{"id":2251,"date":"2024-06-18T11:29:03","date_gmt":"2024-06-18T15:29:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/humannutrition\/?post_type=back-matter&#038;p=2251"},"modified":"2024-09-10T16:08:24","modified_gmt":"2024-09-10T20:08:24","slug":"chapter-questions-and-answers","status":"publish","type":"back-matter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/humannutrition\/back-matter\/chapter-questions-and-answers\/","title":{"raw":"Chapter Practice Questions and Answers","rendered":"Chapter Practice Questions and Answers"},"content":{"raw":"<h1>Chapter 1. Introduction to Nutrition<\/h1>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW25658883 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25658883 BCX0\">What are the three basic functions of nutrients?<\/span><\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW43589096 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW43589096 BCX0\">To provide energy, contribute to body structure, and regulate chemical processes of the body.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW43589096 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW40567246 BCX0\">Define nutrients and list the six classes of nutrients required for the body to <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW40567246 BCX0\">maintain<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW40567246 BCX0\"> normal function and overall health.<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Nutrients are substances obtained from the diet that are required by the body to perform its basic functions. The six classes of nutrients are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, water, vitamins, and minerals.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Protein: necessary for tissue formation, cell reparation, and hormone and enzyme production. It is essential for building strong muscles and a healthy immune system.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Carbohydrates: provide a ready source of energy for the body and provide structural constituents for the formation of cells.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Fat: provides stored energy for the body, and functions as structural components of cells and as signalling molecules for proper cellular communication. It provides insulation to vital organs and works to maintain body temperature.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Vitamins: regulate body processes and promote normal body-system functions. They are required to make red blood cells, synthesize bone tissue, and play a role in normal vision, nervous system function, and immune system function.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Minerals: regulate body processes, maintain fluid balance, build bone tissue, synthesize hormones, transmit nerve impulses, contract and relax muscles, protect against harmful free radicals, and play a critical role in enzyme function.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Water: involved in many bodily processes such as fluid balance and nutrient transport, nerve impulses, body temperature, muscle contractions, and excretion of waste products. We need water for chemical reactions, to cushion organs, and to survive.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW100630356 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100630356 BCX0\">What is the difference between organic and inorganic nutrients? Give two examples of each.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW100630356 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW58658220 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW58658220 BCX0\">Organic nutrients <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW58658220 BCX0\">contain<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW58658220 BCX0\"> carbon and inorganic nutrients do not <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW58658220 BCX0\">contain<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW58658220 BCX0\"> carbon. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and vitamins are organic <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW58658220 BCX0\">whereas<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW58658220 BCX0\"> minerals and water are inorganic nutrients.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW58658220 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW162240083 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW162240083 BCX0\">Which macronutrient provides the most energy per gram?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW162240083 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW26640288 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW26640288 BCX0\">Lipids (9 kcal\/gram) compared to 4 kcal\/gram of proteins and carbohydrates.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW26640288 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW198102020 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW198102020 BCX0\">What are the three main types of lipids and what are the primary functions of lipids?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW198102020 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The main job of lipids is to provide and store energy. Lipids are also major components of cell membranes and surround and protect organs while providing insulation to assist in temperature regulation and other bodily functions.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW110576252 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW110576252 BCX0\">Why are proteins considered essential for the body beyond energy production?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW110576252 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW113411109 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW113411109 BCX0\">Proteins provide structure to bones, <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW113411109 BCX0\">muscles<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW113411109 BCX0\"> and skin, while supporting tissue growth, <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW113411109 BCX0\">repair<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW113411109 BCX0\"> and maintenance. Proteins also conduct most of the chemical reactions that occur in the body.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW113411109 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW225348189 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW225348189 BCX0\">Which vitamin plays <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW225348189 BCX0\">an important role<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW225348189 BCX0\"> in vision, reproduction, and immune system function?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW225348189 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Vitamin A<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW16220947 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW16220947 BCX0\">Which vitamin deficiency can lead to pellagra? What are the common signs and symptoms of this disease?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW16220947 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW208339327 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW208339327 BCX0\">Niacin deficiency. The common signs and symptoms are known as the 4D\u2019s- <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW208339327 BCX0\">diarrhea<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW208339327 BCX0\">, dermatitis, dementia, and death.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW208339327 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Carlos, a 28-year-old individual, has determined that they need to consume 2500 kcal per day. Based on this requirement, calculate the AMDR for both kcal and grams for carbohydrates, fats, and protein.<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Carbohydrates: 2500 x 0.45= 1125, 2500 x 0.65=1625 (1125-1625 kcal of carbohydrates)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Protein: 2500 x 0.1= 250, 2500 x 0.35=875 (250-875 kcal of protein)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Fats: 2500 x 0.25=625, 2500 x 0.35=875 (625-875 kcal of fat)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Carbohydrates: 1125\/4=281.25 and 1625\/4=406.25 kcal (281.25- 406.25 g of carbohydrates)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Protein: 250\/4= 62.5 and 875\/4=218.75 (62.5- 218.75 g of protein)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Fats: 625\/9=69.44 and 875\/9=97.22 (69.44-97.22 g of fats)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Aki is a 42-year-old female who weighs 60 kg and is 1.62 m tall. Each morning, Aki enjoys biking for at least 60 minutes with her best friend. Based on this information, what is Aki\u2019s EER?<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">EER<\/span><span class=\"mrel\">=<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\">354\u2013<\/span><span class=\"mopen\">(<\/span><span class=\"mord\">6.91<\/span><span class=\"mbin\">\u00d7<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord text\"><span class=\"mord\">age<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose\">)<\/span><span class=\"mbin\">+PA<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mbin\">\u00d7<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mopen\">{(<\/span><span class=\"mord\">9.36<\/span><span class=\"mbin\">\u00d7<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord text\"><span class=\"mord\">weight<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose\">)<\/span><span class=\"mbin\">+<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mopen\">(<\/span><span class=\"mord\">726<\/span><span class=\"mbin\">\u00d7<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord text\"><span class=\"mord\">height<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose\">)}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">EER<\/span><span class=\"mrel\">=<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\">354\u2013<\/span><span class=\"mopen\">(<\/span><span class=\"mord\">6.91<\/span><span class=\"mbin\">\u00d742<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mclose\">)<\/span><span class=\"mbin\">+1.27<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mbin\">\u00d7<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mopen\">{(<\/span><span class=\"mord\">9.36<\/span><span class=\"mbin\">\u00d760<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mclose\">)<\/span><span class=\"mbin\">+<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mopen\">(<\/span><span class=\"mord\">726<\/span><span class=\"mbin\">\u00d71.62<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mclose\">)}= 2272.64 kilocalories<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW243968825 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW243968825 BCX0\">What does the evidence-based approach to nutrition include?<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW243968825 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Defining the problem or uncertainty<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Formulating the problem as a question<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Setting criteria for quality evidence<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Evaluating the body of evidence<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Summarizing the body of evidence and making decisions<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Specifying the strength of supporting evidence required to make decisions<\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW184901153 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW184901153 BCX0\">Disseminating the findings\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW122136281 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122136281 BCX0\">What are the similarities and differences between Indigenous ways of knowing and Western science?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW122136281 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW229109277 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW229109277 BCX0\">Indigenous<\/span> <span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW229109277 BCX0\">science also involves observation and experimentation just like Western science. However, unlike Western science, Indigenous ways of knowing adopt <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW229109277 BCX0\">a holistic approach<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW229109277 BCX0\"> to exploring interrelationships between individuals and the natural world. On the other hand, Western science is rooted in objectivity and logic. It focuses on observable phenomena and <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW229109277 BCX0\">does not always emphasize<\/span> <span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW229109277 BCX0\">the relationships human beings share with the world around them.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW229109277 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW248517171 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248517171 BCX0\">What is the difference between epidemiological studies and intervention clinical <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248517171 BCX0\">trials<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248517171 BCX0\">?\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW248517171 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52042264 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52042264 BCX0\">Epidemiological studies are observational studies of populations around the world and do not <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52042264 BCX0\">establish<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52042264 BCX0\"> causation. Intervention clinical trials and scientific investigations in which a variable is changed between groups<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52042264 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW52042264 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW243577854 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW243577854 BCX0\">Why are randomized clinical trials considered the gold standard of research?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW243577854 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW67949948 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW67949948 BCX0\">In randomized clinical trials, participants are randomly assigned into separate groups that compare different treatments. Neither the participants nor the researchers know which group the participants are in. The double-blind nature of these studies <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW67949948 BCX0\">eliminates<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW67949948 BCX0\"> researcher bias, preventing researchers from trying to see the results that support their hypothesis. Additionally, the placebo-controlled nature of these studies <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW67949948 BCX0\">eliminates<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW67949948 BCX0\"> the placebo effect, so the participants\u2019 expectations of the treatment\/intervention <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW67949948 BCX0\">minimally<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW67949948 BCX0\"> influence the study results.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW67949948 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW241683536 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW241683536 BCX0\">Why is it important to consider who provided the funding when evaluating scientific conclusions<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW241683536 BCX0\">?\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW241683536 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW70883658 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70883658 BCX0\">It is important to consider who provided the funding because not all scientific conclusions are developed in the interest of human health. Some scientific conclusions can be <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70883658 BCX0\">biased and<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70883658 BCX0\"> made in favour of whoever provided the funding.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW70883658 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW149609217 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW149609217 BCX0\">Describe two ways in which you can evaluate the validity of nutritional news sources.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW149609217 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW164846967 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW164846967 BCX0\">You should check to see that the scientific study is published in a peer-reviewed journal to make sure it is a trustworthy source<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW164846967 BCX0\">.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW164846967 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW68985077 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW68985077 BCX0\">You should make sure that the study <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW68985077 BCX0\">discloses<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW68985077 BCX0\"> the study methods in <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW68985077 BCX0\">detail,<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW68985077 BCX0\"> so you are aware of the sample size, study duration, and how the researchers <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW68985077 BCX0\">observed<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW68985077 BCX0\"> the results.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW68985077 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW207207725 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW207207725 BCX0\">What are some common characteristics of fad diets that make them problematic?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW207207725 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW6271754 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW6271754 BCX0\">They focus on short-term goals rather than long-term goals<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW6271754 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW6271754 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW6271754 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW6271754 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW169885614 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW169885614 BCX0\">They focus on selective foods while <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW169885614 BCX0\">eliminating<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW169885614 BCX0\"> other foods\/food groups<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW169885614 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW169885614 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW169885614 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW169885614 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW125284821 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125284821 BCX0\">They make claims not rooted in evidence-based research<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW125284821 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW125284821 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125284821 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW125284821 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW39969244 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW39969244 BCX0\">They often <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW39969244 BCX0\">fail to<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW39969244 BCX0\"> include PA guidelines\/recommendations and <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW39969244 BCX0\">fail to<\/span> <span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW39969244 BCX0\">disclose<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW39969244 BCX0\"> the detrimental effects on individuals with chronic diseases<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW39969244 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW39969244 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW39969244 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW39969244 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW252641135 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW252641135 BCX0\">They promise \u201crapid\u201d weight loss<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW252641135 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW252641135 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW252641135 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW252641135 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW48478914 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW48478914 BCX0\">They are unsustainable in the long-term<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW48478914 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW48478914 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW48478914 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW48478914 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW160639065 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW160639065 BCX0\">What are some indicators that an article is peer-reviewed?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW160639065 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW234014308 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW234014308 BCX0\">Find the date the article was accepted by the journal, reviewed, revised by the <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW234014308 BCX0\">author<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW234014308 BCX0\"> and finally published to confirm that it is peer-reviewed<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW234014308 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW234014308 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW234014308 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW234014308 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW123977446 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW123977446 BCX0\">You can also look at the layout: does it include a title, list of authors, and their affiliations, and an abstract? Does it include references throughout the article?<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW123977446 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW96686852 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96686852 BCX0\">\u00a0Why is it important to cite the articles you reference in your work?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW96686852 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW7160726 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW7160726 BCX0\">Since you did not produce the <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW7160726 BCX0\">new information<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW7160726 BCX0\">, it is important to cite the articles to give credit to the authors. This is done to avoid plagiarism<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW7160726 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW7160726 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW7160726 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW7160726 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW189931412 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW189931412 BCX0\">\u00a0Design a study to investigate the effects of blueberry supplementation on cognitive performance among college students. HINT: Consider the gold standard for scientific studies.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW189931412 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW41837509 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW41837509 BCX0\">Participants will be randomly assigned into two groups: placebo and treatment group. The placebo group will be receiving a sugar pill that replicates the taste, smell, and appearance of the blueberry supplement that will be given to the participants in the treatment group. The researchers will not know which participants are in which group to prevent researcher bias.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW41837509 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h1>Chapter 2. Designing a Healthy Diet<\/h1>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW86826433 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW86826433 BCX0\">How does variety contribute to a healthful diet, and why is it important to incorporate different foods from all food groups?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW86826433 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW119097638 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW119097638 BCX0\">Variety refers to consuming different foods from each of the different food groups regularly. By doing so, you increase your chances of consuming the daily nutrient requirements.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW119097638 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW210125615 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210125615 BCX0\">How does adequacy contribute to a healthful diet, and what types of food are considered nutrient-dense? <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210125615 BCX0\">Provide<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210125615 BCX0\"> some examples.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW210125615 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW55256328 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW55256328 BCX0\">An adequate diet is one that provides enough energy, nutrients, <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW55256328 BCX0\">fibre<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW55256328 BCX0\">, and vitamins to <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW55256328 BCX0\">maintain<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW55256328 BCX0\"> an individual\u2019s health. It is a diet that avoids empty-calorie foods such as sugary drinks and favours nutrient-dense foods such as fruits and vegetables<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW55256328 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW55256328 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW55256328 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW55256328 BCX0\"> lean meats, and whole grains.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW55256328 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW200493626 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW200493626 BCX0\">Why is it important to consume foods in moderation? What are some of the health complications that can result from eating too much or too little?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW200493626 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW91579170 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW91579170 BCX0\">Moderation is <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW91579170 BCX0\">really important<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW91579170 BCX0\"> for <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW91579170 BCX0\">optimal<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW91579170 BCX0\"> health and survival. Eating nutrient-poor foods regularly may lead to health complications such as cardiovascular disease and obesity. On the other hand, engaging in extremely restrictive diet patterns and eating too little may also lead to negative health outcomes such as eating disorders and nutritional deficiencies.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW91579170 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW172066923 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW172066923 BCX0\">Why is it important to have a balanced diet? <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW172066923 BCX0\">Provide<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW172066923 BCX0\"> an example of how you can balance nutrients in your diet<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW172066923 BCX0\">.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW172066923 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW216616403 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW216616403 BCX0\">It is important to have a balanced diet to ensure you are getting <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW216616403 BCX0\">appropriate amounts<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW216616403 BCX0\"> of all nutrients, and not consuming one nutrient at the expense of another. You can balance nutrients in your diet by incorporating a mixture of foods from the different food groups (vegetables, legumes, fruits, grains, proteins, and dairy).\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW216616403 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW93805816 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93805816 BCX0\">What are some of the systemic barriers that prevent everyone from having a healthy diet?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW93805816 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW181406796 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW181406796 BCX0\">Over 3 billion people globally face socioeconomic challenges and do not have sufficient income to afford healthy eating. Food deserts also exist in Canada and contribute to the lack of access residents <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW181406796 BCX0\">have to<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW181406796 BCX0\"> stores and restaurants that provide fresh, healthy, and affordable foods.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW181406796 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW222790707 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW222790707 BCX0\">List and briefly explain the four components of food labels in Canada<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW222790707 BCX0\">.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW222790707 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW24123542 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW24123542 BCX0\">Ingredient List: The ingredients must be listed by their common names, in descending order by weight (e.g., the first ingredient has the highest weight). Ingredient lists are mandatory on all food labels.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW24123542 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW265669904 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW265669904 BCX0\">Nutrition Facts Table: The facts table has a consistent format and provides information on serving size,\u00a0<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun SCXW265669904 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW265669904 BCX0\">calories, % daily value, and a core list of 13 ingredients: fat, saturated fat, trans fat, cholesterol, sodium, carbohydrate, fibre, sugars, protein, vitamin A, vitamin C, <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW265669904 BCX0\">calcium<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW265669904 BCX0\"> and iron.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW265669904 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137509437 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137509437 BCX0\">Nutrient Content Claims: These are statements based on current scientific evidence that can be made when the product <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137509437 BCX0\">meets <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137509437 BCX0\">certain<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137509437 BCX0\"> criteria. Nutrient content claims provide information about the amount of one specific nutrient in a food, such as <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137509437 BCX0\">fibre<\/span> <span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137509437 BCX0\">or fat. They are optional and must meet government regulations before appearing on a package.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW137509437 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW253312786 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW253312786 BCX0\">Diet-Related Health Claims: Health claims are statements that link a food or food <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW253312786 BCX0\">component<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW253312786 BCX0\"> to a reduced risk of a disease or condition.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW253312786 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW90387746 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW90387746 BCX0\">What are the four key components of the nutritional facts table?<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW90387746 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW130970291 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW130970291 BCX0\">Serving size: this tells you how much food equals one serving (<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW130970291 BCX0\">e.g.,<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW130970291 BCX0\"> 20 crackers). All other values listed after (from calories to <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW130970291 BCX0\">fibre<\/span> <span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW130970291 BCX0\">content) are based on this one serving.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW130970291 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW208921332 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW208921332 BCX0\">Calories per serving: This tells you how many calories<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW208921332 BCX0\"> (kcal)<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW208921332 BCX0\"> you are consuming per serving (i.e. 140 <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW208921332 BCX0\">kcal<\/span> <span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW208921332 BCX0\">for 20 crackers).\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW208921332 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW188133942 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW188133942 BCX0\">List of nutrients: a list of all the nutrients in that food (i.e. total fat, cholesterol, sodium, total carbohydrate, protein, vitamin A, vitamin C, calcium, iron, etc.)<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW188133942 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW182256073 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW182256073 BCX0\">The % Daily Value <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW182256073 BCX0\">represents<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW182256073 BCX0\"> the proportion of the total daily recommended amount that you will get from one serving of the food.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW182256073 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW242601071 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW242601071 BCX0\">How can the nutrition facts table <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW242601071 BCX0\">assist<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW242601071 BCX0\"> consumers in making informed nutritional choices?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW242601071 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56458999 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56458999 BCX0\">It provides so much information about the nutritional content of a product, allowing us to compare <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56458999 BCX0\">different products<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56458999 BCX0\"> and look for healthier alternatives. We can look at serving sizes to see how much of each nutrient is in each serving to make <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56458999 BCX0\">accurate<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56458999 BCX0\"> comparisons.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW56458999 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW95479102 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW95479102 BCX0\">Explain the differences between the following food label claims: fat-free, low-fat, reduced-fat, and light-fat<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW95479102 BCX0\">.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW95479102 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW35253327 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW35253327 BCX0\">Fat-free: the food <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW35253327 BCX0\">contains<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW35253327 BCX0\"> less than 0.5 g of fat \u2192 the food provides such a small amount of fat that it is likely it <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW35253327 BCX0\">won\u2019t<\/span> <span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW35253327 BCX0\">have an effect on<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW35253327 BCX0\"> your body<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW35253327 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW35253327 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW35253327 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW35253327 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42080026 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42080026 BCX0\">Low-fat: 3 g or less of fat \u2192 the food provides <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42080026 BCX0\">a very small<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42080026 BCX0\"> amount of the nutrient<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW42080026 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW231949087 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW231949087 BCX0\">Reduced fat<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW231949087 BCX0\">:\u00a0 the food is <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW231949087 BCX0\">modified<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW231949087 BCX0\">\/processed so that it <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW231949087 BCX0\">contains<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW231949087 BCX0\"> at least 25% less fat than the food to which it is compared<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW231949087 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW152987279 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW152987279 BCX0\">Light-fat<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW152987279 BCX0\">: the food provides at<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun SCXW152987279 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW152987279 BCX0\">least 50% less of the added nutrient\u2192 the food <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW152987279 BCX0\">contains<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW152987279 BCX0\"> no added fats or oils or added butter or ghee, or ingredients that <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW152987279 BCX0\">contain<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW152987279 BCX0\"> added fats of oils, or butter or ghee<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW152987279 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW152987279 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW152987279 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW152987279 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW86599851 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW86599851 BCX0\">How have <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW86599851 BCX0\">portion<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW86599851 BCX0\"> sizes changed in restaurants and eating establishments? How might this change influence our dietary intake?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW86599851 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW172608443 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW172608443 BCX0\">Compared to 20 years ago, <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW172608443 BCX0\">portion<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW172608443 BCX0\"> sizes have increased in restaurants and eating establishments. People tend to eat more than they need to when given larger portions, which can lead to poor eating habits and adverse health outcomes. <\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW172608443 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h1>Chapter 3. Digestion, Absorption, and Elimination<\/h1>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW165632814 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW165632814 BCX0\">What is the difference between appetite and hunger? How might the distinction between the two allow us to develop healthier eating habits<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW165632814 BCX0\">?\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW165632814 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW162610833 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW162610833 BCX0\">Hunger is a physiological sensation that drives us to eat when we need food. Hunger is non-specific, which means that it can be satiated by any food<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW162610833 BCX0\">.\u00a0 <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW162610833 BCX0\">On the other hand, appetite is a psychological desire to consume a particular food that can be triggered by things related to our culture, society<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW162610833 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW162610833 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW162610833 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW162610833 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW162610833 BCX0\"> and environment. Understanding the difference between the two may help us avoid giving in to sudden cravings (i.e. craving ice cream when hearing\/seeing an ice cream truck cross the street).\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW162610833 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW6212233 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW6212233 BCX0\">Explain the role of the hypothalamus and nerve cells in producing feelings of hunger and satiety.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW6212233 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW253955304 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW253955304 BCX0\">Nerve cells detect changes in pressure in the stomach and small intestine and send signals to the hypothalamus, which integrates a response, causing us to eat or feel full. When you have just eaten, the stomach or small intestine becomes distended\/ full of nutrients which causes the nerve cells to send a signal to the hypothalamus, triggering feelings of satiety. On the other hand, when the stomach is empty, the nerve cells detect a lack of distention and nutrients and send signals to the hypothalamus, which results in feelings of hunger.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW253955304 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW244190582 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW244190582 BCX0\">How does digestion begin before you even put food into your mouth? What is this phase of digestion called?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW244190582 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW81417873 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW81417873 BCX0\">The process of digestion begins when you start thinking about food. This is the cephalic phase of digestion. When you feel hungry, your body sends a message to your brain that it is time to eat. Sights and smells influence your body\u2019s preparedness for food. Smelling food sends a message to your brain. Your brain then tells the mouth to get ready, you start salivating, and your stomach starts secreting gastric juices in preparation for your meal.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW81417873 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW7734614 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW7734614 BCX0\">What is the difference between the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW7734614 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW39341146 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW39341146 BCX0\">Mechanical breakdown of food involves chewing, which moistens the food, increases its surface area, mixes it together and stimulates the production of saliva. Mechanical digestion continues with churning and mixing actions in the stomach through peristalsis and segmentation. Chemical breakdown of food involves enzymes which break down the larger molecules of food into smaller components.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW39341146 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW112229975 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW112229975 BCX0\">How do peristalsis and segmentation differ in propelling food down the GI tract?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW112229975 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW99458831 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW99458831 BCX0\">During peristalsis, the muscles of the <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW99458831 BCX0\">esophagus<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW99458831 BCX0\"> contract to squeeze and push the food bolus down the stomach. When food enters the stomach, peristaltic contractions help mash and churn food into chyme and propel food forward. Segmentation from circular muscle contraction slows movement in the small intestine by forming sausage link segments that allow the chyme to slosh back and forth in both directions to promote mixing and absorption of nutrients.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW99458831 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW115128427 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW115128427 BCX0\">How is the stomach lining protected against the highly acidic environment?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW115128427 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW150405505 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW150405505 BCX0\">\u00a0The stomach <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW150405505 BCX0\">contains<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW150405505 BCX0\"> cells that secrete bicarbonate and mucus to help neutralize acid near the surface of the stomach lining and provide a protective layer against hydrochloric acid.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW150405505 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW14043843 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW14043843 BCX0\">What is the primary role of the large intestine in the digestive process?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW14043843 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW49779873 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW49779873 BCX0\">Any food that is incompletely broken down and the food\u2019s indigestible fibre content moves from the small intestine to the large intestine before they are eliminated as <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW49779873 BCX0\">feces<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW49779873 BCX0\">. The main job of the large intestine is to absorb much of the remaining water so excess amounts of water are not lost in <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW49779873 BCX0\">fecal<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW49779873 BCX0\"> matter. No further mechanical\/chemical breakdown takes place in the large intestine.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW49779873 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW192026714 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW192026714 BCX0\">How do gastrointestinal disorders like ulcers and celiac disease affect one\u2019s health and dietary habits?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW192026714 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW9679871 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW9679871 BCX0\">When areas of the GI tract become eroded by hydrochloric acid and pepsin, we might see gastric ulcers which are associated with burning pain, vomiting, and bloody stool. These unpleasant signs and symptoms may encourage individuals to eat foods that lower the amount of acid in their stomach while also alleviating symptoms of pain. Individuals with celiac disease may opt for gluten-free foods to avoid symptoms such as bloating, gas, <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW9679871 BCX0\">diarrhea<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW9679871 BCX0\">, nausea, vomiting, etc.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW9679871 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW67124138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW67124138 BCX0\">What structural characteristic(s) allows the small intestine to be the primary site of nutrient absorption? <\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW67124138 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW23276829 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW23276829 BCX0\">The surface area of the small intestine is greater than 200 square meters. The large surface area is due to the multiple levels of folding which maximize nutrient absorption.