stone which he had swallowed last. And Zeus<\/a> set it firm in the wide-pathed earth at holy Pytho<\/a> under the glens of Parnassus, to be a sign from that time on and a marvel to mortal men. And he set free from their deadly bonds [the Cyclopes<\/a>,] the brothers of his father, sons of Uranus<\/a> whom his father in his foolishness had bound. And they remembered to be grateful to him for his kindness, and gave him thunder and the glowing thunderbolt [505] and lightning: for before that, huge Gaia<\/a> had hidden these. In them he trusts and rules over mortals and immortals.<\/p>\n <\/a>Now Iapetus<\/a> took in marriage the neat-ankled maid Clymene, daughter of Ocean<\/a>, and went up with her into one bed. And she bore him a stout-hearted son, Atlas<\/a>: [510] also she bore very glorious Menoetius and clever Prometheus<\/a>, full of various wiles, and scatter-brained Epimetheus<\/a> who from the first was a mischief to men who eat bread; for it was he who first accepted from Zeus<\/a> the woman, the maiden whom he had formed. But Menoetius was outrageous, and farseeing Zeus<\/a> [515] struck him with a smokey thunderbolt and sent him down to Erebus<\/a> because of his mad presumption and exceeding pride. And constrained Atlas<\/a> holds up the wide sky with untiring head and arms, standing at the borders of the earth before the clear-voiced Hesperides<\/a>; [520] for this lot wise Zeus<\/a> assigned to him.<\/p>\n And ready-witted Prometheus<\/a> he bound with inextricable bonds, cruel chains, and drove a shaft through his middle, and set a long-winged eagle on him, which used to eat his immortal liver; but by night the liver grew [525] back as much as the long-winged bird devoured in the whole day.Heracles<\/a>, the valiant son of shapely-ankled Alcmene<\/a>, slew that bird ; and delivered the son of Iapetus<\/a> [ Prometheus<\/a> ] from the cruel plague, and released him from his affliction\u2014but not without the will of Olympian Zeus<\/a> who reigns on high, [530] that the glory of Heracles<\/a> the Theban-born might be yet greater than it was before over the plenteous earth. He was amazed at and honoured his famous son; though he was angry, he ceased from the wrath he had held because Prometheus<\/a> matched wits with the almighty son of Cronus<\/a>.<\/p>\n [535] For when the gods and mortal men had a dispute at Mecone, even then Prometheus<\/a> was bold enough to cut up a great ox and set portions before them, trying to deceive the mind of Zeus<\/a>. Before the rest he set flesh and inner parts thick with fat upon the hide [good meat], covering them with an ox paunch; [540] but for Zeus<\/a> he put the white bones dressed up with cunning art and covered with shining fat. Then the father of men and of gods said to him: \u201cSon of Iapetus<\/a>, most glorious of all lords, good sir, how unfairly you have divided the portions!\u201d<\/p>\n [545] So said Zeus<\/a> whose wisdom is everlasting, rebuking him. But wily Prometheus<\/a> answered him, smiling softly and not forgetting his cunning trick: \u201cZeus<\/a>, most glorious and greatest of the eternal gods, take whichever of these portions your heart within you wants.\u201d [550] So he said, thinking trickery. But Zeus<\/a>, whose wisdom is everlasting, saw and failed not to perceive the trick, and in his heart he plotted against mortal men. With both hands he took up the white fat and was angry at heart, and wrath came to his spirit [555] when he saw the white ox-bones craftily tricked out: and because of this the tribes of men upon earth burn white bones to the deathless gods upon fragrant altars.<\/p>\n But Zeus<\/a> who drives the clouds was greatly vexed and said to him: \u201cSon of Iapetus<\/a>, clever above all! [560] So, you have not yet forgotten your cunning arts!\u201d So spoke Zeus<\/a> in anger, whose wisdom is everlasting; and from that time he was always mindful of the trick, and would not give the power of unwearying fire to the Melian race of mortal men[4]<\/sup><\/a> who live on the earth. [565] But the noble son of Iapetus<\/a> outwitted him and stole the far-seen gleam of unwearying fire in a hollow fennel stalk. And Zeus<\/a> who thunders on high was stung in spirit, and his dear heart was angered when he saw the far-seen ray of fire among men.<\/p>\n [570] Then he made an evil thing for men as the price of fire; for the very famous Limping God [ Hephaestus<\/a> ] formed from earth the likeness of a shy maiden as the son of Cronus<\/a> willed. And the goddess bright-eyed Athena<\/a> girded and clothed her with silvery garments, and down from her head [575] she spread with her hands an embroidered veil, a wonder to see; and she, Pallas<\/a> Athena<\/a>, put about her head lovely garlands, flowers of new-grown herbs. Also she put upon her head a crown of gold which the very famous Limping God [ Hephaestus<\/a> ] made himself [580] and worked with his own hands as a favor to Zeus<\/a>, his father. It was much curious work, wonderful to see; for of the many creatures which the land and sea rear up, he put most upon it, wonderful things, like living beings with voices: and great beauty shone out from it.[5]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n [585] But when he had made the beautiful evil to be the price for the blessing [of fire], he brought her out, delighting in the finery which the bright-eyed daughter of a mighty father [ Athena<\/a> ] had given her, to the place where the other gods and men were. And wonder took hold of the deathless gods and mortal men when they saw that which was sheer guile, not to be withstood by men.<\/p>\n [590] For from her is the race of women and female kind: of her is the deadly race and tribe of women who live among mortal men to their great trouble, no assistance in hateful poverty, but only in wealth. And as in thatched hives bees [595] feed the drones whose nature is to do mischief\u2014by day and throughout the day until the sun goes down the bees are busy and lay the white combs, while the drones stay at home in the covered hives and reap the toil of others into their own bellies\u2014 [600] even so Zeus<\/a> who thunders on high made women as an evil for mortal men, with a nature prone to doing evil. And he gave them a second evil, as a price for the good they had: whoever avoids marriage and the sorrows that women cause, and will not wed, reaches deadly old age [605] without anyone to tend to him, and though he at least has no lack of livelihood while he lives, yet, when he is dead, his kinsfolk divide his possessions among themselves. And as for the man who chooses marriage and takes a good wife suited to his mind, evil continually contends with good; [610] for whoever happens to have mischievous children, lives always with unceasing grief in his spirit and heart; and this evil cannot be healed. So it is not possible to deceive or go beyond the will of Zeus<\/a>: for not even the son of Iapetus<\/a>, kindly Prometheus<\/a>, [615] escaped his heavy anger, but of necessity strong bands confined him, although he knew many tricks.<\/p>\n But when their father was first offended by Briareus and Cottus and Gyges, he bound them in cruel bonds, because he was jealous of their exceeding manhood and appearance [620] and great size: and he made them live beneath the wide-pathed earth, where they were afflicted, sent to live under the ground, at the end of the earth, at its great borders, in bitter anguish for a long time and with great grief at heart. But the son of Cronus<\/a> and the other deathless gods [625] whom rich-haired Rhea<\/a> bore from union with Cronus<\/a>, brought them up again to the light at Gaia<\/a>‘s advising. For she herself recounted all things to the gods fully, how with these they might gain victory and a glorious means to raise themselves up.<\/p>\n [630] For the Titan<\/a> gods and the children of Cronus<\/a> had been fighting against each other for a long time in unending war with heart-grieving toil. On one side were the lordly Titans<\/a> from high Othrys<\/a> and on the other were the Olympian gods, givers of good, whom rich-haired Rhea<\/a> bore in union with Cronus<\/a>, from Olympus<\/a>. [635] So they, with bitter wrath, were fighting continually with one another at that time for ten full years, and the hard strife had no close or end for either side, and the war hung evenly balanced.<\/p>\n But when he had provided those three [Briareus, Cottus, and Gyges] with all things fitting, [640] nectar and ambrosia which the gods themselves eat, and when their proud spirit revived within them after they had fed on nectar and delicious ambrosia, then it was that the father of men and gods [Zeus] spoke to them: \u201cHear me, bright children of Gaia<\/a> and Uranus, [645] so that I may say what my heart within me commands. For a long time now we, who are sprung from Cronus<\/a> and the Titan<\/a> gods have fought with each other every day to be victorious and to prevail. But show your great might and unconquerable strength, and [650] face the Titans<\/a> in bitter strife; for remember our friendly kindness, and the liberation from sufferings we have given you, who have come back to the light from your cruel bondage under misty gloom through our plans.\u201d<\/p>\n So he spoke. And noble Cottus answered him: \u201c[655] Divine one, you say what we know well: no, even on our own we know that your wisdom and understanding is exceeding, and that you became a defender of the deathless ones from chill doom. And through your devising we have come back again from the murky gloom and from our merciless bonds, [660] enjoying what was unexpected, O lord, son of Cronus<\/a>. And so now with fixed purpose and deliberate counsel we will aid your power in dreadful strife and will fight against the Titans<\/a> in hard battle.\u201d<\/p>\n So he spoke: and the gods, givers of good things, applauded when [665] they heard his words, and their spirits longed for war even more than before, and they all, both male and female, stirred up hated battle that day, the Titan<\/a> gods, and all that were born of Cronus<\/a> together with those dread, mighty ones of overwhelming strength [670] whom Zeus<\/a> brought up to the light from Erebus<\/a> beneath the earth. A hundred arms sprang from the shoulders of each of them, and each had fifty heads growing from his shoulders upon strong limbs. These, then, stood against the Titans<\/a> in grim strife, [675] holding huge rocks in their strong hands. And on the other part the Titans<\/a> eagerly strengthened their ranks, and both sides at one time showed the work of their hands and their might. The boundless sea rang out terribly, and the earth crashed loudly: wide Uranus<\/a> was shaken and [680] groaned, and high Olympus<\/a> reeled from its foundation under the charge of the undying gods, and a heavy quaking reached dim Tartarus<\/a> and the deep sound of their feet in the fearful onset and of their hard missiles. So, then, they launched their grievous shafts upon one another, [685] and the cry of both armies as they shouted reached to the starry sky; and they met together with a great battle-cry.<\/p>\n Then Zeus<\/a> no longer held back his might; but immediately his heart was filled with fury and he displayed all his strength. From the sky and from Olympus<\/a> [690] he came immediately, hurling his lightning: the bolts flew thick and fast from his strong hand together with thunder and lightning, whirling an awesome flame. The life-giving earth crashed around, burning, and the vast wood crackled loud with fire all about. [695] All the land seethed, and Ocean<\/a>‘s streams and the barren sea. The hot vapor lapped round the earthborn Titans<\/a>: flame unspeakable rose to the bright upper air: even thought they were strong, the flashing glare of the thunderbolts and lightning blinded their eyes. [700] Fearful heat seized Chaos<\/a>: and to see with eyes and to hear the sound with ears it seemed as if Gaia<\/a> and wide Uranus<\/a> above came together; for such a mighty crash would have arisen if Gaia<\/a> were being hurled to ruin, and Uranus<\/a> from on high were hurling her down; [705] so great a crash was there while the gods were meeting together in strife. Also the winds brought rumbling earthquake and dust storm, thunder and lightning and the smokey thunderbolt, which are the shafts of great Zeus<\/a>, and carried the clamor and the war cry into the midst of the two armies. A horrible uproar [710] of terrible strife arose: mighty deeds were displayed and the battle increased. But until then, they kept at one another and fought continually in cruel war.<\/p>\n And amongst the foremost Cottus and Briareus and Gyges insatiate for war [715] fought fiercely: three hundred rocks, one upon another, they launched from their strong hands and overshadowed the Titans<\/a> with their missiles, and hurled them beneath the wide-pathed earth, and bound them in bitter chains when they had conquered them by their strength, [720] as far beneath the earth as the sky is above earth; for so far is it from earth to Tartarus<\/a>.<\/p>\n For a copper anvil falling down from the sky nine nights and days would reach the earth on the tenth: and again, a copper anvil falling from earth nine nights and days [725] would reach Tartarus<\/a> on the tenth. Around it [ Tartarus<\/a> ] runs a fence of bronze, and night spreads in triple line all about it like a necklace, while above grow the roots of the earth and barren sea. There, by the counsel of Zeus<\/a> who drives the clouds, the Titan<\/a> gods [730] are hidden under misty gloom, in a dank place at the ends of the huge earth. And they may not go out; for Poseidon<\/a> fixed gates of bronze upon it, and a wall runs all round it on every side. There Gyes and Cottus and great-souled Briareus [735] live, trusty guards of Zeus<\/a> who holds the aegis<\/a>.<\/p>\n And there, all in their order, are the sources and ends of gloomy earth and misty Tartarus<\/a> and the barren sea and the starry sky, loathsome and dank, which even the gods abhor. [740] It is a great gulf, and if ever a man were within the gates, he would not reach the floor until a whole year had passed, but cruel blast upon blast would carry him this way and that. And this marvel is awful even to the deathless gods.