24 References

 

Ainsworth, M. D. S., & Bell, S. M. (1970). Attachment, exploration, and separation: Illustrated by the behavior of one-year-olds in a strange situation. Child Development, 41, 49–67. https://doi.org/10.7312/stei93738-006

Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. Erlbaum.

Amsterdam, B. (1972). Mirror image reactions before age two. Developmental Psychobiology, 5, 297–305. https://doi.org/10.1002/dev.420050403

Archer, J. (1992). Ethology and human development. Harvester Wheatsheaf.

Arnett, J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5), 469–480. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.5.469

Asselmann, E., Stender, J., Grabe, H., König, J., Schmidt, C., Hamm, A., & Pané-Farré, C. (2018). Assessing the interplay of childhood adversities with more recent stressful life events and conditions in predicting panic pathology among adults from the general population. Journal of Affective Disorders, 225, 715-722. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.08.050

Baillargeon, R. (1987). Young infants’ reasoning about the physical and spatial properties of a hidden object. Cognitive Development, 2(3), 179–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0885-2014(87)90043-8

Baillargeon, R. (2004). Infants’ reasoning about hidden objects: Evidence for event-general and event-specific expectations. Developmental Science, 7(4), 391–424. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2004.00357.x

Baillargeon, R., Li, J., Gertner, Y., & Wu, D. (2011). How do infants reason about physical events. In U. Goswami (Ed.), The Wiley-Blackwell handbook of childhood cognitive development (pp. 11–48). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444325485

Barber, B. K. (1994). Cultural, family, and person contexts of parent-adolescent conflict. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 56, 375–386. https://doi.org/10.2307/353106

Barnes, R., & Josefowitz, N. (2019). Indian residential schools in Canada: Persistent impacts on Aboriginal students’ psychological development and functioning. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne, 60(2), 65-76. https://doi.org/10.1037/cap0000154

Barnes, R., Josefowitz, N., & Cole, E. (2006). Residential schools: Impact on Aboriginal students’ academic and cognitive development. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 21(1-2), 18-32. https://doi.org/10.1177/0829573506298751

Benson, P. L., & Roehlkepartain, E. C. (2008). Spiritual development: a missing priority in youth development. New directions for youth development. https://doi.org/10.1002/yd.253.

Benson, P. L., Roehlkepartain, E. C., & Rude, S. P. (2003). Spiritual development in childhood and adolescence: Toward a field of inquiry. Applied Developmental Science, 7(3), 204-212.

Benson, P. L., Scales, P. C., Syvertsen, A. K., & Roehlkepartain, E. C. (2012). Is youth spiritual development a universal developmental process? An international exploration. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 7(6), 453–470. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2012.732102.

Berger, K. S. (2014). The developing person through the lifespan (9th ed.). Worth Publishers.

Bjorklund, D. F. (1987). A note on neonatal imitation. Developmental Review, 7, 86–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/0273-2297(87)90006-2

Blossom, M., & Morgan, J.L. (2006). Does the face say what the mouth says? A study of infants’ sensitivity to visual prosody. 30th anuual Boston University conference on language development, Somerville, MA.

Bogartz, R. S., Shinskey, J. L., & Schilling, T. (2000). Object permanence in five-and-a-half-month-old infants? Infancy, 1(4), 403–428.

Bohman, H., Låftman, S. B., Päären, A., & Jonsson, U. (2017). Parental separation in childhood as a risk factor for depression in adulthood: A community-based study of adolescents screened for depression and followed up after 15 years. BMC Psychiatry, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-017-1252-z

Bombay, A., Matheson, K., & Anisman, H. (2010). Decomposing identity: Differential relationships between several aspects of ethnic identity and the negative effects of perceived discrimination among First Nations adults in Canada. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 16(4), 507-516. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021373

Bombay, A., Matheson, K., & Anisman, H. (2011). The impact of stressors on second generation Indian residential school survivors. Transcultural Psychiatry, 48(4), 367-391. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363461511410240

Bombay, A., Matheson, K., & Anisman, H. (2014a). Appraisals of discriminatory events among adult offspring of Indian residential school survivors: The influences of identity centrality and past perceptions of discrimination. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 20(1), 75-86. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033352

Bombay, A., Matheson, K., & Anisman, H. (2014b). The intergenerational effects of Indian residential schools: Implications for the concept of historical trauma. Transcultural Psychiatry, 51(3), 320-338. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363461513503380

Bombay, A., McQuaid, R. J., Schwartz, F., Thomas, A., Anisman, H., & Matheson, K. (2018). Suicidal thoughts and attempts in First Nations communities: Links to parental Indian residential school attendance across development. Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease, 10(1), 123-131. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2040174418000405

Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss: Attachment (Vol. 1). Basic Books.

Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Harvard University Press.

Bryant, R. A., Creamer, M., O’Donnell, M., Forbes, D., Felmingham, K. L., Silove, D., Malhi, G., Van Hoof, M., McFarlane, A. C., & Nickerson, A. (2017). Separation from parents during childhood trauma predicts adult attachment security and post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychological Medicine, 47(11), 2028-2035. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291717000472

Cabral, M. D., & Patel, D. R. (2020). Risk factors and prevention strategies for anxiety disorders in childhood and adolescence. In Y.K. Kim (Eds.), Anxiety disorders: Rethinking and understanding recent discoveries (pp. 543-559). Springer.

Callaghan, T. C., Rochat, P., Lillard, A., Claux, M.L., Odden, H., Itakura, S., . . . Singh, S. (2005). Synchrony in the onset of mental-state reasoning. Psychological Science, 16, 378–384.

Campbell, R. A., & Curtis, J. E. (1996). The public’s views on the future of religion and science: Cross-national survey results. Review of Religious Research, 37, 164–171. https://doi.org/10.2307/3512278

Case, R. (1985). Intellectual development: Birth to Adulthood. Academic.

Casey, B. J., Tottenham, N., Liston, C., & Durston, S. (2005). Imaging the developing brain: What have we learned about cognitive development? TRENDS in Cognitive Sciences, 19(3), 104–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2005.01.011

Cassidy, J., & Shaver, P. R. (2018). Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (3rd ed.). Guilford Publications.

Chick, K., Heilman-Houser, R., & Hunter, M. (2002). The impact of child care on gender role development and gender stereotypes. Early Childhood Education Journal, 29(3), 149–154. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014528424032

Clark, K. & Clark, M. (1950). Emotional factors in racial identification and preference in Negro children. Journal of Negro Education, 19, 341–350. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2966491

Coffino, B. (2009). The role of childhood parent figure loss in the etiology of adult depression: Findings from a prospective longitudinal study. Attachment & Human Development, 11(5), 445-470. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616730903135993

Cohen, J. A., Mannarino, A. P., Kliethermes, M., & Murray, L. A. (2012). Trauma-focused CBT for youth with complex trauma. Child Abuse & Neglect, 36(6), 528-541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2012.03.007

Colby, A., Kohlberg, L., Gibbs, J., & Lieberman, M. (1983). A Longitudinal Study of Moral Judgment. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 48(1), 1-124. https://doi.org/10.2307/1165913

Commons, M. L., & Bresette, L. M. (2006). Illuminating major creative scientific innovators with postformal stages. In C. Hoare (Ed.), Handbook of adult development and learning (pp. 255–280). Oxford University Press.

Courage, M. L., & Howe, M. L. (2002). From infant to child: The dynamics of cognitive change in the second year of life. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 250–277. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.128.2.250

Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. Harper & Row.

de Hevia, M. D., & Spelke, E. S. (2010). Number-space mapping in human infants. Psychological Science, 21(5), 653–660. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797610366091

Dennett, D. (1987). The intentional stance. MIT Press.

Diamond, A. (2009). The interplay of biology and the environment broadly defined. Developmental Psychology, 45(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014601

Downing, N. E., & Roush, K. L. (1985). From passive acceptance to active commitment: A model of feminist identity development for women. The Counseling Psychologist, 13(4), 695–709. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000085134013

Dweck, C. S. (2006). Mindset: The new psychology of success. Random House.

Elias, B., Mignone, J., Hall, M., Hong, S. P., Hart, L., & Sareen, J. (2012). Trauma and suicide behaviour histories among a Canadian Indigenous population: An empirical exploration of the potential role of Canada’s residential school system. Social Science & Medicine, 74(10), 1560-1569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.01.026

Erikson, E. H. (1950). Childhood and society. Norton.