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW23276829 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW2088346 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW2088346 BCX0\">What is the role of accessory organs such as the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder in the digestive process?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW2088346 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW48737993 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW48737993 BCX0\">The liver produces bile<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW48737993 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW48737993 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW48737993 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW48737993 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW202034105 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW202034105 BCX0\">The gallbladder stores and secretes bile which emulsifies fats <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW202034105 BCX0\">into smaller droplets<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW202034105 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW202034105 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW123699461 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW123699461 BCX0\">The pancreas secretes pancreatic juices into the duodenum of the small intestine that further break down proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. The pancreatic juices also <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW123699461 BCX0\">contain<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW123699461 BCX0\"> bicarbonate ions which neutralize the acidity of the chyme, allowing the pancreatic enzymes to work more effectively. The pancreas also produces glucagon and insulin.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW123699461 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW206429452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW206429452 BCX0\">What are the digestive health benefits of probiotic foods? <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW206429452 BCX0\">Provide<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW206429452 BCX0\"> some examples of these foods.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW206429452 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW188846474 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW188846474 BCX0\">Probiotics are \u201cfriendly bacteria\u201d that ward off viral-induced <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW188846474 BCX0\">diarrhea<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW188846474 BCX0\"> and reduce symptoms of lactose intolerance. Probiotic foods include yogurt and Kefir.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW188846474 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h1>Chapter 4. Carbohydrates<\/h1>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW164221233 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW164221233 BCX0\">What is the difference between monosaccharides and disaccharides? <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW164221233 BCX0\">Provide<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW164221233 BCX0\"> a few examples of each<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW164221233 BCX0\">.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW164221233 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW195567389 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW195567389 BCX0\">Simple carbohydrates are also known more simply as \u201csugars\u201d and are grouped as either monosaccharides or disaccharides. <\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW195567389 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW195567389 BCX0\">Monosaccharides are single sugar molecules and include glucose, fructose, and galactose. Disaccharides are composed of pairs of monosaccharides linked together and include lactose, maltose, and sucrose.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW195567389 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW190459754 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW190459754 BCX0\">What is the difference between soluble and insoluble fibres? Provide examples of each<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW190459754 BCX0\">.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW190459754 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW101331902 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW101331902 BCX0\">Soluble fibres dissolve in water and can form gels that trap nutrients, such as glucose, and slow down absorption, which could be beneficial to those with diabetes. Soluble fibres are fermentable and more easily accessible to bacterial enzymes in the large intestine. Soluble fibres are often found in beans, citrus fruits, oats, barley, rye, and berries. <\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW101331902 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW101331902 BCX0\">Insoluble fibres do not typically dissolve in water and are not typically fermented by bacteria in the colon. Cellulose, hemicelluloses, and <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW101331902 BCX0\">lignins<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW101331902 BCX0\"> are examples of insoluble fibres found in whole grains, seeds, and fruits and vegetables.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW101331902 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW118172595 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW118172595 BCX0\">Which enzymes are involved in the chemical digestion of carbohydrates and what are their respective <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart CommentHighlightPipeRestV2 CommentHighlightRest SCXW118172595 BCX0\">roles<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentHighlightPipeRestV2 SCXW118172595 BCX0\">?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW118172595 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW192954843 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW192954843 BCX0\">Salivary amylase breaks down amylose and amylopectin into smaller chains of glucose called <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW192954843 BCX0\">dextrins<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW192954843 BCX0\"> and maltose.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW192954843 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW87427525 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW87427525 BCX0\">Pancreatic amylase further breaks down <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW87427525 BCX0\">dextrins<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW87427525 BCX0\"> and any remaining polysaccharides into short and shorter carbohydrate chains.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW87427525 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW45430453 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW45430453 BCX0\">Sucrase breaks sucrose into glucose and fructose molecules.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW45430453 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW191001457 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW191001457 BCX0\">Maltase breaks the bond between the two glucose units of maltose.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW191001457 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW244278680 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW244278680 BCX0\">Lactase breaks the bond between galactose and glucose.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW244278680 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW160483885 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW160483885 BCX0\">Which condition does a lactase enzyme deficiency lead to? How does this health condition influence one\u2019s digestive process and dietary choices<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW160483885 BCX0\">?\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW160483885 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW242547419 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW242547419 BCX0\">Lactose intolerance. These individuals are unable to digest lactose which produces gases leading to symptoms of <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW242547419 BCX0\">diarrhea<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW242547419 BCX0\">, bloating, and abdominal cramps. Most of these individuals can tolerate some <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW242547419 BCX0\">dairy products in their <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW242547419 BCX0\">diet but<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW242547419 BCX0\"> may <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW242547419 BCX0\">benefit<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW242547419 BCX0\"> from limiting their dairy intake to prevent bacterial digestion and its associated symptoms. <\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW242547419 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW124401360 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW124401360 BCX0\">How does the pancreas regulate blood glucose levels in the body?<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW124401360 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW148615835 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW148615835 BCX0\">When blood glucose levels are high, the pancreas releases insulin which sends a signal to the body\u2019s cells to remove glucose from the blood and transport it to different organ cells around the body and use it to produce energy. As glucose is transported around the body, the blood glucose levels decrease. When blood glucose levels drop, the pancreas releases glucagon which communicates to the cells in the body to stop using glucose. It also signals the liver to breakdown glycogen into glucose so it can be released into the blood, allowing glucose levels to stay within the target range<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW148615835 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW148615835 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW148615835 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW148615835 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW148615835 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW24280632 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW24280632 BCX0\">What is the difference between type I and type II diabetes? What are the complications associated with uncontrolled diabetes?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW24280632 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW197648519 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW197648519 BCX0\">Type 1 diabetes is known as insulin-dependent diabetes where the pancreas <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW197648519 BCX0\">can\u2019t<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW197648519 BCX0\"> produce insulin because the body attacks the pancreas. People with type 1 diabetes need to inject insulin or use an insulin pump to regulate insulin blood sugar levels. In those with type 2 diabetes, either the body <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW197648519 BCX0\">can\u2019t<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW197648519 BCX0\"> properly <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW197648519 BCX0\">utilize<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW197648519 BCX0\"> the insulin produced or cannot produce enough insulin.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW197648519 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW204162772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW204162772 BCX0\">Uncontrolled diabetes can damage arteries in the eyes and kidneys and result in retinopathy, blindness, high blood pressure, heart attack, and stroke.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW204162772 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW23136935 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW23136935 BCX0\">What happens to any remaining indigestible carbohydrates in the large intestine?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW23136935 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW118862443 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW118862443 BCX0\">The remaining indigestible carbohydrates are broken down by enzymes released by bacteria in the large intestine. The products of bacterial digestion of these slow-releasing carbohydrates are short-chain fatty acids and some gases. The short-chain fatty acids are either used by the bacteria to make energy and grow, are eliminated in the <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW118862443 BCX0\">feces<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW118862443 BCX0\">, or are absorbed into cells of the colon, with a small amount being transported to the liver.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW118862443 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW92768815 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW92768815 BCX0\">How can the <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW92768815 BCX0\">glycemic<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW92768815 BCX0\"> index be used to make healthier carbohydrate choices? What are some of the limitations of using the <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2Themed SCXW92768815 BCX0\">glycemic<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW92768815 BCX0\"> index<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW92768815 BCX0\">?\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW92768815 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW147363014 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW147363014 BCX0\">Foods that have a low GI do not raise blood-glucose levels either as much or as fast as foods that have a higher GI. We can use the <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2Themed SCXW147363014 BCX0\">glycemic<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW147363014 BCX0\"> index to choose carbohydrates that have a low-GI. However, the GI has some limitations. The first is GI does not <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun AdvancedProofingIssueV2Themed SCXW147363014 BCX0\">take into account<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW147363014 BCX0\"> the amount of carbohydrates in a <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW147363014 BCX0\">portion<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW147363014 BCX0\"> of food, but only <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun AdvancedProofingIssueV2Themed SCXW147363014 BCX0\">takes into account<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW147363014 BCX0\"> the type of carbohydrate. Another is that combining low- and high-GI foods changes the GI for the meal. Also, some nutrient-dense foods have higher GIs than less nutritious food. Lastly, meats and fats do not have a GI since they do not <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW147363014 BCX0\">contain<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW147363014 BCX0\"> carbohydrates.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW147363014 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW165143434 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW165143434 BCX0\">Under which circumstances can carbohydrate loading <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW165143434 BCX0\">optimize<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW165143434 BCX0\"> athlete performance and how? HINT: Think about muscle glycogen reserves and how long they typically last.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW165143434 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW114943259 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW114943259 BCX0\">Endurance athletes can <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW114943259 BCX0\">benefit<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW114943259 BCX0\"> from carbohydrate loading to prevent depletion of muscle glycogen stores which can cause a decrease in performance levels. After prolonged exercise, muscles rely more on lipids and proteins as an energy source as glycogen stores become depleted. Athletes can increase their glycogen reserve by reducing training intensity and increasing their carbohydrate intake, but this will only be beneficial to those with exercise durations longer than 90 minutes. If events are longer than 45 minutes, people can reduce stored glycogen use by ingesting carbohydrates<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW114943259 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW114943259 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW114943259 BCX0\"> during activity<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW114943259 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW114943259 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW114943259 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW47045205 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW47045205 BCX0\">Explain the \u201cfat-sparing\u201d effect of glucose and how it relates to fat metabolism.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW47045205 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW114863601 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW114863601 BCX0\">As blood glucose levels rise, the use of lipids as an energy source is inhibited. This is because the increased blood glucose levels stimulate the release of insulin which tells cells to use glucose instead of lipids to produce energy. This results in decreased fat metabolism and increased carbohydrate metabolism.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW114863601 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW32193622 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW32193622 BCX0\">Discuss the claims made by low-carbohydrate diets concerning weight loss and their associated challenges<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW32193622 BCX0\">.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW32193622 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW247255505 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247255505 BCX0\">Low carbohydrate diets <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247255505 BCX0\">can<\/span> <span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247255505 BCX0\">promote weight loss and overall health. These diets typically suggest that long-term weight loss is achieved through a reduction in dietary carbohydrates and <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247255505 BCX0\">glycemic<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247255505 BCX0\"> load. However, <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247255505 BCX0\">a number of<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247255505 BCX0\"> diet intervention studies have found that low-<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247255505 BCX0\">glycemic<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247255505 BCX0\">-load diets do not cause significantly greater long-term weight loss compared with higher-<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247255505 BCX0\">glycemic<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247255505 BCX0\">-load diets. However, the challenge with some research studies assessing the impacts of low carbohydrate diets on weight loss is that dietary protein is not controlled. If these studies do not control for protein intake, we have no way of knowing if protein is playing a role in the weight loss we see. <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247255505 BCX0\">Ultimately, there<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247255505 BCX0\"> is<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW247255505 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247255505 BCX0\">\u00a0currently little scientific evidence to support that low-carb<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247255505 BCX0\">ohydrate<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247255505 BCX0\"> diets are better than other diets in promoting weight loss.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW247255505 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW130452199 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW130452199 BCX0\">What are some of the potential benefits and side effects of consuming foods and beverages made with sugar substitutes?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW130452199 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW90368404 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW90368404 BCX0\">The benefits are that they reduce the consumption of simple sugars, which are higher in calories, cause tooth decay and are linked to chronic disease. However, a common side effect is gastrointestinal upset <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW90368404 BCX0\">as a result of<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW90368404 BCX0\"> their incomplete digestion. Studies have also shown that high artificial sweetener consumption is associated with increased CVD and cancer risk.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW90368404 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW216376132 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW216376132 BCX0\">Provide examples of personal dietary choices that can <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW216376132 BCX0\">assist<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW216376132 BCX0\"> individuals in meeting the <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW216376132 BCX0\">Health<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW216376132 BCX0\"> Canada recommendations of eating more unrefined carbohydrates and fibres<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW216376132 BCX0\">.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW216376132 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW119522885 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW119522885 BCX0\">Eat more fruits and vegetables with each meal<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW119522885 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW119522885 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW119522885 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW119522885 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW183384167 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW183384167 BCX0\">Get your daily carbohydrate servings from whole grains by eating whole-grain cereals or using whole-grain bread to make sandwiches, etc<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW183384167 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW183384167 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW183384167 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW183384167 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW66032561 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW66032561 BCX0\">Substitute refined white flour with whole-wheat or <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW66032561 BCX0\">whole-grain<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW66032561 BCX0\"> flour<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW66032561 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW66032561 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW66032561 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW66032561 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW66032561 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW66032561 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266680794 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266680794 BCX0\">Add beans, nuts, or seeds to salads<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266680794 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266680794 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266680794 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW266680794 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h1>Chapter 5. Lipids<\/h1>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW150425855 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW150425855 BCX0\">What are the three types of lipids and what roles <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW150425855 BCX0\">do<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW150425855 BCX0\"> each play in the body?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW150425855 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW23637049 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW23637049 BCX0\">Triglycerides <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW23637049 BCX0\">typically <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW23637049 BCX0\">make up 95% of the lipids in our diet and provide our body with energy<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW23637049 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW23637049 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW23637049 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW23637049 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW107250127 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW107250127 BCX0\">Pho<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW107250127 BCX0\">s<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW107250127 BCX0\">p<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW107250127 BCX0\">h<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW107250127 BCX0\">o<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW107250127 BCX0\">l<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW107250127 BCX0\">i<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW107250127 BCX0\">p<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW107250127 BCX0\">i<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW107250127 BCX0\">ds are crucial for building the protective barrier, or membrane, around your body\u2019s cells. <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW107250127 BCX0\">Pho<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW107250127 BCX0\">s<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW107250127 BCX0\">p<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW107250127 BCX0\">h<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW107250127 BCX0\">o<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW107250127 BCX0\">l<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW107250127 BCX0\">i<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW107250127 BCX0\">p<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW107250127 BCX0\">i<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW107250127 BCX0\">ds are synthesized in the body to form cell and organelle membranes. In blood and body fluids, <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW107250127 BCX0\">pho<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW107250127 BCX0\">s<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW107250127 BCX0\">p<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW107250127 BCX0\">h<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW107250127 BCX0\">o<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW107250127 BCX0\">l<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW107250127 BCX0\">i<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW107250127 BCX0\">p<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW107250127 BCX0\">i<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW107250127 BCX0\">ds form structures in which fat is enclosed and transported throughout the bloodstream.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW107250127 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW164257201 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW164257201 BCX0\">Sterols: cholesterol is the most well-known sterol and is <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW164257201 BCX0\">important component<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW164257201 BCX0\"> of the cell membrane and is <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW164257201 BCX0\">required<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW164257201 BCX0\"> for the synthesis of sex hormones, vitamin D, and bile salts<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW164257201 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW246046621 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW246046621 BCX0\">How does the degree of fatty acid saturation typically affect the state of fats at room temperature?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW246046621 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW59191047 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW59191047 BCX0\">Double carbon bonds in unsaturated fatty acids, cause kinks in the fatty acids, which makes it harder for them to pack together. On the other hand, saturated fatty acids tend to be straighter, making it easier for them to pack together<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW59191047 BCX0\">.\u00a0 <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW59191047 BCX0\">Therefore, foods higher in saturated fatty acids tend to be solid at room temperature and foods rich in unsaturated fatty acids tend to be liquid at room temperature.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW59191047 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW234203889 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW234203889 BCX0\">What is hydrogenation? How does this process alter the properties of fats?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW234203889 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW222288888 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW222288888 BCX0\">Hydrogenation involves adding hydrogen to the carbon double bonds, making the fatty acid<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW222288888 BCX0\"> appear more<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW222288888 BCX0\"> saturated (or less unsaturated in the case of partial hydrogenation). This process can change the state of fats (<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW222288888 BCX0\">e.g.,<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW222288888 BCX0\"> convert vegetable oils into semisolid fats).\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW222288888 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW49012225 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW49012225 BCX0\">Considering what you have learned about the health implications of eating saturated and unsaturated fats, what dietary adjustments can you make to eat healthier?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW49012225 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW76759293 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW76759293 BCX0\">If you decide to limit your intake of fat products, then choosing unsaturated fats <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW76759293 BCX0\">may be<\/span> <span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW76759293 BCX0\">more beneficial than choosing saturated fats. This choice is easy to make because unsaturated fats are usually liquid at room temperature while saturated fats tend to be solid at room temperature. However, there are some exceptions like avocados which are high in unsaturated fats and tropical oils <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW76759293 BCX0\">(e.g., coconut oil) <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW76759293 BCX0\">which are high in saturated fats.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW76759293 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW206810745 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW206810745 BCX0\">What is the difference between essential and non-essential fatty acids and why is this distinction important to consider when planning your diet?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW206810745 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW8181420 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW8181420 BCX0\">Essential fatty acids must be obtained from food because they cannot be synthesized by the body, unlike non-essential fatty acids which the body is capable of synthesizing on its own.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW8181420 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW213268553 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW213268553 BCX0\">What is the difference between the health benefits of eicosanoids derived from omega-3 fatty acids and eicosanoids omega-6 fatty acids?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW213268553 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW223231533 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW223231533 BCX0\">Eicosanoids derived from omega-6 fatty acids increase blood pressure and inflammation and cause blood clotting and immune responses. On the other hand, eicosanoids derived from omega-3 fatty acids are known to have heart-healthy effects.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW223231533 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW125847776 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125847776 BCX0\">What is unique about the structure of <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125847776 BCX0\">pho<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125847776 BCX0\">s<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125847776 BCX0\">p<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125847776 BCX0\">h<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125847776 BCX0\">o<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125847776 BCX0\">l<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125847776 BCX0\">i<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125847776 BCX0\">p<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125847776 BCX0\">i<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125847776 BCX0\">ds?<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW125847776 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW214535577 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW214535577 BCX0\">Their amphiphilic nature: the fatty acid sides are hydro<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW214535577 BCX0\">pho<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW214535577 BCX0\">bic (dislike water<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2Themed SCXW214535577 BCX0\">)<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW214535577 BCX0\"> and the <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW214535577 BCX0\">pho<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW214535577 BCX0\">sp<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW214535577 BCX0\">h<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW214535577 BCX0\">ate group is hydrophilic (like water)<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW214535577 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW214535577 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW214535577 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW214535577 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW127788737 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW127788737 BCX0\">What is the role of food emulsifiers? <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW127788737 BCX0\">Provide<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW127788737 BCX0\"> some examples of food emulsifiers<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW127788737 BCX0\">.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW127788737 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW95818774 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW95818774 BCX0\">Emulsifiers allow oil and water to mix. Without emulsifiers, the fat and water content within food would be <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW95818774 BCX0\">somewhat separated<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW95818774 BCX0\">. Lecithin found in egg yolk, honey, mayonnaise, and mustard is a common emulsifier. Emulsifiers enhance the appearance and freshness of food.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW95818774 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW14932190 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW14932190 BCX0\">Why is it important for individuals to <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW14932190 BCX0\">maintain<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW14932190 BCX0\"> healthy blood cholesterol levels<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW14932190 BCX0\">?\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW14932190 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW6735818 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW6735818 BCX0\">High cholesterol levels can form a large part of the plaque that narrows arteries in a process known as atherosclerosis.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW6735818 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW61360766 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW61360766 BCX0\">\u00a0How do dietary choices influence cholesterol absorption?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW61360766 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW222901149 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW222901149 BCX0\">Consuming more plant sterols can contribute to lower cholesterol levels because they inhibit cholesterol absorption.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW222901149 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW75137253 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75137253 BCX0\">\u00a0How do fats move in a water-based environment despite their water-insoluble nature?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW75137253 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW90964563 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW90964563 BCX0\">Bile salts envelop the fatty acids and monoglycerides to form micelles. Micelles have a fatty acid core with a water-soluble exterior. This allows efficient transportation of fats to the intestinal microvillus.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW90964563 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW202196971 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW202196971 BCX0\">What are the potential health implications of fat malabsorption?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW202196971 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW149887019 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW149887019 BCX0\">If fats are not absorbed properly as seen in some medical conditions, a person\u2019s stool will <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW149887019 BCX0\">contain<\/span> <span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW149887019 BCX0\">high amounts<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW149887019 BCX0\"> of fat. Continued fat malabsorption can cause steatorrhea. Steatorrhea can result from diseases that affect absorption, such as Crohn\u2019s disease and cystic fibrosis.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW149887019 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW121096740 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW121096740 BCX0\">How does the body store and use triglycerides from food for energy production?<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW121096740 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW188059724 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW188059724 BCX0\">After a meal, the triglycerides in the chylomicrons are moved to adipose or muscle cells. Capillary walls <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW188059724 BCX0\">contain<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW188059724 BCX0\"> an enzyme called lipoprotein-lipase that dismantles the triglycerides in the lipoproteins into fatty acids and glycerol, allowing them to enter the adipose cells. The fatty acids and glycerol are then reassembled into triglycerides and stored for later use. Muscle cells may also take up the fatty acids and use them for muscular work and energy production. When a person\u2019s energy requirements exceed the fuel available from a recent meal, or extended physical activity has exhausted glycogen energy reserves, fat reserves are retrieved for energy production.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW188059724 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW153335915 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153335915 BCX0\">What are the functions of lipids in the body? Briefly explain each function.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW153335915 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW47131895 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW47131895 BCX0\">Lipids are a major source of energy- 9 kcal\/gram, especially during lower-intensity and longer-duration <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW47131895 BCX0\">exercise.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW47131895 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266093928 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266093928 BCX0\">Lipids primarily function as an energy reserve. Fats are packed tightly together without water so you can store far greater amounts of energy in a reduced space. Fat cells are specialized for fat storage and can expand <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266093928 BCX0\">almost indefinitely<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266093928 BCX0\"> in size<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266093928 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266093928 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266093928 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW266093928 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW77541987 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW77541987 BCX0\">Lipids control the body\u2019s internal climate and <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW77541987 BCX0\">maintain<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW77541987 BCX0\"> a constant temperature. They also help the body produce and regulate hormones (<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW77541987 BCX0\">e.<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW77541987 BCX0\">g<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW77541987 BCX0\">.<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW77541987 BCX0\">,<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW77541987 BCX0\"> adipose tissue secretes leptin, which regulates appetite). Lipids play <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW77541987 BCX0\">an important role<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW77541987 BCX0\"> in brain activity, structure, and function and <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW77541987 BCX0\">facilitate<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW77541987 BCX0\"> the signalling of electrical impulses throughout the brain. The lipids in cell membranes regulate what enters and exits the cell<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW77541987 BCX0\">.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW77541987 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW171192231 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW171192231 BCX0\">Lipids play <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW171192231 BCX0\">an important role<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW171192231 BCX0\"> in insulating and protecting the body from extreme temperatures and keeping the internal climate under control. Fat tissue pads our hands and buttocks and prevents friction because these areas <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW171192231 BCX0\">frequently<\/span> <span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW171192231 BCX0\">come into contact with<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW171192231 BCX0\"> hard surfaces<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW171192231 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW171192231 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW171192231 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW171192231 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW203354557 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW203354557 BCX0\">Lipids <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW203354557 BCX0\">assist<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW203354557 BCX0\"> in digestion because by carrying fat-soluble nutrients throughout the digestive process, internal absorption is improved (increased bioavailability)<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW203354557 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW56953072 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56953072 BCX0\">According to existing health guidelines, ideally, which types of fats should be consumed in higher <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56953072 BCX0\">amounts,<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56953072 BCX0\"> and which should be limited?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW56953072 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW4100599 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW4100599 BCX0\">Consume <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW4100599 BCX0\">the majority of<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW4100599 BCX0\"> fats from foods <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW4100599 BCX0\">containing<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW4100599 BCX0\"> a high proportion of polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats, such as those found in fish, nuts, and vegetable oils.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW4100599 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW24932452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW24932452 BCX0\">Consume fewer than 10 percent of calories from saturated fats.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW24932452 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215752178 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215752178 BCX0\">Keep the consumption of trans fats (any food label that reads hydrogenated or partially hydrogenated oil) to a minimum, less than 1 percent of calories.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW215752178 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW111589658 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW111589658 BCX0\">What are the major lipoproteins and what are their functions?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW111589658 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW74726184 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW74726184 BCX0\">VLDLs: transport triglycerides from the liver to various tissues in the body. As the VLDLs travel through the circulatory system, the lipoprotein lipase strips the VLDL of triglycerides and they become intermediate-density lipoproteins.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW74726184 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW163311475 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW163311475 BCX0\">IDLs: transport a variety of fats and cholesterol in the bloodstream. While travelling in the bloodstream, cholesterol is gained from other lipoproteins while circulating enzymes strip its <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW163311475 BCX0\">pho<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW163311475 BCX0\">s<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW163311475 BCX0\">p<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW163311475 BCX0\">h<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW163311475 BCX0\">o<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW163311475 BCX0\">l<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW163311475 BCX0\">i<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW163311475 BCX0\">p<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW163311475 BCX0\">i<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW163311475 BCX0\">d <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW163311475 BCX0\">component<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW163311475 BCX0\">. When IDLs return to the liver, they are transformed into low-density lipoproteins.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW163311475 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW222902618 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW222902618 BCX0\">LDLs: commonly known as the \u201cbad cholesterol<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW222902618 BCX0\">\u201d.<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW222902618 BCX0\"> LDLs carry cholesterol and other lipids from the liver to our tissues throughout the body. Each cell\u2019s surface has receptor systems specifically designed to bind with LDLs. Circulating LDLs in the bloodstream bind to these LDL receptors and are consumed. Once inside the cell, the LDL is taken apart and its cholesterol is released. In liver cells, these receptor systems aid in controlling blood cholesterol levels as they bind the LDLs. A deficiency of these LDL binding mechanisms will leave a high quantity of cholesterol travelling in the bloodstream, which can lead to heart disease or atherosclerosis.