<\/p>\n There stands the awful home of murky Night<\/a> [745] wrapped in dark clouds. In front of it the son of Iapetus<\/a> [ Atlas<\/a> ] stands immovably upholding the wide sky upon his head and unwearying hands, where Night<\/a> and Day<\/a> draw near and greet one another as they pass the great threshold [750] of bronze: and while the one is about to go down into the house, the other comes out at the door. And the house never holds them both within; but always one is outside the house passing over the earth, while the other stays at home and waits until the time for her journeying comes; [755] and the one holds all-seeing light for them on earth, but the other holds in her arms Sleep<\/a> the brother of Death<\/a>, evil Night<\/a>, wrapped in a vaporous cloud.<\/p>\n And there the children of dark Night<\/a> have their dwellings, Sleep<\/a> and Death<\/a>, awful gods. [760] The glowing Sun<\/a> never looks upon them with his beams, neither as he goes up into the sky, nor as he comes down from the sky. And the former of them roams peacefully over the earth and the sea’s broad back and is kindly to men; but the other has a heart of iron, and his spirit within him [765] is pitiless as bronze: whomever of men he has once seized he holds fast: and he is hateful even to the deathless gods.<\/p>\n There, in front, stand the echoing halls of the god of the lower-world, strong Hades<\/a>, and of dread Persephone<\/a>. A fearful hound guards the house in front, [770] pitiless, and he has a cruel trick. He happily greets those who arrive with his tail and both his ears, but does not allow them to go back out again, but keeps watch and devours whomever he catches going out of the gates of strong Hades<\/a> and dread Persephone<\/a>.<\/p>\n [775] And there dwells the goddess loathed by the deathless gods, terrible Styx<\/a>, eldest daughter of Ocean<\/a> who encircles the earth. She lives apart from the gods in her glorious house vaulted over with great rocks and propped up to the sky all round with silver pillars. [780] Rarely does the daughter of Thaumas, swift-footed Iris<\/a>, come to her with a message over the sea’s wide back. But when strife and quarrel arise among the deathless gods, and when any one of them who live in the house of Olympus<\/a> lies, then Zeus<\/a> sends Iris<\/a> to bring in a golden jug the great oath of the gods [785] from far away, the famous cold water which trickles down from a high and projecting rock. Far under the wide-pathed earth a branch of Ocean<\/a> flows through the dark night out of the holy stream, and a tenth part of his water is allotted to her. [790] With nine silver-swirling streams he [ Ocean<\/a> ] winds about the earth and the sea’s wide back, and then falls into the sea; but the tenth flows out from a rock, a sore trouble to the gods. For whoever of the deathless gods that hold the peaks of snowy Olympus pours a libation of her water and is forsworn, [795] must lie breathless until a full year is completed, and never come near to taste ambrosia and nectar, but lie spiritless and voiceless on a strewn bed: and a heavy trance overshadows him. But when he has spent a long year in his sickness, [800] another penance more hard follows after the first. For nine years he is cut off from the eternal gods and never joins their councils or their feasts, nine full years. But in the tenth year he comes again to join the assemblies of the deathless gods who live in the house of Olympus<\/a>. [805] Such an oath, then, did the gods appoint the eternal and primeval water of Styx<\/a> to be: and it spouts through a rugged place.<\/p>\n And there, all in their order, are the sources and ends of the dark earth and misty Tartarus<\/a> and the barren sea and the starry sky, [810] loathsome and dank, which even the gods abhor. And there are shining gates and an immovable threshold of bronze having unending roots, and it is self-grown. And beyond, away from all the gods, live the Titans<\/a>, beyond gloomy Chaos<\/a>. [815] But the glorious allies of loud-crashing Zeus<\/a> have their dwelling upon Ocean<\/a>‘s foundations, even Cottus and Gyges; but Briareus, being noble, the deep-roaring Earth-Shaker<\/a> made his son-in-law, giving him Cymopolea his daughter to wed.<\/p>\n [820] But when Zeus<\/a> had driven the Titans<\/a> from the sky, huge Gaia<\/a> bore her youngest child Typhon<\/a> from intercourse with Tartarus<\/a>, by the aid of golden Aphrodite<\/a>. Strength was with his hands in all that he did and the feet of the strong god were untiring. From his shoulders [825] grew a hundred snake heads, a fearful dragon, with dark, flickering tongues, and from under the brows of his eyes in his marvellous heads flashed fire, and fire burned from his heads as he glared. And there were voices in all his dreadful heads [830] which uttered every kind of sound unspeakable; for at one time they made sounds such that the gods understood, but at another, the noise of a bull bellowing aloud in proud ungovernable fury; and at another, the sound of a lion, relentless of heart; and at another, sounds like puppies, strange to hear; [835] and again, at another, he would hiss, so that the high mountains re-echoed. And truly a thing past help would have happened on that day, and he would have come to reign over mortals and immortals, had not the father of men and gods been quick to perceive it. But he thundered hard and mightily: and the earth around [840] resounded terribly and the wide sky above, and the sea and Ocean<\/a>‘s streams and the lower parts of the earth. Great Olympus<\/a> reeled beneath the divine feet of the king as he arose and earth groaned. And through the two of them heat took hold on the dark-blue sea, [845] through the thunder and lightning, and through the fire from the monster, and the scorching winds and blazing thunderbolt. The whole earth seethed, and sky and sea: and the long waves raged along the beaches round and about at the rush of the deathless gods: and there arose an endless shaking. [850] Hades<\/a> trembled where he rules over the dead below, and the Titans<\/a> under Tartarus<\/a> who live with Cronus<\/a>, because of the unending clamor and the fearful strife. So when Zeus<\/a> had raised up his might and seized his arms, thunder and lightning and smokey thunderbolt, [855] he leaped from Olympus<\/a> and struck him [ Typhoeus<\/a> ], and burned all the marvellous heads of the monster about him. But when Zeus<\/a> had conquered him and lashed him with strokes, Typhoeus<\/a> was hurled down, a maimed wreck, so that the huge earth groaned. And flame shot forth from the thunder-stricken lord [860] in the dim rugged glens of the mountain, when he was defeated. A great part of huge earth was scorched by the terrible vapor and melted as tin melts when heated by men’s art in channelled crucibles; or as iron, which is hardest of all things, is shortened [865] by glowing fire in mountain glens and melts in the divine earth through the strength of Hephaestus<\/a>. Like this, then, the earth melted in the glow of the blazing fire. And in the bitterness of his anger Zeus<\/a> cast him into wide Tartarus<\/a>.<\/p>\n And from Typhoeus<\/a> come boisterous winds which blow damply, [870] except Notus<\/a> and Boreas<\/a> and clear Zephyr<\/a>. These are a god-sent kind, and a great blessing to men; but the others blow fitfully upon the sea. Some rush upon the misty sea and cause much destruction for men with their evil, raging blasts; [875] for varying with the season they blow, scattering ships and destroying sailors. And men who meet these upon the sea have no help against the mischief. Others again over the boundless, flowering earth spoil the fair fields of men who dwell below, [880] filling them with dust and cruel uproar.<\/p>\n But when the blessed gods had finished their toil, and settled by force their struggle for honours with the Titans<\/a>, they encouraged far-seeing Olympian Zeus<\/a> to reign and to rule over them, by Gaia<\/a>‘s prompting. So he divided their offices amongst them.<\/p>\n [885] Now Zeus<\/a>, king of the gods, made Metis<\/a> his wife first, and she was wisest among gods and mortal men. But when she was about to give birth to the goddess bright-eyed Athena<\/a>, Zeus<\/a> craftily deceived her [890] with cunning words and put her in his own belly, as Gaia<\/a> and starry Uranus<\/a> advised. For they advised him so, so that no other should hold royal sway over the eternal gods in place of Zeus<\/a>; for very wise children were destined to be born of her, [895] first the maiden bright-eyed Tritogeneia<\/a>, equal to her father in strength and in wise understanding; but afterwards she was to bear a son of overbearing spirit, king of gods and men. But Zeus<\/a> put her into his own belly first, [900] that the goddess might plot for him both good and evil.<\/p>\n Next he married bright Themis<\/a> who bore the Horae<\/a>, and Eunomia [Order], Dik\u00eb [Justice], and blooming Eirene [Peace], who mind the works of mortal men, and the Moirai<\/a> to whom wise Zeus<\/a> gave the greatest honour, [905] Clotho, and Lachesis, and Atropos who give mortal men evil and good to have.<\/p>\n And Eurynome<\/a>, the daughter of Ocean<\/a>, beautiful in form, bore him three fair-cheeked Charites<\/a>, Aglaea, and Euphrosyne, and lovely Thaleia, [910] from whose eyes as they glanced flowed love that loosens the limbs: and beautiful is their glance beneath their brows.<\/p>\n Also he came to the bed of all-nourishing Demeter<\/a>, and she bore white-armed Persephone<\/a> whom Aidoneus<\/a> carried off from her mother; but wise Zeus<\/a> gave her to him.<\/p>\n [915] And again, he loved Mnemosyne<\/a> with the beautiful hair: and of her the nine gold-crowned Muses<\/a> were born who delight in feasts and the pleasures of song.<\/p>\n And Leto<\/a> was joined in love with Zeus<\/a> who holds the aegis<\/a>, [920] and bore Apollo<\/a> and Artemis<\/a> delighting in arrows, children lovely above all the descendants of Uranus<\/a>.<\/p>\n Lastly, he made Hera<\/a> his blooming wife: and she was joined in love with the king of gods and men, and brought forth Hebe<\/a> and Ares<\/a> and Eileithyia<\/a>.<\/p>\n But Zeus<\/a> himself gave birth from his own head to bright-eyed Tritogeneia<\/a>, [925] the awe-inspiring, the strife-stirring, the host-leader, the unwearying, the queen, who delights in tumults and wars and battles.<\/p>\n But Hera<\/a> without union with Zeus<\/a>\u2014for she was very angry and argued with her partner\u2014bore famous Hephaestus<\/a>, who is skilled in crafts more than all the descendants of Uranus<\/a>. [929a]<\/p>\n But Hera<\/a> was very angry and argued with her partner. And because of this strife she bore without union with Zeus<\/a> who holds the aegis<\/a> a glorious son, Hephaestus<\/a>, who excelled all the sons of Ouranos<\/a> in crafts. [929e]<\/p>\n But Zeus<\/a> lay with the fair-cheeked daughter of Ocean<\/a> and Tethys<\/a> apart from Hera<\/a> ((lacuna))[6]<\/sup><\/a>. . . deceiving Metis<\/a> although she was full wise. But he seized her with his hands and put her in his belly, for fear that she might bring forth something stronger than his thunderbolt: [929j] therefore did Zeus<\/a>, who sits on high and dwells in the aether<\/a>, swallow her down suddenly. But she straightway conceived Pallas<\/a> Athena<\/a>: and the father of men and gods gave birth to her by way of his head on the banks of the river Trito. And she remained hidden beneath the inward parts of Zeus<\/a>, [929o] Metis<\/a>, Athena<\/a>‘s mother, worker of righteousness, who was wiser than gods and mortal men. There the goddess [ Athena<\/a> ] received what she needed to excel in strength all the deathless less ones who dwell in Olympus<\/a>, she who made the host-scaring weapon of Athena<\/a>. [929t] And with it [ Zeus<\/a> ] gave birth to her, arrayed in arms of war. [930]<\/p>\n And from Amphitrite<\/a> and the loud-roaring Earth-Shaker<\/a> was born great, wide-ruling Triton<\/a>, and he owns the depths of the sea, living with his dear mother and the lord his father in their golden house, a fearsome god.<\/p>\n Also Cytherea<\/a> bore to Ares<\/a> the shield-piercer Panic [Deimos] and Fear [Phobos], [935] terrible gods who drive the close ranks of men into discord in numbing war, with the help of Ares<\/a>, sacker of towns; and Harmonia<\/a> whom high-spirited Cadmus<\/a> made his wife.<\/p>\nHesiod,\u00a0Theogony\u00a0<\/em>(trans. H. G. Evelyn-White, adapted by L. Zhang, P. Rogak and T. Mulder)<\/h3>\r\n
Greek epic, ca. 700 BCE<\/h4>\r\n
Invocation to the muses\u00a0<\/strong><\/h5>\r\nLet us begin our song with the Heliconian [pb_glossary id=\"348\"]Muses[\/pb_glossary], who hold great and holy [pb_glossary id=\"698\"] Mount Helicon[\/pb_glossary], and dance on soft feet around the deep-blue spring and the altar of [pb_glossary id=\"172\"]Zeus[\/pb_glossary].[footnote]Mount Helicon was in Hesiod's native Boeotia. Writers of myth often associate their hometowns to significant mythic events, which lends prestige to their place of origin and therefore authority to themselves as writers.[\/footnote] [5] After they have washed their tender bodies in Permessus or in the Horse's Spring[footnote]Refers to a spring on Helicon, called Hippocrene<\/em>. In some accounts, it is named the Horse's Spring because it was created when Pegasus kicked a rock. \u00a0[\/footnote] or Olmeius, they dance fair and lovely on the highest peak of [pb_glossary id=\"698\"]Helicon[\/pb_glossary], moving with vigorous feet. At night, they rise from there and go out into the world, [10] veiled in thick mist, and they sing their song with lovely voices, praising [pb_glossary id=\"172\"]Zeus[\/pb_glossary] the [pb_glossary id=\"168\"]aegis[\/pb_glossary]-holder, and queenly [pb_glossary id=\"185\"]Hera[\/pb_glossary] of [pb_glossary id=\"5308\"]Argos[\/pb_glossary] who walks on golden sandals, and the daughter of the aegis-holder, bright-eyed [pb_glossary id=\"173\"]Athena[\/pb_glossary], and [pb_glossary id=\"946\"]Phoebus[\/pb_glossary] [pb_glossary id=\"183\"]Apollo[\/pb_glossary], and [pb_glossary id=\"180\"]Artemis[\/pb_glossary] who delights in arrows, [15] and [pb_glossary id=\"182\"]Poseidon[\/pb_glossary] the earth holder who shakes the earth, and revered [pb_glossary id=\"192\"]Themis[\/pb_glossary], and quick-glancing [pb_glossary id=\"882\"]Aphrodite[\/pb_glossary], and [pb_glossary id=\"1239\"]Hebe[\/pb_glossary] with the crown of gold, and fair [pb_glossary id=\"1548\"]Dione[\/pb_glossary], [pb_glossary id=\"191\"]Leto[\/pb_glossary], [pb_glossary id=\"1178\"]Iapetus[\/pb_glossary], and [pb_glossary id=\"169\"]Cronus[\/pb_glossary] the crafty counsellor, [pb_glossary id=\"215\"]Eos[\/pb_glossary], and great [pb_glossary id=\"876\"]Helios[\/pb_glossary], and bright [pb_glossary id=\"1537\"]Selene[\/pb_glossary], [20] [pb_glossary id=\"358\"]Gaia[\/pb_glossary], too, and great [pb_glossary id=\"216\"]Ocean[\/pb_glossary], and dark [pb_glossary id=\"1576\"]Night[\/pb_glossary], and all the other deathless gods, who live forever...\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n