Erikson, E. H. (1963). Childhood and Society (2nd ed.). Norton.

Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. Norton.

Facing History and Ourselves. (2019). Resistance. https://www.facinghistory.org/stolen-lives-indigenous-peoples-canada-and-indian-residential-schools/chapter-4/resistance

Ferrer, M., & Fugate, A. (2003). Helping your school-age child develop a healthy self-concept. IFAS Extensions. https://www.wildcatdistrict.k-state.edu/food-family/child-development/documents/SelfConcept.pdf

First Nations Health Authority. (2019). First Nations regional health survey phase 3 (2015-17). https://www.fnha.ca/Documents/FNHA-First-Nations-Regional-Health-Survey-Phase-3-2015-2017-BC-Provincial-Report.pdf

Fischer, K. W., Yan, Z., & Stewart, J. (2003). Adult cognitive development: Dynamics in the developmental web. In J. Valsiner & K Connolly (Eds.), Handbook of developmental psychology (pp. 491–516). Sage Publications.

Fowler, J. W. (1981). Stages of faith: The psychology of human development and the quest for meaning. HarperOne.

Galambos, N. L., & Almeida, D. M. (1992). Does parent-adolescent conflict increase in early adolescence? Journal of Marriage and the Family, 54, 737–747. https://doi.org/10.2307/353157

Galvan, A., Hare, T., Voss, H., Glover, G., & Casey, B. J. (2007). Risk-taking and the adolescent brain: Who is at risk? Developmental Science, 10, F8–F14. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2006.00579.x

Ganger, J., & Brent, M.R. (2004). Reexamining the vocabulary spurt. Developmental Psychology, 40(4), 621–632. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.40.4.621

Gershenson, S., Holt, S. B., & Papageorge, N. W. (2016). Who believes in me? The effect of student–teacher demographic match on teacher expectations. Economics of Education Review, 52, 209-224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2016.03.002

Gervai, J. (2009). Environmental and genetic influences on early attachment. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 3, 25. https://doi.org/10.1186/1753-2000-3-25

Gesell, A. (1933). Maturation and the patterning of behavior. In C. Murchison (Ed.), A handbook of child psychology (2nd ed., pp. 209–235). Clark University Press.

Gesell, A. (1939). Biographies of child development. Paul B. Hoeber.

Gesell, A. (1940). The first five years of life. Harper.

Gesell, A., & Ilg, F. L. (1946). The child from five to ten. Harper.

Gilbert, R., Widom, C. S., Browne, K., Fergusson, D., Webb, E., & Janson, S. (2009). Burden and consequences of child maltreatment in high-income countries. The Lancet, 373(9657), 68-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61706-7

Gilligan, C. (1982). In a different voice: Psychological theory and women’s development. Harvard University Press.

Gleitman, L. R., & Newport, E. L. (1995). The invention of language by children: Environmental and biological influences on the acquisition of language. In L. R. Gleitman & M. Liberman (Eds.), An invitation to cognitive science, Vol. 1: Language. (2nd ed., pp. 1–24). MIT Press.

Hair, E. C., Moore, K. A., Garrett, S. B., Kinukawa, A., Lippman, L., & Michelson, E. (2005). The parent-adolescent relationship scale. In L. Lippman (Ed.), Conceptualizing and Measuring Indicators of Positive Development: What Do Children Need to Flourish? (pp. 183–202). Kluwer Academic/Plenum Press.

Harris, J. R. (2009). The nurture assumption: Why children turn out the way they do (2nd ed.). Free Press.

Haushofer, J., & Fehr, E. (2014). On the psychology of poverty. Science, 344(6186), 862-867.