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW222902618 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW41889272 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW41889272 BCX0\">\u00a0HDLs: carry cholesterol out of the bloodstream and into the liver, where it is either reused or removed from the body with bile. They are called the \u201cgood cholesterol.\u201d<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW41889272 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW30613710 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW30613710 BCX0\">List and explain the potential adverse health consequences of high blood lipid levels<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW30613710 BCX0\">.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW30613710 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW28338684 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW28338684 BCX0\">Cardiovascular disease: the arteries thicken and harden with plaque buildup, causing restricted or at times low or no blood flow to selected areas of the body.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW28338684 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW143276310 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW143276310 BCX0\">Heart attack: when blood flow to a section of the heart is cut off due to a blood clot.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW143276310 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW214424199 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW214424199 BCX0\">Ischemic stroke: when a blood vessel in the brain or leading to the brain, becomes blocked, again usually from a blood clot. If part of the brain suffers a lack of blood flow and\/or oxygen for three minutes or longer, brain cells will start to die.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW214424199 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW27158935 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW27158935 BCX0\">Congestive heart failure: the heart is not pumping blood as well as it should. The heart is still working but it is not meeting the body\u2019s demand for blood and oxygen. If left unchecked, it can progress to further levels of malfunction.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW27158935 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW125252995 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125252995 BCX0\">Arrhythmia: This is an abnormal rhythm of the heart. The heart may beat above one hundred beats per minute (known as tachycardia) or below sixty beats per minute (known as bradycardia), or the beats may be irregular. The heart may not be able to pump enough volume of blood to meet the body\u2019s needs.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW125252995 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW190739954 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW190739954 BCX0\">Heart valve problems: Stenosis is a condition in which the heart valves become compromised in their ability to open wide enough to allow for proper blood flow. Some<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun SCXW190739954 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW190739954 BCX0\">times heart valves do not close <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW190739954 BCX0\">tightly,<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW190739954 BCX0\"> and blood begins to leak between chambers.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW190739954 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW238736206 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW238736206 BCX0\">Obesity: the excessive accumulation of body fat. Obesity has been linked to increased risks of developing diabetes and heart disease.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW238736206 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h1>Chapter 6. Proteins<\/h1>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW70049902 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70049902 BCX0\">How are over hundred thousand different proteins produced in the body<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70049902 BCX0\">?\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW70049902 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW15183725 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW15183725 BCX0\">Different proteins are produced because twenty types of naturally occurring amino acids are combined in unique sequences to form polypeptides. The abundant variations of proteins are due to the unending number of amino acid sequences that can be formed.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW15183725 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW29022585 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW29022585 BCX0\">Describe and explain the basic steps of protein synthesis.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW29022585 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW108239390 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW108239390 BCX0\">\u00a0The first step in constructing a protein is the transcription of the genetic information in DNA into RNA. Next, during translation, the RNA instructs the cells to gather all the necessary amino acids and add them to the growing protein chain in <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW108239390 BCX0\">a very specific<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW108239390 BCX0\"> order. The third step in protein production involves folding it into its correct shape. Specific amino acid sequences <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW108239390 BCX0\">contain<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW108239390 BCX0\"> all the information necessary to spontaneously fold into a particular shape.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW108239390 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW220707408 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW220707408 BCX0\">Describe the four structural levels of proteins.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW220707408 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW205212314 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW205212314 BCX0\">Primary: The first level is the one-dimensional sequence of amino acids that are held together by peptide bonds.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW205212314 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW233000296 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW233000296 BCX0\">Secondary: The second level of protein structure is dependent on the chemical interactions between amino acids, which cause the protein to fold into a specific shape, such as a helix or sheet.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW233000296 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215432294 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215432294 BCX0\">Tertiary: The third level of protein structure is three-dimensional. As the different side chains of amino acids chemically interact, they either repel or attract each other, resulting in a folded structure.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW215432294 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW218325365 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW218325365 BCX0\">Quaternary:\u00a0 The fourth level of structure is achieved when protein fragments called peptides combine to make one larger functional protein.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW218325365 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW254227320 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW254227320 BCX0\">What is protein denaturation? How does this process affect the structural and chemical properties of proteins?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW254227320 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW227188562 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW227188562 BCX0\">\u00a0Denaturation is physical changes seen in a protein exposed to abnormal conditions in the environment such as heat, acid, high salt concentrations, alcohol, and mechanical agitation. When a protein denatures, its complicated folded structure unfolds, and it becomes just a long strand of amino acids again. The weak chemical forces that hold tertiary and secondary protein structures together are broken and since proteins\u2019 function depends on their shape, denatured proteins are no longer functional.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW227188562 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW125027116 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125027116 BCX0\">Why do proteins make you feel full for longer than carbohydrates?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW125027116 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW88934295 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW88934295 BCX0\">Protein digestion in the stomach takes longer than carbohydrate digestion, so eating a high-protein meal increases the amount of time <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW88934295 BCX0\">required<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW88934295 BCX0\"> to sufficiently break down the meal in the stomach. This means that the food stays in the stomach for longer, making you feel full for longer.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW88934295 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW88934295 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW88934295 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW34316136 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW34316136 BCX0\">What are the two major pancreatic enzymes that digest proteins?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW34316136 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW231401128 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW231401128 BCX0\">Chymotrypsin and trypsin.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW153051340 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153051340 BCX0\">How are amino acids recycled to make new proteins?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW153051340 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW192347251 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW192347251 BCX0\">Every day, over 250 grams of protein are recycled to make 250 grams of new protein. To form these new proteins, amino acids from food and those from protein destruction are placed into a \u201cpool.\u201d When an amino acid is needed to build another protein, it can be <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW192347251 BCX0\">acquired<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW192347251 BCX0\"> from the existing amino acids in the body. This is why it is important to <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW192347251 BCX0\">maintain<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW192347251 BCX0\"> amino acid levels within this pool by consuming high-protein diets because if amino acid levels are not <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW192347251 BCX0\">maintained<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW192347251 BCX0\">, amino acids in the pool will be obtained by increasing protein destruction from other tissues in the body <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW192347251 BCX0\">such <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2Themed SCXW192347251 BCX0\">as <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2Themed SCXW192347251 BCX0\">muscle<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW192347251 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW192347251 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW232540343 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW232540343 BCX0\">How are dietary proteins catabolized for energy production, and what are the overall health implications of protein catabolism? <\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW232540343 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW60788619 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW60788619 BCX0\">Only about 10% of dietary proteins are catabolized make cellular energy every<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun SCXW60788619 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW60788619 BCX0\">day. The liver breaks down amino acids to the carbon skeleton, which can then be fed into the citric acid cycle. This is <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun AdvancedProofingIssueV2Themed SCXW60788619 BCX0\">similar <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun AdvancedProofingIssueV2Themed SCXW60788619 BCX0\">to<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW60788619 BCX0\"> the way that glucose is used to make ATP. If a person\u2019s diet does not <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW60788619 BCX0\">contain<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW60788619 BCX0\"> enough carbohydrates and fats, their body will use more amino acids to make energy, which compromises the synthesis of new proteins and destroys muscle proteins.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW60788619 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193835275 BCX0\">How might daily protein recommendations vary among <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193835275 BCX0\">different groups<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193835275 BCX0\"> (<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193835275 BCX0\">e.g.,<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193835275 BCX0\"> the elderly and athletes)?<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW194863702 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW194863702 BCX0\">Elderly: as we age, our muscle mass gradually decreases in a process known as sarcopenia. <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW194863702 BCX0\">Approximately half<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW194863702 BCX0\"> the population of men and women above the age of 80 are sarcopenic, and studies have shown that higher intakes (1.2-1.5 g per kg of body weight) may prevent aging adults from becoming sarcopenic.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW194863702 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW627396 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW627396 BCX0\">Athletes: The body <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW627396 BCX0\">requires<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW627396 BCX0\"> protein post-exercise so that you can build bigger, stronger, and healthier muscle tissue after intense exercise like <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart CommentHighlightPipeRestV2 CommentHighlightRest SCXW627396 BCX0\">strength<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentHighlightPipeRestV2 SCXW627396 BCX0\"> training.<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW627396 BCX0\"> The daily protein recommendations for strength athletes are <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW627396 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW627396 BCX0\">1.6-1.7 g\/kg of body weight per day. Some strength athletes may need up to 2.2 g\/kg of body weight per day.<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun SCXW627396 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW627396 BCX0\">Athletes should consume protein from high-quality sources, such as dairy, eggs, lean meats. However, eating an excessive amount of protein at one time does not further stimulate muscle-protein synthesis. In fact, it is recommended that after a training session, athletes should consume 0.25-0.4 g\/kg of body weight of protein in their post-exercise meal. If strength athletes do not complete sessions that include exercise to failure, they should consume this protein within one hour after exercise to enhance muscle protein synthesis. However, if the athlete\u2019s session includes exercise to failure, this window may extend up to 24 h post-exercise.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW627396 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW212691903 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212691903 BCX0\">What are the health consequences of protein deficiencies and high-protein diets?<\/span><\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW212691903 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212691903 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW264632177 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW264632177 BCX0\">There are two main syndromes associated with protein deficiencies: <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW264632177 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW264632177 BCX0\">Kwashiorkor and Marasmus. Kwashiorkor is characterized by swelling (<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2Themed SCXW264632177 BCX0\">edema<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW264632177 BCX0\">) of the feet and abdomen, poor skin health, growth retardation, low muscle mass, and liver malfunction. The primary symptoms of Kwashiorkor include not only swelling, but also <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2Themed SCXW264632177 BCX0\">diarrhea<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW264632177 BCX0\">, fatigue, peeling skin, and irritability. Marasmus affects mostly children below the age of one in low-income countries. It is characterized by an extremely emaciated appearance, poor skin health, and growth retardation. The symptoms are acute fatigue, hunger, and <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2Themed SpellingErrorHighlight SCXW264632177 BCX0\">diarrhea<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW264632177 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW264632177 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW212691903 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212691903 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW224583436 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW224583436 BCX0\">Some studies suggest that diets high in animal protein, especially red meat, are linked to a higher risk for kidney stones, kidney disease, liver malfunction, colorectal cancer, and osteoporosis. However, diets that include lots of red meat are also high in saturated fat and cholesterol and are sometimes linked to unhealthy lifestyles, so it is difficult to say that <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW224583436 BCX0\">high-protein<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW224583436 BCX0\"> causes these unfavourable health consequences. High-protein diets can however restrict other essential nutrients like vitamin and mineral intakes and result in other potential cardiac, renal, bone, and liver abnormalities.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW224583436 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW212691903 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212691903 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW126456230 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW126456230 BCX0\">It\u2019s<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW126456230 BCX0\"> important to remember that moderation is key.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW212691903 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212691903 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW178323544 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW178323544 BCX0\">Reflecting on what <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW178323544 BCX0\">you\u2019ve<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW178323544 BCX0\"> learned about protein supplements and their effectiveness, what is your perspective on integrating them into your dietary routine or fitness regimen? How would you weigh the pros and cons of protein supplements?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW178323544 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW212691903 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW88567787 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW88567787 BCX0\">From what <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW88567787 BCX0\">we\u2019ve<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW88567787 BCX0\"> learned, <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW88567787 BCX0\">it\u2019s<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW88567787 BCX0\"> safe to assume that there <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW88567787 BCX0\">isn\u2019t<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW88567787 BCX0\"> sufficient evidence to support that protein and amino acid supplements are superior to regular food in enhancing exercise performance. Choosing high quality protein foods will help you build muscle, and this is also a lot more affordable than buying supplements to meet your protein goals. If you do choose to buy protein (<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW88567787 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW88567787 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW88567787 BCX0\">e<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW88567787 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW88567787 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW88567787 BCX0\">.g.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW88567787 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW88567787 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW88567787 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW88567787 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW88567787 BCX0\"> whey protein) and use it to make a protein shake post workout, it is important to remember that there is no need to add more than what is <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW88567787 BCX0\">required<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW88567787 BCX0\"> to obtain 0.25-0.4g \/kg of body weight. Protein shakes and protein bars might be <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW88567787 BCX0\">a good idea<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW88567787 BCX0\"> for endurance or strength athletes who have little time to make a nutritious exercise recovery snack. It is still important to do your research on the protein snacks\/supplements you buy and to read the label as some have <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW88567787 BCX0\">high amounts<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW88567787 BCX0\"> of carbohydrates from added sugars and <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW88567787 BCX0\">aren\u2019t<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW88567787 BCX0\"> the best protein sources for athletes.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW88567787 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h1>Chapter 7. Metabolism<\/h1>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW68009026 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW68009026 BCX0\">How is energy classified? Provide examples of each type of energy being used in our daily lives.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW68009026 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW82217004 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW82217004 BCX0\">Energy is classified as either potential or kinetic. Potential energy is stored energy, or energy waiting to happen. Kinetic energy is energy in motion. An example of this is riding your bike. When your bike is parked on top of a hill, it has potential energy. When you are riding your bike down the hill, you have kinetic energy.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW82217004 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW85356731 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW85356731 BCX0\">How do carbohydrates, proteins, and fats differ in their energy content per gram?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW85356731 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW257486902 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW257486902 BCX0\">9 kcal\/g of lipids.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW1447030 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW1447030 BCX0\">4 kcal\/g of carbohydrates and proteins.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW98532806 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW98532806 BCX0\">What <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW98532806 BCX0\">are<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW98532806 BCX0\"> nutrient-dense foods and do they relate to food quality?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW98532806 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW204222251 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW204222251 BCX0\">High-quality foods are nutrient-dense, meaning they <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW204222251 BCX0\">contain<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW204222251 BCX0\"> lots of nutrients <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW204222251 BCX0\">relative<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW204222251 BCX0\"> to the number of <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW204222251 BCX0\">calories\/energy<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW204222251 BCX0\"> they provide. They are the opposite of empty-calorie foods such as sugary carbonated drinks which <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW204222251 BCX0\">contain<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW204222251 BCX0\"> a lot of calories and <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW204222251 BCX0\">very little<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW204222251 BCX0\">, if any, nutrients.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW204222251 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW215788495 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215788495 BCX0\">What is the difference between catabolism and anabolism?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW215788495 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75933324 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75933324 BCX0\">Metabolism i<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75933324 BCX0\">ncludes <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75933324 BCX0\">both catabolism<\/span> <span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75933324 BCX0\">and<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75933324 BCX0\"> anabolism. Catabolism is the process of molecule breakdown into smaller <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75933324 BCX0\">molecules,<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75933324 BCX0\"> and it releases energy. Anabolism refers <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75933324 BCX0\">to the process of building bigger molecules from smaller molecules and it requires energy.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW75933324 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW72743094 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW72743094 BCX0\">Compare fat and carbohydrate stores in humans.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW72743094 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW114913969 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW114913969 BCX0\">Humans have larger stores of fat compared to carbohydrates. <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW114913969 BCX0\">Fat is a better alternative to glycogen for energy storage as it is more compact and, unlike glycogen, the body does not store water along with fat. Water weighs a significant amount, and increased glycogen stores would dramatically increase body weight due to the increased water content.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW114913969 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW204733342 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW204733342 BCX0\">What would happen to chemical reactions without enzymes?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW204733342 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW199686313 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW199686313 BCX0\">Enzymes are catalysts- they speed up chemical reactions and reduce the energy <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW199686313 BCX0\">required<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW199686313 BCX0\"> to complete the chemical reaction. Without enzymes, chemical reactions would take much longer to happen and would use up too much energy for life to exist.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW199686313 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW241644029 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW241644029 BCX0\">How are metabolic pathways involved in catabolism and anabolism regulated by energy status?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW241644029 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW131387804 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW131387804 BCX0\">All cells are in tune with their energy balance<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW131387804 BCX0\">.\u00a0 <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW131387804 BCX0\">When energy levels are high, cells join smaller molecules into larger ones via energy-requiring anabolic pathways and when energy levels are low, catabolic pathways are <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW131387804 BCX0\">initiated<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW131387804 BCX0\"> to release energy, in which bigger molecules are broken down into smaller molecules.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW131387804 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW69133344 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW69133344 BCX0\">What happens to pyruvate in the presence and absence of oxygen?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW69133344 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW239180740 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW239180740 BCX0\">In the absence of oxygen (anaerobic), pyruvate is converted to lactic acid, which is known as fast glycolysis. In the presence of oxygen (aerobic), and if a cell is in negative-energy balance, pyruvate is transported to the mitochondria where it first gets one of its carbons cleaved off, yielding acetyl-CoA. It can then go to the citric acid cycle<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW239180740 BCX0\"> and <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW239180740 BCX0\">the electron transport chain\/oxidative <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW239180740 BCX0\">pho<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW239180740 BCX0\">s<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW239180740 BCX0\">p<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW239180740 BCX0\">h<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW239180740 BCX0\">o<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW239180740 BCX0\">rylation<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW239180740 BCX0\"> to make more energy.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW239180740 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW186245219 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186245219 BCX0\">Why is some energy released as heat during nutrient catabolism?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW186245219 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177540958 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177540958 BCX0\">Heat is a vital <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart CommentHighlightPipeRestV2 CommentHighlightRest SCXW177540958 BCX0\">product<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentHighlightPipeRestV2 SCXW177540958 BCX0\"> of nutrient catabolism and is involved in <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177540958 BCX0\">maintaining<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177540958 BCX0\"> body temperature. If <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177540958 BCX0\">heat <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177540958 BCX0\">was<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177540958 BCX0\"> not produced as this byproduct <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177540958 BCX0\">human<\/span> <span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177540958 BCX0\">body temperature would significantly drop<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177540958 BCX0\">,<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177540958 BCX0\"> and they would die of hypothermia. This is why nutrient catabolism is only 30-40% efficient.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW177540958 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h1>Chapter 8. Introduction to Micronutrients<\/h1>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW109641620 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW109641620 BCX0\">Compare the storage sites and absorption of water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW109641620 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW136133031 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW136133031 BCX0\">Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed along with dietary fat so if a meal is <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW136133031 BCX0\">very low<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW136133031 BCX0\"> in fat, the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins will be impaired. Once fat-soluble vitamins have been absorbed in the small intestine, they are packaged and incorporated into chylomicrons along with other fatty acids and transported in the lymphatic system to the liver. Water-soluble vitamins on the other hand are absorbed in the small intestine but are transported to the liver through blood vessels<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW136133031 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW136133031 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW136133031 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW136133031 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW153974282 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153974282 BCX0\">Why do water-soluble vitamins need to be consumed more regularly than fat-soluble vitamins?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW153974282 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW40235073 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW40235073 BCX0\">Fat-soluble vitamins are <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW40235073 BCX0\">mainly stored<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW40235073 BCX0\"> in our adipose tissue, which means that we <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW40235073 BCX0\">don\u2019t<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW40235073 BCX0\"> need to consume them daily<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW40235073 BCX0\">.\u00a0 <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW40235073 BCX0\">We do not typically store water-soluble vitamins (except B12), so they need to be consumed regularly.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW40235073 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW81597633 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW81597633 BCX0\">How did Fiji\u2019s government combat the national iodine deficiency? What government policies can be implemented to address the present-day mineral deficiencies in Canada?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW81597633 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW95237587 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW95237587 BCX0\">The government of Fiji banned non-iodized salt and allowed only fortified iodized salt into the country in hopes of increasing the consumption of iodine in people\u2019s diets. The Canadian government can also set forth a fortification policy to enhance the nutritional quality of certain foods. For example, if vitamin D is still a common deficiency despite milk being fortified with vitamin D in Canada, the vitamin D content can be doubled. This is just one example.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW95237587 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW120219474 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW120219474 BCX0\">How are minerals classified as major minerals and trace minerals?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"EOP SCXW120219474 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW254613253 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW254613253 BCX0\">Trace minerals are classified as minerals <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW254613253 BCX0\">required<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW254613253 BCX0\"> in the diet each day in smaller amounts (100 milligrams or less). Major minerals are classified as minerals that are <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW254613253 BCX0\">required<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW254613253 BCX0\"> in the diet each day in amounts larger than 100 milligrams.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"EOP SCXW120219474 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\"><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW202986147 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW202986147 BCX0\">How does mineral bioavailability differ between plant-based and animal-based foods? Why is this the case?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW202986147 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"EOP SCXW120219474 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW19972476 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW19972476 BCX0\">Plant-based foods often <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW19972476 BCX0\">contain<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW19972476 BCX0\"> factors, such as oxalate and phytate, that bind to minerals and inhibit their absorption. In general, minerals are better absorbed from animal-based foods. For example, the absorption of calcium from vegetables and nuts is lower than that from <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW19972476 BCX0\">milk because the oxalate in plant-based foods binds to the calcium and affects absorption.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW19972476 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"EOP SCXW120219474 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\"><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW117137537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW117137537 BCX0\">How does chemical form affect nutrient bioavailability? <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW117137537 BCX0\">Provide<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW117137537 BCX0\"> an example<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW117137537 BCX0\">.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"EOP SCXW120219474 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\"><span class=\"EOP SCXW117137537 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW83235937 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW83235937 BCX0\">Heme<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW83235937 BCX0\"> iron, found in meats, fish, and poultry, is better absorbed than non-<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW83235937 BCX0\">heme<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW83235937 BCX0\"> iron from plant and animal sources, iron-fortified foods, and supplements.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW83235937 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"EOP SCXW120219474 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\"><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW151374230 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW151374230 BCX0\">What is the relationship between vitamin intake and mineral absorption? <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW151374230 BCX0\">Provide<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW151374230 BCX0\"> an example<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW151374230 BCX0\">.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW151374230 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW171589140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW171589140 BCX0\">Certain vitamins can enhance mineral absorption. For example, vitamin D boosts calcium and magnesium absorption.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW171589140 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h1>Chapter 9. Micronutrients for Energy<\/h1>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW267784985 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW267784985 BCX0\">Why is the lack of inclusivity in the existing <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW267784985 BCX0\">micronutritional<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW267784985 BCX0\"> guidelines problematic<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW267784985 BCX0\">?\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW267784985 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW89626451 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW89626451 BCX0\">Existing nutritional guidelines offer clear recommendations for males and females, but no guidelines exist for transgender or non-binary people. This is problematic because studies have shown that transgender people who have had gender-affirming surgery or hormone therapy have different nutritional needs than those who have not. There <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW89626451 BCX0\">isn\u2019t<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW89626451 BCX0\"> enough research to inform recommendations for transgender and non-binary people and this can cause confusion and negative health outcomes for them, especially if they <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW89626451 BCX0\">aren\u2019t<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW89626451 BCX0\"> meeting their micronutrient needs.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW89626451 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW75189155 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75189155 BCX0\">What are the effects of <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2Themed SCXW75189155 BCX0\">thiamin<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75189155 BCX0\"> deficiency on the cardiovascular and nervous systems<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75189155 BCX0\">?\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW75189155 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW259254045 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW259254045 BCX0\">The brain and heart are most affected by a <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2Themed SCXW259254045 BCX0\">thiamin<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW259254045 BCX0\"> deficiency. <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW259254045 BCX0\">Thiamin<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW259254045 BCX0\"> deficiency, also known as beriberi, can cause symptoms of fatigue, confusion, movement impairment, pain in the lower extremities, swelling, and heart failure. Wernicke- Korsakoff syndrome can cause similar symptoms as beriberi such as confusion, loss of coordination, vision changes, hallucinations, and may progress to coma and death. This condition is specific to alcoholics.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW259254045 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW124225621 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW124225621 BCX0\">How does riboflavin <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW124225621 BCX0\">assist<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW124225621 BCX0\"> in the energy production process?<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW124225621 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW58034331 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW58034331 BCX0\">Riboflavin is an essential <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW58034331 BCX0\">component<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW58034331 BCX0\"> of flavoproteins, which are coenzymes involved in many metabolic pathways of carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism (<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW58034331 BCX0\">e.g.,<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW58034331 BCX0\"> Krebs cycle). Riboflavin also aids in the transfer of electrons in the electron transport chain and helps fight oxidative damage.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW58034331 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW177755619 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177755619 BCX0\">What is the role of food packaging in preventing ariboflavinosis?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW177755619 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW82579506 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW82579506 BCX0\">Riboflavin is destroyed by light, so foods <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW82579506 BCX0\">containing<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW82579506 BCX0\"> riboflavin should be stored in dark or opaque containers to prevent ariboflavinosis.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW82579506 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW243946407 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW243946407 BCX0\">How do diets high in tryptophan influence niacin synthesis? What role, if any, do these diets play in preventing niacin deficiency<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW243946407 BCX0\">?\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW243946407 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW221394958 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW221394958 BCX0\">Niacin can be synthesized by humans from the amino acid tryptophan. Niacin is made from tryptophan only after tryptophan has met <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW221394958 BCX0\">all of<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW221394958 BCX0\"> its other needs in the body. The contribution of tryptophan-derived niacin to niacin needs in the body varies and a few scientific studies have shown that diets high in tryptophan have <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW221394958 BCX0\">very little<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW221394958 BCX0\"> effect on niacin deficiency.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW221394958 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW124122510 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW124122510 BCX0\">What are the potential risks associated with niacin supplementation<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW124122510 BCX0\">?\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW124122510 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW37199878 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW37199878 BCX0\">Supplementation can cause toxicity, which can result in burning, tingling, itching, and flushing on the face, arms, and chest. When <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW37199878 BCX0\">very large<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW37199878 BCX0\"> doses are taken over <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW37199878 BCX0\">long periods<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW37199878 BCX0\"> of time, liver damage, glucose intolerance, blurred vision, and <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW37199878 BCX0\">edema<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW37199878 BCX0\"> of the eyes may occur.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW37199878 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW162234620 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW162234620 BCX0\">Although a pantothenic acid deficiency is exceptionally rare, how might this deficiency disrupt the metabolism of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW162234620 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW246617370 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW246617370 BCX0\">Pantothenic acid forms coenzyme A, which is the main carrier of carbon molecules in a cell. Acetyl-CoA is the carbon carrier of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids in the citric acid cycle. Therefore, pantothenic acid deficiency can disrupt the production of coenzyme A, and disrupt fatty acid, glucose, protein, and ketone metabolism.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW246617370 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW126944457 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW126944457 BCX0\">Explain how vitamin B6 deficiency leads to <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW126944457 BCX0\">anemia<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW126944457 BCX0\">. How is this type of <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW126944457 BCX0\">anemia<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW126944457 BCX0\"> different from those caused by deficiencies in folate, cobalamin, or iron?