Read full text<\/summary> \r\n\r\nOne day they taught me their glorious song while I was shepherding my lambs under holy [pb_glossary id=\"698\"]Helicon[\/pb_glossary]. The goddesses\u2014 [25] the [pb_glossary id=\"348\"]Muses[\/pb_glossary] of [pb_glossary id=\"628\"]Olympus[\/pb_glossary], daughters of [pb_glossary id=\"172\"]Zeus[\/pb_glossary] the [pb_glossary id=\"168\"]aegis[\/pb_glossary]-holder\u2013 first said this to me, \u201cShepherds of the wilderness, wretched, shameful things, only looking to fill your bellies, we know how to speak many false things as though they were true; but, when we want to, we know how to say true things too.\u201d\r\n\r\nThe quick-voiced daughters of great [pb_glossary id=\"172\"]Zeus[\/pb_glossary] said this to me and they gave [30] me a marvellous rod made of sturdy laurel. And they breathed a divine voice into me, so that I can celebrate the things that will be and the things that happened before. And they commanded me to sing about the race of the blessed gods, who live eternally, but always to sing about themselves both first and last.\r\n\r\n[35] But why all this about oak or stone? Come you, let's begin with the [pb_glossary id=\"348\"]Muses[\/pb_glossary] who gladden the great spirit of their father [pb_glossary id=\"172\"]Zeus[\/pb_glossary] in [pb_glossary id=\"628\"]Olympus[\/pb_glossary] with their songs, telling of things that are and that will be and that were in times before with consenting voice. Unwearying flows the sweet sound [40] from their lips, and the house of their father [pb_glossary id=\"172\"]Zeus[\/pb_glossary] the loud-thunderer is joyful at the lily-like voice of the goddesses as it spreads abroad, and the peaks of snowy [pb_glossary id=\"628\"]Olympus[\/pb_glossary] resound, and the homes of the immortals. And they, uttering their immortal voice, celebrate in song first of all the revered race of the gods [45] from the beginning, those whom [pb_glossary id=\"358\"]Gaia[\/pb_glossary] and wide [pb_glossary id=\"1546\"]Uranus[\/pb_glossary] produced, and the gods sprung of these, givers of good things. Then next, the goddesses sing of [pb_glossary id=\"172\"]Zeus[\/pb_glossary], the father of gods and men, as they begin and end their song, how much he is the most excellent among the gods and supreme in power. [50] And again, they chant the race of men and strong giants, and gladden the heart of [pb_glossary id=\"172\"]Zeus[\/pb_glossary] within [pb_glossary id=\"628\"]Olympus[\/pb_glossary],\u2014the Olympian [pb_glossary id=\"348\"]Muses[\/pb_glossary], daughters of [pb_glossary id=\"172\"]Zeus[\/pb_glossary] the [pb_glossary id=\"168\"]aegis[\/pb_glossary]-holder.\r\n\r\nIn Piera, [pb_glossary id=\"2409\"]Mnemosyne[\/pb_glossary], who reigns over the hills of Eleuther, bore them from union with Zeus, the son of [pb_glossary id=\"169\"]Cronus[\/pb_glossary], [55] a forgetting of ills and a rest from sorrow. For nine nights did wise [pb_glossary id=\"172\"]Zeus[\/pb_glossary] lie with her, entering her holy bed remote from the other immortals. And when a year passed and the seasons came round as the months waned, and many days were accomplished, [60] she bore nine daughters, all of one mind, whose hearts are set upon song, and whose spirit is free from care, a little way from the top-most peak of snowy [pb_glossary id=\"628\"]Olympus[\/pb_glossary].There are their bright dancing places and beautiful homes, and beside them the [pb_glossary id=\"189\"]Graces[\/pb_glossary] and [pb_glossary id=\"161\"]Himeros[\/pb_glossary] live [65] in delight. And they, uttering through their lips a lovely voice, sing the laws of all and the good ways of the immortals, uttering their lovely voice.\r\n\r\nThen the Muses went to [pb_glossary id=\"628\"]Olympus[\/pb_glossary], delightful in their sweet voice, with godly song, and the dark earth resounded [70] about them as they chanted and a lovely sound rose up beneath their feet as they went to their father. And he was reigning in the sky, holding the lightning and glowing thunderbolt, after he had overcome his father [pb_glossary id=\"169\"]Cronus[\/pb_glossary] by force; and he distributed fairly to the immortals their portions and declared their privileges.\r\n\r\n[75] These things, then, the [pb_glossary id=\"348\"]Muses[\/pb_glossary] sang who dwell on [pb_glossary id=\"628\"]Olympus[\/pb_glossary], nine daughters conceived by great [pb_glossary id=\"172\"]Zeus[\/pb_glossary]: Cleio and Euterpe, Thaleia, Melpomene and Terpsichore, and Erato and Polyhymnia and Urania and Calliope, who is the leader of them all, [80] for she attends on worshipful princes: whichever of the Zeus-nourished princes the daughters of great [pb_glossary id=\"172\"]Zeus[\/pb_glossary] honour and behold at his birth, they pour sweet dew upon his tongue, and from his lips flow gracious words. All the people [85] look towards him while he settles cases with true judgements: and he, speaking confidently, would soon bring a wise end to even a great quarrel; for this reason there are princes with wise hearts; wise, because when the people are misguided in their assembly, they [the princes] easily set matters right again [90], persuading them with gentle words. And when he passes through a gathering, they greet him as a god with gentle reverence, and he stands out among the assembled: such is the holy gift of the [pb_glossary id=\"348\"]Muses[\/pb_glossary] to men. For it is through the [pb_glossary id=\"348\"]Muses[\/pb_glossary] and far-shooting [pb_glossary id=\"183\"]Apollo[\/pb_glossary] that [95] there are singers and harpers upon the earth; but princes are from [pb_glossary id=\"172\"]Zeus[\/pb_glossary], and happy is he whom the [pb_glossary id=\"348\"]Muses[\/pb_glossary] love: speech flows sweetly from his mouth. For although a man has sorrow and grief in his newly-troubled soul and lives in dread because his heart is distressed, yet, when a singer, [100] the servant of the [pb_glossary id=\"348\"]Muses[\/pb_glossary], chants the glorious deeds of men of old and the blessed gods who inhabit [pb_glossary id=\"628\"]Olympus[\/pb_glossary], at once he forgets his heaviness and does not remember his sorrows at all; but the gifts of the goddesses soon turn him away from these.\r\n\r\nHail, children of [pb_glossary id=\"172\"]Zeus[\/pb_glossary]! Grant lovely song [105] and celebrate the holy race of the deathless gods who are forever, those that were born of [pb_glossary id=\"358\"]Gaia[\/pb_glossary] and starry [pb_glossary id=\"1546\"]Uranus[\/pb_glossary] and gloomy [pb_glossary id=\"1576\"]Night[\/pb_glossary] and them that briny [pb_glossary id=\"2404\"]Pontus[\/pb_glossary] reared. Tell how, in the beginning, gods and earth came to be, and rivers, and the boundless sea with its raging swell, [110] and the gleaming stars, and the wide sky above, and the gods who were born of them, givers of good things, and how they divided their wealth, and how they shared their honours amongst themselves, and also how they first took many-folded [pb_glossary id=\"628\"]Olympus[\/pb_glossary]. Declare to me these things, from the beginning, you [pb_glossary id=\"348\"]Muses[\/pb_glossary] who dwell in the house of [pb_glossary id=\"628\"]Olympus[\/pb_glossary], [115] and tell me which of them happened first.\r\n
Chaos and the primordial deities<\/strong><\/h5>\r\nIn truth at first [pb_glossary id=\"2405\"]Chaos[\/pb_glossary] came to be, but next wide-bosomed [pb_glossary id=\"358\"]Gaia[\/pb_glossary], the ever-sure foundation of all the deathless ones who hold the peaks of snowy [pb_glossary id=\"628\"]Olympus[\/pb_glossary], and dim [pb_glossary id=\"367\"]Tartarus[\/pb_glossary] in the depth of the wide-pathed earth, [120] and [pb_glossary id=\"158\"]Eros[\/pb_glossary], fairest among the deathless gods, who loosens the limbs and overcomes the mind and the wise counsels of all gods and all men. From [pb_glossary id=\"2405\"]Chaos[\/pb_glossary] came forth [pb_glossary id=\"886\"]Erebus[\/pb_glossary] and black [pb_glossary id=\"1576\"]Night[\/pb_glossary].\r\n
The second generation of gods<\/strong><\/h5>\r\nThen from [pb_glossary id=\"1576\"]Night[\/pb_glossary] were born [pb_glossary id=\"1038\"]Aether[\/pb_glossary] and [pb_glossary id=\"2406\"]Day[\/pb_glossary], [125] whom she conceived and bore from (sexual) union in love with [pb_glossary id=\"886\"]Erebus[\/pb_glossary]. And [pb_glossary id=\"358\"]Gaia[\/pb_glossary] first bore starry [pb_glossary id=\"1546\"]Uranus[\/pb_glossary], equal to herself, to cover her on every side, and to be an ever-sure abiding-place for the blessed gods. And she brought forth long hills, graceful homes [130] of the [pb_glossary id=\"217\"]Nymphs[\/pb_glossary] who dwell among the glens of the hills. She bore also the fruitless deep with his raging swell, [pb_glossary id=\"2404\"]Pontus[\/pb_glossary], without the sweet union of love. But afterwards she lay with [pb_glossary id=\"1546\"]Uranus[\/pb_glossary] and bore deep-swirling [pb_glossary id=\"216\"]Ocean[\/pb_glossary], [pb_glossary id=\"1545\"]Coeus[\/pb_glossary] and Crius and [pb_glossary id=\"878\"]Hyperion[\/pb_glossary] and [pb_glossary id=\"1178\"]Iapetus[\/pb_glossary], [135] Theia and [pb_glossary id=\"170\"]Rhea[\/pb_glossary], [pb_glossary id=\"192\"]Themis[\/pb_glossary] and [pb_glossary id=\"2409\"]Mnemosyne[\/pb_glossary] and gold-crowned Phoebe and lovely [pb_glossary id=\"1656\"]Tethys[\/pb_glossary]. After them was born [pb_glossary id=\"169\"]Cronus[\/pb_glossary] the wily, youngest and most terrible of her children, and he hated his lusty father.\r\n\r\nAnd again, she bore the [pb_glossary id=\"1654\"]Cyclopes[\/pb_glossary], overbearing in spirit, [140] Brontes, and Steropes and stubborn-hearted Arges, who gave [pb_glossary id=\"172\"]Zeus[\/pb_glossary] the thunder and made the thunderbolt: in all else they were like the gods, [145] but one eye only was set in the midst of their foreheads. And they were called [pb_glossary id=\"1654\"]Cyclopes[\/pb_glossary] [Orb-eyed] because one orbed eye was set in their foreheads. Their works had strength and might and craft.\r\n\r\nAnd again, three other sons were born of [pb_glossary id=\"358\"]Gaia[\/pb_glossary] and [pb_glossary id=\"1546\"]Uranus[\/pb_glossary], great and mighty beyond telling, Cottus and Briareus and Gyges [ the [pb_glossary id=\"4812\"]Hecatoncheires[\/pb_glossary] ], arrogant children. [150] From their shoulders sprang a hundred arms, not to be approached, and fifty heads grew from the shoulders upon the strong limbs of each, and the stubborn strength they had in their great bodies was invincible . Of all the children that were born from [pb_glossary id=\"358\"]Gaia[\/pb_glossary] and [pb_glossary id=\"1546\"]Uranus[\/pb_glossary], [155] these were the most terrible, and they were hated by their own father from the day they were born. And he used to hide them all away in a secret place of [pb_glossary id=\"358\"]Gaia[\/pb_glossary] so soon as each was born, and would not allow them to come up into the light: and [pb_glossary id=\"1546\"]Uranus[\/pb_glossary] rejoiced in his evil doing. But vast [pb_glossary id=\"358\"]Gaia[\/pb_glossary] [160] groaned within, being restricted, and she came up with a crafty and evil plan. Right away she created the element of grey flint and shaped a great sickle, and told her dear sons her plan. And she spoke, encouraging them, while she was vexed in her dear heart, [165] \u201cMy children, sired by a wicked father, if you obey me, we will punish the vile abuse of your father; for he first thought of doing shameful things.\u201d So she spoke; but fear seized them all, and none of them uttered a word. But great [pb_glossary id=\"169\"]Cronus[\/pb_glossary] the wily took courage and answered his dear mother, [170] \u201cMother, I will undertake to do this deed, for I do not care for our evil father, for he first thought of doing shameful things.\u201d\r\n\r\nSo he spoke and vast [pb_glossary id=\"358\"]Gaia[\/pb_glossary] rejoiced greatly in spirit, and hid and set him up for an ambush, and put in his hands [175] a jagged sickle, and revealed to him the whole plot. And [pb_glossary id=\"1546\"]Uranus[\/pb_glossary] came, bringing on night and longing for love, and he lay over top of [pb_glossary id=\"358\"]Gaia[\/pb_glossary] spreading himself fully upon her. Then the son from his ambush stretched forth his left hand and in his right took the great long sickle [180] with jagged teeth, and swiftly lopped off his own father's genitals and cast them away to fall behind him. And they did not fall from his hand uselessly; for [pb_glossary id=\"358\"]Gaia[\/pb_glossary] received all the bloody drops that gushed forth, and as the seasons progressed [185] she gave birth to the strong [pb_glossary id=\"157\"]Erinyes[\/pb_glossary] and the great [pb_glossary id=\"601\"]Giants[\/pb_glossary] with gleaming armour, holding long spears in their hands and the [pb_glossary id=\"217\"]Nymphs[\/pb_glossary] whom they call Meliae all over the boundless earth.\r\n\r\nAnd as soon as he had cut off the genitals with flint and cast them from the land into the surging sea, [190] they were swept away over the watercourse for a long time: and a white foam spread around them from the immortal flesh, and in it there grew a maiden. First she came close to holy Cythera, and from there, afterwards, she came to sea-girt Cyprus, and emerged as a powerful and lovely goddess, and grass [195] grew up around her, beneath her shapely feet. Gods and men call her [pb_glossary id=\"882\"]Aphrodite[\/pb_glossary], the foam-born goddess, and rich-crowned [pb_glossary id=\"167\"]Cytherea[\/pb_glossary]. Foam-born because she grew amid the foam, and [pb_glossary id=\"167\"]Cytherea[\/pb_glossary] because she reached Cythera. They also called her Cyprogenes because she was born in billowy Cyprus, [200] and Philommedes[footnote]Philommedes <\/em>can mean either \"genital-loving\" (as Hesiod here interprets it) or \"laughter-loving\"[\/footnote] as well because she sprang from the genitals of [pb_glossary id=\"1546\"]Uranus[\/pb_glossary]. And with her went [pb_glossary id=\"158\"]Eros[\/pb_glossary], and lovely Desire [ [pb_glossary id=\"161\"]Himeros[\/pb_glossary] ] followed her at her birth at the first and as she went into the assembly of the gods. This honour she has from the beginning, and this is the portion allotted to her among men and undying gods,\u2014 [205] the whisperings of maidens and smiles and deceits with sweet delight and love and graciousness.