Heilbronn, L., & Williams, T. M. (1987). The Impact of television: A natural experiment in three communities. Contemporary Sociology, 16, 553. https://doi.org/10.2307/2069944

Hodge, D. R., Struthers, R., & Geishirt Cantrell, B. A. (2002). Connecting Western science and Native American wisdom. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 5(3-4), 17-27. https://doi.org/10.1300/J137v05n03_03

Holvoet, C., Scola, C., Arciszewski, T., & Picard, D. (2019). Infants’ social evaluation abilities: Testing their preference for prosocial agents at 6, 12, and 18 months with different social scenarios. Early Child Development and Care, 189, 1018-1031. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2017.1361415

Hovens, J. G., Giltay, E. J., Spinhoven, P., Van Hemert, A. M., & Penninx, B. W. (2015). Impact of childhood life events and childhood trauma on the onset and recurrence of depressive and anxiety disorders. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 76(07), 931-938. https://www.psychiatrist.com/jcp/impact-childhood-life-events-childhood-trauma-onset/

Hutchinson, N. (2011). A geographically informed vision of skills development. Geographical Education, 24, 15. https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/aeipt.191136

Iverson, J.M., & Goldin-Meadow, S. (2005). Gesture paves the way for language development. Psychological Science, 16(5), 367–71. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.01542.x

John-Steiner, V. & Mahn, H. (1996). Sociocultural approaches to learning and development: A Vygotskian framework. Educational Psychologist, 31, 191–206. https://doi.org/10.1080/00461520.1996.9653266

Juruena, M. F., Eror, F., Cleare, A. J., & Young, A. H. (2020). The role of early life stress in HPA Axis and anxiety. In Y.K. Kim (Eds.), Anxiety disorders: Rethinking and understanding recent discoveries (pp. 141-153). Springer.

Kaplan, H., & Dove, H. (1987). Infant development among the Aché of Eastern Paraguay. Developmental Psychology, 23, 190–198. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.23.2.190

Karasik, L. B., Adolph, K. E., Tamis-LeMonda, C. S., & Bornstein, M. H. (2010). WEIRD Walking: Cross-cultural research on motor development. Behavioral & Brain Sciences, 33(2-3), 95–96. https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0140525X10000117

Karunamuni, N., Imayama, I., & Goonetilleke, D. (2021). Pathways to well-being: Untangling the causal relationships among biopsychosocial variables. Social Science & Medicine, 272, 112846. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.112846

Kohlberg, L. (1969). Stage and sequence: The cognitive-developmental approach to socialization. In D. A. Goslin (Ed.), Handbook of socialization theory and research (pp. 347-480). Rand McNally.

Kohlberg, L. (1981). The philosophy of moral development: Moral stages and the idea of justice. Harper & Row.

Kolb, B., & Whishaw, I. Q. (2009). Fundamentals of human neuropsychology. Worth.

Lähdepuro, A., Savolainen, K., Lahti-Pulkkinen, M., Eriksson, J. G., Lahti, J., Tuovinen, S., Kajantie, E., Pesonen, A., Heinonen, K., & Räikkönen, K. (2019). The impact of early life stress on anxiety symptoms in late adulthood. Scientific Reports, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-40698-0

Lehrner, A., & Yehuda, R. (2018). Trauma across generations and paths to adaptation and resilience. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 10(1), 22-29. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000302

Levinson, D. J. (1986). A conception of adult development. American psychologist, 41(1), 3–13. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.41.1.3

Lo, C. K., Chan, K. L., & Ip, P. (2017). Insecure adult attachment and child maltreatment: A meta-analysis. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 20(5), 706-719. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838017730579

Lobo, I. (2008). Environmental influences on gene expression. Nature Education 1(1), 39.

Loop, E. (2013). Major milestones in cognitive development in early childhood. http://everydaylife.globalpost.com/major-milestones-cognitive-development-early-childhood-4625.html

Ludvig, A. (2006). Differences Between Women? Intersecting Voices in a Female Narrative. European Journal of Women’s Studies, 13, 245-258. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350506806065755.

Ma, J., Fallon, B., & Richard, K. (2019). The overrepresentation of First Nations children and families involved with child welfare: Findings from the Ontario incidence study of reported child abuse and neglect 2013. Child Abuse & Neglect, 90, 52-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.01.022

Maccoby, E. (1980). Social development: Psychological growth and the parent-child relationship. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.

MacFarlane, A. (1978, February). What a baby knows. Human Nature, 74–81.

Main, M., & Solomon, J. (1990). Procedures for identifying infants as disorganized/disoriented during the Ainsworth Strange Situation. In M. T. Greenberg, D. Cicchetti, & E. M. Cummings (Eds.), Attachment in the preschool years (pp. 121–160). University of Chicago Press.