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW126944457 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210326559 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210326559 BCX0\">Vitamin B6 is also a required coenzyme for the synthesis of <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2Themed SCXW210326559 BCX0\">hemoglobin<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210326559 BCX0\"> and so a deficiency in vitamin B6 can cause <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210326559 BCX0\">anemia<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210326559 BCX0\">, but it different than that caused by insufficient folate, cobalamin, or iron, although the symptoms are similar. The size of red blood cells is normal or <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210326559 BCX0\">somewhat smaller<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210326559 BCX0\">, but the <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210326559 BCX0\">hemoglobin<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210326559 BCX0\"> content is lower. This means each red blood cell has a decreased oxygen-carrying <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210326559 BCX0\">capacity<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210326559 BCX0\">, resulting in muscle weakness, fatigue, and shortness of breath.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW210326559 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW135236623 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW135236623 BCX0\">How does geographic location influence the iodine content in foods?<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW135236623 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW20917469 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW20917469 BCX0\">The mineral content of foods is <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW20917469 BCX0\">greatly affected<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW20917469 BCX0\"> by the soil from which it grew and since iodine comes mostly from seawater, the greater the distance from the sea, the lesser the iodine content in the soil.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW20917469 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW180160914 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW180160914 BCX0\">How do low iodine levels affect growth and development<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW180160914 BCX0\">?\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW180160914 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW224778167 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW224778167 BCX0\">Low iodine levels result in hypothyroidism which negatively affects all stages of growth and development. The thyroid hormone plays <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW224778167 BCX0\">a major role<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW224778167 BCX0\"> in brain development and growth, and <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW224778167 BCX0\">fetuses<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW224778167 BCX0\"> and infants with severe iodine deficiency develop a condition known as cretinism, in which physical and neurological impairment can be severe.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW224778167 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW55179204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW55179204 BCX0\">How did residential school nutrition experiments contribute to vitamin deficiencies<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW55179204 BCX0\">?\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW55179204 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW77438076 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW77438076 BCX0\">\u00a0Indigenous peoples were used as experimental subjects to test nutrition requirements in malnourished children. The effects of federal underfunding led to unqualified staff members and poor kitchen facilities. This resulted in diets lacking vitamins A, B, and C and iodine due to inadequate portions of milk, fruits vegetables, eggs, and cheese being served to the children.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW77438076 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h1>Chapter 10. Micronutrients Involved in Fluid and Electrolyte Balance<\/h1>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW232447285 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW232447285 BCX0\">What is the process of osmoregulation?<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW232447285 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW206977415 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW206977415 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW206977415 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW206977415 BCX0\">Osmoregulation is the control of fluid balance and composition in the body. The processes involved keep fluids from becoming too diluted or too concentrated. To <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW206977415 BCX0\">maintain<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW206977415 BCX0\"> water balance, a cell controls the movement of electrolytes to keep the total number of dissolved particles the same inside and outside. The total number of dissolved substances is the same inside and outside a cell, but the composition of the fluids differs between compartments.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW206977415 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW75643716 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75643716 BCX0\">What is the difference between hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solutions?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW75643716 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW86423636 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW86423636 BCX0\">Hypertonic: where a cell is placed in a more concentrated solution and water moves from inside the cell to the outside, causing it to shrink.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW86423636 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW67504190 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW67504190 BCX0\">Hypotonic: where a cell is placed in a solution that <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW67504190 BCX0\">contains<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW67504190 BCX0\"> fewer dissolved particles than the cell itself and water moves into the more concentrated cell, causing it to swell.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW69990442 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW69990442 BCX0\">Isotonic: when a solution <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW69990442 BCX0\">contains<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW69990442 BCX0\"> an equal <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2Themed SCXW69990442 BCX0\">amount<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW69990442 BCX0\"> of dissolved particles on either side of the membrane.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW74553791 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW74553791 BCX0\">Why is water called the universal solvent?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW74553791 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW119515998 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW119515998 BCX0\">Water is called the universal solvent because more substances dissolve in it than in any other fluid. Molecules dissolve in water because of the hydrogen and oxygen molecules\u2019 ability to loosely bond with other molecules.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW119515998 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW210491175 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210491175 BCX0\">Explain how the body regulates blood pressure via the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW210491175 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW4082908 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW4082908 BCX0\">When the concentration of solutes in the blood increases, an anti-diuretic hormone i<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW4082908 BCX0\">s<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW4082908 BCX0\"> released from the pituitary gland, which <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW4082908 BCX0\">subsequently<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW4082908 BCX0\"> increases water resorption by the kidneys, thus increasing blood volume and blood pressure<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW4082908 BCX0\">.\u00a0 <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW4082908 BCX0\">When blood volume and blood pressure are low, the kidneys secrete renin. Renin activates <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW4082908 BCX0\">angiotensin, which is then converted to angiotensin 1 and then angiotensin 2. Angiotensin 2 causes vasoconstriction of the blood vessels, which increases blood pressure. Angiotensin 2 also causes the adrenal glands to secrete aldosterone, which causes the resorption of sodium and chloride, and an increase in water retention and a decrease in urine output.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW4082908 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW119994737 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW119994737 BCX0\">Why is water an ideal medium for chemical reactions?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"EOP SCXW119994737 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW105147343 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW105147343 BCX0\">Water is an ideal medium for chemical reactions as it can store a large amount of heat, is electrically neutral, and has a pH of 7.0, meaning it is not acidic or basic. Additionally, water is involved in many enzymatic reactions as an agent to break bonds or to form bonds.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW105147343 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"EOP SCXW119994737 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\"><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW56340763 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56340763 BCX0\">Considering the protective role mucus plays in the body, how might disruptions in its production impact the body\u2019s overall health?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW56340763 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW21279164 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW21279164 BCX0\">With disruptions in mucus production, our body would not be able to expel nasal irritants or perform essential functions such as transporting nutrients and <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW21279164 BCX0\">eliminating<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW21279164 BCX0\"> waste products. We need mucus to act as a frontline <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW21279164 BCX0\">defense<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW21279164 BCX0\"> and shield tissues from irritants, trap pathogens, and combat harmful invaders. We also need mucus to breathe properly.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW21279164 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"EOP SCXW119994737 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\"><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW98257571 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW98257571 BCX0\">Explain how the temperature set point of the body is <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW98257571 BCX0\">maintained<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW98257571 BCX0\"> even when exposed to cooling temperatures.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW98257571 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139798189 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139798189 BCX0\">When we feel cold, the hypothalamus sends a signal to smooth muscle tissue surrounding blood vessels, causing them to constrict and reduce blood flow. This reduces heat lost to the environment. The hypothalamus also sends signals to muscles to erect hairs and shiver, and to endocrine glands like the thyroid to secrete hormones capable of ramping up metabolism. These actions increase heat conservation and heat production.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW139798189 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"EOP SCXW119994737 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\"><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW261482176 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW261482176 BCX0\">How do increased blood sodium concentrations drive us to drink water? Explain the steps involved in this process<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW261482176 BCX0\">.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW261482176 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW79735453 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW79735453 BCX0\">Receptor proteins in the kidney, heart, and hypothalamus detect decreased fluid volume or increased sodium concentration in the blood.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW79735453 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW102575686 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW102575686 BCX0\">Hormonal and neural messages are relayed to the brain\u2019s thirst <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW102575686 BCX0\">center<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW102575686 BCX0\"> in the hypothalamus.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW102575686 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230213211 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230213211 BCX0\">The hypothalamus sends neural signals to higher sensory areas in the cortex of the brain, stimulating the conscious thought to drink.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW230213211 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW48129524 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW48129524 BCX0\">Fluids are consumed to increase water input.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW48129524 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW20159061 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW20159061 BCX0\">Receptors in the mouth and stomach detect mechanical movements involved with fluid ingestion.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW20159061 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW97068673 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW97068673 BCX0\">Neural signals are sent to the brain and the thirst mechanism is shut off.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW97068673 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"EOP SCXW119994737 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\"><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW145259131 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW145259131 BCX0\">Explain how the nervous and endocrine system interact to regulate water output<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW145259131 BCX0\">.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW145259131 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW243969099 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW243969099 BCX0\">The kidneys detect blood volume. Kidneys have protein sensors that detect blood volume from the pressure, or stretch, in the blood vessels of the <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW243969099 BCX0\">kidneys. When blood volume is low, kidney cells detect decreased pressure and secrete the enzyme renin.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW243969099 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140554809 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140554809 BCX0\">The hypothalamus detects blood osmolality. In response to a high sodium level, the hypothalamus activates the thirst mechanism and concurrently stimulates the release of antidiuretic hormone<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140554809 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140554809 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140554809 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW140554809 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"EOP SCXW119994737 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\"><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW77238878 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW77238878 BCX0\">Sally is training to <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW77238878 BCX0\">participate<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW77238878 BCX0\"> in an ultramarathon in extremely hot weather. What <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW77238878 BCX0\">are<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW77238878 BCX0\"> some things Sally can do to prevent dehydration, hyponatremia, and heat stroke?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW77238878 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW144423299 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW144423299 BCX0\">To prevent dehydration, Sally should make sure she is wearing light and breathable clothes and keeping herself hydrated with water and electrolytes throughout the <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart CommentHighlightPipeRestV2 CommentHighlightRest SCXW144423299 BCX0\">ultramarathon<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentHighlightPipeRestV2 SCXW144423299 BCX0\">. By doing so, she will also be preventing the risk of <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW144423299 BCX0\">heatstroke. To<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW144423299 BCX0\"> prevent hyponatremia, she should also make sure she <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW144423299 BCX0\">isn\u2019t<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW144423299 BCX0\"> overhydrating either and only drinking as much water as she needs.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW144423299 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"EOP SCXW119994737 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\"><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW263193400 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW263193400 BCX0\">\u00a0Which populations may <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW263193400 BCX0\">benefit<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW263193400 BCX0\"> from lowering their salt intake? Why? How can this be achieved using salt substitutes and alternative seasonings?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"EOP SCXW119994737 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\"><span class=\"EOP SCXW263193400 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW187005621 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW187005621 BCX0\">Individuals with prehypertension or hypertension would especially <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW187005621 BCX0\">benefit<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW187005621 BCX0\"> from lowering their salt intake because studies have shown that reducing salt intake prevents hypertension and is also helpful in reducing blood pressure once hypertension is diagnosed. This can be done by using salt substitutes which replace sodium with potassium, Mrs. dash and Spike or alternative seasonings such as curry powder, chives, allspice, lemon juice, etc. <\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW187005621 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW119994737 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\"><span class=\"EOP SCXW263193400 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"EOP SCXW119994737 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\"><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW60918852 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW60918852 BCX0\">What are the functions of potassium in the body?<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW60918852 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW254714282 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW254714282 BCX0\">Potassium is <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW254714282 BCX0\">required<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW254714282 BCX0\"> for <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW254714282 BCX0\">fluid balance<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW254714282 BCX0\">. Potassium is involved in nerve impulse, protein synthesis, energy metabolism, platelet function, acts as a buffer in blood, and plays a role in acid-base balance.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW254714282 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"EOP SCXW119994737 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\"><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW127807384 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW127807384 BCX0\">What are common dietary sources of chloride?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"EOP SCXW119994737 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\"><span class=\"EOP SCXW127807384 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW255158851 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW255158851 BCX0\">Dietary sources of chloride include table salt, tomatoes, lettuce, olives, celery, rye, whole-grain <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW255158851 BCX0\">foods<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW255158851 BCX0\"> and seafood. Many salt substitutes are sodium-free but still <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW255158851 BCX0\">contain<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW255158851 BCX0\"> chloride.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW255158851 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"EOP SCXW119994737 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\"><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW82214330 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW82214330 BCX0\">Which individuals may be at risk of experiencing <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW82214330 BCX0\">pho<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW82214330 BCX0\">s<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW82214330 BCX0\">p<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW82214330 BCX0\">h<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW82214330 BCX0\">o<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW82214330 BCX0\">rous toxicity? What are some of the observable signs of <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW82214330 BCX0\">pho<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW82214330 BCX0\">s<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW82214330 BCX0\">p<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW82214330 BCX0\">h<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW82214330 BCX0\">o<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW82214330 BCX0\">rous toxicity and how can this be prevented?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW82214330 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW24109164 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW24109164 BCX0\">T<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW24109164 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW24109164 BCX0\">hose with kidney disease or those who are taking too many vitamin D supplements or <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW24109164 BCX0\">pho<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW24109164 BCX0\">s<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW24109164 BCX0\">p<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW24109164 BCX0\">h<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW24109164 BCX0\">o<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW24109164 BCX0\">rus-containing antacids may be at risk. <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW24109164 BCX0\">Very high<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW24109164 BCX0\"> blood levels of <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW24109164 BCX0\">pho<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW24109164 BCX0\">s<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW24109164 BCX0\">p<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW24109164 BCX0\">h<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW24109164 BCX0\">o<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW24109164 BCX0\">rus can result in muscle spasms and convulsions. <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW24109164 BCX0\">Pho<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW24109164 BCX0\">s<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW24109164 BCX0\">p<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW24109164 BCX0\">h<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW24109164 BCX0\">o<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW24109164 BCX0\">rous toxicity can be prevented by not taking too many <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW24109164 BCX0\">pho<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW24109164 BCX0\">s<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW24109164 BCX0\">p<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW24109164 BCX0\">h<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW24109164 BCX0\">o<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW24109164 BCX0\">rous-containing antacids and only consuming the recommended intake of vitamin D, especially in supplement form.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW24109164 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"EOP SCXW119994737 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\"><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW40055271 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW40055271 BCX0\">The DASH-Sodium trial investigated the effects of a specified eating plan with or without reduced sodium intake. The results of the study <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW40055271 BCX0\">showed that following the DASH diet reduced blood pressure among participants. Why is it that the reductions in blood pressure cannot be attributed to decreases in salt intake alone<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW40055271 BCX0\">?<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW40055271 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW40055271 BCX0\">\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW40055271 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW119994737 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53463338 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53463338 BCX0\">The DASH diet is an eating plan that is low in saturated fat, cholesterol, and total fat. Following the DASH diet not only reduces sodium intake, but also increases potassium, calcium, and magnesium intake. <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53463338 BCX0\">All of<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53463338 BCX0\"> these electrolytes are known to reduce blood pressure, so the reductions in blood pressure seen in individuals following the DASH diet cannot be attributed to decreases in salt intake alone.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW53463338 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h1>Chapter 11. Micronutrients as Antioxidants<\/h1>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW252946797 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW252946797 BCX0\">What are free radicals? How do antioxidants reduce the potential damage caused by excessive free radicals?<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW252946797 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:240,&quot;335559739&quot;:240,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW119399385 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW119399385 BCX0\">Stable atoms have an even number of electrons orbiting in pairs in their outer shell. When an atom loses an electron during oxidation, typically, reduction will occur to stabilize the unpaired electron. However, in some cases, the electrons <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW119399385 BCX0\">remain<\/span> <span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW119399385 BCX0\">unpaired<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW119399385 BCX0\"> and these highly reactive molecules are known as free radicals. Free radicals can cause cell damage and oxidative stress. However, antioxidants can reduce this potential damage by donating an electron to a free radical, thus stabilizing the unpaired electron.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW119399385 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:240,&quot;335559739&quot;:240,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW198498470 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW198498470 BCX0\">What are the functions of vitamin E?<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW198498470 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:240,&quot;335559739&quot;:240,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW32522306 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW32522306 BCX0\">Vitamin E helps to protect and prevent the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, LDLs, red blood cell membranes, and lung cells. It also boosts the immune system and enhances the dilation of blood vessels and inhibition of blood clotting, and it plays <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW32522306 BCX0\">an important role<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW32522306 BCX0\"> in the development of muscles, nerves, and blood cells.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW32522306 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:240,&quot;335559739&quot;:240,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW76946414 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW76946414 BCX0\">How do vitamin E deficiencies contribute to feelings of weakness and fatigue?<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW76946414 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:240,&quot;335559739&quot;:240,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW30904003 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW30904003 BCX0\">Vitamin E plays a critical role in the development of red blood cells. When a Vitamin E deficiency occurs, red blood <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW30904003 BCX0\">hemolysis<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW30904003 BCX0\"> and <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW30904003 BCX0\">anemia<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW30904003 BCX0\"> can occur, which affects oxygen transport and causes weakness and fatigue.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW30904003 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:240,&quot;335559739&quot;:240,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW175672061 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW175672061 BCX0\">How can you maximize your vitamin C intake from foods?<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW175672061 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:240,&quot;335559739&quot;:240,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW168456966 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW168456966 BCX0\">Since vitamin C is water-soluble, it leaches away from foods during cooking, freezing, thawing, and canning. Because of this, it is recommended to eat fruits and vegetables raw or lightly steamed to maximize your vitamin C intake.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW168456966 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:240,&quot;335559739&quot;:240,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW237189322 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW237189322 BCX0\">What is the most definitive sign of a vitamin A deficiency? Why?<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW237189322 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:240,&quot;335559739&quot;:240,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW223620316 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW223620316 BCX0\">Retinol that is circulating in the blood is taken up by cells in the eye retina, where it is converted to retinal and is used to help the pigment rhodopsin, which is involved in the eye\u2019s ability to see under low light conditions. A deficiency in vitamin A results in less rhodopsin and a decreased ability to see under low-light conditions. This is why night blindness is the most definitive sign of a vitamin A deficiency.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW223620316 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:240,&quot;335559739&quot;:240,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW264824510 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW264824510 BCX0\">What are some of the signs and symptoms of selenium toxicity? How can this be prevented?<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW264824510 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:240,&quot;335559739&quot;:240,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW95623629 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW95623629 BCX0\">Selenium toxicity can cause brittle nails and hair, gastrointestinal discomfort, skin rashes, halitosis, fatigue, and irritability. Selenium toxicity can be prevented by following the age group-specific dietary reference intakes and by ensuring you do not consume doses greater than 400 mcg per day as that is the upper limit.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW95623629 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:240,&quot;335559739&quot;:240,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW197371744 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW197371744 BCX0\">What role do antioxidants play in cancer prevention?<\/span><\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"EOP SCXW197371744 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:240,&quot;335559739&quot;:240,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW228326416 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW228326416 BCX0\">Antioxidants enhance the immune system, inhibit the growth and proliferation of cancerous cells, and prevent oxidative DNA cell damage.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW228326416 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:240,&quot;335559739&quot;:240,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"EOP SCXW197371744 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:240,&quot;335559739&quot;:240,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\"><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW106709851 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW106709851 BCX0\">What role, if any, does vitamin E play in atherosclerosis prevention?<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW106709851 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:240,&quot;335559739&quot;:240,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"EOP SCXW197371744 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:240,&quot;335559739&quot;:240,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW153074534 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153074534 BCX0\">LDLs, when oxidized, contribute to the formation of plaques in the arteries, leading to atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. The antioxidant properties of vitamin E were hypothesized to prevent atherosclerosis by reducing the oxidation of low-density lipoproteins. However, there is currently conflicting evidence <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153074534 BCX0\">regarding<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153074534 BCX0\"> the antioxidant effect of vitamin E in preventing cardiovascular disease. Instead, there is more consistent evidence from observational studies suggesting that a higher intake of vitamin E results in a lower risk of dying from a heart attack.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW153074534 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:240,&quot;335559739&quot;:240,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"EOP SCXW197371744 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:240,&quot;335559739&quot;:240,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\"><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW63661490 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW63661490 BCX0\">What is the primary difference between dry and wet forms of age-related macular degeneration?<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW63661490 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:240,&quot;335559739&quot;:240,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW135885071 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW135885071 BCX0\">The dry form of AMD involves the formation of deposits in the macula, which can lead to gradual vision loss, but may not <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW135885071 BCX0\">immediately<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW135885071 BCX0\"> impair vision in the <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW135885071 BCX0\">early stages<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW135885071 BCX0\">. In contrast, the wet form of AMD is characterized by abnormal blood vessel growth in the macula, leading to more rapid and severe vision loss. The wet form is less common but more serious than the dry form.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW135885071 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:240,&quot;335559739&quot;:240,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"EOP SCXW197371744 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:240,&quot;335559739&quot;:240,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\"><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW191823870 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW191823870 BCX0\">Does taking vitamin C prevent colds?<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW191823870 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:240,&quot;335559739&quot;:240,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW235354183 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW235354183 BCX0\">There is not enough evidence to support that vitamin C prevents colds. However, a recent review has shown that taking vitamin C routinely can reduce cold severity and duration.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW235354183 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:240,&quot;335559739&quot;:240,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h1>Chapter 12. Micronutrients for Bones<\/h1>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW32823768 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW32823768 BCX0\">List and explain the various functions of the skeletal system.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW32823768 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW172681092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW172681092 BCX0\">The skeleton allow<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW172681092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW172681092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW172681092 BCX0\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW172681092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW172681092 BCX0\"> for multiple types of movement<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW172681092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW172681092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW172681092 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW172681092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW172681092 BCX0\"> and it provides structural support and protection for all the other organ systems in the body. Red and white blood cells and platelets are synthesized in the bone marrow. Another vital function of bones is that they act as a storage depot for minerals such as calcium, <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW172681092 BCX0\">pho<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW172681092 BCX0\">s<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW172681092 BCX0\">p<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW172681092 BCX0\">h<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW172681092 BCX0\">o<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW172681092 BCX0\">rous, and magnesium. Bones also <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW172681092 BCX0\">contain<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW172681092 BCX0\"> a complex network of canals, blood vessels, and nerves that allow for nutrient transport and communication with other organ systems.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW172681092 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW6536605 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW6536605 BCX0\">Explain the role of bone remodelling in <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW6536605 BCX0\">maintaining<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW6536605 BCX0\"> bone health across one\u2019s lifespan, and outline the steps involved in bone remodelling<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW6536605 BCX0\">.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW6536605 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW91647279 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW91647279 BCX0\">Bone tissue <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW91647279 BCX0\">contains<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW91647279 BCX0\"> many different cell types that constantly resize and reshape bones throughout growth and adulthood. Bones are continuously growing and changing shape <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW91647279 BCX0\">in the process of <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW91647279 BCX0\">modelling<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW91647279 BCX0\"> where bone tissue is dismantled at one site and built up at a different site. In adulthood, our bones stop growing and <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW91647279 BCX0\">modelling<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW91647279 BCX0\">, but<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW91647279 BCX0\"> continue to go through a process of bone <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW91647279 BCX0\">remodelling<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW91647279 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW91647279 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW70698022 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70698022 BCX0\">The first step in bone <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70698022 BCX0\">remodelling<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70698022 BCX0\"> is osteocyte activation. Osteocytes detect changes in mechanical forces, calcium homeostasis, or hormone levels. In the second step, osteoclasts are recruited to the site of the degradation and dissolve minerals in the bone tissue matrix in a process called bone resorption. In the third step of bone <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70698022 BCX0\">remodelling<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70698022 BCX0\">, sugars and proteins accumulate along the bone\u2019s surface, forming a cement line which forms a strong bond between the old bone and the new bone that will be made. In the last step of bone <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70698022 BCX0\">remodelling<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70698022 BCX0\">, osteoblasts lay down new osteoid tissue that fills up the cavities that were excavated during the resorption process and the bone tissue begins to mineralize.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW70698022 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW80711760 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW80711760 BCX0\">How does dietary calcium intake affect bone health<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW80711760 BCX0\">?\u00a0 <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW80711760 BCX0\">What happens when blood calcium levels are low?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW80711760 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW64536993 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW64536993 BCX0\">Blood calcium levels are rigorously controlled so that if blood levels drop, the body will rapidly respond by stimulating bone resorption and <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW64536993 BCX0\">by releasing stored calcium into the blood<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW64536993 BCX0\">.\u00a0 <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW64536993 BCX0\">This means that bone tissue sacrifices its stored calcium to <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW64536993 BCX0\">maintain<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW64536993 BCX0\"> blood calcium levels. This is why we need to meet our daily <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW64536993 BCX0\">recommended<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW64536993 BCX0\"> intake of calcium to <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW64536993 BCX0\">maintain<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW64536993 BCX0\"> bone health and strength. When your diet is calcium deficient, the mineral content of bone decreases causing it to become brittle and weak. Increased calcium intake helps increase the mineralized content of bone tissue. Greater mineralized bone tissue corresponds to a greater BMD and greater bone strength. <\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW64536993 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW146808875 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW146808875 BCX0\">Blood calcium is <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW146808875 BCX0\">closely regulated<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW146808875 BCX0\"> by PTH, calcitriol, and calcitonin. When blood calcium levels are low, PTH is secreted to increase blood calcium via increased bone resorption, increased calcium reabsorption in kidney cells and decreased calcium excretion in the urine. PTH also stimulates enzymes to activate vitamin D to calcitriol, which also increases calcium <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW146808875 BCX0\">absorption<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW146808875 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"EOP SCXW146808875 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\"><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW187263786 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW187263786 BCX0\">Which factors influence calcium bioavailability, and how do they <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW187263786 BCX0\">impact<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW187263786 BCX0\"> dietary recommendations<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW187263786 BCX0\">?\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW187263786 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW263890596 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW263890596 BCX0\">The body <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW263890596 BCX0\">doesn\u2019t<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW263890596 BCX0\"> completely absorb all the calcium in food. The calcium in some vegetables such as kale, <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2Themed SCXW263890596 BCX0\">brussel<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW263890596 BCX0\"> sprouts, and <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2Themed SCXW263890596 BCX0\">bok<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW263890596 BCX0\"> choy is better absorbed by the body than dairy products. An adequate intake of vitamin D enhances calcium bioavailability while chemicals that bind to calcium decrease its bioavailability<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW263890596 BCX0\">.\u00a0 <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW263890596 BCX0\">Oxalates are found in high concentrations in spinach, parsley, cocoa, and beets. In general, the calcium bioavailability is negatively related to the oxalate content in foods. <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW263890596 BCX0\">High-fib<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW263890596 BCX0\">r<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW263890596 BCX0\">e<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW263890596 BCX0\">, low-fat diets also decrease the amount of calcium absorbed. Additionally, although there <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW263890596 BCX0\">isn\u2019t<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW263890596 BCX0\"> sufficient evidence to support this yet, it is said that high consumption of other minerals at the same time (i.e. iron, zinc, magnesium) can decrease calcium absorption. <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun AdvancedProofingIssueV2Themed SCXW263890596 BCX0\">With that being said, you<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW263890596 BCX0\"> might want to make dietary adjustments such as increasing your vegetable (<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW263890596 BCX0\">e.g.,<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW263890596 BCX0\"> kale, <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2Themed SCXW263890596 BCX0\">brussel<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW263890596 BCX0\"> sprouts) and vitamin D intake and decreasing your intake of oxalates for example to maximize calcium absorption<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW263890596 BCX0\">.