\r\n\r\nBut these sons whom he begot himself great [pb_glossary id=\"1546\"]Uranus[\/pb_glossary] used to call [pb_glossary id=\"1553\"]Titans[\/pb_glossary] [Strainers] in reproach, for he said that they strained and arrogantly did [210] a dreadful deed, and that vengeance for it would come afterwards. And [pb_glossary id=\"1576\"]Night[\/pb_glossary] bore hateful Doom [Moiros] and black Fate [Ker] and [pb_glossary id=\"357\"]Death[\/pb_glossary], and she bore [pb_glossary id=\"616\"]Sleep[\/pb_glossary] and the tribe of Dreams [Oneiroi]. [214] And again the goddess murky [pb_glossary id=\"1576\"]Night[\/pb_glossary], though she lay with no one, [213] bore Blame [Momos] and painful Woe [Oizys], [215] and the [pb_glossary id=\"1396\"]Hesperides[\/pb_glossary] who guard the rich, golden apples and the trees bearing fruit beyond glorious [pb_glossary id=\"216\"]Ocean[\/pb_glossary]. Also she bore the Destinies and ruthless avenging [pb_glossary id=\"605\"]Fates[\/pb_glossary]: Clotho and Lachesis and Atropos, who give men both evil and good at their birth, [220] and they pursue the transgressions of men and of gods. And these goddesses never cease from their dreadful anger until they punish the transgressor with a terrible penalty. Also deadly [pb_glossary id=\"1576\"]Night[\/pb_glossary] bore [pb_glossary id=\"338\"]Nemesis[\/pb_glossary] to afflict mortal men, and after her, Deceit [Apate] and Friendship [Philotes] [225] and hateful Old Age [Geras] and hard-hearted [pb_glossary id=\"2421\"]Strife[\/pb_glossary]. But abhorred [pb_glossary id=\"2421\"]Strife[\/pb_glossary] bore painful Toil [Ponos] and [pb_glossary id=\"2422\"]Forgetfulness[\/pb_glossary] and Famine [Limos] and tearful Sorrows [Algea], Fightings [Hysminai] also, Battles [Makhai], Murders [Phonoi], Manslaughters [Androktasiai], Quarrels [Neikea], Lying Words [Pseudo-Logoi], Disputes [Amphilogiai], [230] Lawlessness [Dysnomia] and [pb_glossary id=\"1492\"]Ruin[\/pb_glossary], all of one nature, and Oath [Horkos] who most troubles men upon earth when anyone willfully swears a false oath.\r\n
The descendants of Pontos<\/strong><\/h5>\r\nAnd [pb_glossary id=\"2404\"]Pontus[\/pb_glossary] [the sea] fathered [pb_glossary id=\"1431\"]Nereus[\/pb_glossary], the eldest of his children, who tells the truth and does not lie and men call him the Old Man [235] because he is trusty and gentle and does not forget the laws of righteousness, but thinks just and kindly thoughts. And yet again he fathered great Thaumas and proud [pb_glossary id=\"1149\"]Phorcus[\/pb_glossary], mating with [pb_glossary id=\"358\"]Gaia[\/pb_glossary], and fair-cheeked [pb_glossary id=\"1150\"]Ceto[\/pb_glossary] and Eurybia who has a heart of flint within her.\r\n\r\n[240] And from [pb_glossary id=\"1431\"]Nereus[\/pb_glossary] and rich-haired [pb_glossary id=\"4433\"]Doris[\/pb_glossary], daughter of [pb_glossary id=\"216\"]Ocean[\/pb_glossary] the perfect river, were born children, the lovely goddesses Ploto, Eucrante, Sao, and [pb_glossary id=\"1547\"]Amphitrite[\/pb_glossary], and Eudora, and [pb_glossary id=\"1551\"]Thetis[\/pb_glossary], Galene and Glauce, [245] Cymothoe, Speo, Thoe and lovely Halie, and Pasithea, and Erato, and rosy-armed Eunice, and gracious Melite, and Eulimene, and Agaue, Doto, Proto, Pherusa, and Dynamene, and Nisaea, and Actaea, and Protomedea, [250] Doris, Panopea, and comely [pb_glossary id=\"1714\"]Galatea[\/pb_glossary], and lovely Hippothoe, and rosy-armed Hipponoe, and Cymodoce who with Cymatolege and [pb_glossary id=\"1547\"]Amphitrite[\/pb_glossary] easily calms the waves upon the misty sea and the blasts of raging winds, [255] and Cymo, and Eione, and rich-crowned Alimede, and Glauconome, fond of laughter, and Pontoporea, Leagore, Euagore, and Laomedea, and Polynoe, and Autonoe, and Lysianassa, and Euarne, lovely of shape and without blemish of form, [260] and Psamathe of charming figure and divine Menippe, Neso, Eupompe, Themisto, Pronoe, and Nemertes who has the nature of her deathless father. These fifty daughters sprang from virtuous [pb_glossary id=\"1431\"]Nereus[\/pb_glossary], skilled in excellent crafts. [265]\r\n\r\nAnd Thaumas wedded Electra the daughter of deep-flowing [pb_glossary id=\"216\"]Ocean[\/pb_glossary], and she bore him swift [pb_glossary id=\"885\"]Iris[\/pb_glossary] and the long-haired [pb_glossary id=\"341\"]Harpies[\/pb_glossary], Aello [Storm-swift] and Ocypetes [Swift-flier] who on their swift wings keep pace with the blasts of the winds and the birds; for they dart along quick as time.\r\n
The descendants of Ceto and Phorcus\u00a0<\/strong><\/h5>\r\n[270] And [pb_glossary id=\"1150\"]Ceto[\/pb_glossary] bore to [pb_glossary id=\"1149\"]Phorcus[\/pb_glossary] the fair-cheeked [pb_glossary id=\"1151\"]Graeae[\/pb_glossary], sisters grey from their birth. And both deathless gods and men who walk on earth call them [pb_glossary id=\"1151\"]Graeae[\/pb_glossary], Pemphredo well-dressed, and saffron-robed Enyo, and the [pb_glossary id=\"956\"]Gorgons[\/pb_glossary] who dwell beyond glorious [pb_glossary id=\"216\"]Ocean[\/pb_glossary] [275] in the frontier land towards [pb_glossary id=\"1576\"]Night[\/pb_glossary] where the clear-voiced [pb_glossary id=\"1396\"]Hesperides[\/pb_glossary] are, Sthenno, and Euryale, and [pb_glossary id=\"1155\"]Medusa[\/pb_glossary] who suffered a deplorable fate: she was mortal, but the other two were deathless and did not grow old. The Dark-haired One [ [pb_glossary id=\"182\"]Poseidon[\/pb_glossary] ] lay with her in a soft meadow amid spring flowers. [280] And when [pb_glossary id=\"1493\"]Perseus[\/pb_glossary] cut off her head, there sprang forth great [pb_glossary id=\"1158\"]Chrysaor[\/pb_glossary] and the horse [pb_glossary id=\"1157\"]Pegasus[\/pb_glossary] who is so called because he was born near the springs of [pb_glossary id=\"216\"]Ocean[\/pb_glossary]; and that other, because he held a golden blade in his hands. Now [pb_glossary id=\"1157\"]Pegasus[\/pb_glossary] flew away and left the earth, the mother of flocks, [285] and came to the deathless gods: and he dwells in the house of [pb_glossary id=\"172\"]Zeus[\/pb_glossary] and brings to wise [pb_glossary id=\"172\"]Zeus[\/pb_glossary] the thunder and lightning. But [pb_glossary id=\"1158\"]Chrysaor[\/pb_glossary] was joined in love to Callirrhoe, the daughter of glorious [pb_glossary id=\"216\"]Ocean[\/pb_glossary], and begot three-headed [pb_glossary id=\"1162\"]Geryon[\/pb_glossary]. Mighty [pb_glossary id=\"1591\"]Heracles[\/pb_glossary] slew [290] him in sea-girt Erythea by his shambling oxen on that day when he drove the wide-browed oxen to holy Tiryns, and had crossed the ford of [pb_glossary id=\"216\"]Ocean[\/pb_glossary] and killed [pb_glossary id=\"2423\"]Orthus[\/pb_glossary] and Eurytion the herdsman in the dim place out beyond glorious [pb_glossary id=\"216\"]Ocean[\/pb_glossary].\r\n\r\n[300] And in a hollow cave she [ [pb_glossary id=\"1150\"]Ceto[\/pb_glossary] ] bore another monster, irresistible, in no way like mortal men or undying gods, the goddess fierce [pb_glossary id=\"643\"]Echidna[\/pb_glossary] who is half a [pb_glossary id=\"217\"]nymph[\/pb_glossary] with glancing eyes and fair cheeks, and half a huge snake, great and awful, with speckled skin, eating raw flesh beneath the secret parts of the holy earth. And there she has a cave deep down under a hollow rock far from the deathless gods and mortal men. There, then, did the gods appoint her a glorious house to dwell in: and she keeps guard in Arima beneath the earth, grim [pb_glossary id=\"643\"]Echidna[\/pb_glossary], [305] a [pb_glossary id=\"217\"]nymph[\/pb_glossary] who does not die or grow old all her days.\r\n\r\nMen say that [pb_glossary id=\"602\"]Typhon[\/pb_glossary] the terrible, outrageous and lawless, was joined in love to her, the maid with glancing eyes [ [pb_glossary id=\"643\"]Echidna[\/pb_glossary] ]. So she conceived and brought forth fierce offspring; first she bore [pb_glossary id=\"2423\"]Orthus[\/pb_glossary] the hound of [pb_glossary id=\"1162\"]Geryon[\/pb_glossary], [310] and then again she bore a second, a monster not to be overcome and that may not be described, [pb_glossary id=\"1228\"]Cerberus[\/pb_glossary] who eats raw flesh, the brazen-voiced hound of [pb_glossary id=\"211\"]Hades[\/pb_glossary], fifty-headed, relentless and strong. And again she bore a third, the evil-minded [pb_glossary id=\"1413\"]Hydra of Lerna[\/pb_glossary], whom the goddess, white-armed [pb_glossary id=\"185\"]Hera[\/pb_glossary] nourished, [315] being angry beyond measure with the mighty [pb_glossary id=\"1591\"]Heracles[\/pb_glossary]. And her [pb_glossary id=\"1591\"]Heracles[\/pb_glossary], the son of [pb_glossary id=\"172\"]Zeus[\/pb_glossary], of the house of [pb_glossary id=\"1230\"]Amphitryon[\/pb_glossary], together with warlike [pb_glossary id=\"1412\"]Iolaus[\/pb_glossary], destroyed with the unpitying sword through the plans of [pb_glossary id=\"173\"]Athena[\/pb_glossary] the plunderer.\r\n\r\nShe [ [pb_glossary id=\"643\"]Echidna[\/pb_glossary] ] was the mother of [pb_glossary id=\"1209\"]Chimera[\/pb_glossary] who breathed raging fire, [320] a creature fearful, great, swift footed and strong, who had three heads, one of a grim-eyed lion, another of a goat, and another of a snake, a fierce dragon; in her forepart she was a lion; in her back-end, a dragon; and in her middle, a goat, breathing forth a fearful blast of blazing fire. [325][pb_glossary id=\"1157\"]Pegasus[\/pb_glossary] and noble [pb_glossary id=\"1726\"]Bellerophon[\/pb_glossary] slew her; but [pb_glossary id=\"643\"]Echidna[\/pb_glossary] was subdued in intercourse with [pb_glossary id=\"2423\"]Orthus[\/pb_glossary] and brought forth the deadly [pb_glossary id=\"4617\"]Sphinx[\/pb_glossary], which destroyed the Cadmeans, and the [pb_glossary id=\"1484\"]Nemean lion[\/pb_glossary], which [pb_glossary id=\"185\"]Hera[\/pb_glossary], the good wife of [pb_glossary id=\"172\"]Zeus[\/pb_glossary], brought up and made to haunt the hills of Nemea, a plague to men. [330] There he preyed upon the tribes of her own people and had power over Tretus of Nemea and Apesas: yet the strength of forceful [pb_glossary id=\"1591\"]Heracles[\/pb_glossary] overcame him.\r\n\r\nAnd [pb_glossary id=\"1150\"]Ceto[\/pb_glossary] was joined in love to [pb_glossary id=\"1149\"]Phorcus[\/pb_glossary] and bore her youngest, the awful snake who guards [335] the golden apples in the secret places of the dark earth at its great endpoint. This is the race of [pb_glossary id=\"1150\"]Ceto[\/pb_glossary] and [pb_glossary id=\"1149\"]Phorcus[\/pb_glossary].\r\n
Children of the Titans<\/strong><\/h5>\r\nAnd [pb_glossary id=\"1656\"]Tethys[\/pb_glossary] bore to [pb_glossary id=\"216\"]Ocean[\/pb_glossary] eddying rivers, Nilus, and Alpheus, and deep-swirling Eridanus, Strymon, and Meander, and the fair stream of Ister, [340] and Phasis, and Rhesus, and the silver eddies of [pb_glossary id=\"774\"]Achelous[\/pb_glossary], Nessus, and Rhodius, Haliacmon, and Heptaporus, Granicus, and Aesepus, and holy [pb_glossary id=\"1581\"]Simoeis[\/pb_glossary], and Peneus, and Hermus, and Caicus' fair stream, and great Sangarius, Ladon, Parthenius, [345] Euenus, Ardescus, and divine [pb_glossary id=\"1218\"]Scamander[\/pb_glossary].\r\n\r\nAlso she brought forth a holy company of daughters who with the lord [pb_glossary id=\"183\"]Apollo[\/pb_glossary] and the Rivers have youths in their keeping\u2014to this charge [pb_glossary id=\"172\"]Zeus[\/pb_glossary] appointed them\u2014Peitho, and Admete, and Ianthe, and Electra, [350] and Doris, and Prymno, and Urania divine in form, Hippo, Clymene, Rhodea, and Callirrhoe, Zeuxo and Clytie, and Idyia, and Pasithoe, Plexaura, and Galaxaura, and lovely [pb_glossary id=\"1548\"]Dione[\/pb_glossary], Melobosis and Thoe and handsome Polydora, [355] Cerceis lovely of form, and soft eyed Pluto, Perseis, Ianeira, Acaste, Xanthe, Petraea the fair, Menestho, and Europa, [pb_glossary id=\"1568\"]Metis[\/pb_glossary], and [pb_glossary id=\"2444\"]Eurynome[\/pb_glossary], and Telesto saffron-clad, Chryseis and Asia and charming [pb_glossary id=\"2037\"]Calypso[\/pb_glossary], [360] Eudora, and Tyche, Amphirho, and Ocyrrhoe, and [pb_glossary id=\"361\"]Styx[\/pb_glossary] who is the foremost of them all. These are the eldest daughters that sprang from [pb_glossary id=\"216\"]Ocean[\/pb_glossary] and [pb_glossary id=\"1656\"]Tethys[\/pb_glossary]; but there are many others. For there are three thousand neat-ankled daughters of [pb_glossary id=\"216\"]Ocean[\/pb_glossary] who are dispersed far and wide, [365] and in every place equally serve the earth and the deep waters, children who are glorious among goddesses. And as many other rivers are there, babbling as they flow, sons of [pb_glossary id=\"216\"]Ocean[\/pb_glossary], whom queenly [pb_glossary id=\"1656\"]Tethys[\/pb_glossary] bore, but their names it is hard for a mortal man to tell, [370] but people know those by which they each dwell.\r\n\r\nAnd Theia was subdued in intercourse to [pb_glossary id=\"878\"]Hyperion[\/pb_glossary] and bore great [pb_glossary id=\"876\"]Helios[\/pb_glossary] and clear [pb_glossary id=\"1537\"]Selene[\/pb_glossary] and [pb_glossary id=\"215\"]Eos[\/pb_glossary] who shines upon all that are on earth and upon the deathless Gods who live in the wide sky. [375]\r\n\r\nAnd Eurybia, bright goddess, was joined in love to Crius and bore great Astraeus, and [pb_glossary id=\"1538\"]Pallas[\/pb_glossary], and Perses who also was eminent among all men in wisdom.