McMillan, L. J. (2021). Unsettling standards indigenous peoples and child welfare. In Graham, J. E., Holmes, C., McDonald, F., & Darnell, R. The social life of standards: Ethnographic methods for local engagement (pp. 179-198). UBC Press.

Miller, J. R. (1996). Shingwauk’s vision: A history of native residential schools. University of Toronto Press.

Mills, M., & Melhuish, E. (1974). Recognition of mother’s voice in early infancy. Nature, 252, 123–124. Recognition of mother’s voice in early infancy. Nature,

Mitchell, T. (2019). Colonial trauma: Complex, continuous, collective, cumulative and compounding effects on the health of Indigenous Peoples in Canada and beyond. International Journal of Indigenous Health, 14(2), 74-94. https://doi.org/10.32799/ijih.v14i2.32251

Moore, K. A., Guzman, L., Hair, E. C., Lippman, L., & Garrett, S. B. (2004). Parent-teen relationships and interactions: Far more positive than not. Child Trends. https://www.catalystforchildren.org/pdf/Parent_TeenRB.pdf

Nelson, C. A., Bhutta, Z. A., Burke Harris, N., Danese, A., & Samara, M. (2020). Adversity in childhood is linked to mental and physical health throughout life. BMJ, m3048. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m3048

Neugarten, B. L. (1979). Time, age, and the life cycle. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 136(7), 887-894. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.136.7.887

Nietzsche, F. (1888). The comic nature of Ecce Homo. The Journal of Nietzsche Studies, 43, 32-43.

Norman, R. E., Byambaa, M., De, R., Butchart, A., Scott, J., & Vos, T. (2012). The long-term health consequences of child physical abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Medicine, 9(11), e1001349. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001349

Ogle, C. M., Rubin, D. C., & Siegler, I. C. (2013). The impact of the developmental timing of trauma exposure on PTSD symptoms and psychosocial functioning among older adults. Developmental Psychology, 49(11), 2191-2200. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031985

Overman, W. H., Bachevalier, J., Turner, M., & Peuster, A. (1992). Object recognition versus object discrimination: Comparison between human infants and infant monkeys. Behavioral Neuroscience, 106, 15–29. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7044.106.1.15

Paul, J., McQuaid, R., Stewart, S.H., Hopkins, C., Anisman, H., Matheson, K., Foundation, T.B., & Bombay, A. (2022). Relations between bullying and distress among youth living in First Nations communities: Assessing direct and moderating effects of culture-related variables. Transcultural Psychiatry. Accepted. https://doi.org/10.1177/13634615221109359

Piaget, J. (1930). The child’s conception of the world. Harcourt, Brace & World.

Piaget, J. (1932). The moral judgment of the child. Harcourt, Brace & World.

Piaget, J. (1952). The origins of intelligence in children. International Universities Press.

Piaget, J. (1954). The construction of reality in the child. Basic Books.

Pickens, J. (1994). Full-term and preterm infants’ perception of face-voice synchrony. Infant Behavior and Development, 17, 447–455. https://doi.org/10.1016/0163-6383(94)90036-1

Räikkönen, K., Lahti, M., Heinonen, K., Pesonen, A., Wahlbeck, K., Kajantie, E., Osmond, C., Barker, D. J., & Eriksson, J. G. (2011). Risk of severe mental disorders in adults separated temporarily from their parents in childhood: The Helsinki birth cohort study. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 45(3), 332-338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.07.003

Rickard, K. M. (1989). The relationship of self-esteem, feminist identity development, and psychological well-being in women. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B. Sciences and Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03324948

Rojo-Wissar, D. M., Sosnowski, D. W., Ingram, M. M., Jackson, C. L., Maher, B. S., Alfano, C. A., Meltzer, L. J., & Spira, A. P. (2021). Associations of adverse childhood experiences with adolescent total sleep time, social jetlag, and insomnia symptoms. Sleep Medicine, 88, 104-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2021.10.019

Rothbaum, R., Weisz, J., Pott, M., Miyake, K., & Morelli, G. (2000). Attachment and culture: Security in the United States and Japan. American Psychologist, 55, 1093–1104. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.10.1093

Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1069-1081. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069

Scott, W. J. (2000). Spirituality and human development: A historical and review of the literature. Center for Spiritual Development in Childhood and Adolescence. Retrieved from [URL]