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW263890596 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"EOP SCXW146808875 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\"><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW188213712 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW188213712 BCX0\">Why is the RDA for calcium elevated for adults above the age of 50?<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW188213712 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW265783645 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW265783645 BCX0\">As we get older, stomach acidity sometimes decreases, <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2Themed SCXW265783645 BCX0\">diarrhea<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW265783645 BCX0\"> occurs more often, kidney function is impaired, calcium absorption in the gut decreases, vitamin D3 activation is reduced,\u00a0<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun SCXW265783645 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW265783645 BCX0\">and vitamin D absorption and activation are compromised, all of which contribute to a decrease in calcium bioavailability. It is <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun AdvancedProofingIssueV2Themed SCXW265783645 BCX0\">really important<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW265783645 BCX0\"> for adults over the age of 50 to <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW265783645 BCX0\">maintain<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW265783645 BCX0\"> adequate blood calcium levels to prevent accelerated bone tissue loss, especially during menopause. This is why the RDAs are higher.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW265783645 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"EOP SCXW146808875 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight MacChromeBold SCXW250265874 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW250265874 BCX0\">Explain the role of vitamin D in regulating blood calcium levels and promoting bone health.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW250265874 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW246481012 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW246481012 BCX0\">Activated vitamin D3 regulates blood calcium levels and bone health in conjunction with parathyroid hormone by regulating calcium and <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW246481012 BCX0\">pho<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW246481012 BCX0\">s<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW246481012 BCX0\">p<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW246481012 BCX0\">h<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW246481012 BCX0\">o<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW246481012 BCX0\">rus absorption in the small intestine. In the absence of an adequate intake of vitamin D, less than 15 percent of calcium is absorbed from foods or supplements. Vitamin D can also <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW246481012 BCX0\">maintain<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW246481012 BCX0\"> blood calcium levels by working with the kidney to excrete <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW246481012 BCX0\">more or less calcium<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW246481012 BCX0\"> in the urine. Vitamin D also stimulates osteoclasts to break down bone when calcium is needed elsewhere in the body.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW246481012 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"EOP SCXW146808875 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\"><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW247497902 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247497902 BCX0\">What is the role of vitamin K in wound healing?<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW247497902 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW98315457 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW98315457 BCX0\">Vitamin K is critical for blood function acting as coenzymes which play an essential role in blood clotting. Blood-clotting proteins are continuously circulating in the blood. Upon injury to a blood vessel, platelets stick to the wound forming a plug. This means that without vitamin K, blood would not clot.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW98315457 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"EOP SCXW146808875 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\"><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW197083228 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW197083228 BCX0\">Which individuals are most at risk of experiencing <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW197083228 BCX0\">pho<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW197083228 BCX0\">s<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW197083228 BCX0\">p<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW197083228 BCX0\">h<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW197083228 BCX0\">o<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW197083228 BCX0\">rous toxicity?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW197083228 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW196117285 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW196117285 BCX0\">Those with kidney disease or those who are taking too many vitamin D supplements or <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW196117285 BCX0\">pho<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW196117285 BCX0\">s<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW196117285 BCX0\">p<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW196117285 BCX0\">h<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW196117285 BCX0\">o<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW196117285 BCX0\">rus-containing antacids may be at risk of experiencing <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW196117285 BCX0\">pho<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW196117285 BCX0\">s<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW196117285 BCX0\">p<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW196117285 BCX0\">h<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW196117285 BCX0\">o<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW196117285 BCX0\">rous toxicity.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW196117285 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"EOP SCXW146808875 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\"><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW82431735 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW82431735 BCX0\">What are the health benefits of magnesium beyond bone health maintenance<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW82431735 BCX0\">?\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"EOP SCXW146808875 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\"><span class=\"EOP SCXW82431735 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW204115577 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW204115577 BCX0\">More than three hundred enzymatic reactions require magnesium. Magnesium plays a role in protein synthesis and repair, the synthesis of DNA and RNA, carbohydrates, and lipids, and is essential for nerve conduction and muscle contraction. Another health benefit of magnesium is that it may decrease blood pressure.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW204115577 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"EOP SCXW146808875 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\"><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW128303554 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW128303554 BCX0\">\u00a0Explain how socioeconomic challenges may increase the incidence of tooth decay among certain communities in Canada.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW128303554 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW124540627 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW124540627 BCX0\">Fluoride is added to drinking water in 45% of communities in Canada and in British Columbia, only 3.7% of the population has access to fluoridated water. This means that not everyone has access to fluoridated water. Fluoride is known to combat tooth decay and fluoridation in water can prevent ~20-40% of <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW124540627 BCX0\">cavities<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW124540627 BCX0\"> in children and adults but it is expensive and not accessible to all. This means that individuals who <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW124540627 BCX0\">don\u2019t<\/span> <span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW124540627 BCX0\">ha<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW124540627 BCX0\">ve access to this water may be at greater risk of <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW124540627 BCX0\">fluorosis<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW124540627 BCX0\">.\u00a0 <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW124540627 BCX0\">Fluoridation of water prevents, on average, 27 percent of cavities in children and between 20 and 40 percent of cavities in adults, however, it can be expensive.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW124540627 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"EOP SCXW146808875 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\"><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW124161499 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW124161499 BCX0\">\u00a0How might vitamin deficiencies contribute to the development of bone diseases, such as osteoporosis, and how can they affect the quality of life and independence among older adults? How might lifestyle changes mitigate the risk of developing such bone diseases?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW124161499 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW146808875 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW190153030 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW190153030 BCX0\">Bone diseases such as osteoporosis are affected by dietary influences such as low calcium and vitamin D intake. Osteoporosis results in decreased bone mineral density and the disruption of bone <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW190153030 BCX0\">architecture. It is associated with an increased fracture risk as bones become <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2Themed SCXW190153030 BCX0\">more brittle and weak<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW190153030 BCX0\">, especially among older populations. Repeated fractures may cause vertebral compression and reduced height, which can negatively affect one\u2019s quality of life and independence. These adults may not be able to perform their activities of daily living without <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW190153030 BCX0\">assistance<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW190153030 BCX0\"> due to fear of falling and experiencing a fracture. Lifestyle changes such as increased physical activity can strengthen the bones and reduce the risk of future fractures. Weight-bearing and balance training exercises can also reduce fall risk in older adults.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW190153030 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h1>Chapter 13. Nutrition and Physical Activity<\/h1>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW251217483 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW251217483 BCX0\">What is physical activity<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW251217483 BCX0\">?\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW251217483 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW239362674 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW239362674 BCX0\">Physical activity is any movement produced by the muscles that increases energy expenditure. This physical activity can occur in 4 domains: occupational, household, leisure-time, and transportation.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW239362674 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW243433554 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW243433554 BCX0\">How have the cumulative effects of colonization and modernization influenced the physical activity behaviours of Indigenous peoples today?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW243433554 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW184254891 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW184254891 BCX0\">Traditionally, Indigenous peoples <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW184254891 BCX0\">participated<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW184254891 BCX0\"> in many sports and physical activities as part of ceremonial dances or food-sourcing practices (<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW184254891 BCX0\">e.g.,<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW184254891 BCX0\"> hunting, fishing, etc). However, the effects of colonization stripped Indigenous peoples of their cultural identities and replaced many of these traditional hunting\/harvesting practices and sports with Euro-Canadian sports. Additionally, the effects of modernization have also led to changes in these practices. People <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW184254891 BCX0\">don\u2019t<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW184254891 BCX0\"> need to spend as much time in nature even if they wish to <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW184254891 BCX0\">participate<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW184254891 BCX0\"> in cultural hunting because they can easily drive to their destinations, which reduces their physical activity participation.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW184254891 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW4832611 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW4832611 BCX0\">What are the physical and emotional benefits of increased physical activity participation?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW4832611 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW158553078 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW158553078 BCX0\">Longer life: A regular exercise program can reduce your risk of premature death from heart disease, certain cancers, and other leading causes of death.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW158553078 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW203430558 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW203430558 BCX0\">Cardiovascular disease prevention: Being active boosts HDL cholesterol and decreases unhealthy triglycerides, which reduces the risk of cardiovascular diseases.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW203430558 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW51136629 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW51136629 BCX0\">Management of chronic conditions: A regular routine can help prevent or manage a wide range of conditions and concerns, such as metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, depression, arthritis, and certain types of cancer.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW51136629 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW12102950 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW12102950 BCX0\">Energy boosts: Regular physical activity can improve muscle tone and strength<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletionMarker TrackedChange SCXW12102950 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW12102950 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun TrackChangeTextDeletion SCXW12102950 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW12102950 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW12102950 BCX0\"> and provide a boost to your cardiovascular system.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW12102950 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW1980169 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW1980169 BCX0\">Strong bones: Research shows that aerobic activity and strength training can slow the loss of bone density that typically <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW1980169 BCX0\">accompanies<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW1980169 BCX0\"> aging.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW1980169 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW3484331 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW3484331 BCX0\">Improved physical fitness: This allows us to carry out daily life activities with vigour and without undue fatigue<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletionMarker TrackedChange SCXW3484331 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW3484331 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun TrackChangeTextDeletion SCXW3484331 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW3484331 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW3484331 BCX0\"> and allows us to enjoy leisure-time pursuits.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW3484331 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW58689137 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW58689137 BCX0\">The mental and emotional benefits include mood improvements, reduced risk\/symptoms of depression, cognitive skills retention (improved thinking, learning, and judgement as you age), and better sleep patterns.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW58689137 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW93379332 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93379332 BCX0\">Design <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2Themed SCXW93379332 BCX0\">a<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93379332 BCX0\"> strength program for an individual looking to improve their muscular fitness without access to a gym membership\/equipment. Include frequency, duration, and modes of exercise in your answer.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW93379332 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletionMarker TrackedChange SCXW209594838 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW209594838 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun TrackChangeTextDeletion SCXW209594838 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW209594838 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW209594838 BCX0\">I would design a strength program in which the individual exercises for ~45-60 mins at least twice a week to improve muscle strength and bone strength<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW209594838 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW209594838 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW209594838 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW209594838 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW92318328 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW92318328 BCX0\">Since they <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW92318328 BCX0\">don\u2019t<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW92318328 BCX0\"> have access to a gym, I can include body weight\/resistance band exercises such as pull-ups, push-ups, leg squats. I can also have them use homemade weights such as plastic bottles filled with sand for progressive overload once they feel comfortable with bodyweight exercises<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW92318328 BCX0\">.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW92318328 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW90308176 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW90308176 BCX0\">Pretend you are a healthcare professional working with a sedentary client looking to improve their cardiorespiratory fitness level. What exercise recommendations would you make to this client? Be specific in terms of exercise intensity, frequency, type, and duration. How might you assess pre- and post-intervention changes in their cardiorespiratory fitness?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW90308176 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33696485 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33696485 BCX0\">I would prescribe 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise as this individual is a beginner to exercise. I would have them exercise for 30 minutes 5 days <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33696485 BCX0\">a week and have them engage in exercises such as walking, jogging, or biking. If they have access to a gym, they can use the elliptical, treadmill, or even the rowing machine. <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33696485 BCX0\">It\u2019s<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33696485 BCX0\"> important to remember that <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2Themed SCXW33696485 BCX0\">moderate-intensity<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33696485 BCX0\"> is not the same for everyone, so it is crucial to assess their starting CRF levels to know which mode of exercise to prescribe. I can do this by having them complete a VO2max test before they start the exercise program and at the end of the program again to assess improvements in their CRF level.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW33696485 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW3054855 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW3054855 BCX0\">How do exercise intensity and duration influence substrate utilization<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW3054855 BCX0\">?\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW3054855 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW112220935 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW112220935 BCX0\">Both anaerobic and aerobic metabolism combine during exercise to ensure that the muscles are equipped with enough ATP to carry out the demands placed on them. The amount of contribution from each type of metabolism will depend on the intensity of the activity. When low-intensity activities are performed, aerobic metabolism is used to supply enough ATP to muscles. However, during high-intensity activities, more ATP is needed so muscles must rely on both anaerobic and aerobic metabolism to meet the body\u2019s demands. During higher intensity and shorter duration exercise, carbohydrates are the primary energy source to produce energy <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun AdvancedProofingIssueV2Themed SCXW112220935 BCX0\">really quickly<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW112220935 BCX0\">. During lower intensity and longer duration exercise, fatty acids are the predominant fuel source to produce larger amounts of energy.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW112220935 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW5614737 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW5614737 BCX0\">How can endurance athletes avoid \u201chitting the wall\u201d?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW5614737 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW218756478 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW218756478 BCX0\">Endurance athletes can load up on carbohydrates for a few days before the event<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW218756478 BCX0\">.\u00a0 <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW218756478 BCX0\">This is called carbohydrate loading and it will maximize an athlete\u2019s amount of glycogen stored in their liver and <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW218756478 BCX0\">muscle tissues. <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW218756478 BCX0\">Endurance athletes can also consider ingesting carbohydrates in events longer than approx. 45 minutes.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW218756478 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW61753361 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW61753361 BCX0\">Why is carbohydrate loading not beneficial to all athletes?<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW61753361 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW80490431 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW80490431 BCX0\">If you are not preparing for a longer duration endurance event, you will not <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW80490431 BCX0\">need to <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW80490431 BCX0\">increase <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW80490431 BCX0\">muscle glycogen <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW80490431 BCX0\">stores <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW80490431 BCX0\">as <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW80490431 BCX0\">these<\/span> <span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW80490431 BCX0\">likely won\u2019t<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW80490431 BCX0\"> be emptied during your event<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW80490431 BCX0\">. <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW80490431 BCX0\">If you are not an endurance athlete exercising for more than 90 minutes, carbohydrate loading will provide no benefit.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW80490431 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW42367362 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42367362 BCX0\">How might societal pressures influence energy intake and disordered eating patterns?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW42367362 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW183193308 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW183193308 BCX0\">Society creates unrealistic expectations for women and men and contributes to body image issues, eating disorders, and nutritional deficiencies. For example, there is increased pressure for females to be thin in society currently and because of this, some females take exercising too far. This low energy intake may lead to nutritional deficiencies and even the female athlete triad which can cause bone loss, stoppage of menstrual periods, and eating disorders.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW183193308 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW26412637 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW26412637 BCX0\">\u00a0Say you are an endurance athlete competing in a 2-hour event. What should your carbohydrate intake look like before, during, and following the event<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW26412637 BCX0\">?\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW26412637 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW200909100 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW200909100 BCX0\">For events longer than 90 minutes, athletes may <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW200909100 BCX0\">benefit<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW200909100 BCX0\"> from carbohydrate loading of 10-12 g\/kg of body weight 36-48 h prior to the endurance event. 1-4 h before exercise, they should consume a <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW200909100 BCX0\">fairly large<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW200909100 BCX0\"> meal <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW200909100 BCX0\">containing<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW200909100 BCX0\"> 1-4 g\/kg of body weight of carbohydrates and <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW200909100 BCX0\">maybe even<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW200909100 BCX0\"> 25-30 g of carbohydrates 30-60 min before the event.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW200909100 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW92585323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW92585323 BCX0\">During the event, they should consume high GI foods or mouth rinse with carbohydrates during exercise. Since it is 2h long, they should consume 30-60 g of carbohydrates per hour during the event<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW92585323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW92585323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW92585323 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW92585323 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW229216894 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW229216894 BCX0\">After the event, they should consume high GI foods to promote glycogen synthesis 2 h post-exercise and consume 1.2 g\/kg of body weight of carbohydrates per hour for the next 4 hours.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW229216894 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW170832075 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170832075 BCX0\">What is hyponatremia? What are some of its causes and common signs? How can hyponatremia be avoided?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW170832075 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW36419382 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW36419382 BCX0\">During long endurance exercises such as a marathon or triathlon, sodium losses are larger and must be replenished<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW36419382 BCX0\">.\u00a0 <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW36419382 BCX0\">If water is replenished without sodium, the sodium already present in the body will become diluted. These low levels of sodium in the blood will cause hyponatremia. <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW36419382 BCX0\">In order to<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW36419382 BCX0\"> avoid hyponatremia, athletes should increase their consumption of sodium in the days leading up to an event and <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW36419382 BCX0\">consume sodium-containing sports drinks during their race or game. The early signs of hyponatremia include nausea, muscle cramps, disorientation, and slurred speech.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW36419382 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h1>Chapter 14. Health at Every Size<\/h1>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW73236224 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW73236224 BCX0\">How have the effects of urbanization and technological advancements contributed to the growing rates of obesity worldwide?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW73236224 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW236589964 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW236589964 BCX0\">The fast-food<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW236589964 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW236589964 BCX0\"> industry has been growing for decades. In Canada today, there are over 14,000 McDonald\u2019s restaurants, while in 1967, there was only one. Food portions have also been getting bigger. Escalators, elevators, and horizontal walkways now dominate shopping malls and office buildings, factory work has become increasingly mechanized and robotized, the typical Canadian watches more than four hours of television daily, and in many workplaces, the only tools <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW236589964 BCX0\">required<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW236589964 BCX0\"> to conduct work are a chair and a computer. These factors contribute to unhealthy dietary habits <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW236589964 BCX0\">and also<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW236589964 BCX0\"> increase sedentary behaviour while reducing physical activity participation.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW236589964 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW157377279 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW157377279 BCX0\">What are the harmful effects of weight bias and stigma? What strategies can be employed to reduce weight-based discrimination in healthcare settings?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW157377279 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW104968311 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW104968311 BCX0\">Weight-biased discrimination in clinical\/healthcare settings can negatively affect the clinician-patient relationship and result in poorer delivery of care for patients dealing with obesity. Individuals who experience weight-based discrimination are also more likely to engage in maladaptive eating behaviours and spend more time living sedentary\/physically inactive lifestyles. They are also more susceptible to experiencing mental health issues such as mood disorders and other poor health outcomes.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW104968311 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW260100150 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260100150 BCX0\">How might you debunk the common misconception that obesity is the result of personal choices alone<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260100150 BCX0\">?\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW260100150 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW50621390 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW50621390 BCX0\">Students can <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW50621390 BCX0\">provide<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW50621390 BCX0\"> different examples here (<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW50621390 BCX0\">e.g.,<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW50621390 BCX0\"> genetic, socioeconomic influences, etc).<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW50621390 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW157637754 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW157637754 BCX0\">I will use genetics as an example: research studies have <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW157637754 BCX0\">established<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW157637754 BCX0\"> a link between genetic and epigenetic factors and obesity. Maternal exposure to harmful chemicals and toxins such as cigarette smoking <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW157637754 BCX0\">can produce chemical modifications in genes, increasing the risk of offspring obesity. <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW157637754 BCX0\">Additionally<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW157637754 BCX0\">, studies have shown that not everyone responds to exercise in the same way. There are responders and non-responders. Some people may not lose any weight after following an exercise program while others may note significant weight loss. This goes to show that body weight is not completely under personal control. <\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW157637754 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW130985549 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW130985549 BCX0\">Sally is a 21-year-old female. She weighs 55 kg and is 1.57 m tall. Calculate Sally\u2019s BMI. What BMI category does Sally fall under?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW130985549 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW245706318 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW245706318 BCX0\">55<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2Themed SCXW245706318 BCX0\">\/(<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW245706318 BCX0\">1.576^<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2Themed SCXW245706318 BCX0\">2)=<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW245706318 BCX0\"> 22.1<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW245706318 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW64470383 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW64470383 BCX0\">Normal weight<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW64470383 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW166638066 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW166638066 BCX0\">Why should BMI not be used as a standalone method for accurately assessing disease risk?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW166638066 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW165171623 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW165171623 BCX0\">BMI does not <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun AdvancedProofingIssueV2Themed SCXW165171623 BCX0\">take into account<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW165171623 BCX0\"> fat mass or fat distribution in the body, which are both <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW165171623 BCX0\">additional<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW165171623 BCX0\"> predictors of disease risk. Body fat weighs less than muscle mass. Because of this, BMI can sometimes underestimate the amount of body fat in overweight or obese people and overestimate it in more muscular people.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW165171623 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW88963025 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW88963025 BCX0\">Why might someone <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun AdvancedProofingIssueV2Themed SCXW88963025 BCX0\">experience difficulty<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW88963025 BCX0\"> losing weight despite being physically active<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW88963025 BCX0\">?\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW88963025 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW17367929 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW17367929 BCX0\">Research has consistently <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW17367929 BCX0\">demonstrated<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW17367929 BCX0\"> that exercise alone is not an effective method for experiencing weight loss. The current physical activity guidelines recommend that individuals meet 150 minutes of moderate to vigorous-intensity exercise per week. However, ACSM states that up to 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous-intensity exercise per day is needed when relying on exercise alone for weight reduction.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW17367929 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW5603787 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW5603787 BCX0\">Additionally, inter-individual differences affect one\u2019s <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW5603787 BCX0\">capacity<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW5603787 BCX0\"> for weight loss in response to exercise interventions. While some individuals achieve clinically significant weight loss, others may experience either minimal to no changes in body weight or even experience some weight gain in response to exercise training without caloric restrictions.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW5603787 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW189487100 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW189487100 BCX0\">Reflecting on what you have learned about the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and all-cause mortality risk, discuss what is more important: weight loss or increased physical activity participation?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW189487100 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW158565379 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW158565379 BCX0\">Studies have <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW158565379 BCX0\">established<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW158565379 BCX0\"> that CRF is a better indicator of all-cause mortality <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW158565379 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW158565379 BCX0\">risk than body weight or BMI. We also know that increased physical activity\/exercise participation does not guarantee weight <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2Themed SCXW158565379 BCX0\">loss<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW158565379 BCX0\"> but it does guarantee improvements in one\u2019s cardiometabolic health profile (i.e. improved cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), glucose control, endothelial function, lipoprotein particle size, high-density lipoprotein, and overall improved quality of life).\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW158565379 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW74187368 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW74187368 BCX0\">Studies have also shown that reduced fat does not equate to fitness because weight loss achieved through liposuction did not reduce one\u2019s <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW74187368 BCX0\">CVD risk or improve their cardiometabolic health profile. If body weight truly was the core problem, then liposuction would have produced favourable health outcomes (i.e. improved glucose control, endothelial function, etc). However, it is not body weight but the increased sedentary behaviour and low physical activity levels that contribute to the increased morbidity and mortality rates. This is why we need to shift our focus to increasing physical activity participation rather than focusing so much on body weight. <\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW74187368 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW143818643 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW143818643 BCX0\">Why might the current Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology 24-hour movement guidelines\/ACSM physical activity guidelines not apply to South Asian populations<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW143818643 BCX0\">?\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW143818643 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212280334 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212280334 BCX0\">SACs are most susceptible to developing diabetes and diabetes-related risk factors due to their higher deposition of visceral adipose tissue and lower PA levels. They also have higher body fat percentages than White Canadians of similar BMI. This is influenced by factors such as their genetically unfavourable cardiometabolic health profiles (high cholesterol, triglyceride, and glucose tolerance), socio-cultural barriers, and inherently lower CRF levels. Because of this, studies have shown that SACs should engage in a total of 230 minutes of moderate to vigorous-intensity aerobic exercise\/week to achieve the same cardiometabolic health improvements as White Europeans engaging in 150 minutes of moderate to vigorous-intensity aerobic exercise.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW212280334 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW224529991 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW224529991 BCX0\">It\u2019s<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW224529991 BCX0\"> also important to consider that the current exercise guidelines derive from studies that use White European men as participants, which limits their applicability to SACs and <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW224529991 BCX0\">possibly other<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW224529991 BCX0\"> ethnic groups.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW224529991 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW91686758 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW91686758 BCX0\">How do the effects of childhood undernutrition extend beyond one\u2019s lifespan? How do the intergenerational effects of residential school malnutrition affect Indigenous communities today<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW91686758 BCX0\">?\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW91686758 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW102874103 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW102874103 BCX0\">The infants born to women who develop obesity and chronic diseases <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun AdvancedProofingIssueV2Themed SCXW102874103 BCX0\">as a result of<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW102874103 BCX0\"> childhood hunger are more susceptible to experiencing intrauterine growth failure, abnormal birth weight, and faltering growth. These infants also face an increased risk of developing insulin resistance and type II diabetes through their childhood and adolescent years. Researchers further investigating these intergenerational effects have <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW102874103 BCX0\">observed<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW102874103 BCX0\"> elevated BMI and obesity rates among the adult grandchildren of the famine survivors, thus suggesting that the effects of childhood undernutrition can be transmitted to even the third generation of exposed individuals. This means that the descendants of residential school survivors (up to the third generation) could face elevated BMI and obesity rates because of the effects of hunger and malnutrition experienced by their grandparents for example<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW102874103 BCX0\">.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW102874103 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW102874103 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW47616801 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW47616801 BCX0\">Explain how you can use the small-change approach in your personal life to improve your overall health and fitness levels<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW47616801 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW47616801 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW47616801 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW47616801 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103954029 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103954029 BCX0\">This answer will be different for everyone.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW103954029 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW36011601 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW36011601 BCX0\">One might say that they can use the<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW36011601 BCX0\"> small-change approach to add <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW36011601 BCX0\">small amounts<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW36011601 BCX0\"> of activity to my daily life. I can walk an <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW36011601 BCX0\">additional<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW36011601 BCX0\"> 2000 steps every day, and instead of driving to work every day, I can bike or walk to work occasionally to increase my physical activity levels.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW36011601 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","rendered":"<h1>Chapter 1. Introduction to Nutrition<\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW25658883 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25658883 BCX0\">What are the three basic functions of nutrients?<\/span><\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW43589096 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW43589096 BCX0\">To provide energy, contribute to body structure, and regulate chemical processes of the body.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW43589096 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW40567246 BCX0\">Define nutrients and list the six classes of nutrients required for the body to <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW40567246 BCX0\">maintain<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW40567246 BCX0\"> normal function and overall health.<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Nutrients are substances obtained from the diet that are required by the body to perform its basic functions. The six classes of nutrients are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, water, vitamins, and minerals.\n<ul>\n<li>Protein: necessary for tissue formation, cell reparation, and hormone and enzyme production. It is essential for building strong muscles and a healthy immune system.<\/li>\n<li>Carbohydrates: provide a ready source of energy for the body and provide structural constituents for the formation of cells.<\/li>\n<li>Fat: provides stored energy for the body, and functions as structural components of cells and as signalling molecules for proper cellular communication. It provides insulation to vital organs and works to maintain body temperature.<\/li>\n<li>Vitamins: regulate body processes and promote normal body-system functions. They are required to make red blood cells, synthesize bone tissue, and play a role in normal vision, nervous system function, and immune system function.<\/li>\n<li>Minerals: regulate body processes, maintain fluid balance, build bone tissue, synthesize hormones, transmit nerve impulses, contract and relax muscles, protect against harmful free radicals, and play a critical role in enzyme function.