\r\n\r\nAnd [pb_glossary id=\"215\"]Eos[\/pb_glossary] bore to Astraeus the strong-hearted winds, brightening [pb_glossary id=\"339\"]Zephyrus[\/pb_glossary], and [pb_glossary id=\"1660\"]Boreas[\/pb_glossary], headlong in his course, [380] and [pb_glossary id=\"2432\"]Notus[\/pb_glossary],\u2014a goddess mating in love with a god.\r\n\r\nAnd after these Erigeneia bore the star Eosphorus [Dawn-bringer], and the gleaming stars with which the sky is crowned.\r\n\r\nAnd [pb_glossary id=\"361\"]Styx[\/pb_glossary] the daughter of [pb_glossary id=\"216\"]Ocean[\/pb_glossary] was joined to [pb_glossary id=\"1538\"]Pallas[\/pb_glossary] and bore Zelus [Zeal] and trim-ankled [pb_glossary id=\"1037\"]Nike[\/pb_glossary] in the house. Also she brought forth [385] [pb_glossary id=\"2662\"]Cratos[\/pb_glossary] and [pb_glossary id=\"2663\"]Bia[\/pb_glossary], famous children. These have no house apart from [pb_glossary id=\"172\"]Zeus[\/pb_glossary], nor any dwelling nor path except that wherein the god leads them, but they dwell always with [pb_glossary id=\"172\"]Zeus[\/pb_glossary] the loud-thunderer. For so did [pb_glossary id=\"361\"]Styx[\/pb_glossary] the deathless daughter of [pb_glossary id=\"216\"]Ocean[\/pb_glossary] plan [390] on that day when the Olympian Lightning god called all the deathless gods to great [pb_glossary id=\"628\"]Olympus[\/pb_glossary], and said that whosoever of the gods would fight with him against the [pb_glossary id=\"1553\"]Titans[\/pb_glossary], he would not deprive him of his rights, but each should have the office which he had before amongst the deathless gods. [395] And he declared that he who was without office or right under [pb_glossary id=\"169\"]Cronus[\/pb_glossary], should be raised to both office and rights as is just. So deathless [pb_glossary id=\"361\"]Styx[\/pb_glossary] came first to [pb_glossary id=\"628\"]Olympus[\/pb_glossary] with her children through the wit of her dear father. And [pb_glossary id=\"172\"]Zeus[\/pb_glossary] honoured her, and gave her very great gifts, [400] for he appointed her to be the great oath of the gods, and her children to live with him always. And carried out his promises to them all. But he himself reigns and rules mightily.\r\n\r\nAgain, Phoebe came to the desired embrace of [pb_glossary id=\"1545\"]Coeus[\/pb_glossary]. [405] Then through the love of the god the goddess conceived and brought forth dark-gowned [pb_glossary id=\"191\"]Leto[\/pb_glossary], always mild, kind to men and to the deathless gods, mild from the beginning, gentlest in all [pb_glossary id=\"628\"]Olympus[\/pb_glossary]. Also she [Phoebe] bore Asteria of happy name, whom Perses once [410] led to his great house to be called his dear wife.\r\n\r\nAnd she [Asteria] conceived and bore [pb_glossary id=\"814\"]Hecate[\/pb_glossary] whom [pb_glossary id=\"172\"]Zeus[\/pb_glossary] the son of [pb_glossary id=\"169\"]Cronus[\/pb_glossary] honoured above all. He gave her splendid gifts, to have a share of the earth and the unfruitful sea. She received honour also in the starry sky, [415] and is honoured exceedingly by the deathless gods. For to this day, whenever any man on earth offers rich sacrifices and prays for favor according to custom, he calls upon [pb_glossary id=\"814\"]Hecate[\/pb_glossary]. Great honour comes easily to him whose prayers the goddess receives favorably, [420] and she bestows wealth upon him; for the power is with her. For as many as were born of [pb_glossary id=\"358\"]Gaia[\/pb_glossary] and [pb_glossary id=\"216\"]Ocean[\/pb_glossary] amongst all these she has her due portion. The son of [pb_glossary id=\"172\"]Cronus[\/pb_glossary] did her no wrong nor took anything away of all that was her portion among the former [pb_glossary id=\"1553\"]Titan[\/pb_glossary] gods: [425] but she holds, as the division was at the first from the beginning, [427] privilege both on earth, and in the sky, and in the sea. [426] Also, because she is an only child, the goddess does not receive less honour, [428] but much more still, for [pb_glossary id=\"172\"]Zeus[\/pb_glossary] honours her. She greatly aids and advances whomever she wants: [434] she sits by worshipful kings in judgement, [430] and in the assembly, whoever she wants is distinguished among the people. And when men arm themselves for the battle that destroys men, [433] then the goddess is at hand to give victory and grant glory readily to whomever she wants [435] She is also good when men contend at the games, for there too the goddess is with them and profits them: and he who gets the victory by might and strength wins the rich prize easily with joy, and brings glory to his parents. And she stands by whichever horsemen she wants: [440] and to those whose business is in the grey discomfortable sea, and who pray to [pb_glossary id=\"814\"]Hecate[\/pb_glossary] and the loud-crashing [pb_glossary id=\"2039\"]Earth-Shaker[\/pb_glossary], easily the glorious goddess gives great catch, and easily she takes it away as soon as seen, if so she wants. She is good in the farmstead with [pb_glossary id=\"210\"]Hermes[\/pb_glossary] to increase the stock. [445] The droves of cattle and wide herds of goats and flocks of fleecy sheep, if she wants, she increases from a few, or makes many to be less. So, then, although her mother's only child, she is honoured amongst all the deathless gods. [450] And the son of [pb_glossary id=\"169\"]Cronus[\/pb_glossary] made her a nurse of the young who after that day saw with their eyes the light of all-seeing [pb_glossary id=\"215\"]Dawn[\/pb_glossary]. So from the beginning she is a nurse of the young, and these are her honours.\r\n\r\nBut [pb_glossary id=\"170\"]Rhea[\/pb_glossary] was made wife to [pb_glossary id=\"169\"]Cronus[\/pb_glossary] and bore splendid children, [pb_glossary id=\"181\"]Hestia[\/pb_glossary], [pb_glossary id=\"351\"]Demeter[\/pb_glossary], and gold-sandaled [pb_glossary id=\"185\"]Hera[\/pb_glossary] [455] and strong [pb_glossary id=\"211\"]Hades[\/pb_glossary], pitiless in heart, who dwells under the earth, and the loud-crashing [pb_glossary id=\"2039\"]Earth-Shaker[\/pb_glossary], and wise [pb_glossary id=\"172\"]Zeus[\/pb_glossary], father of gods and men, by whose thunder the wide earth is shaken. These great [pb_glossary id=\"169\"]Cronus[\/pb_glossary] swallowed as each [460] came forth from the womb to their mother's knees with this intent, that no other of the proud sons of [pb_glossary id=\"1546\"]Uranus[\/pb_glossary]\u00a0 should be king among the deathless gods. For he learned from [pb_glossary id=\"358\"]Gaia[\/pb_glossary] and starry [pb_glossary id=\"1546\"]Uranus[\/pb_glossary] that he was destined to be overcome by his own son, [465] strong though he was, through the contriving of great [pb_glossary id=\"172\"]Zeus[\/pb_glossary]. Therefore he kept no blind outlook, but watched and swallowed down his children: and unceasing grief seized [pb_glossary id=\"170\"]Rhea[\/pb_glossary]. But when she was about to bear [pb_glossary id=\"172\"]Zeus[\/pb_glossary], the father of gods and men, [470] then she begged her own dear parents, [pb_glossary id=\"358\"]Gaia[\/pb_glossary] and starry [pb_glossary id=\"1546\"]Uranus[\/pb_glossary] , to devise some plan with her to conceal the birth of her dear child, and some retribution to overtake great, crafty [pb_glossary id=\"169\"]Cronus[\/pb_glossary] for his own father and also for the children whom he had swallowed down. And they readily heard and obeyed their dear daughter, [475] and told her all that was destined to happen, both to [pb_glossary id=\"169\"]Cronus[\/pb_glossary] the king and his stout-hearted son. So they sent her to Lyctus, to the rich land of Crete, when she was ready to bear great [pb_glossary id=\"172\"]Zeus[\/pb_glossary], the youngest of her children. Vast [pb_glossary id=\"358\"]Gaia[\/pb_glossary] received him from [pb_glossary id=\"170\"]Rhea[\/pb_glossary] [480] in wide Crete to nourish and to bring up. To that place came [pb_glossary id=\"358\"]Gaia[\/pb_glossary] carrying him swiftly through the black night to Lyctus first, and took him in her arms and hid him in a remote cave beneath the secret places of the holy earth on thick-wooded Mount Aegeum; but to the mightily ruling son of [pb_glossary id=\"1546\"]Uranus[\/pb_glossary], the earlier king of the gods, [485] she gave a great stone wrapped in swaddling clothes. Then he took it in his hands and thrust it down into his belly: wretch! he did not know that in place of the stone his son was left behind, unconquered and untroubled, [490] and that he was soon to overcome him by force and might and drive him from his honours, himself to reign over the deathless gods.\r\n\r\nAfter that, the strength and glorious limbs of the prince [ [pb_glossary id=\"172\"]Zeus[\/pb_glossary] ] increased quickly, and as the years rolled on, great [pb_glossary id=\"169\"]Cronus[\/pb_glossary] the wily was beguiled by the deep suggestions of [pb_glossary id=\"358\"]Gaia[\/pb_glossary], [495] and brought up again his offspring, vanquished by the arts and might of his own son, and he vomited up first [500] the stone which he had swallowed last. And [pb_glossary id=\"172\"]Zeus[\/pb_glossary] set it firm in the wide-pathed earth at holy [pb_glossary id=\"945\"]Pytho[\/pb_glossary] under the glens of Parnassus, to be a sign from that time on and a marvel to mortal men. And he set free from their deadly bonds [the [pb_glossary id=\"1654\"]Cyclopes[\/pb_glossary],] the brothers of his father, sons of [pb_glossary id=\"1546\"]Uranus[\/pb_glossary] whom his father in his foolishness had bound. And they remembered to be grateful to him for his kindness, and gave him thunder and the glowing thunderbolt [505] and lightning: for before that, huge [pb_glossary id=\"358\"]Gaia[\/pb_glossary] had hidden these. In them he trusts and rules over mortals and immortals.\r\n
Challenges to Zeus<\/strong><\/h5>\r\n<\/a>Now [pb_glossary id=\"1178\"]Iapetus[\/pb_glossary] took in marriage the neat-ankled maid Clymene, daughter of [pb_glossary id=\"216\"]Ocean[\/pb_glossary], and went up with her into one bed. And she bore him a stout-hearted son, [pb_glossary id=\"1085\"]Atlas[\/pb_glossary]: [510] also she bore very glorious Menoetius and clever [pb_glossary id=\"1389\"]Prometheus[\/pb_glossary], full of various wiles, and scatter-brained [pb_glossary id=\"2427\"]Epimetheus[\/pb_glossary] who from the first was a mischief to men who eat bread; for it was he who first accepted from [pb_glossary id=\"172\"]Zeus[\/pb_glossary] the woman, the maiden whom he had formed. But Menoetius was outrageous, and farseeing [pb_glossary id=\"172\"]Zeus[\/pb_glossary] [515] struck him with a smokey thunderbolt and sent him down to [pb_glossary id=\"886\"]Erebus[\/pb_glossary] because of his mad presumption and exceeding pride. And constrained [pb_glossary id=\"1085\"]Atlas[\/pb_glossary] holds up the wide sky with untiring head and arms, standing at the borders of the earth before the clear-voiced [pb_glossary id=\"1396\"]Hesperides[\/pb_glossary]; [520] for this lot wise [pb_glossary id=\"172\"]Zeus[\/pb_glossary] assigned to him.\r\n\r\nAnd ready-witted [pb_glossary id=\"1389\"]Prometheus[\/pb_glossary] he bound with inextricable bonds, cruel chains, and drove a shaft through his middle, and set a long-winged eagle on him, which used to eat his immortal liver; but by night the liver grew [525] back as much as the long-winged bird devoured in the whole day.[pb_glossary id=\"1591\"]Heracles[\/pb_glossary], the valiant son of shapely-ankled [pb_glossary id=\"1199\"]Alcmene[\/pb_glossary], slew that bird ; and delivered the son of [pb_glossary id=\"1178\"]Iapetus[\/pb_glossary] [ [pb_glossary id=\"1389\"]Prometheus[\/pb_glossary] ] from the cruel plague, and released him from his affliction\u2014but not without the will of Olympian [pb_glossary id=\"172\"]Zeus[\/pb_glossary] who reigns on high, [530] that the glory of [pb_glossary id=\"1591\"]Heracles[\/pb_glossary] the Theban-born might be yet greater than it was before over the plenteous earth. He was amazed at and honoured his famous son; though he was angry, he ceased from the wrath he had held because [pb_glossary id=\"1389\"]Prometheus[\/pb_glossary] matched wits with the almighty son of [pb_glossary id=\"169\"]Cronus[\/pb_glossary].\r\n\r\n[535] For when the gods and mortal men had a dispute at Mecone, even then [pb_glossary id=\"1389\"]Prometheus[\/pb_glossary] was bold enough to cut up a great ox and set portions before them, trying to deceive the mind of [pb_glossary id=\"172\"]Zeus[\/pb_glossary]. Before the rest he set flesh and inner parts thick with fat upon the hide [good meat], covering them with an ox paunch; [540] but for [pb_glossary id=\"172\"]Zeus[\/pb_glossary] he put the white bones dressed up with cunning art and covered with shining fat. Then the father of men and of gods said to him: \u201cSon of [pb_glossary id=\"1178\"]Iapetus[\/pb_glossary], most glorious of all lords, good sir, how unfairly you have divided the portions!\u201d\r\n\r\n[545] So said [pb_glossary id=\"172\"]Zeus[\/pb_glossary] whose wisdom is everlasting, rebuking him. But wily [pb_glossary id=\"1389\"]Prometheus[\/pb_glossary] answered him, smiling softly and not forgetting his cunning trick: \u201c[pb_glossary id=\"172\"]Zeus[\/pb_glossary], most glorious and greatest of the eternal gods, take whichever of these portions your heart within you wants.\u201d [550] So he said, thinking trickery. But [pb_glossary id=\"172\"]Zeus[\/pb_glossary], whose wisdom is everlasting, saw and failed not to perceive the trick, and in his heart he plotted against mortal men. With both hands he took up the white fat and was angry at heart, and wrath came to his spirit [555] when he saw the white ox-bones craftily tricked out: and because of this the tribes of men upon earth burn white bones to the deathless gods upon fragrant altars.\r\n\r\nBut [pb_glossary id=\"172\"]Zeus[\/pb_glossary] who drives the clouds was greatly vexed and said to him: \u201cSon of [pb_glossary id=\"1178\"]Iapetus[\/pb_glossary], clever above all! [560] So, you have not yet forgotten your cunning arts!\u201d So spoke [pb_glossary id=\"172\"]Zeus[\/pb_glossary] in anger, whose wisdom is everlasting; and from that time he was always mindful of the trick, and would not give the power of unwearying fire to the Melian race of mortal men[footnote]The meliae <\/em>were nymphs of trees, or specifically ash trees. In another of Hesiod's works, Works and Days<\/em>, the humans of the mythical Bronze Age were offspring of the Meliae (see Hesiod,\u00a0Works and Days<\/em>, 140-145<\/a>). The \"Melian race of mortals\" may therefore be a reference to this origin of humanity, or to the people of the Bronze Age.