Sege, R. D., & Amaya-Jackson, L. (2019). Clinical considerations related to the behavioral manifestations of child maltreatment. Pediatric Mental Health: A Compendium of AAP Clinical Practice Guidelines and Policies, 295-307. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2017-0100

Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55(1), 5-14. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.5

Shamay-Tsoory, S. G., Tomer, R., & Aharon-Peretz, J. (2005). The neuroanatomical basis of understanding sarcasm and its relationship to social cognition. Neuropsychology, 19(3), 288–300. https://doi.org/10.1037/0894-4105.19.3.288

Shanahan, L., McHale, S. M., Osgood, D. W., & Crouter, A. C. (2007). Conflict frequency with mothers and fathers from middle childhood to late adolescence: Within and between family comparisons. Developmental Psychology, 43, 539–550. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.43.3.539

Siegler, R. S. (2005). Children’s thinking (4th ed). Erlbaum.

Siegler, R. S. (2006). Microgenetic analyses of learning. In D. Kuhn & R. S. Siegler (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Cognition, perception, and language (6th ed., Vol. 2). Wiley.

Sinnott, J. D. (1998). The development of logic in adulthood: Postformal thought and its applications. Springer.

Smith, A. (n.d.). Indigenous Peoples and Boarding Schools: A Comparative Study. Secretariat of the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues. https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/E_C_19_2009_crp1.pdf

Spelke, E.S., & Cortelyou, A. (1981). Perceptual aspects of social knowing: Looking and listening in infancy. In M.E. Lamb & L.R. Sherrod (Eds.), Infant social cognition: Empirical and theoretical considerations (pp. 61–83). Erlbaum.

Steinberg, L., & Morris, A. S. (2001). Adolescent development. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 83–110. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.83

Tanner, J. M. (1978). Fetus into man: Physical growth from conception to maturity. Harvard University Press.

The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) of Canada. (2015). Honouring the truth, reconciling for the future: Summary of the final report of the truth and reconciliation commission of Canada. https://irsi.ubc.ca/sites/default/files/inline-files/Executive_Summary_English_Web.pdf

Trent, M., Dooley, D. G., & Dougé, J. (2019). The impact of racism on child and adolescent health. Pediatrics, 144(2), e20191765. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2019-1765

Ullrich, J. (2019). For the love of our children: an Indigenous connectedness framework. AlterNative: An International Journal of Indigenous Peoples, 15, 121-130. https://doi.org/10.1177/1177180119828114

Vachon, D. D., Krueger, R. F., Rogosch, F. A., & Cicchetti, D. (2015). Assessment of the harmful psychiatric and behavioral effects of different forms of child maltreatment. JAMA Psychiatry, 72(11), 1135. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.1792

van Ijzendoorn, M. H., & Sagi-Schwartz, A. (2008). Cross-cultural patterns of attachment: Universal and contextual dimensions. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment. Guilford.

Vouloumanos, A., & Werker, J. F. (2004). Tuned to the signal: The privileged status of speech for young infants. Developmental Science, 7, 270–276. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2004.00345.x

Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Harvard University Press.

Walker, L. (1999). Moral Development in Adolescence: Examining the Theoretical Perspectives of Kohlberg and Gilligan. Journal of Moral Education, 28(3), 297-308. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057249910355

Walker, L. J. (1989). A longitudinal study of moral reasoning. Child Development, 60(1), 157-166. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1989.tb02285.x

Walker, L. J. (2006). Gender and morality. In M. Killen & J. Smetana (Eds.), Handbook of moral development (pp. 93–115). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.

Warneken, F., & Tomasello, M. (2006). Altruistic helping in human infants and young chimpanzees. Science, 311(5765), 1301-1303. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1121448

White, L. O., Ising, M., Von Klitzing, K., Sierau, S., Michel, A., Klein, A. M., Andreas, A., Keil, J., Quintero, L., Müller-Myhsok, B., Uhr, M., Gausche, R., Manly, J. T., Crowley, M. J., Kirschbaum, C., & Stalder, T. (2017). Reduced hair cortisol after maltreatment mediates externalizing symptoms in middle childhood and adolescence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 58(9), 998-1007. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12700