<\/li>\n<li>Water: involved in many bodily processes such as fluid balance and nutrient transport, nerve impulses, body temperature, muscle contractions, and excretion of waste products. We need water for chemical reactions, to cushion organs, and to survive.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW100630356 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW100630356 BCX0\">What is the difference between organic and inorganic nutrients? Give two examples of each.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW100630356 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW58658220 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW58658220 BCX0\">Organic nutrients <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW58658220 BCX0\">contain<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW58658220 BCX0\"> carbon and inorganic nutrients do not <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW58658220 BCX0\">contain<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW58658220 BCX0\"> carbon. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and vitamins are organic <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW58658220 BCX0\">whereas<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW58658220 BCX0\"> minerals and water are inorganic nutrients.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW58658220 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW162240083 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW162240083 BCX0\">Which macronutrient provides the most energy per gram?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW162240083 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW26640288 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW26640288 BCX0\">Lipids (9 kcal\/gram) compared to 4 kcal\/gram of proteins and carbohydrates.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW26640288 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW198102020 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW198102020 BCX0\">What are the three main types of lipids and what are the primary functions of lipids?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW198102020 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols<\/li>\n<li>The main job of lipids is to provide and store energy. Lipids are also major components of cell membranes and surround and protect organs while providing insulation to assist in temperature regulation and other bodily functions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW110576252 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW110576252 BCX0\">Why are proteins considered essential for the body beyond energy production?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW110576252 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW113411109 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW113411109 BCX0\">Proteins provide structure to bones, <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW113411109 BCX0\">muscles<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW113411109 BCX0\"> and skin, while supporting tissue growth, <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW113411109 BCX0\">repair<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW113411109 BCX0\"> and maintenance. Proteins also conduct most of the chemical reactions that occur in the body.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW113411109 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW225348189 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW225348189 BCX0\">Which vitamin plays <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW225348189 BCX0\">an important role<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW225348189 BCX0\"> in vision, reproduction, and immune system function?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW225348189 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Vitamin A<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW16220947 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW16220947 BCX0\">Which vitamin deficiency can lead to pellagra? What are the common signs and symptoms of this disease?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW16220947 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW208339327 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW208339327 BCX0\">Niacin deficiency. The common signs and symptoms are known as the 4D\u2019s- <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW208339327 BCX0\">diarrhea<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW208339327 BCX0\">, dermatitis, dementia, and death.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW208339327 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Carlos, a 28-year-old individual, has determined that they need to consume 2500 kcal per day. Based on this requirement, calculate the AMDR for both kcal and grams for carbohydrates, fats, and protein.<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Carbohydrates: 2500 x 0.45= 1125, 2500 x 0.65=1625 (1125-1625 kcal of carbohydrates)<\/li>\n<li>Protein: 2500 x 0.1= 250, 2500 x 0.35=875 (250-875 kcal of protein)<\/li>\n<li>Fats: 2500 x 0.25=625, 2500 x 0.35=875 (625-875 kcal of fat)<\/li>\n<li>Carbohydrates: 1125\/4=281.25 and 1625\/4=406.25 kcal (281.25- 406.25 g of carbohydrates)<\/li>\n<li>Protein: 250\/4= 62.5 and 875\/4=218.75 (62.5- 218.75 g of protein)<\/li>\n<li>Fats: 625\/9=69.44 and 875\/9=97.22 (69.44-97.22 g of fats)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Aki is a 42-year-old female who weighs 60 kg and is 1.62 m tall. Each morning, Aki enjoys biking for at least 60 minutes with her best friend. Based on this information, what is Aki\u2019s EER?<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">EER<\/span><span class=\"mrel\">=<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\">354\u2013<\/span><span class=\"mopen\">(<\/span><span class=\"mord\">6.91<\/span><span class=\"mbin\">\u00d7<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord text\"><span class=\"mord\">age<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose\">)<\/span><span class=\"mbin\">+PA<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mbin\">\u00d7<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mopen\">{(<\/span><span class=\"mord\">9.36<\/span><span class=\"mbin\">\u00d7<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord text\"><span class=\"mord\">weight<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose\">)<\/span><span class=\"mbin\">+<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mopen\">(<\/span><span class=\"mord\">726<\/span><span class=\"mbin\">\u00d7<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord text\"><span class=\"mord\">height<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose\">)}<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">EER<\/span><span class=\"mrel\">=<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\">354\u2013<\/span><span class=\"mopen\">(<\/span><span class=\"mord\">6.91<\/span><span class=\"mbin\">\u00d742<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mclose\">)<\/span><span class=\"mbin\">+1.27<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mbin\">\u00d7<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mopen\">{(<\/span><span class=\"mord\">9.36<\/span><span class=\"mbin\">\u00d760<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mclose\">)<\/span><span class=\"mbin\">+<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mopen\">(<\/span><span class=\"mord\">726<\/span><span class=\"mbin\">\u00d71.62<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mclose\">)}= 2272.64 kilocalories<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW243968825 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW243968825 BCX0\">What does the evidence-based approach to nutrition include?<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW243968825 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Defining the problem or uncertainty<\/li>\n<li>Formulating the problem as a question<\/li>\n<li>Setting criteria for quality evidence<\/li>\n<li>Evaluating the body of evidence<\/li>\n<li>Summarizing the body of evidence and making decisions<\/li>\n<li>Specifying the strength of supporting evidence required to make decisions<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW184901153 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW184901153 BCX0\">Disseminating the findings\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW122136281 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW122136281 BCX0\">What are the similarities and differences between Indigenous ways of knowing and Western science?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW122136281 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW229109277 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW229109277 BCX0\">Indigenous<\/span> <span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW229109277 BCX0\">science also involves observation and experimentation just like Western science. However, unlike Western science, Indigenous ways of knowing adopt <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW229109277 BCX0\">a holistic approach<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW229109277 BCX0\"> to exploring interrelationships between individuals and the natural world. On the other hand, Western science is rooted in objectivity and logic. It focuses on observable phenomena and <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW229109277 BCX0\">does not always emphasize<\/span> <span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW229109277 BCX0\">the relationships human beings share with the world around them.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW229109277 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW248517171 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248517171 BCX0\">What is the difference between epidemiological studies and intervention clinical <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248517171 BCX0\">trials<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW248517171 BCX0\">?\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW248517171 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52042264 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52042264 BCX0\">Epidemiological studies are observational studies of populations around the world and do not <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52042264 BCX0\">establish<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52042264 BCX0\"> causation. Intervention clinical trials and scientific investigations in which a variable is changed between groups<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52042264 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW52042264 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW243577854 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW243577854 BCX0\">Why are randomized clinical trials considered the gold standard of research?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW243577854 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW67949948 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW67949948 BCX0\">In randomized clinical trials, participants are randomly assigned into separate groups that compare different treatments. Neither the participants nor the researchers know which group the participants are in. The double-blind nature of these studies <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW67949948 BCX0\">eliminates<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW67949948 BCX0\"> researcher bias, preventing researchers from trying to see the results that support their hypothesis. Additionally, the placebo-controlled nature of these studies <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW67949948 BCX0\">eliminates<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW67949948 BCX0\"> the placebo effect, so the participants\u2019 expectations of the treatment\/intervention <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW67949948 BCX0\">minimally<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW67949948 BCX0\"> influence the study results.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW67949948 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW241683536 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW241683536 BCX0\">Why is it important to consider who provided the funding when evaluating scientific conclusions<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW241683536 BCX0\">?\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW241683536 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW70883658 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70883658 BCX0\">It is important to consider who provided the funding because not all scientific conclusions are developed in the interest of human health. Some scientific conclusions can be <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70883658 BCX0\">biased and<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70883658 BCX0\"> made in favour of whoever provided the funding.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW70883658 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW149609217 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW149609217 BCX0\">Describe two ways in which you can evaluate the validity of nutritional news sources.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW149609217 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW164846967 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW164846967 BCX0\">You should check to see that the scientific study is published in a peer-reviewed journal to make sure it is a trustworthy source<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW164846967 BCX0\">.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW164846967 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW68985077 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW68985077 BCX0\">You should make sure that the study <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW68985077 BCX0\">discloses<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW68985077 BCX0\"> the study methods in <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW68985077 BCX0\">detail,<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW68985077 BCX0\"> so you are aware of the sample size, study duration, and how the researchers <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW68985077 BCX0\">observed<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW68985077 BCX0\"> the results.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW68985077 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW207207725 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW207207725 BCX0\">What are some common characteristics of fad diets that make them problematic?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW207207725 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW6271754 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW6271754 BCX0\">They focus on short-term goals rather than long-term goals<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW6271754 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW6271754 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW6271754 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW6271754 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW169885614 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW169885614 BCX0\">They focus on selective foods while <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW169885614 BCX0\">eliminating<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW169885614 BCX0\"> other foods\/food groups<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW169885614 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW169885614 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW169885614 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW169885614 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW125284821 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125284821 BCX0\">They make claims not rooted in evidence-based research<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW125284821 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW125284821 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125284821 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW125284821 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW39969244 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW39969244 BCX0\">They often <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW39969244 BCX0\">fail to<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW39969244 BCX0\"> include PA guidelines\/recommendations and <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW39969244 BCX0\">fail to<\/span> <span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW39969244 BCX0\">disclose<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW39969244 BCX0\"> the detrimental effects on individuals with chronic diseases<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW39969244 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW39969244 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW39969244 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW39969244 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW252641135 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW252641135 BCX0\">They promise \u201crapid\u201d weight loss<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW252641135 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW252641135 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW252641135 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW252641135 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW48478914 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW48478914 BCX0\">They are unsustainable in the long-term<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW48478914 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW48478914 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW48478914 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW48478914 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW160639065 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW160639065 BCX0\">What are some indicators that an article is peer-reviewed?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW160639065 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW234014308 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW234014308 BCX0\">Find the date the article was accepted by the journal, reviewed, revised by the <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW234014308 BCX0\">author<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW234014308 BCX0\"> and finally published to confirm that it is peer-reviewed<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW234014308 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW234014308 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW234014308 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW234014308 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW123977446 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW123977446 BCX0\">You can also look at the layout: does it include a title, list of authors, and their affiliations, and an abstract? Does it include references throughout the article?<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW123977446 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW96686852 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW96686852 BCX0\">\u00a0Why is it important to cite the articles you reference in your work?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW96686852 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW7160726 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW7160726 BCX0\">Since you did not produce the <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW7160726 BCX0\">new information<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW7160726 BCX0\">, it is important to cite the articles to give credit to the authors. This is done to avoid plagiarism<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW7160726 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW7160726 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW7160726 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW7160726 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW189931412 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW189931412 BCX0\">\u00a0Design a study to investigate the effects of blueberry supplementation on cognitive performance among college students. HINT: Consider the gold standard for scientific studies.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW189931412 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW41837509 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW41837509 BCX0\">Participants will be randomly assigned into two groups: placebo and treatment group. The placebo group will be receiving a sugar pill that replicates the taste, smell, and appearance of the blueberry supplement that will be given to the participants in the treatment group. The researchers will not know which participants are in which group to prevent researcher bias.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW41837509 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1>Chapter 2. Designing a Healthy Diet<\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW86826433 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW86826433 BCX0\">How does variety contribute to a healthful diet, and why is it important to incorporate different foods from all food groups?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW86826433 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW119097638 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW119097638 BCX0\">Variety refers to consuming different foods from each of the different food groups regularly. By doing so, you increase your chances of consuming the daily nutrient requirements.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW119097638 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW210125615 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210125615 BCX0\">How does adequacy contribute to a healthful diet, and what types of food are considered nutrient-dense? <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210125615 BCX0\">Provide<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210125615 BCX0\"> some examples.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW210125615 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW55256328 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW55256328 BCX0\">An adequate diet is one that provides enough energy, nutrients, <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW55256328 BCX0\">fibre<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW55256328 BCX0\">, and vitamins to <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW55256328 BCX0\">maintain<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW55256328 BCX0\"> an individual\u2019s health. It is a diet that avoids empty-calorie foods such as sugary drinks and favours nutrient-dense foods such as fruits and vegetables<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW55256328 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW55256328 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW55256328 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW55256328 BCX0\"> lean meats, and whole grains.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW55256328 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW200493626 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW200493626 BCX0\">Why is it important to consume foods in moderation? What are some of the health complications that can result from eating too much or too little?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW200493626 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW91579170 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW91579170 BCX0\">Moderation is <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW91579170 BCX0\">really important<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW91579170 BCX0\"> for <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW91579170 BCX0\">optimal<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW91579170 BCX0\"> health and survival. Eating nutrient-poor foods regularly may lead to health complications such as cardiovascular disease and obesity. On the other hand, engaging in extremely restrictive diet patterns and eating too little may also lead to negative health outcomes such as eating disorders and nutritional deficiencies.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW91579170 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW172066923 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW172066923 BCX0\">Why is it important to have a balanced diet? <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW172066923 BCX0\">Provide<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW172066923 BCX0\"> an example of how you can balance nutrients in your diet<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW172066923 BCX0\">.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW172066923 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW216616403 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW216616403 BCX0\">It is important to have a balanced diet to ensure you are getting <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW216616403 BCX0\">appropriate amounts<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW216616403 BCX0\"> of all nutrients, and not consuming one nutrient at the expense of another. You can balance nutrients in your diet by incorporating a mixture of foods from the different food groups (vegetables, legumes, fruits, grains, proteins, and dairy).\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW216616403 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW93805816 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93805816 BCX0\">What are some of the systemic barriers that prevent everyone from having a healthy diet?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW93805816 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW181406796 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW181406796 BCX0\">Over 3 billion people globally face socioeconomic challenges and do not have sufficient income to afford healthy eating. Food deserts also exist in Canada and contribute to the lack of access residents <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW181406796 BCX0\">have to<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW181406796 BCX0\"> stores and restaurants that provide fresh, healthy, and affordable foods.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW181406796 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW222790707 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW222790707 BCX0\">List and briefly explain the four components of food labels in Canada<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW222790707 BCX0\">.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW222790707 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW24123542 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW24123542 BCX0\">Ingredient List: The ingredients must be listed by their common names, in descending order by weight (e.g., the first ingredient has the highest weight). Ingredient lists are mandatory on all food labels.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW24123542 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW265669904 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW265669904 BCX0\">Nutrition Facts Table: The facts table has a consistent format and provides information on serving size,\u00a0<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun SCXW265669904 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW265669904 BCX0\">calories, % daily value, and a core list of 13 ingredients: fat, saturated fat, trans fat, cholesterol, sodium, carbohydrate, fibre, sugars, protein, vitamin A, vitamin C, <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW265669904 BCX0\">calcium<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW265669904 BCX0\"> and iron.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW265669904 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW137509437 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137509437 BCX0\">Nutrient Content Claims: These are statements based on current scientific evidence that can be made when the product <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137509437 BCX0\">meets <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137509437 BCX0\">certain<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137509437 BCX0\"> criteria. Nutrient content claims provide information about the amount of one specific nutrient in a food, such as <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137509437 BCX0\">fibre<\/span> <span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW137509437 BCX0\">or fat. They are optional and must meet government regulations before appearing on a package.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW137509437 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW253312786 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW253312786 BCX0\">Diet-Related Health Claims: Health claims are statements that link a food or food <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW253312786 BCX0\">component<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW253312786 BCX0\"> to a reduced risk of a disease or condition.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW253312786 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW90387746 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW90387746 BCX0\">What are the four key components of the nutritional facts table?<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW90387746 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW130970291 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW130970291 BCX0\">Serving size: this tells you how much food equals one serving (<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW130970291 BCX0\">e.g.,<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW130970291 BCX0\"> 20 crackers). All other values listed after (from calories to <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW130970291 BCX0\">fibre<\/span> <span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW130970291 BCX0\">content) are based on this one serving.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW130970291 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW208921332 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW208921332 BCX0\">Calories per serving: This tells you how many calories<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW208921332 BCX0\"> (kcal)<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW208921332 BCX0\"> you are consuming per serving (i.e. 140 <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW208921332 BCX0\">kcal<\/span> <span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW208921332 BCX0\">for 20 crackers).\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW208921332 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW188133942 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW188133942 BCX0\">List of nutrients: a list of all the nutrients in that food (i.e. total fat, cholesterol, sodium, total carbohydrate, protein, vitamin A, vitamin C, calcium, iron, etc.)<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW188133942 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW182256073 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW182256073 BCX0\">The % Daily Value <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW182256073 BCX0\">represents<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW182256073 BCX0\"> the proportion of the total daily recommended amount that you will get from one serving of the food.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW182256073 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW242601071 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW242601071 BCX0\">How can the nutrition facts table <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW242601071 BCX0\">assist<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW242601071 BCX0\"> consumers in making informed nutritional choices?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW242601071 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW56458999 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56458999 BCX0\">It provides so much information about the nutritional content of a product, allowing us to compare <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56458999 BCX0\">different products<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56458999 BCX0\"> and look for healthier alternatives. We can look at serving sizes to see how much of each nutrient is in each serving to make <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56458999 BCX0\">accurate<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56458999 BCX0\"> comparisons.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW56458999 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW95479102 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW95479102 BCX0\">Explain the differences between the following food label claims: fat-free, low-fat, reduced-fat, and light-fat<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW95479102 BCX0\">.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW95479102 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW35253327 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW35253327 BCX0\">Fat-free: the food <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW35253327 BCX0\">contains<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW35253327 BCX0\"> less than 0.5 g of fat \u2192 the food provides such a small amount of fat that it is likely it <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW35253327 BCX0\">won\u2019t<\/span> <span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW35253327 BCX0\">have an effect on<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW35253327 BCX0\"> your body<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW35253327 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW35253327 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW35253327 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW35253327 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW42080026 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42080026 BCX0\">Low-fat: 3 g or less of fat \u2192 the food provides <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42080026 BCX0\">a very small<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42080026 BCX0\"> amount of the nutrient<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW42080026 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW231949087 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW231949087 BCX0\">Reduced fat<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW231949087 BCX0\">:\u00a0 the food is <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW231949087 BCX0\">modified<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW231949087 BCX0\">\/processed so that it <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW231949087 BCX0\">contains<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW231949087 BCX0\"> at least 25% less fat than the food to which it is compared<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW231949087 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW152987279 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW152987279 BCX0\">Light-fat<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW152987279 BCX0\">: the food provides at<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun SCXW152987279 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW152987279 BCX0\">least 50% less of the added nutrient\u2192 the food <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW152987279 BCX0\">contains<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW152987279 BCX0\"> no added fats or oils or added butter or ghee, or ingredients that <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW152987279 BCX0\">contain<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW152987279 BCX0\"> added fats of oils, or butter or ghee<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW152987279 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW152987279 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW152987279 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW152987279 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW86599851 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW86599851 BCX0\">How have <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW86599851 BCX0\">portion<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW86599851 BCX0\"> sizes changed in restaurants and eating establishments? How might this change influence our dietary intake?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW86599851 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW172608443 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW172608443 BCX0\">Compared to 20 years ago, <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW172608443 BCX0\">portion<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW172608443 BCX0\"> sizes have increased in restaurants and eating establishments. People tend to eat more than they need to when given larger portions, which can lead to poor eating habits and adverse health outcomes. <\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW172608443 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1>Chapter 3. Digestion, Absorption, and Elimination<\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW165632814 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW165632814 BCX0\">What is the difference between appetite and hunger? How might the distinction between the two allow us to develop healthier eating habits<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW165632814 BCX0\">?\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW165632814 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW162610833 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW162610833 BCX0\">Hunger is a physiological sensation that drives us to eat when we need food. Hunger is non-specific, which means that it can be satiated by any food<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW162610833 BCX0\">.\u00a0 <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW162610833 BCX0\">On the other hand, appetite is a psychological desire to consume a particular food that can be triggered by things related to our culture, society<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW162610833 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW162610833 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW162610833 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW162610833 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW162610833 BCX0\"> and environment. Understanding the difference between the two may help us avoid giving in to sudden cravings (i.e. craving ice cream when hearing\/seeing an ice cream truck cross the street).\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW162610833 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW6212233 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW6212233 BCX0\">Explain the role of the hypothalamus and nerve cells in producing feelings of hunger and satiety.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW6212233 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW253955304 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW253955304 BCX0\">Nerve cells detect changes in pressure in the stomach and small intestine and send signals to the hypothalamus, which integrates a response, causing us to eat or feel full. When you have just eaten, the stomach or small intestine becomes distended\/ full of nutrients which causes the nerve cells to send a signal to the hypothalamus, triggering feelings of satiety. On the other hand, when the stomach is empty, the nerve cells detect a lack of distention and nutrients and send signals to the hypothalamus, which results in feelings of hunger.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW253955304 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW244190582 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW244190582 BCX0\">How does digestion begin before you even put food into your mouth? What is this phase of digestion called?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW244190582 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW81417873 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW81417873 BCX0\">The process of digestion begins when you start thinking about food. This is the cephalic phase of digestion. When you feel hungry, your body sends a message to your brain that it is time to eat. Sights and smells influence your body\u2019s preparedness for food. Smelling food sends a message to your brain. Your brain then tells the mouth to get ready, you start salivating, and your stomach starts secreting gastric juices in preparation for your meal.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW81417873 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW7734614 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW7734614 BCX0\">What is the difference between the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW7734614 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW39341146 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW39341146 BCX0\">Mechanical breakdown of food involves chewing, which moistens the food, increases its surface area, mixes it together and stimulates the production of saliva. Mechanical digestion continues with churning and mixing actions in the stomach through peristalsis and segmentation. Chemical breakdown of food involves enzymes which break down the larger molecules of food into smaller components.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW39341146 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW112229975 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW112229975 BCX0\">How do peristalsis and segmentation differ in propelling food down the GI tract?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW112229975 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW99458831 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW99458831 BCX0\">During peristalsis, the muscles of the <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW99458831 BCX0\">esophagus<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW99458831 BCX0\"> contract to squeeze and push the food bolus down the stomach. When food enters the stomach, peristaltic contractions help mash and churn food into chyme and propel food forward. Segmentation from circular muscle contraction slows movement in the small intestine by forming sausage link segments that allow the chyme to slosh back and forth in both directions to promote mixing and absorption of nutrients.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW99458831 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW115128427 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW115128427 BCX0\">How is the stomach lining protected against the highly acidic environment?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW115128427 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW150405505 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW150405505 BCX0\">\u00a0The stomach <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW150405505 BCX0\">contains<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW150405505 BCX0\"> cells that secrete bicarbonate and mucus to help neutralize acid near the surface of the stomach lining and provide a protective layer against hydrochloric acid.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW150405505 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW14043843 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW14043843 BCX0\">What is the primary role of the large intestine in the digestive process?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW14043843 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW49779873 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW49779873 BCX0\">Any food that is incompletely broken down and the food\u2019s indigestible fibre content moves from the small intestine to the large intestine before they are eliminated as <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW49779873 BCX0\">feces<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW49779873 BCX0\">. The main job of the large intestine is to absorb much of the remaining water so excess amounts of water are not lost in <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW49779873 BCX0\">fecal<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW49779873 BCX0\"> matter. No further mechanical\/chemical breakdown takes place in the large intestine.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW49779873 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW192026714 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW192026714 BCX0\">How do gastrointestinal disorders like ulcers and celiac disease affect one\u2019s health and dietary habits?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW192026714 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW9679871 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW9679871 BCX0\">When areas of the GI tract become eroded by hydrochloric acid and pepsin, we might see gastric ulcers which are associated with burning pain, vomiting, and bloody stool. These unpleasant signs and symptoms may encourage individuals to eat foods that lower the amount of acid in their stomach while also alleviating symptoms of pain. Individuals with celiac disease may opt for gluten-free foods to avoid symptoms such as bloating, gas, <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW9679871 BCX0\">diarrhea<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW9679871 BCX0\">, nausea, vomiting, etc.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW9679871 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW67124138 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW67124138 BCX0\">What structural characteristic(s) allows the small intestine to be the primary site of nutrient absorption? <\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW67124138 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW23276829 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW23276829 BCX0\">The surface area of the small intestine is greater than 200 square meters. The large surface area is due to the multiple levels of folding which maximize nutrient absorption.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW23276829 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW2088346 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW2088346 BCX0\">What is the role of accessory organs such as the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder in the digestive process?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW2088346 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW48737993 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW48737993 BCX0\">The liver produces bile<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW48737993 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW48737993 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW48737993 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW48737993 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW202034105 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW202034105 BCX0\">The gallbladder stores and secretes bile which emulsifies fats <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW202034105 BCX0\">into smaller droplets<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW202034105 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW202034105 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW123699461 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW123699461 BCX0\">The pancreas secretes pancreatic juices into the duodenum of the small intestine that further break down proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. The pancreatic juices also <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW123699461 BCX0\">contain<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW123699461 BCX0\"> bicarbonate ions which neutralize the acidity of the chyme, allowing the pancreatic enzymes to work more effectively. The pancreas also produces glucagon and insulin.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW123699461 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW206429452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW206429452 BCX0\">What are the digestive health benefits of probiotic foods? <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW206429452 BCX0\">Provide<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW206429452 BCX0\"> some examples of these foods.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW206429452 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW188846474 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW188846474 BCX0\">Probiotics are \u201cfriendly bacteria\u201d that ward off viral-induced <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW188846474 BCX0\">diarrhea<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW188846474 BCX0\"> and reduce symptoms of lactose intolerance. Probiotic foods include yogurt and Kefir.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW188846474 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1>Chapter 4. Carbohydrates<\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW164221233 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW164221233 BCX0\">What is the difference between monosaccharides and disaccharides? <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW164221233 BCX0\">Provide<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW164221233 BCX0\"> a few examples of each<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW164221233 BCX0\">.