[\/footnote] who live on the earth. [565] But the noble son of [pb_glossary id=\"1178\"]Iapetus[\/pb_glossary] outwitted him and stole the far-seen gleam of unwearying fire in a hollow fennel stalk. And [pb_glossary id=\"172\"]Zeus[\/pb_glossary] who thunders on high was stung in spirit, and his dear heart was angered when he saw the far-seen ray of fire among men.\r\n\r\n[570] Then he made an evil thing for men as the price of fire; for the very famous Limping God [ [pb_glossary id=\"356\"]Hephaestus[\/pb_glossary] ] formed from earth the likeness of a shy maiden as the son of [pb_glossary id=\"169\"]Cronus[\/pb_glossary] willed. And the goddess bright-eyed [pb_glossary id=\"173\"]Athena[\/pb_glossary] girded and clothed her with silvery garments, and down from her head [575] she spread with her hands an embroidered veil, a wonder to see; and she, [pb_glossary id=\"882\"]Pallas[\/pb_glossary] [pb_glossary id=\"173\"]Athena[\/pb_glossary], put about her head lovely garlands, flowers of new-grown herbs. Also she put upon her head a crown of gold which the very famous Limping God [ [pb_glossary id=\"356\"]Hephaestus[\/pb_glossary] ] made himself [580] and worked with his own hands as a favor to [pb_glossary id=\"172\"]Zeus[\/pb_glossary], his father. It was much curious work, wonderful to see; for of the many creatures which the land and sea rear up, he put most upon it, wonderful things, like living beings with voices: and great beauty shone out from it.[footnote]For more on the creation of the first woman Pandora, see chapter 14<\/a>.[\/footnote]\r\n\r\n[585] But when he had made the beautiful evil to be the price for the blessing [of fire], he brought her out, delighting in the finery which the bright-eyed daughter of a mighty father [ [pb_glossary id=\"173\"]Athena[\/pb_glossary] ] had given her, to the place where the other gods and men were. And wonder took hold of the deathless gods and mortal men when they saw that which was sheer guile, not to be withstood by men.\r\n\r\n[590] For from her is the race of women and female kind: of her is the deadly race and tribe of women who live among mortal men to their great trouble, no assistance in hateful poverty, but only in wealth. And as in thatched hives bees [595] feed the drones whose nature is to do mischief\u2014by day and throughout the day until the sun goes down the bees are busy and lay the white combs, while the drones stay at home in the covered hives and reap the toil of others into their own bellies\u2014 [600] even so [pb_glossary id=\"172\"]Zeus[\/pb_glossary] who thunders on high made women as an evil for mortal men, with a nature prone to doing evil. And he gave them a second evil, as a price for the good they had: whoever avoids marriage and the sorrows that women cause, and will not wed, reaches deadly old age [605] without anyone to tend to him, and though he at least has no lack of livelihood while he lives, yet, when he is dead, his kinsfolk divide his possessions among themselves. And as for the man who chooses marriage and takes a good wife suited to his mind, evil continually contends with good; [610] for whoever happens to have mischievous children, lives always with unceasing grief in his spirit and heart; and this evil cannot be healed. So it is not possible to deceive or go beyond the will of [pb_glossary id=\"172\"]Zeus[\/pb_glossary]: for not even the son of [pb_glossary id=\"1178\"]Iapetus[\/pb_glossary], kindly [pb_glossary id=\"1389\"]Prometheus[\/pb_glossary], [615] escaped his heavy anger, but of necessity strong bands confined him, although he knew many tricks.\r\n\r\nBut when their father was first offended by Briareus and Cottus and Gyges, he bound them in cruel bonds, because he was jealous of their exceeding manhood and appearance [620] and great size: and he made them live beneath the wide-pathed earth, where they were afflicted, sent to live under the ground, at the end of the earth, at its great borders, in bitter anguish for a long time and with great grief at heart. But the son of [pb_glossary id=\"169\"]Cronus[\/pb_glossary] and the other deathless gods [625] whom rich-haired [pb_glossary id=\"170\"]Rhea[\/pb_glossary] bore from union with [pb_glossary id=\"169\"]Cronus[\/pb_glossary], brought them up again to the light at [pb_glossary id=\"358\"]Gaia[\/pb_glossary]'s advising. For she herself recounted all things to the gods fully, how with these they might gain victory and a glorious means to raise themselves up.\r\n\r\n[630] For the [pb_glossary id=\"1553\"]Titan[\/pb_glossary] gods and the children of [pb_glossary id=\"169\"]Cronus[\/pb_glossary] had been fighting against each other for a long time in unending war with heart-grieving toil. On one side were the lordly [pb_glossary id=\"1553\"]Titans[\/pb_glossary] from high [pb_glossary id=\"781\"]Othrys[\/pb_glossary] and on the other were the Olympian gods, givers of good, whom rich-haired [pb_glossary id=\"170\"]Rhea[\/pb_glossary] bore in union with [pb_glossary id=\"169\"]Cronus[\/pb_glossary], from [pb_glossary id=\"628\"]Olympus[\/pb_glossary]. [635] So they, with bitter wrath, were fighting continually with one another at that time for ten full years, and the hard strife had no close or end for either side, and the war hung evenly balanced.\r\n\r\nBut when he had provided those three [Briareus, Cottus, and Gyges] with all things fitting, [640] nectar and ambrosia which the gods themselves eat, and when their proud spirit revived within them after they had fed on nectar and delicious ambrosia, then it was that the father of men and gods [Zeus] spoke to them: \u201cHear me, bright children of [pb_glossary id=\"358\"]Gaia[\/pb_glossary] and [pb_glossary id=1546\"]Uranus[\/pb_glossary], [645] so that I may say what my heart within me commands. For a long time now we, who are sprung from [pb_glossary id=\"169\"]Cronus[\/pb_glossary] and the [pb_glossary id=\"1553\"]Titan[\/pb_glossary] gods have fought with each other every day to be victorious and to prevail. But show your great might and unconquerable strength, and [650] face the [pb_glossary id=\"1553\"]Titans[\/pb_glossary] in bitter strife; for remember our friendly kindness, and the liberation from sufferings we have given you, who have come back to the light from your cruel bondage under misty gloom through our plans.\u201d\r\n\r\nSo he spoke. And noble Cottus answered him: \u201c[655] Divine one, you say what we know well: no, even on our own we know that your wisdom and understanding is exceeding, and that you became a defender of the deathless ones from chill doom. And through your devising we have come back again from the murky gloom and from our merciless bonds, [660] enjoying what was unexpected, O lord, son of [pb_glossary id=\"169\"]Cronus[\/pb_glossary]. And so now with fixed purpose and deliberate counsel we will aid your power in dreadful strife and will fight against the [pb_glossary id=\"1553\"]Titans[\/pb_glossary] in hard battle.\u201d\r\n\r\nSo he spoke: and the gods, givers of good things, applauded when [665] they heard his words, and their spirits longed for war even more than before, and they all, both male and female, stirred up hated battle that day, the [pb_glossary id=\"1553\"]Titan[\/pb_glossary] gods, and all that were born of [pb_glossary id=\"169\"]Cronus[\/pb_glossary] together with those dread, mighty ones of overwhelming strength [670] whom [pb_glossary id=\"172\"]Zeus[\/pb_glossary] brought up to the light from [pb_glossary id=\"886\"]Erebus[\/pb_glossary] beneath the earth. A hundred arms sprang from the shoulders of each of them, and each had fifty heads growing from his shoulders upon strong limbs. These, then, stood against the [pb_glossary id=\"1553\"]Titans[\/pb_glossary] in grim strife, [675] holding huge rocks in their strong hands. And on the other part the [pb_glossary id=\"1553\"]Titans[\/pb_glossary] eagerly strengthened their ranks, and both sides at one time showed the work of their hands and their might. The boundless sea rang out terribly, and the earth crashed loudly: wide [pb_glossary id=\"1546\"]Uranus[\/pb_glossary] was shaken and [680] groaned, and high [pb_glossary id=\"628\"]Olympus[\/pb_glossary] reeled from its foundation under the charge of the undying gods, and a heavy quaking reached dim [pb_glossary id=\"367\"]Tartarus[\/pb_glossary] and the deep sound of their feet in the fearful onset and of their hard missiles. So, then, they launched their grievous shafts upon one another, [685] and the cry of both armies as they shouted reached to the starry sky; and they met together with a great battle-cry.\r\n\r\nThen [pb_glossary id=\"172\"]Zeus[\/pb_glossary] no longer held back his might; but immediately his heart was filled with fury and he displayed all his strength. From the sky and from [pb_glossary id=\"628\"]Olympus[\/pb_glossary] [690] he came immediately, hurling his lightning: the bolts flew thick and fast from his strong hand together with thunder and lightning, whirling an awesome flame. The life-giving earth crashed around, burning, and the vast wood crackled loud with fire all about. [695] All the land seethed, and [pb_glossary id=\"216\"]Ocean[\/pb_glossary]'s streams and the barren sea. The hot vapor lapped round the earthborn [pb_glossary id=\"1553\"]Titans[\/pb_glossary]: flame unspeakable rose to the bright upper air: even thought they were strong, the flashing glare of the thunderbolts and lightning blinded their eyes. [700] Fearful heat seized [pb_glossary id=\"2405\"]Chaos[\/pb_glossary]: and to see with eyes and to hear the sound with ears it seemed as if [pb_glossary id=\"358\"]Gaia[\/pb_glossary] and wide [pb_glossary id=\"1546\"]Uranus[\/pb_glossary] above came together; for such a mighty crash would have arisen if [pb_glossary id=\"358\"]Gaia[\/pb_glossary] were being hurled to ruin, and [pb_glossary id=\"1546\"]Uranus[\/pb_glossary] from on high were hurling her down; [705] so great a crash was there while the gods were meeting together in strife. Also the winds brought rumbling earthquake and dust storm, thunder and lightning and the smokey thunderbolt, which are the shafts of great [pb_glossary id=\"172\"]Zeus[\/pb_glossary], and carried the clamor and the war cry into the midst of the two armies. A horrible uproar [710] of terrible strife arose: mighty deeds were displayed and the battle increased. But until then, they kept at one another and fought continually in cruel war.\r\n\r\nAnd amongst the foremost Cottus and Briareus and Gyges insatiate for war [715] fought fiercely: three hundred rocks, one upon another, they launched from their strong hands and overshadowed the [pb_glossary id=\"1553\"]Titans[\/pb_glossary] with their missiles, and hurled them beneath the wide-pathed earth, and bound them in bitter chains when they had conquered them by their strength, [720] as far beneath the earth as the sky is above earth; for so far is it from earth to [pb_glossary id=\"367\"]Tartarus[\/pb_glossary].\r\n\r\nFor a copper anvil falling down from the sky nine nights and days would reach the earth on the tenth: and again, a copper anvil falling from earth nine nights and days [725] would reach [pb_glossary id=\"367\"]Tartarus[\/pb_glossary] on the tenth. Around it [ [pb_glossary id=\"367\"]Tartarus[\/pb_glossary] ] runs a fence of bronze, and night spreads in triple line all about it like a necklace, while above grow the roots of the earth and barren sea. There, by the counsel of [pb_glossary id=\"172\"]Zeus[\/pb_glossary] who drives the clouds, the [pb_glossary id=\"1553\"]Titan[\/pb_glossary] gods [730] are hidden under misty gloom, in a dank place at the ends of the huge earth. And they may not go out; for [pb_glossary id=\"182\"]Poseidon[\/pb_glossary] fixed gates of bronze upon it, and a wall runs all round it on every side. There Gyes and Cottus and great-souled Briareus [735] live, trusty guards of [pb_glossary id=\"172\"]Zeus[\/pb_glossary] who holds the [pb_glossary id=\"168\"]aegis[\/pb_glossary].\r\n\r\nAnd there, all in their order, are the sources and ends of gloomy earth and misty [pb_glossary id=\"367\"]Tartarus[\/pb_glossary] and the barren sea and the starry sky, loathsome and dank, which even the gods abhor. [740] It is a great gulf, and if ever a man were within the gates, he would not reach the floor until a whole year had passed, but cruel blast upon blast would carry him this way and that. And this marvel is awful even to the deathless gods.\r\n\r\nThere stands the awful home of murky [pb_glossary id=\"1576\"]Night[\/pb_glossary] [745] wrapped in dark clouds. In front of it the son of [pb_glossary id=\"1178\"]Iapetus[\/pb_glossary] [ [pb_glossary id=\"1085\"]Atlas[\/pb_glossary] ] stands immovably upholding the wide sky upon his head and unwearying hands, where [pb_glossary id=\"1576\"]Night[\/pb_glossary] and [pb_glossary id=\"2406\"]Day[\/pb_glossary] draw near and greet one another as they pass the great threshold [750] of bronze: and while the one is about to go down into the house, the other comes out at the door. And the house never holds them both within; but always one is outside the house passing over the earth, while the other stays at home and waits until the time for her journeying comes; [755] and the one holds all-seeing light for them on earth, but the other holds in her arms [pb_glossary id=\"616\"]Sleep[\/pb_glossary] the brother of [pb_glossary id=\"357\"]Death[\/pb_glossary], evil [pb_glossary id=\"1576\"]Night[\/pb_glossary], wrapped in a vaporous cloud.\r\n\r\nAnd there the children of dark [pb_glossary id=\"1576\"]Night[\/pb_glossary] have their dwellings, [pb_glossary id=\"616\"]Sleep[\/pb_glossary] and [pb_glossary id=\"357\"]Death[\/pb_glossary], awful gods. [760] The glowing [pb_glossary id=\"876\"]Sun[\/pb_glossary] never looks upon them with his beams, neither as he goes up into the sky, nor as he comes down from the sky. And the former of them roams peacefully over the earth and the sea's broad back and is kindly to men; but the other has a heart of iron, and his spirit within him [765] is pitiless as bronze: whomever of men he has once seized he holds fast: and he is hateful even to the deathless gods.