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW164221233 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW195567389 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW195567389 BCX0\">Simple carbohydrates are also known more simply as \u201csugars\u201d and are grouped as either monosaccharides or disaccharides. <\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW195567389 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW195567389 BCX0\">Monosaccharides are single sugar molecules and include glucose, fructose, and galactose. Disaccharides are composed of pairs of monosaccharides linked together and include lactose, maltose, and sucrose.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW195567389 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW190459754 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW190459754 BCX0\">What is the difference between soluble and insoluble fibres? Provide examples of each<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW190459754 BCX0\">.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW190459754 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW101331902 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW101331902 BCX0\">Soluble fibres dissolve in water and can form gels that trap nutrients, such as glucose, and slow down absorption, which could be beneficial to those with diabetes. Soluble fibres are fermentable and more easily accessible to bacterial enzymes in the large intestine. Soluble fibres are often found in beans, citrus fruits, oats, barley, rye, and berries. <\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW101331902 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW101331902 BCX0\">Insoluble fibres do not typically dissolve in water and are not typically fermented by bacteria in the colon. Cellulose, hemicelluloses, and <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW101331902 BCX0\">lignins<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW101331902 BCX0\"> are examples of insoluble fibres found in whole grains, seeds, and fruits and vegetables.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW101331902 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW118172595 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW118172595 BCX0\">Which enzymes are involved in the chemical digestion of carbohydrates and what are their respective <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart CommentHighlightPipeRestV2 CommentHighlightRest SCXW118172595 BCX0\">roles<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentHighlightPipeRestV2 SCXW118172595 BCX0\">?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW118172595 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW192954843 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW192954843 BCX0\">Salivary amylase breaks down amylose and amylopectin into smaller chains of glucose called <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW192954843 BCX0\">dextrins<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW192954843 BCX0\"> and maltose.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW192954843 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW87427525 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW87427525 BCX0\">Pancreatic amylase further breaks down <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW87427525 BCX0\">dextrins<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW87427525 BCX0\"> and any remaining polysaccharides into short and shorter carbohydrate chains.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW87427525 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW45430453 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW45430453 BCX0\">Sucrase breaks sucrose into glucose and fructose molecules.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW45430453 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW191001457 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW191001457 BCX0\">Maltase breaks the bond between the two glucose units of maltose.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW191001457 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW244278680 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW244278680 BCX0\">Lactase breaks the bond between galactose and glucose.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW244278680 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW160483885 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW160483885 BCX0\">Which condition does a lactase enzyme deficiency lead to? How does this health condition influence one\u2019s digestive process and dietary choices<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW160483885 BCX0\">?\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW160483885 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW242547419 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW242547419 BCX0\">Lactose intolerance. These individuals are unable to digest lactose which produces gases leading to symptoms of <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW242547419 BCX0\">diarrhea<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW242547419 BCX0\">, bloating, and abdominal cramps. Most of these individuals can tolerate some <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW242547419 BCX0\">dairy products in their <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW242547419 BCX0\">diet but<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW242547419 BCX0\"> may <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW242547419 BCX0\">benefit<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW242547419 BCX0\"> from limiting their dairy intake to prevent bacterial digestion and its associated symptoms. <\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW242547419 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW124401360 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW124401360 BCX0\">How does the pancreas regulate blood glucose levels in the body?<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW124401360 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW148615835 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW148615835 BCX0\">When blood glucose levels are high, the pancreas releases insulin which sends a signal to the body\u2019s cells to remove glucose from the blood and transport it to different organ cells around the body and use it to produce energy. As glucose is transported around the body, the blood glucose levels decrease. When blood glucose levels drop, the pancreas releases glucagon which communicates to the cells in the body to stop using glucose. It also signals the liver to breakdown glycogen into glucose so it can be released into the blood, allowing glucose levels to stay within the target range<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW148615835 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW148615835 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW148615835 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW148615835 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW148615835 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW24280632 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW24280632 BCX0\">What is the difference between type I and type II diabetes? What are the complications associated with uncontrolled diabetes?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW24280632 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW197648519 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW197648519 BCX0\">Type 1 diabetes is known as insulin-dependent diabetes where the pancreas <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW197648519 BCX0\">can\u2019t<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW197648519 BCX0\"> produce insulin because the body attacks the pancreas. People with type 1 diabetes need to inject insulin or use an insulin pump to regulate insulin blood sugar levels. In those with type 2 diabetes, either the body <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW197648519 BCX0\">can\u2019t<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW197648519 BCX0\"> properly <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW197648519 BCX0\">utilize<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW197648519 BCX0\"> the insulin produced or cannot produce enough insulin.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW197648519 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW204162772 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW204162772 BCX0\">Uncontrolled diabetes can damage arteries in the eyes and kidneys and result in retinopathy, blindness, high blood pressure, heart attack, and stroke.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW204162772 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW23136935 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW23136935 BCX0\">What happens to any remaining indigestible carbohydrates in the large intestine?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW23136935 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW118862443 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW118862443 BCX0\">The remaining indigestible carbohydrates are broken down by enzymes released by bacteria in the large intestine. The products of bacterial digestion of these slow-releasing carbohydrates are short-chain fatty acids and some gases. The short-chain fatty acids are either used by the bacteria to make energy and grow, are eliminated in the <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW118862443 BCX0\">feces<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW118862443 BCX0\">, or are absorbed into cells of the colon, with a small amount being transported to the liver.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW118862443 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW92768815 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW92768815 BCX0\">How can the <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW92768815 BCX0\">glycemic<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW92768815 BCX0\"> index be used to make healthier carbohydrate choices? What are some of the limitations of using the <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2Themed SCXW92768815 BCX0\">glycemic<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW92768815 BCX0\"> index<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW92768815 BCX0\">?\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW92768815 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW147363014 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW147363014 BCX0\">Foods that have a low GI do not raise blood-glucose levels either as much or as fast as foods that have a higher GI. We can use the <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2Themed SCXW147363014 BCX0\">glycemic<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW147363014 BCX0\"> index to choose carbohydrates that have a low-GI. However, the GI has some limitations. The first is GI does not <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun AdvancedProofingIssueV2Themed SCXW147363014 BCX0\">take into account<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW147363014 BCX0\"> the amount of carbohydrates in a <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW147363014 BCX0\">portion<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW147363014 BCX0\"> of food, but only <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun AdvancedProofingIssueV2Themed SCXW147363014 BCX0\">takes into account<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW147363014 BCX0\"> the type of carbohydrate. Another is that combining low- and high-GI foods changes the GI for the meal. Also, some nutrient-dense foods have higher GIs than less nutritious food. Lastly, meats and fats do not have a GI since they do not <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW147363014 BCX0\">contain<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW147363014 BCX0\"> carbohydrates.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW147363014 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW165143434 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW165143434 BCX0\">Under which circumstances can carbohydrate loading <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW165143434 BCX0\">optimize<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW165143434 BCX0\"> athlete performance and how? HINT: Think about muscle glycogen reserves and how long they typically last.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW165143434 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW114943259 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW114943259 BCX0\">Endurance athletes can <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW114943259 BCX0\">benefit<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW114943259 BCX0\"> from carbohydrate loading to prevent depletion of muscle glycogen stores which can cause a decrease in performance levels. After prolonged exercise, muscles rely more on lipids and proteins as an energy source as glycogen stores become depleted. Athletes can increase their glycogen reserve by reducing training intensity and increasing their carbohydrate intake, but this will only be beneficial to those with exercise durations longer than 90 minutes. If events are longer than 45 minutes, people can reduce stored glycogen use by ingesting carbohydrates<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW114943259 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW114943259 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW114943259 BCX0\"> during activity<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW114943259 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW114943259 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW114943259 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW47045205 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW47045205 BCX0\">Explain the \u201cfat-sparing\u201d effect of glucose and how it relates to fat metabolism.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW47045205 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW114863601 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW114863601 BCX0\">As blood glucose levels rise, the use of lipids as an energy source is inhibited. This is because the increased blood glucose levels stimulate the release of insulin which tells cells to use glucose instead of lipids to produce energy. This results in decreased fat metabolism and increased carbohydrate metabolism.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW114863601 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW32193622 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW32193622 BCX0\">Discuss the claims made by low-carbohydrate diets concerning weight loss and their associated challenges<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW32193622 BCX0\">.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW32193622 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW247255505 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247255505 BCX0\">Low carbohydrate diets <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247255505 BCX0\">can<\/span> <span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247255505 BCX0\">promote weight loss and overall health. These diets typically suggest that long-term weight loss is achieved through a reduction in dietary carbohydrates and <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247255505 BCX0\">glycemic<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247255505 BCX0\"> load. However, <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247255505 BCX0\">a number of<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247255505 BCX0\"> diet intervention studies have found that low-<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247255505 BCX0\">glycemic<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247255505 BCX0\">-load diets do not cause significantly greater long-term weight loss compared with higher-<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247255505 BCX0\">glycemic<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247255505 BCX0\">-load diets. However, the challenge with some research studies assessing the impacts of low carbohydrate diets on weight loss is that dietary protein is not controlled. If these studies do not control for protein intake, we have no way of knowing if protein is playing a role in the weight loss we see. <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247255505 BCX0\">Ultimately, there<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247255505 BCX0\"> is<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW247255505 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247255505 BCX0\">\u00a0currently little scientific evidence to support that low-carb<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247255505 BCX0\">ohydrate<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247255505 BCX0\"> diets are better than other diets in promoting weight loss.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW247255505 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW130452199 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW130452199 BCX0\">What are some of the potential benefits and side effects of consuming foods and beverages made with sugar substitutes?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW130452199 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW90368404 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW90368404 BCX0\">The benefits are that they reduce the consumption of simple sugars, which are higher in calories, cause tooth decay and are linked to chronic disease. However, a common side effect is gastrointestinal upset <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW90368404 BCX0\">as a result of<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW90368404 BCX0\"> their incomplete digestion. Studies have also shown that high artificial sweetener consumption is associated with increased CVD and cancer risk.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW90368404 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW216376132 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW216376132 BCX0\">Provide examples of personal dietary choices that can <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW216376132 BCX0\">assist<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW216376132 BCX0\"> individuals in meeting the <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW216376132 BCX0\">Health<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW216376132 BCX0\"> Canada recommendations of eating more unrefined carbohydrates and fibres<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW216376132 BCX0\">.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW216376132 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW119522885 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW119522885 BCX0\">Eat more fruits and vegetables with each meal<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW119522885 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW119522885 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW119522885 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW119522885 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW183384167 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW183384167 BCX0\">Get your daily carbohydrate servings from whole grains by eating whole-grain cereals or using whole-grain bread to make sandwiches, etc<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW183384167 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW183384167 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW183384167 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW183384167 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW66032561 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW66032561 BCX0\">Substitute refined white flour with whole-wheat or <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW66032561 BCX0\">whole-grain<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW66032561 BCX0\"> flour<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW66032561 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW66032561 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW66032561 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW66032561 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW66032561 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW66032561 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266680794 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266680794 BCX0\">Add beans, nuts, or seeds to salads<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266680794 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266680794 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266680794 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW266680794 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335557856&quot;:16777215,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1>Chapter 5. Lipids<\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW150425855 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW150425855 BCX0\">What are the three types of lipids and what roles <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW150425855 BCX0\">do<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW150425855 BCX0\"> each play in the body?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW150425855 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW23637049 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW23637049 BCX0\">Triglycerides <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW23637049 BCX0\">typically <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW23637049 BCX0\">make up 95% of the lipids in our diet and provide our body with energy<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW23637049 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW23637049 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW23637049 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW23637049 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW107250127 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW107250127 BCX0\">Pho<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW107250127 BCX0\">s<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW107250127 BCX0\">p<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW107250127 BCX0\">h<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW107250127 BCX0\">o<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW107250127 BCX0\">l<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW107250127 BCX0\">i<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW107250127 BCX0\">p<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW107250127 BCX0\">i<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW107250127 BCX0\">ds are crucial for building the protective barrier, or membrane, around your body\u2019s cells. <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW107250127 BCX0\">Pho<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW107250127 BCX0\">s<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW107250127 BCX0\">p<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW107250127 BCX0\">h<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW107250127 BCX0\">o<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW107250127 BCX0\">l<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW107250127 BCX0\">i<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW107250127 BCX0\">p<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW107250127 BCX0\">i<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW107250127 BCX0\">ds are synthesized in the body to form cell and organelle membranes. In blood and body fluids, <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW107250127 BCX0\">pho<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW107250127 BCX0\">s<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW107250127 BCX0\">p<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW107250127 BCX0\">h<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW107250127 BCX0\">o<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW107250127 BCX0\">l<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW107250127 BCX0\">i<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW107250127 BCX0\">p<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW107250127 BCX0\">i<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW107250127 BCX0\">ds form structures in which fat is enclosed and transported throughout the bloodstream.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW107250127 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW164257201 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW164257201 BCX0\">Sterols: cholesterol is the most well-known sterol and is <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW164257201 BCX0\">important component<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW164257201 BCX0\"> of the cell membrane and is <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW164257201 BCX0\">required<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW164257201 BCX0\"> for the synthesis of sex hormones, vitamin D, and bile salts<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW164257201 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW246046621 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW246046621 BCX0\">How does the degree of fatty acid saturation typically affect the state of fats at room temperature?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW246046621 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW59191047 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW59191047 BCX0\">Double carbon bonds in unsaturated fatty acids, cause kinks in the fatty acids, which makes it harder for them to pack together. On the other hand, saturated fatty acids tend to be straighter, making it easier for them to pack together<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW59191047 BCX0\">.\u00a0 <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW59191047 BCX0\">Therefore, foods higher in saturated fatty acids tend to be solid at room temperature and foods rich in unsaturated fatty acids tend to be liquid at room temperature.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW59191047 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW234203889 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW234203889 BCX0\">What is hydrogenation? How does this process alter the properties of fats?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW234203889 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW222288888 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW222288888 BCX0\">Hydrogenation involves adding hydrogen to the carbon double bonds, making the fatty acid<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW222288888 BCX0\"> appear more<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW222288888 BCX0\"> saturated (or less unsaturated in the case of partial hydrogenation). This process can change the state of fats (<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW222288888 BCX0\">e.g.,<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW222288888 BCX0\"> convert vegetable oils into semisolid fats).\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW222288888 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW49012225 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW49012225 BCX0\">Considering what you have learned about the health implications of eating saturated and unsaturated fats, what dietary adjustments can you make to eat healthier?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW49012225 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW76759293 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW76759293 BCX0\">If you decide to limit your intake of fat products, then choosing unsaturated fats <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW76759293 BCX0\">may be<\/span> <span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW76759293 BCX0\">more beneficial than choosing saturated fats. This choice is easy to make because unsaturated fats are usually liquid at room temperature while saturated fats tend to be solid at room temperature. However, there are some exceptions like avocados which are high in unsaturated fats and tropical oils <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW76759293 BCX0\">(e.g., coconut oil) <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW76759293 BCX0\">which are high in saturated fats.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW76759293 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW206810745 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW206810745 BCX0\">What is the difference between essential and non-essential fatty acids and why is this distinction important to consider when planning your diet?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW206810745 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW8181420 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW8181420 BCX0\">Essential fatty acids must be obtained from food because they cannot be synthesized by the body, unlike non-essential fatty acids which the body is capable of synthesizing on its own.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW8181420 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW213268553 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW213268553 BCX0\">What is the difference between the health benefits of eicosanoids derived from omega-3 fatty acids and eicosanoids omega-6 fatty acids?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW213268553 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW223231533 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW223231533 BCX0\">Eicosanoids derived from omega-6 fatty acids increase blood pressure and inflammation and cause blood clotting and immune responses. On the other hand, eicosanoids derived from omega-3 fatty acids are known to have heart-healthy effects.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW223231533 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW125847776 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125847776 BCX0\">What is unique about the structure of <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125847776 BCX0\">pho<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125847776 BCX0\">s<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125847776 BCX0\">p<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125847776 BCX0\">h<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125847776 BCX0\">o<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125847776 BCX0\">l<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125847776 BCX0\">i<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125847776 BCX0\">p<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125847776 BCX0\">i<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125847776 BCX0\">ds?<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW125847776 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW214535577 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW214535577 BCX0\">Their amphiphilic nature: the fatty acid sides are hydro<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW214535577 BCX0\">pho<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW214535577 BCX0\">bic (dislike water<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2Themed SCXW214535577 BCX0\">)<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW214535577 BCX0\"> and the <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW214535577 BCX0\">pho<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW214535577 BCX0\">sp<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW214535577 BCX0\">h<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW214535577 BCX0\">ate group is hydrophilic (like water)<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW214535577 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW214535577 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW214535577 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW214535577 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW127788737 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW127788737 BCX0\">What is the role of food emulsifiers? <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW127788737 BCX0\">Provide<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW127788737 BCX0\"> some examples of food emulsifiers<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW127788737 BCX0\">.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW127788737 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW95818774 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW95818774 BCX0\">Emulsifiers allow oil and water to mix. Without emulsifiers, the fat and water content within food would be <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW95818774 BCX0\">somewhat separated<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW95818774 BCX0\">. Lecithin found in egg yolk, honey, mayonnaise, and mustard is a common emulsifier. Emulsifiers enhance the appearance and freshness of food.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW95818774 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW14932190 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW14932190 BCX0\">Why is it important for individuals to <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW14932190 BCX0\">maintain<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW14932190 BCX0\"> healthy blood cholesterol levels<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW14932190 BCX0\">?\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW14932190 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW6735818 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW6735818 BCX0\">High cholesterol levels can form a large part of the plaque that narrows arteries in a process known as atherosclerosis.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW6735818 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW61360766 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW61360766 BCX0\">\u00a0How do dietary choices influence cholesterol absorption?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW61360766 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW222901149 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW222901149 BCX0\">Consuming more plant sterols can contribute to lower cholesterol levels because they inhibit cholesterol absorption.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW222901149 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW75137253 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75137253 BCX0\">\u00a0How do fats move in a water-based environment despite their water-insoluble nature?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW75137253 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW90964563 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW90964563 BCX0\">Bile salts envelop the fatty acids and monoglycerides to form micelles. Micelles have a fatty acid core with a water-soluble exterior. This allows efficient transportation of fats to the intestinal microvillus.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW90964563 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW202196971 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW202196971 BCX0\">What are the potential health implications of fat malabsorption?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW202196971 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW149887019 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW149887019 BCX0\">If fats are not absorbed properly as seen in some medical conditions, a person\u2019s stool will <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW149887019 BCX0\">contain<\/span> <span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW149887019 BCX0\">high amounts<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW149887019 BCX0\"> of fat. Continued fat malabsorption can cause steatorrhea. Steatorrhea can result from diseases that affect absorption, such as Crohn\u2019s disease and cystic fibrosis.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW149887019 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW121096740 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW121096740 BCX0\">How does the body store and use triglycerides from food for energy production?<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW121096740 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW188059724 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW188059724 BCX0\">After a meal, the triglycerides in the chylomicrons are moved to adipose or muscle cells. Capillary walls <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW188059724 BCX0\">contain<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW188059724 BCX0\"> an enzyme called lipoprotein-lipase that dismantles the triglycerides in the lipoproteins into fatty acids and glycerol, allowing them to enter the adipose cells. The fatty acids and glycerol are then reassembled into triglycerides and stored for later use. Muscle cells may also take up the fatty acids and use them for muscular work and energy production. When a person\u2019s energy requirements exceed the fuel available from a recent meal, or extended physical activity has exhausted glycogen energy reserves, fat reserves are retrieved for energy production.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW188059724 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW153335915 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153335915 BCX0\">What are the functions of lipids in the body? Briefly explain each function.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW153335915 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW47131895 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW47131895 BCX0\">Lipids are a major source of energy- 9 kcal\/gram, especially during lower-intensity and longer-duration <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW47131895 BCX0\">exercise.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW47131895 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266093928 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266093928 BCX0\">Lipids primarily function as an energy reserve. Fats are packed tightly together without water so you can store far greater amounts of energy in a reduced space. Fat cells are specialized for fat storage and can expand <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266093928 BCX0\">almost indefinitely<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266093928 BCX0\"> in size<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW266093928 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW266093928 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW266093928 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW266093928 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW77541987 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW77541987 BCX0\">Lipids control the body\u2019s internal climate and <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW77541987 BCX0\">maintain<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW77541987 BCX0\"> a constant temperature. They also help the body produce and regulate hormones (<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW77541987 BCX0\">e.<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW77541987 BCX0\">g<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW77541987 BCX0\">.<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW77541987 BCX0\">,<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW77541987 BCX0\"> adipose tissue secretes leptin, which regulates appetite). Lipids play <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW77541987 BCX0\">an important role<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW77541987 BCX0\"> in brain activity, structure, and function and <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW77541987 BCX0\">facilitate<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW77541987 BCX0\"> the signalling of electrical impulses throughout the brain. The lipids in cell membranes regulate what enters and exits the cell<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW77541987 BCX0\">.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW77541987 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW171192231 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW171192231 BCX0\">Lipids play <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW171192231 BCX0\">an important role<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW171192231 BCX0\"> in insulating and protecting the body from extreme temperatures and keeping the internal climate under control. Fat tissue pads our hands and buttocks and prevents friction because these areas <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW171192231 BCX0\">frequently<\/span> <span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW171192231 BCX0\">come into contact with<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW171192231 BCX0\"> hard surfaces<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW171192231 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW171192231 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW171192231 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW171192231 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW203354557 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW203354557 BCX0\">Lipids <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW203354557 BCX0\">assist<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW203354557 BCX0\"> in digestion because by carrying fat-soluble nutrients throughout the digestive process, internal absorption is improved (increased bioavailability)<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW203354557 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW56953072 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56953072 BCX0\">According to existing health guidelines, ideally, which types of fats should be consumed in higher <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56953072 BCX0\">amounts,<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56953072 BCX0\"> and which should be limited?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW56953072 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW4100599 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW4100599 BCX0\">Consume <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW4100599 BCX0\">the majority of<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW4100599 BCX0\"> fats from foods <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW4100599 BCX0\">containing<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW4100599 BCX0\"> a high proportion of polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats, such as those found in fish, nuts, and vegetable oils.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW4100599 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW24932452 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW24932452 BCX0\">Consume fewer than 10 percent of calories from saturated fats.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW24932452 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215752178 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215752178 BCX0\">Keep the consumption of trans fats (any food label that reads hydrogenated or partially hydrogenated oil) to a minimum, less than 1 percent of calories.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW215752178 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW111589658 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW111589658 BCX0\">What are the major lipoproteins and what are their functions?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW111589658 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW74726184 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW74726184 BCX0\">VLDLs: transport triglycerides from the liver to various tissues in the body. As the VLDLs travel through the circulatory system, the lipoprotein lipase strips the VLDL of triglycerides and they become intermediate-density lipoproteins.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW74726184 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW163311475 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW163311475 BCX0\">IDLs: transport a variety of fats and cholesterol in the bloodstream. While travelling in the bloodstream, cholesterol is gained from other lipoproteins while circulating enzymes strip its <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW163311475 BCX0\">pho<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW163311475 BCX0\">s<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW163311475 BCX0\">p<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW163311475 BCX0\">h<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW163311475 BCX0\">o<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW163311475 BCX0\">l<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW163311475 BCX0\">i<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW163311475 BCX0\">p<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW163311475 BCX0\">i<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW163311475 BCX0\">d <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW163311475 BCX0\">component<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW163311475 BCX0\">. When IDLs return to the liver, they are transformed into low-density lipoproteins.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW163311475 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW222902618 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW222902618 BCX0\">LDLs: commonly known as the \u201cbad cholesterol<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW222902618 BCX0\">\u201d.<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW222902618 BCX0\"> LDLs carry cholesterol and other lipids from the liver to our tissues throughout the body. Each cell\u2019s surface has receptor systems specifically designed to bind with LDLs. Circulating LDLs in the bloodstream bind to these LDL receptors and are consumed. Once inside the cell, the LDL is taken apart and its cholesterol is released. In liver cells, these receptor systems aid in controlling blood cholesterol levels as they bind the LDLs. A deficiency of these LDL binding mechanisms will leave a high quantity of cholesterol travelling in the bloodstream, which can lead to heart disease or atherosclerosis.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW222902618 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW41889272 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW41889272 BCX0\">\u00a0HDLs: carry cholesterol out of the bloodstream and into the liver, where it is either reused or removed from the body with bile. They are called the \u201cgood cholesterol.\u201d<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW41889272 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW30613710 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW30613710 BCX0\">List and explain the potential adverse health consequences of high blood lipid levels<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW30613710 BCX0\">.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW30613710 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW28338684 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW28338684 BCX0\">Cardiovascular disease: the arteries thicken and harden with plaque buildup, causing restricted or at times low or no blood flow to selected areas of the body.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW28338684 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW143276310 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW143276310 BCX0\">Heart attack: when blood flow to a section of the heart is cut off due to a blood clot.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW143276310 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW214424199 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW214424199 BCX0\">Ischemic stroke: when a blood vessel in the brain or leading to the brain, becomes blocked, again usually from a blood clot. If part of the brain suffers a lack of blood flow and\/or oxygen for three minutes or longer, brain cells will start to die.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW214424199 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW27158935 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW27158935 BCX0\">Congestive heart failure: the heart is not pumping blood as well as it should. The heart is still working but it is not meeting the body\u2019s demand for blood and oxygen. If left unchecked, it can progress to further levels of malfunction.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW27158935 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW125252995 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125252995 BCX0\">Arrhythmia: This is an abnormal rhythm of the heart. The heart may beat above one hundred beats per minute (known as tachycardia) or below sixty beats per minute (known as bradycardia), or the beats may be irregular. The heart may not be able to pump enough volume of blood to meet the body\u2019s needs.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW125252995 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW190739954 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW190739954 BCX0\">Heart valve problems: Stenosis is a condition in which the heart valves become compromised in their ability to open wide enough to allow for proper blood flow. Some<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun SCXW190739954 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW190739954 BCX0\">times heart valves do not close <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW190739954 BCX0\">tightly,<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW190739954 BCX0\"> and blood begins to leak between chambers.