\r\n\r\nThere, in front, stand the echoing halls of the god of the lower-world, strong [pb_glossary id=\"211\"]Hades[\/pb_glossary], and of dread [pb_glossary id=\"353\"]Persephone[\/pb_glossary]. A fearful hound guards the house in front, [770] pitiless, and he has a cruel trick. He happily greets those who arrive with his tail and both his ears, but does not allow them to go back out again, but keeps watch and devours whomever he catches going out of the gates of strong [pb_glossary id=\"211\"]Hades[\/pb_glossary] and dread [pb_glossary id=\"353\"]Persephone[\/pb_glossary].\r\n\r\n[775] And there dwells the goddess loathed by the deathless gods, terrible [pb_glossary id=\"361\"]Styx[\/pb_glossary], eldest daughter of [pb_glossary id=\"216\"]Ocean[\/pb_glossary] who encircles the earth. She lives apart from the gods in her glorious house vaulted over with great rocks and propped up to the sky all round with silver pillars. [780] Rarely does the daughter of Thaumas, swift-footed [pb_glossary id=\"885\"]Iris[\/pb_glossary], come to her with a message over the sea's wide back. But when strife and quarrel arise among the deathless gods, and when any one of them who live in the house of [pb_glossary id=\"628\"]Olympus[\/pb_glossary] lies, then [pb_glossary id=\"172\"]Zeus[\/pb_glossary] sends [pb_glossary id=\"885\"]Iris[\/pb_glossary] to bring in a golden jug the great oath of the gods [785] from far away, the famous cold water which trickles down from a high and projecting rock. Far under the wide-pathed earth a branch of [pb_glossary id=\"216\"]Ocean[\/pb_glossary] flows through the dark night out of the holy stream, and a tenth part of his water is allotted to her. [790] With nine silver-swirling streams he [ [pb_glossary id=\"216\"]Ocean[\/pb_glossary] ] winds about the earth and the sea's wide back, and then falls into the sea; but the tenth flows out from a rock, a sore trouble to the gods. For whoever of the deathless gods that hold the peaks of snowy [pb_glossary id=\"628\"']Olympus[\/pb_glossary] pours a libation of her water and is forsworn, [795] must lie breathless until a full year is completed, and never come near to taste ambrosia and nectar, but lie spiritless and voiceless on a strewn bed: and a heavy trance overshadows him. But when he has spent a long year in his sickness, [800] another penance more hard follows after the first. For nine years he is cut off from the eternal gods and never joins their councils or their feasts, nine full years. But in the tenth year he comes again to join the assemblies of the deathless gods who live in the house of [pb_glossary id=\"628\"]Olympus[\/pb_glossary]. [805] Such an oath, then, did the gods appoint the eternal and primeval water of [pb_glossary id=\"361\"]Styx[\/pb_glossary] to be: and it spouts through a rugged place.\r\n\r\nAnd there, all in their order, are the sources and ends of the dark earth and misty [pb_glossary id=\"367\"]Tartarus[\/pb_glossary] and the barren sea and the starry sky, [810] loathsome and dank, which even the gods abhor. And there are shining gates and an immovable threshold of bronze having unending roots, and it is self-grown. And beyond, away from all the gods, live the [pb_glossary id=\"1553\"]Titans[\/pb_glossary], beyond gloomy [pb_glossary id=\"2405\"]Chaos[\/pb_glossary]. [815] But the glorious allies of loud-crashing [pb_glossary id=\"172\"]Zeus[\/pb_glossary] have their dwelling upon [pb_glossary id=\"216\"]Ocean[\/pb_glossary]'s foundations, even Cottus and Gyges; but Briareus, being noble, the deep-roaring [pb_glossary id=\"2039\"]Earth-Shaker[\/pb_glossary] made his son-in-law, giving him Cymopolea his daughter to wed.\r\n\r\n[820] But when [pb_glossary id=\"172\"]Zeus[\/pb_glossary] had driven the [pb_glossary id=\"1553\"]Titans[\/pb_glossary] from the sky, huge [pb_glossary id=\"358\"]Gaia[\/pb_glossary] bore her youngest child [pb_glossary id=\"602\"]Typhon[\/pb_glossary] from intercourse with [pb_glossary id=\"367\"]Tartarus[\/pb_glossary], by the aid of golden [pb_glossary id=\"882\"]Aphrodite[\/pb_glossary]. Strength was with his hands in all that he did and the feet of the strong god were untiring. From his shoulders [825] grew a hundred snake heads, a fearful dragon, with dark, flickering tongues, and from under the brows of his eyes in his marvellous heads flashed fire, and fire burned from his heads as he glared. And there were voices in all his dreadful heads [830] which uttered every kind of sound unspeakable; for at one time they made sounds such that the gods understood, but at another, the noise of a bull bellowing aloud in proud ungovernable fury; and at another, the sound of a lion, relentless of heart; and at another, sounds like puppies, strange to hear; [835] and again, at another, he would hiss, so that the high mountains re-echoed. And truly a thing past help would have happened on that day, and he would have come to reign over mortals and immortals, had not the father of men and gods been quick to perceive it. But he thundered hard and mightily: and the earth around [840] resounded terribly and the wide sky above, and the sea and [pb_glossary id=\"216\"]Ocean[\/pb_glossary]'s streams and the lower parts of the earth. Great [pb_glossary id=\"628\"]Olympus[\/pb_glossary] reeled beneath the divine feet of the king as he arose and earth groaned. And through the two of them heat took hold on the dark-blue sea, [845] through the thunder and lightning, and through the fire from the monster, and the scorching winds and blazing thunderbolt. The whole earth seethed, and sky and sea: and the long waves raged along the beaches round and about at the rush of the deathless gods: and there arose an endless shaking. [850] [pb_glossary id=\"211\"]Hades[\/pb_glossary] trembled where he rules over the dead below, and the [pb_glossary id=\"1553\"]Titans[\/pb_glossary] under [pb_glossary id=\"367\"]Tartarus[\/pb_glossary] who live with [pb_glossary id=\"169\"]Cronus[\/pb_glossary], because of the unending clamor and the fearful strife. So when [pb_glossary id=\"172\"]Zeus[\/pb_glossary] had raised up his might and seized his arms, thunder and lightning and smokey thunderbolt, [855] he leaped from [pb_glossary id=\"628\"]Olympus[\/pb_glossary] and struck him [ [pb_glossary id=\"602\"]Typhoeus[\/pb_glossary] ], and burned all the marvellous heads of the monster about him. But when [pb_glossary id=\"172\"]Zeus[\/pb_glossary] had conquered him and lashed him with strokes, [pb_glossary id=\"602\"]Typhoeus[\/pb_glossary] was hurled down, a maimed wreck, so that the huge earth groaned. And flame shot forth from the thunder-stricken lord [860] in the dim rugged glens of the mountain, when he was defeated. A great part of huge earth was scorched by the terrible vapor and melted as tin melts when heated by men's art in channelled crucibles; or as iron, which is hardest of all things, is shortened [865] by glowing fire in mountain glens and melts in the divine earth through the strength of [pb_glossary id=\"356\"]Hephaestus[\/pb_glossary]. Like this, then, the earth melted in the glow of the blazing fire. And in the bitterness of his anger [pb_glossary id=\"172\"]Zeus[\/pb_glossary] cast him into wide [pb_glossary id=\"367\"]Tartarus[\/pb_glossary].\r\n\r\nAnd from [pb_glossary id=\"602\"]Typhoeus[\/pb_glossary] come boisterous winds which blow damply, [870] except [pb_glossary id=\"2432\"]Notus[\/pb_glossary] and [pb_glossary id=\"1660\"]Boreas[\/pb_glossary] and clear [pb_glossary id=\"339\"]Zephyr[\/pb_glossary]. These are a god-sent kind, and a great blessing to men; but the others blow fitfully upon the sea. Some rush upon the misty sea and cause much destruction for men with their evil, raging blasts; [875] for varying with the season they blow, scattering ships and destroying sailors. And men who meet these upon the sea have no help against the mischief. Others again over the boundless, flowering earth spoil the fair fields of men who dwell below, [880] filling them with dust and cruel uproar.\r\n\r\nBut when the blessed gods had finished their toil, and settled by force their struggle for honours with the [pb_glossary id=\"1553\"]Titans[\/pb_glossary], they encouraged far-seeing Olympian [pb_glossary id=\"172\"]Zeus[\/pb_glossary] to reign and to rule over them, by [pb_glossary id=\"358\"]Gaia[\/pb_glossary]'s prompting. So he divided their offices amongst them.\r\n
The Olympians\u00a0<\/strong><\/h5>\r\n[885] Now [pb_glossary id=\"172\"]Zeus[\/pb_glossary], king of the gods, made [pb_glossary id=\"1568\"]Metis[\/pb_glossary] his wife first, and she was wisest among gods and mortal men. But when she was about to give birth to the goddess bright-eyed [pb_glossary id=\"173\"]Athena[\/pb_glossary], [pb_glossary id=\"172\"]Zeus[\/pb_glossary] craftily deceived her [890] with cunning words and put her in his own belly, as [pb_glossary id=\"358\"]Gaia[\/pb_glossary] and starry [pb_glossary id=\"1546\"]Uranus[\/pb_glossary] advised. For they advised him so, so that no other should hold royal sway over the eternal gods in place of [pb_glossary id=\"172\"]Zeus[\/pb_glossary]; for very wise children were destined to be born of her, [895] first the maiden bright-eyed [pb_glossary id=\"1567\"]Tritogeneia[\/pb_glossary], equal to her father in strength and in wise understanding; but afterwards she was to bear a son of overbearing spirit, king of gods and men. But [pb_glossary id=\"172\"]Zeus[\/pb_glossary] put her into his own belly first, [900] that the goddess might plot for him both good and evil.\r\n\r\nNext he married bright [pb_glossary id=\"192\"]Themis[\/pb_glossary] who bore the [pb_glossary id=\"164\"]Horae[\/pb_glossary], and Eunomia [Order], Dik\u00eb [Justice], and blooming Eirene [Peace], who mind the works of mortal men, and the [pb_glossary id=\"605\"]Moirai[\/pb_glossary] to whom wise [pb_glossary id=\"172\"]Zeus[\/pb_glossary] gave the greatest honour, [905] Clotho, and Lachesis, and Atropos who give mortal men evil and good to have.\r\n\r\nAnd [pb_glossary id=\"2444\"]Eurynome[\/pb_glossary], the daughter of [pb_glossary id=\"216\"]Ocean[\/pb_glossary], beautiful in form, bore him three fair-cheeked [pb_glossary id=\"189\"]Charites[\/pb_glossary], Aglaea, and Euphrosyne, and lovely Thaleia, [910] from whose eyes as they glanced flowed love that loosens the limbs: and beautiful is their glance beneath their brows.\r\n\r\nAlso he came to the bed of all-nourishing [pb_glossary id=\"351\"]Demeter[\/pb_glossary], and she bore white-armed [pb_glossary id=\"353\"]Persephone[\/pb_glossary] whom [pb_glossary id=\"880\"]Aidoneus[\/pb_glossary] carried off from her mother; but wise [pb_glossary id=\"172\"]Zeus[\/pb_glossary] gave her to him.\r\n\r\n[915] And again, he loved [pb_glossary id=\"2409\"]Mnemosyne[\/pb_glossary] with the beautiful hair: and of her the nine gold-crowned [pb_glossary id=\"348\"]Muses[\/pb_glossary] were born who delight in feasts and the pleasures of song.\r\n\r\nAnd [pb_glossary id=\"191\"]Leto[\/pb_glossary] was joined in love with [pb_glossary id=\"172\"]Zeus[\/pb_glossary] who holds the [pb_glossary id=\"168\"]aegis[\/pb_glossary], [920] and bore [pb_glossary id=\"183\"]Apollo[\/pb_glossary] and [pb_glossary id=\"180\"]Artemis[\/pb_glossary] delighting in arrows, children lovely above all the descendants of [pb_glossary id=\"1546\"]Uranus[\/pb_glossary].\r\n\r\nLastly, he made [pb_glossary id=\"185\"]Hera[\/pb_glossary] his blooming wife: and she was joined in love with the king of gods and men, and brought forth [pb_glossary id=\"1239\"]Hebe[\/pb_glossary] and [pb_glossary id=\"179\"]Ares[\/pb_glossary] and [pb_glossary id=\"783\"]Eileithyia[\/pb_glossary].\r\n\r\nBut [pb_glossary id=\"172\"]Zeus[\/pb_glossary] himself gave birth from his own head to bright-eyed [pb_glossary id=\"1567\"]Tritogeneia[\/pb_glossary], [925] the awe-inspiring, the strife-stirring, the host-leader, the unwearying, the queen, who delights in tumults and wars and battles.\r\n\r\nBut [pb_glossary id=\"185\"]Hera[\/pb_glossary] without union with [pb_glossary id=\"172\"]Zeus[\/pb_glossary]\u2014for she was very angry and argued with her partner\u2014bore famous [pb_glossary id=\"356\"]Hephaestus[\/pb_glossary], who is skilled in crafts more than all the descendants of [pb_glossary id=\"1546\"]Uranus[\/pb_glossary]. [929a]\r\n\r\nBut [pb_glossary id=\"185\"]Hera[\/pb_glossary] was very angry and argued with her partner. And because of this strife she bore without union with [pb_glossary id=\"172\"]Zeus[\/pb_glossary] who holds the [pb_glossary id=\"168\"]aegis[\/pb_glossary] a glorious son, [pb_glossary id=\"356\"]Hephaestus[\/pb_glossary], who excelled all the sons of [pb_glossary id=\"1546\"]Ouranos[\/pb_glossary] in crafts. [929e]\r\n\r\nBut [pb_glossary id=\"172\"]Zeus[\/pb_glossary] lay with the fair-cheeked daughter of [pb_glossary id=\"216\"]Ocean[\/pb_glossary] and [pb_glossary id=\"1656\"]Tethys[\/pb_glossary] apart from [pb_glossary id=\"185\"]Hera[\/pb_glossary] ((lacuna))[footnote]Indicates a gap or missing segment in the text[\/footnote]. . . deceiving [pb_glossary id=\"1568\"]Metis[\/pb_glossary] although she was full wise. But he seized her with his hands and put her in his belly, for fear that she might bring forth something stronger than his thunderbolt: [929j] therefore did [pb_glossary id=\"172\"]Zeus[\/pb_glossary], who sits on high and dwells in the [pb_glossary id=\"1038\"]aether[\/pb_glossary], swallow her down suddenly. But she straightway conceived [pb_glossary id=\"888\"]Pallas[\/pb_glossary] [pb_glossary id=\"173\"]Athena[\/pb_glossary]: and the father of men and gods gave birth to her by way of his head on the banks of the river Trito. And she remained hidden beneath the inward parts of [pb_glossary id=\"172\"]Zeus[\/pb_glossary], [929o] [pb_glossary id=\"1568\"]Metis[\/pb_glossary], [pb_glossary id=\"173\"]Athena[\/pb_glossary]'s mother, worker of righteousness, who was wiser than gods and mortal men. There the goddess [ [pb_glossary id=\"173\"]Athena[\/pb_glossary] ] received what she needed to excel in strength all the deathless less ones who dwell in [pb_glossary id=\"628\"]Olympus[\/pb_glossary], she who made the host-scaring weapon of [pb_glossary id=\"173\"]Athena[\/pb_glossary]. [929t] And with it [ [pb_glossary id=\"172\"]Zeus[\/pb_glossary] ] gave birth to her, arrayed in arms of war. [930]\r\n\r\nAnd from [pb_glossary id=\"1547\"]Amphitrite[\/pb_glossary] and the loud-roaring [pb_glossary id=\"2039\"]Earth-Shaker[\/pb_glossary] was born great, wide-ruling [pb_glossary id=\"334\"]Triton[\/pb_glossary], and he owns the depths of the sea, living with his dear mother and the lord his father in their golden house, a fearsome god.\r\n\r\nAlso [pb_glossary id=\"167\"]Cytherea[\/pb_glossary] bore to [pb_glossary id=\"179\"]Ares[\/pb_glossary] the shield-piercer Panic [Deimos] and Fear [Phobos], [935] terrible gods who drive the close ranks of men into discord in numbing war, with the help of [pb_glossary id=\"179\"]Ares[\/pb_glossary], sacker of towns; and [pb_glossary id=\"958\"]Harmonia[\/pb_glossary] whom high-spirited [pb_glossary id=\"910\"]Cadmus[\/pb_glossary] made his wife.\r\n\r\nAnd [pb_glossary id=\"1086\"]Maia[\/pb_glossary], the daughter of [pb_glossary id=\"1085\"]Atlas[\/pb_glossary], bore to [pb_glossary id=\"172\"]Zeus[\/pb_glossary] glorious [pb_glossary id=\"210\"]Hermes[\/pb_glossary], the herald of the deathless gods, for she went up into his holy bed. [940]\r\n\r\nAnd [pb_glossary id=\"908\"]Semele[\/pb_glossary], daughter of [pb_glossary id=\"910\"]Cadmus[\/pb_glossary] was joined with him [Zeus] in love and bore him a splendid son, joyous [pb_glossary id=\"370\"]Dionysus[\/pb_glossary],\u2014a mortal woman, an immortal son. And now they both are gods.\r\n\r\nAnd [pb_glossary id=\"1199\"]Alcmene[\/pb_glossary] was joined in love with [pb_glossary id=\"172\"]Zeus[\/pb_glossary] who drives the clouds and bore mighty [pb_glossary id=\"1591\"]Heracles[\/pb_glossary]. [945]\r\n\r\nAnd [pb_glossary id=\"356\"]Hephaestus[\/pb_glossary], the famous Lame One, made Aglaea, youngest of the [pb_glossary id=\"189\"]Graces[\/pb_glossary], his buxom wife.\r\n\r\nAnd golden-haired [pb_glossary id=\"370\"]Dionysus[\/pb_glossary] made brown-haired [pb_glossary id=\"1632\"]Ariadne[\/pb_glossary], the daughter of [pb_glossary id=\"1424\"]Minos[\/pb_glossary], his buxom wife: and the son of [pb_glossary id=\"169\"]Cronus[\/pb_glossary] made her deathless and unageing for him. [950]\r\n\r\nAnd mighty [pb_glossary id=\"1591\"]Heracles[\/pb_glossary], the valiant son of neat-ankled [pb_glossary id=\"1199\"]Alcmene[\/pb_glossary], when he had finished his terrible labours, made [pb_glossary id=\"1239\"]Hebe[\/pb_glossary] the child of great [pb_glossary id=\"172\"]Zeus[\/pb_glossary] and gold-sandaled [pb_glossary id=\"185\"]Hera[\/pb_glossary] his shy wife in snowy [pb_glossary id=\"628\"]Olympus[\/pb_glossary]. A happy man! For he has finished his great work [955] and lives amongst the undying gods, untroubled and unaging all his days.\r\n\r\nAnd Perseis, the daughter of [pb_glossary id=\"216\"]Ocean[\/pb_glossary], bore to unwearying [pb_glossary id=\"876\"]Helios[\/pb_glossary] [pb_glossary id=\"1958\"]Circe[\/pb_glossary] and [pb_glossary id=\"1828\"]Aeetes[\/pb_glossary] the king. And [pb_glossary id=\"1828\"]Aeetes[\/pb_glossary], the son of [pb_glossary id=\"876\"]Helios[\/pb_glossary] who shows light to men, [960] took to wife fair-cheeked Idyia, daughter of [pb_glossary id=\"216\"]Ocean[\/pb_glossary] the perfect stream, by the will of the gods: and she was subdued by him in love through golden [pb_glossary id=\"882\"]Aphrodite[\/pb_glossary] and bore him neat-ankled [pb_glossary id=\"1738\"]Medea[\/pb_glossary]. And now farewell, you dwellers on [pb_glossary id=\"628\"]Olympus[\/pb_glossary], and you islands and continents, and you briny sea within.\r\n
Goddesses who bore children to mortal men<\/strong><\/h5>\r\n[965] Now sing the company of goddesses, sweet-voiced [pb_glossary id=\"348\"]Muses[\/pb_glossary] of [pb_glossary id=\"628\"]Olympus[\/pb_glossary], daughters of [pb_glossary id=\"172\"]Zeus[\/pb_glossary] who holds the [pb_glossary id=\"168\"]aegis[\/pb_glossary],\u2014even those deathless ones who lay with mortal men and bore children like gods.\r\n\r\n[pb_glossary id=\"351\"]Demeter[\/pb_glossary], bright goddess, was joined in sweet love [970] with the hero Iasion in a thrice-ploughed fallow in the rich land of Crete, and bore [pb_glossary id=\"889\"]Plutus[\/pb_glossary], a kindly god who goes everywhere over land and the sea's wide back, and he makes rich the man who finds him and into whose hands he comes, bestowing great wealth upon him. [975]\r\n\r\nAnd [pb_glossary id=\"958\"]Harmonia[\/pb_glossary], the daughter of golden [pb_glossary id=\"882\"]Aphrodite[\/pb_glossary], bore to [pb_glossary id=\"910\"]Cadmus[\/pb_glossary] [pb_glossary id=\"931\"]Ino[\/pb_glossary] and [pb_glossary id=\"908\"]Semele[\/pb_glossary] and fair-cheeked [pb_glossary id=\"932\"]Agave[\/pb_glossary] and [pb_glossary id=\"933\"]Autonoe[\/pb_glossary] whom long haired [pb_glossary id=\"959\"]Aristaeus[\/pb_glossary] wedded, and Polydorus also in rich-crowned [pb_glossary id=\"4675\"]Thebes[\/pb_glossary].\r\n\r\nAnd the daughter of [pb_glossary id=\"216\"]Ocean[\/pb_glossary], Callirrhoe [980] was joined in the love of rich [pb_glossary id=\"882\"]Aphrodite[\/pb_glossary] with stout-hearted [pb_glossary id=\"1158\"]Chrysaor[\/pb_glossary] and bore a son who was the strongest of all men, [pb_glossary id=\"1162\"]Geryon[\/pb_glossary], whom mighty [pb_glossary id=\"1591\"]Heracles[\/pb_glossary] killed in sea-girt Erythea for the sake of his shambling oxen.\r\n\r\nAnd [pb_glossary id=\"215\"]Eos[\/pb_glossary] bore to [pb_glossary id=\"1511\"]Tithonus[\/pb_glossary] brazen-crested Memnon, [985] king of the Ethiopians, and the Lord Emathion. And to Cephalus she bore a splendid son, strong Phaethon, a man like the gods, whom, when he was a young boy in the tender flower of glorious youth with childish thoughts, laughter-loving [pb_glossary id=\"882\"]Aphrodite[\/pb_glossary] [990] seized and caught up and made a keeper of her shrine by night, a divine spirit.\r\n\r\nAnd [ [pb_glossary id=\"1825\"]Jason[\/pb_glossary] ] the son of [pb_glossary id=\"1826\"]Aeson[\/pb_glossary] by the will of the gods led away from [pb_glossary id=\"1828\"]Aeetes[\/pb_glossary] the daughter [ [pb_glossary id=\"1738\"]Medea[\/pb_glossary] ] of [pb_glossary id=\"1828\"]Aeetes[\/pb_glossary] the Zeus-nourished king, when he had finished the many grievous labours [995] which the great king, overbearing [pb_glossary id=\"1834\"]Pelias[\/pb_glossary], that outrageous and presumptuous doer of violence, put upon him. But when the son of [pb_glossary id=\"1826\"]Aeson[\/pb_glossary] had finished them, he came to Iolcus after long toil bringing the coy-eyed girl with him on his swift ship, and made her his buxom wife. [1000] And she was wife to [pb_glossary id=\"1825\"]Jason[\/pb_glossary], shepherd of the people, and bore a son Medeus whom [pb_glossary id=\"1416\"]Chiron[\/pb_glossary] the son of Philyra brought up in the mountains. And the will of great [pb_glossary id=\"172\"]Zeus[\/pb_glossary] was fulfilled.\r\n\r\nBut of the daughters of [pb_glossary id=\"1431\"]Nereus[\/pb_glossary], the Old man of the Sea, Psamathe the fair goddess, [1005] was loved by [pb_glossary id=\"2324\"]Aeacus[\/pb_glossary] through golden [pb_glossary id=\"882\"]Aphrodite[\/pb_glossary] and bore Phocus. And the silver-sandaled goddess [pb_glossary id=\"1551\"]Thetis[\/pb_glossary] was made wife to [pb_glossary id=\"2032\"]Peleus[\/pb_glossary] and brought forth lion-hearted [pb_glossary id=\"1582\"]Achilles[\/pb_glossary], the destroyer of men.\r\n\r\nAnd [pb_glossary id=\"167\"]Cytherea[\/pb_glossary] with the beautiful crown was joined in sweet love with the hero [pb_glossary id=\"188\"]Anchises[\/pb_glossary] and bore [pb_glossary id=\"212\"]Aeneas[\/pb_glossary] [1010] on the peaks of [pb_glossary id=\"187\"]Ida[\/pb_glossary] with its many wooded glens.\r\n\r\nAnd [pb_glossary id=\"1958\"]Circe[\/pb_glossary] the daughter of [pb_glossary id=\"876\"]Helios[\/pb_glossary], [pb_glossary id=\"878\"]Hyperion[\/pb_glossary]'s son, loved steadfast [pb_glossary id=\"1495\"]Odysseus[\/pb_glossary] and bore Agrius and Latinus who was faultless and strong: also she brought forth [pb_glossary id=\"2025\"]Telegonus[\/pb_glossary] by the will of golden [pb_glossary id=\"882\"]Aphrodite[\/pb_glossary]. [1015] And they ruled over the famous Tyrsenians, very far off in a recess of the holy islands.\r\n\r\nAnd the bright goddess [pb_glossary id=\"2037\"]Calypso[\/pb_glossary] was joined to [pb_glossary id=\"1495\"]Odysseus[\/pb_glossary] in sweet love, and bore him Nausithous and Nausinous.\r\n\r\n[1020] These are the immortal goddesses who lay with mortal men and bore them children like gods. But now, sweet-voiced [pb_glossary id=\"348\"]Muses[\/pb_glossary] of [pb_glossary id=\"628\"]Olympus[\/pb_glossary], daughters of [pb_glossary id=\"172\"]Zeus[\/pb_glossary] who holds the [pb_glossary id=\"168\"]aegis[\/pb_glossary], sing of the company of women.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nTaken from: http:\/\/www.perseus.tufts.edu\/hopper\/text?doc=Perseus%3atext%3a1999.01.0130<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/details> \r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n
\r\n\r\n<\/a>Art and Symbolism<\/h1>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_1785\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1920\"]
![\"Gods](\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greekromanmyth\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1141\/2021\/06\/1920px-07Delphi_Fries01_cropped.jpg\")
Gigantomachy, Delphi Siphnian Treasury frieze, ca. 525 BCE (Archaeological Museum, Delphi)[\/caption]\r\n\r\nWhile there are no known representations of the battle between the Olympians and the Titans (the Titanomachy), the victory over the Giants (the Gigantomachy) was one of the most popular themes in ancient Greek art.\r\n\r\nIn the earliest examples, from the [pb_glossary id=\"5123\"]Archaic[\/pb_glossary] and [pb_glossary id=\"5125\"]Classical periods[\/pb_glossary], the Olympian gods were portrayed with their usual attributes, but also holding various weapons. The Giants were initially depicted as bearded warriors in hoplite armour with no monstrous features.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_1793\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1504\"]![\"A](\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greekromanmyth\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1141\/2021\/06\/Suessula_Painter_ARV_1344_1_gigantomachy_01-scaled-e1623434648346.jpg\")
Gigantomachy, red-figure amphora, ca. 400 BCE (Louvre Museum, Paris)[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_1790\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1434\"]![\"Zeus](\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greekromanmyth\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1141\/2021\/06\/Red_figure_volute_krater_with_Gigantomachy_Lycurgus_Painter_The_Hermitage-scaled.jpg\")
Gigantomachy, red-figure krater, ca. 350 BCE (State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg)[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_1786\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1249\"]![\"Winged](\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greekromanmyth\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1141\/2021\/06\/Amphore_a_figures_rouges_decoree_du_combat_des_Dieux_et_des_Geants_Louvre_MNB_810_2-scaled-e1623434864988.jpg\")
Gigantomachy, red-figure amphora, 4th century BCE (Louvre Museum, Paris)[\/caption]\r\n![\"Zeus](\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greekromanmyth\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1141\/2020\/11\/Lecane_de_Zeus_venciendo_a_los_gigantes_M.A.N.-scaled-e1606680788508.jpg\")
Zeus fighting a giant, red-figure tondo, ca. 350 BCE National Archaeological Museum, Madrid)[\/caption]\r\n![\"Athena](\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greekromanmyth\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1141\/2021\/06\/800px-DSC00405_-_Tempio_E_di_Selinunte_-_Artemide_ed_Encelado_-_Ca._450_a.C._-_Foto_G._DallOrto-e1623433498936.jpg\")
Athena fights the giant Enceladus, Selinunte relief, ca. 450 BCE (Museo Archaeologico Regionale, Palermo)[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_1795\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"386\"]![\"Dionysus,](\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greekromanmyth\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1141\/2021\/06\/Dionysos_Giant_Louvre_G434.jpg\")
Dionysus fighting the giant Eurytus, red-figure pelike, ca. 460 BCE (Louvre Museum, Paris)[\/caption]\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_1791\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1024\"]![\"Poseidon](\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greekromanmyth\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1141\/2021\/06\/1024px-Poseidon_Polybotes_Louvre_F226.jpg\")
Poseidon and the giant Polybotes, black-figure amphora, ca. 540 BCE (Louvre Museum, Paris)[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_5315\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"2560\"]![\"White](\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greekromanmyth\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1141\/2021\/11\/Hecate-burns-clytios-scaled.jpeg\")
Hecate fighting Clytios (far left) in the Gigantomachy, Pergamon Altar frieze, 2nd century BCE (Pergamon Museum, Berlin)[\/caption]\r\n![\"Athena,](\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greekromanmyth\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1141\/2021\/06\/800px-Fregio_della_gigantomachia_02.jpg\")
Athena in the Gigantomachy, Pergamon Altar frieze, 2nd century BCE (Pergamon Museum, Berlin)[\/caption]\r\n\r\n
\r\n\r\nMedia Attributions and Footnotes<\/h1>","rendered":"
![\"Athena,](\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greekromanmyth\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1141\/2021\/06\/613px-Athena_Enkelados_Louvre_CA3662.jpg\")
\nThe\u00a0Theogony<\/em><\/h1>\n
Hesiod,\u00a0Theogony\u00a0<\/em>(trans. H. G. Evelyn-White, adapted by L. Zhang, P. Rogak and T. Mulder)<\/h3>\n
Greek epic, ca. 700 BCE<\/h4>\n
Invocation to the muses\u00a0<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Read full text<\/summary>\n
Chaos and the primordial deities<\/strong><\/h5>\n
The second generation of gods<\/strong><\/h5>\n
The descendants of Pontos<\/strong><\/h5>\n
The descendants of Ceto and Phorcus\u00a0<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Children of the Titans<\/strong><\/h5>\n
Challenges to Zeus<\/strong><\/h5>\n
The Olympians\u00a0<\/strong><\/h5>\n