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW190739954 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW238736206 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW238736206 BCX0\">Obesity: the excessive accumulation of body fat. Obesity has been linked to increased risks of developing diabetes and heart disease.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW238736206 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1>Chapter 6. Proteins<\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW70049902 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70049902 BCX0\">How are over hundred thousand different proteins produced in the body<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70049902 BCX0\">?\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW70049902 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW15183725 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW15183725 BCX0\">Different proteins are produced because twenty types of naturally occurring amino acids are combined in unique sequences to form polypeptides. The abundant variations of proteins are due to the unending number of amino acid sequences that can be formed.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW15183725 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW29022585 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW29022585 BCX0\">Describe and explain the basic steps of protein synthesis.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW29022585 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW108239390 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW108239390 BCX0\">\u00a0The first step in constructing a protein is the transcription of the genetic information in DNA into RNA. Next, during translation, the RNA instructs the cells to gather all the necessary amino acids and add them to the growing protein chain in <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW108239390 BCX0\">a very specific<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW108239390 BCX0\"> order. The third step in protein production involves folding it into its correct shape. Specific amino acid sequences <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW108239390 BCX0\">contain<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW108239390 BCX0\"> all the information necessary to spontaneously fold into a particular shape.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW108239390 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW220707408 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW220707408 BCX0\">Describe the four structural levels of proteins.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW220707408 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW205212314 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW205212314 BCX0\">Primary: The first level is the one-dimensional sequence of amino acids that are held together by peptide bonds.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW205212314 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW233000296 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW233000296 BCX0\">Secondary: The second level of protein structure is dependent on the chemical interactions between amino acids, which cause the protein to fold into a specific shape, such as a helix or sheet.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW233000296 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW215432294 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215432294 BCX0\">Tertiary: The third level of protein structure is three-dimensional. As the different side chains of amino acids chemically interact, they either repel or attract each other, resulting in a folded structure.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW215432294 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW218325365 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW218325365 BCX0\">Quaternary:\u00a0 The fourth level of structure is achieved when protein fragments called peptides combine to make one larger functional protein.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW218325365 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW254227320 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW254227320 BCX0\">What is protein denaturation? How does this process affect the structural and chemical properties of proteins?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW254227320 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW227188562 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW227188562 BCX0\">\u00a0Denaturation is physical changes seen in a protein exposed to abnormal conditions in the environment such as heat, acid, high salt concentrations, alcohol, and mechanical agitation. When a protein denatures, its complicated folded structure unfolds, and it becomes just a long strand of amino acids again. The weak chemical forces that hold tertiary and secondary protein structures together are broken and since proteins\u2019 function depends on their shape, denatured proteins are no longer functional.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW227188562 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW125027116 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW125027116 BCX0\">Why do proteins make you feel full for longer than carbohydrates?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW125027116 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW88934295 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW88934295 BCX0\">Protein digestion in the stomach takes longer than carbohydrate digestion, so eating a high-protein meal increases the amount of time <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW88934295 BCX0\">required<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW88934295 BCX0\"> to sufficiently break down the meal in the stomach. This means that the food stays in the stomach for longer, making you feel full for longer.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW88934295 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW88934295 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW88934295 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW34316136 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW34316136 BCX0\">What are the two major pancreatic enzymes that digest proteins?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW34316136 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW231401128 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW231401128 BCX0\">Chymotrypsin and trypsin.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW153051340 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153051340 BCX0\">How are amino acids recycled to make new proteins?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW153051340 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW192347251 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW192347251 BCX0\">Every day, over 250 grams of protein are recycled to make 250 grams of new protein. To form these new proteins, amino acids from food and those from protein destruction are placed into a \u201cpool.\u201d When an amino acid is needed to build another protein, it can be <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW192347251 BCX0\">acquired<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW192347251 BCX0\"> from the existing amino acids in the body. This is why it is important to <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW192347251 BCX0\">maintain<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW192347251 BCX0\"> amino acid levels within this pool by consuming high-protein diets because if amino acid levels are not <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW192347251 BCX0\">maintained<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW192347251 BCX0\">, amino acids in the pool will be obtained by increasing protein destruction from other tissues in the body <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW192347251 BCX0\">such <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2Themed SCXW192347251 BCX0\">as <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2Themed SCXW192347251 BCX0\">muscle<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW192347251 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW192347251 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW232540343 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW232540343 BCX0\">How are dietary proteins catabolized for energy production, and what are the overall health implications of protein catabolism? <\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW232540343 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW60788619 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW60788619 BCX0\">Only about 10% of dietary proteins are catabolized make cellular energy every<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun SCXW60788619 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW60788619 BCX0\">day. The liver breaks down amino acids to the carbon skeleton, which can then be fed into the citric acid cycle. This is <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun AdvancedProofingIssueV2Themed SCXW60788619 BCX0\">similar <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun AdvancedProofingIssueV2Themed SCXW60788619 BCX0\">to<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW60788619 BCX0\"> the way that glucose is used to make ATP. If a person\u2019s diet does not <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW60788619 BCX0\">contain<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW60788619 BCX0\"> enough carbohydrates and fats, their body will use more amino acids to make energy, which compromises the synthesis of new proteins and destroys muscle proteins.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW60788619 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193835275 BCX0\">How might daily protein recommendations vary among <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193835275 BCX0\">different groups<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193835275 BCX0\"> (<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193835275 BCX0\">e.g.,<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW193835275 BCX0\"> the elderly and athletes)?<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW194863702 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW194863702 BCX0\">Elderly: as we age, our muscle mass gradually decreases in a process known as sarcopenia. <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW194863702 BCX0\">Approximately half<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW194863702 BCX0\"> the population of men and women above the age of 80 are sarcopenic, and studies have shown that higher intakes (1.2-1.5 g per kg of body weight) may prevent aging adults from becoming sarcopenic.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW194863702 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW627396 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW627396 BCX0\">Athletes: The body <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW627396 BCX0\">requires<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW627396 BCX0\"> protein post-exercise so that you can build bigger, stronger, and healthier muscle tissue after intense exercise like <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart CommentHighlightPipeRestV2 CommentHighlightRest SCXW627396 BCX0\">strength<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentHighlightPipeRestV2 SCXW627396 BCX0\"> training.<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW627396 BCX0\"> The daily protein recommendations for strength athletes are <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW627396 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW627396 BCX0\">1.6-1.7 g\/kg of body weight per day. Some strength athletes may need up to 2.2 g\/kg of body weight per day.<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun SCXW627396 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW627396 BCX0\">Athletes should consume protein from high-quality sources, such as dairy, eggs, lean meats. However, eating an excessive amount of protein at one time does not further stimulate muscle-protein synthesis. In fact, it is recommended that after a training session, athletes should consume 0.25-0.4 g\/kg of body weight of protein in their post-exercise meal. If strength athletes do not complete sessions that include exercise to failure, they should consume this protein within one hour after exercise to enhance muscle protein synthesis. However, if the athlete\u2019s session includes exercise to failure, this window may extend up to 24 h post-exercise.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW627396 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW212691903 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212691903 BCX0\">What are the health consequences of protein deficiencies and high-protein diets?<\/span><\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW212691903 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212691903 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW264632177 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW264632177 BCX0\">There are two main syndromes associated with protein deficiencies: <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW264632177 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW264632177 BCX0\">Kwashiorkor and Marasmus. Kwashiorkor is characterized by swelling (<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2Themed SCXW264632177 BCX0\">edema<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW264632177 BCX0\">) of the feet and abdomen, poor skin health, growth retardation, low muscle mass, and liver malfunction. The primary symptoms of Kwashiorkor include not only swelling, but also <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2Themed SCXW264632177 BCX0\">diarrhea<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW264632177 BCX0\">, fatigue, peeling skin, and irritability. Marasmus affects mostly children below the age of one in low-income countries. It is characterized by an extremely emaciated appearance, poor skin health, and growth retardation. The symptoms are acute fatigue, hunger, and <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2Themed SpellingErrorHighlight SCXW264632177 BCX0\">diarrhea<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW264632177 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW264632177 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW212691903 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212691903 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW224583436 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW224583436 BCX0\">Some studies suggest that diets high in animal protein, especially red meat, are linked to a higher risk for kidney stones, kidney disease, liver malfunction, colorectal cancer, and osteoporosis. However, diets that include lots of red meat are also high in saturated fat and cholesterol and are sometimes linked to unhealthy lifestyles, so it is difficult to say that <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW224583436 BCX0\">high-protein<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW224583436 BCX0\"> causes these unfavourable health consequences. High-protein diets can however restrict other essential nutrients like vitamin and mineral intakes and result in other potential cardiac, renal, bone, and liver abnormalities.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW224583436 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW212691903 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212691903 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW126456230 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW126456230 BCX0\">It\u2019s<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW126456230 BCX0\"> important to remember that moderation is key.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW212691903 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212691903 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW178323544 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW178323544 BCX0\">Reflecting on what <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW178323544 BCX0\">you\u2019ve<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW178323544 BCX0\"> learned about protein supplements and their effectiveness, what is your perspective on integrating them into your dietary routine or fitness regimen? How would you weigh the pros and cons of protein supplements?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW178323544 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW212691903 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW88567787 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW88567787 BCX0\">From what <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW88567787 BCX0\">we\u2019ve<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW88567787 BCX0\"> learned, <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW88567787 BCX0\">it\u2019s<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW88567787 BCX0\"> safe to assume that there <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW88567787 BCX0\">isn\u2019t<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW88567787 BCX0\"> sufficient evidence to support that protein and amino acid supplements are superior to regular food in enhancing exercise performance. Choosing high quality protein foods will help you build muscle, and this is also a lot more affordable than buying supplements to meet your protein goals. If you do choose to buy protein (<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW88567787 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW88567787 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW88567787 BCX0\">e<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW88567787 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW88567787 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW88567787 BCX0\">.g.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW88567787 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW88567787 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW88567787 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW88567787 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW88567787 BCX0\"> whey protein) and use it to make a protein shake post workout, it is important to remember that there is no need to add more than what is <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW88567787 BCX0\">required<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW88567787 BCX0\"> to obtain 0.25-0.4g \/kg of body weight. Protein shakes and protein bars might be <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW88567787 BCX0\">a good idea<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW88567787 BCX0\"> for endurance or strength athletes who have little time to make a nutritious exercise recovery snack. It is still important to do your research on the protein snacks\/supplements you buy and to read the label as some have <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW88567787 BCX0\">high amounts<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW88567787 BCX0\"> of carbohydrates from added sugars and <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW88567787 BCX0\">aren\u2019t<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW88567787 BCX0\"> the best protein sources for athletes.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW88567787 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1>Chapter 7. Metabolism<\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW68009026 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW68009026 BCX0\">How is energy classified? Provide examples of each type of energy being used in our daily lives.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW68009026 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW82217004 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW82217004 BCX0\">Energy is classified as either potential or kinetic. Potential energy is stored energy, or energy waiting to happen. Kinetic energy is energy in motion. An example of this is riding your bike. When your bike is parked on top of a hill, it has potential energy. When you are riding your bike down the hill, you have kinetic energy.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW82217004 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW85356731 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW85356731 BCX0\">How do carbohydrates, proteins, and fats differ in their energy content per gram?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW85356731 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW257486902 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW257486902 BCX0\">9 kcal\/g of lipids.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW1447030 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW1447030 BCX0\">4 kcal\/g of carbohydrates and proteins.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW98532806 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW98532806 BCX0\">What <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW98532806 BCX0\">are<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW98532806 BCX0\"> nutrient-dense foods and do they relate to food quality?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW98532806 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW204222251 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW204222251 BCX0\">High-quality foods are nutrient-dense, meaning they <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW204222251 BCX0\">contain<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW204222251 BCX0\"> lots of nutrients <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW204222251 BCX0\">relative<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW204222251 BCX0\"> to the number of <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW204222251 BCX0\">calories\/energy<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW204222251 BCX0\"> they provide. They are the opposite of empty-calorie foods such as sugary carbonated drinks which <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW204222251 BCX0\">contain<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW204222251 BCX0\"> a lot of calories and <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW204222251 BCX0\">very little<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW204222251 BCX0\">, if any, nutrients.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW204222251 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW215788495 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW215788495 BCX0\">What is the difference between catabolism and anabolism?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW215788495 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW75933324 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75933324 BCX0\">Metabolism i<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75933324 BCX0\">ncludes <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75933324 BCX0\">both catabolism<\/span> <span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75933324 BCX0\">and<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75933324 BCX0\"> anabolism. Catabolism is the process of molecule breakdown into smaller <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75933324 BCX0\">molecules,<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75933324 BCX0\"> and it releases energy. Anabolism refers <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75933324 BCX0\">to the process of building bigger molecules from smaller molecules and it requires energy.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW75933324 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW72743094 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW72743094 BCX0\">Compare fat and carbohydrate stores in humans.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW72743094 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW114913969 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW114913969 BCX0\">Humans have larger stores of fat compared to carbohydrates. <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW114913969 BCX0\">Fat is a better alternative to glycogen for energy storage as it is more compact and, unlike glycogen, the body does not store water along with fat. Water weighs a significant amount, and increased glycogen stores would dramatically increase body weight due to the increased water content.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW114913969 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW204733342 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW204733342 BCX0\">What would happen to chemical reactions without enzymes?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW204733342 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW199686313 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW199686313 BCX0\">Enzymes are catalysts- they speed up chemical reactions and reduce the energy <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW199686313 BCX0\">required<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW199686313 BCX0\"> to complete the chemical reaction. Without enzymes, chemical reactions would take much longer to happen and would use up too much energy for life to exist.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW199686313 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW241644029 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW241644029 BCX0\">How are metabolic pathways involved in catabolism and anabolism regulated by energy status?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW241644029 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW131387804 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW131387804 BCX0\">All cells are in tune with their energy balance<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW131387804 BCX0\">.\u00a0 <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW131387804 BCX0\">When energy levels are high, cells join smaller molecules into larger ones via energy-requiring anabolic pathways and when energy levels are low, catabolic pathways are <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW131387804 BCX0\">initiated<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW131387804 BCX0\"> to release energy, in which bigger molecules are broken down into smaller molecules.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW131387804 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW69133344 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW69133344 BCX0\">What happens to pyruvate in the presence and absence of oxygen?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW69133344 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW239180740 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW239180740 BCX0\">In the absence of oxygen (anaerobic), pyruvate is converted to lactic acid, which is known as fast glycolysis. In the presence of oxygen (aerobic), and if a cell is in negative-energy balance, pyruvate is transported to the mitochondria where it first gets one of its carbons cleaved off, yielding acetyl-CoA. It can then go to the citric acid cycle<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW239180740 BCX0\"> and <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW239180740 BCX0\">the electron transport chain\/oxidative <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW239180740 BCX0\">pho<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW239180740 BCX0\">s<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW239180740 BCX0\">p<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW239180740 BCX0\">h<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW239180740 BCX0\">o<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW239180740 BCX0\">rylation<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW239180740 BCX0\"> to make more energy.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW239180740 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW186245219 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW186245219 BCX0\">Why is some energy released as heat during nutrient catabolism?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW186245219 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW177540958 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177540958 BCX0\">Heat is a vital <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart CommentHighlightPipeRestV2 CommentHighlightRest SCXW177540958 BCX0\">product<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentHighlightPipeRestV2 SCXW177540958 BCX0\"> of nutrient catabolism and is involved in <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177540958 BCX0\">maintaining<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177540958 BCX0\"> body temperature. If <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177540958 BCX0\">heat <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177540958 BCX0\">was<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177540958 BCX0\"> not produced as this byproduct <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177540958 BCX0\">human<\/span> <span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177540958 BCX0\">body temperature would significantly drop<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177540958 BCX0\">,<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177540958 BCX0\"> and they would die of hypothermia. This is why nutrient catabolism is only 30-40% efficient.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW177540958 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1>Chapter 8. Introduction to Micronutrients<\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW109641620 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW109641620 BCX0\">Compare the storage sites and absorption of water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW109641620 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW136133031 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW136133031 BCX0\">Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed along with dietary fat so if a meal is <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW136133031 BCX0\">very low<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW136133031 BCX0\"> in fat, the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins will be impaired. Once fat-soluble vitamins have been absorbed in the small intestine, they are packaged and incorporated into chylomicrons along with other fatty acids and transported in the lymphatic system to the liver. Water-soluble vitamins on the other hand are absorbed in the small intestine but are transported to the liver through blood vessels<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW136133031 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW136133031 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW136133031 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW136133031 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW153974282 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153974282 BCX0\">Why do water-soluble vitamins need to be consumed more regularly than fat-soluble vitamins?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW153974282 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW40235073 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW40235073 BCX0\">Fat-soluble vitamins are <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW40235073 BCX0\">mainly stored<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW40235073 BCX0\"> in our adipose tissue, which means that we <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW40235073 BCX0\">don\u2019t<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW40235073 BCX0\"> need to consume them daily<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW40235073 BCX0\">.\u00a0 <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW40235073 BCX0\">We do not typically store water-soluble vitamins (except B12), so they need to be consumed regularly.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW40235073 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW81597633 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW81597633 BCX0\">How did Fiji\u2019s government combat the national iodine deficiency? What government policies can be implemented to address the present-day mineral deficiencies in Canada?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW81597633 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW95237587 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW95237587 BCX0\">The government of Fiji banned non-iodized salt and allowed only fortified iodized salt into the country in hopes of increasing the consumption of iodine in people\u2019s diets. The Canadian government can also set forth a fortification policy to enhance the nutritional quality of certain foods. For example, if vitamin D is still a common deficiency despite milk being fortified with vitamin D in Canada, the vitamin D content can be doubled. This is just one example.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW95237587 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW120219474 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW120219474 BCX0\">How are minerals classified as major minerals and trace minerals?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"EOP SCXW120219474 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW254613253 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW254613253 BCX0\">Trace minerals are classified as minerals <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW254613253 BCX0\">required<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW254613253 BCX0\"> in the diet each day in smaller amounts (100 milligrams or less). Major minerals are classified as minerals that are <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW254613253 BCX0\">required<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW254613253 BCX0\"> in the diet each day in amounts larger than 100 milligrams.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"EOP SCXW120219474 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\"><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW202986147 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW202986147 BCX0\">How does mineral bioavailability differ between plant-based and animal-based foods? Why is this the case?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW202986147 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"EOP SCXW120219474 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW19972476 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW19972476 BCX0\">Plant-based foods often <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW19972476 BCX0\">contain<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW19972476 BCX0\"> factors, such as oxalate and phytate, that bind to minerals and inhibit their absorption. In general, minerals are better absorbed from animal-based foods. For example, the absorption of calcium from vegetables and nuts is lower than that from <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW19972476 BCX0\">milk because the oxalate in plant-based foods binds to the calcium and affects absorption.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW19972476 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"EOP SCXW120219474 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\"><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW117137537 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW117137537 BCX0\">How does chemical form affect nutrient bioavailability? <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW117137537 BCX0\">Provide<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW117137537 BCX0\"> an example<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW117137537 BCX0\">.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"EOP SCXW120219474 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\"><span class=\"EOP SCXW117137537 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW83235937 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW83235937 BCX0\">Heme<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW83235937 BCX0\"> iron, found in meats, fish, and poultry, is better absorbed than non-<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW83235937 BCX0\">heme<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW83235937 BCX0\"> iron from plant and animal sources, iron-fortified foods, and supplements.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW83235937 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"EOP SCXW120219474 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\"><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW151374230 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW151374230 BCX0\">What is the relationship between vitamin intake and mineral absorption? <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW151374230 BCX0\">Provide<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW151374230 BCX0\"> an example<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW151374230 BCX0\">.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW151374230 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW171589140 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW171589140 BCX0\">Certain vitamins can enhance mineral absorption. For example, vitamin D boosts calcium and magnesium absorption.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW171589140 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1>Chapter 9. Micronutrients for Energy<\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW267784985 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW267784985 BCX0\">Why is the lack of inclusivity in the existing <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW267784985 BCX0\">micronutritional<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW267784985 BCX0\"> guidelines problematic<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW267784985 BCX0\">?\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW267784985 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW89626451 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW89626451 BCX0\">Existing nutritional guidelines offer clear recommendations for males and females, but no guidelines exist for transgender or non-binary people. This is problematic because studies have shown that transgender people who have had gender-affirming surgery or hormone therapy have different nutritional needs than those who have not. There <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW89626451 BCX0\">isn\u2019t<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW89626451 BCX0\"> enough research to inform recommendations for transgender and non-binary people and this can cause confusion and negative health outcomes for them, especially if they <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW89626451 BCX0\">aren\u2019t<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW89626451 BCX0\"> meeting their micronutrient needs.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW89626451 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW75189155 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75189155 BCX0\">What are the effects of <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2Themed SCXW75189155 BCX0\">thiamin<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75189155 BCX0\"> deficiency on the cardiovascular and nervous systems<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75189155 BCX0\">?\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW75189155 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW259254045 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW259254045 BCX0\">The brain and heart are most affected by a <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2Themed SCXW259254045 BCX0\">thiamin<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW259254045 BCX0\"> deficiency. <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW259254045 BCX0\">Thiamin<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW259254045 BCX0\"> deficiency, also known as beriberi, can cause symptoms of fatigue, confusion, movement impairment, pain in the lower extremities, swelling, and heart failure. Wernicke- Korsakoff syndrome can cause similar symptoms as beriberi such as confusion, loss of coordination, vision changes, hallucinations, and may progress to coma and death. This condition is specific to alcoholics.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW259254045 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW124225621 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW124225621 BCX0\">How does riboflavin <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW124225621 BCX0\">assist<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW124225621 BCX0\"> in the energy production process?<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW124225621 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW58034331 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW58034331 BCX0\">Riboflavin is an essential <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW58034331 BCX0\">component<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW58034331 BCX0\"> of flavoproteins, which are coenzymes involved in many metabolic pathways of carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism (<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW58034331 BCX0\">e.g.,<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW58034331 BCX0\"> Krebs cycle). Riboflavin also aids in the transfer of electrons in the electron transport chain and helps fight oxidative damage.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW58034331 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW177755619 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW177755619 BCX0\">What is the role of food packaging in preventing ariboflavinosis?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW177755619 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW82579506 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW82579506 BCX0\">Riboflavin is destroyed by light, so foods <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW82579506 BCX0\">containing<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW82579506 BCX0\"> riboflavin should be stored in dark or opaque containers to prevent ariboflavinosis.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW82579506 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW243946407 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW243946407 BCX0\">How do diets high in tryptophan influence niacin synthesis? What role, if any, do these diets play in preventing niacin deficiency<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW243946407 BCX0\">?\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW243946407 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW221394958 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW221394958 BCX0\">Niacin can be synthesized by humans from the amino acid tryptophan. Niacin is made from tryptophan only after tryptophan has met <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW221394958 BCX0\">all of<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW221394958 BCX0\"> its other needs in the body. The contribution of tryptophan-derived niacin to niacin needs in the body varies and a few scientific studies have shown that diets high in tryptophan have <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW221394958 BCX0\">very little<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW221394958 BCX0\"> effect on niacin deficiency.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW221394958 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW124122510 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW124122510 BCX0\">What are the potential risks associated with niacin supplementation<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW124122510 BCX0\">?\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW124122510 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW37199878 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW37199878 BCX0\">Supplementation can cause toxicity, which can result in burning, tingling, itching, and flushing on the face, arms, and chest. When <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW37199878 BCX0\">very large<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW37199878 BCX0\"> doses are taken over <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW37199878 BCX0\">long periods<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW37199878 BCX0\"> of time, liver damage, glucose intolerance, blurred vision, and <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW37199878 BCX0\">edema<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW37199878 BCX0\"> of the eyes may occur.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW37199878 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW162234620 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW162234620 BCX0\">Although a pantothenic acid deficiency is exceptionally rare, how might this deficiency disrupt the metabolism of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW162234620 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW246617370 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW246617370 BCX0\">Pantothenic acid forms coenzyme A, which is the main carrier of carbon molecules in a cell. Acetyl-CoA is the carbon carrier of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids in the citric acid cycle. Therefore, pantothenic acid deficiency can disrupt the production of coenzyme A, and disrupt fatty acid, glucose, protein, and ketone metabolism.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW246617370 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW126944457 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW126944457 BCX0\">Explain how vitamin B6 deficiency leads to <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW126944457 BCX0\">anemia<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW126944457 BCX0\">. How is this type of <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW126944457 BCX0\">anemia<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW126944457 BCX0\"> different from those caused by deficiencies in folate, cobalamin, or iron?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW126944457 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW210326559 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210326559 BCX0\">Vitamin B6 is also a required coenzyme for the synthesis of <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2Themed SCXW210326559 BCX0\">hemoglobin<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210326559 BCX0\"> and so a deficiency in vitamin B6 can cause <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210326559 BCX0\">anemia<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210326559 BCX0\">, but it different than that caused by insufficient folate, cobalamin, or iron, although the symptoms are similar. The size of red blood cells is normal or <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210326559 BCX0\">somewhat smaller<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210326559 BCX0\">, but the <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210326559 BCX0\">hemoglobin<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210326559 BCX0\"> content is lower. This means each red blood cell has a decreased oxygen-carrying <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210326559 BCX0\">capacity<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210326559 BCX0\">, resulting in muscle weakness, fatigue, and shortness of breath.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW210326559 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW135236623 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW135236623 BCX0\">How does geographic location influence the iodine content in foods?<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW135236623 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW20917469 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW20917469 BCX0\">The mineral content of foods is <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW20917469 BCX0\">greatly affected<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW20917469 BCX0\"> by the soil from which it grew and since iodine comes mostly from seawater, the greater the distance from the sea, the lesser the iodine content in the soil.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW20917469 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW180160914 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW180160914 BCX0\">How do low iodine levels affect growth and development<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW180160914 BCX0\">?\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW180160914 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW224778167 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW224778167 BCX0\">Low iodine levels result in hypothyroidism which negatively affects all stages of growth and development. The thyroid hormone plays <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW224778167 BCX0\">a major role<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW224778167 BCX0\"> in brain development and growth, and <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW224778167 BCX0\">fetuses<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW224778167 BCX0\"> and infants with severe iodine deficiency develop a condition known as cretinism, in which physical and neurological impairment can be severe.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW224778167 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW55179204 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW55179204 BCX0\">How did residential school nutrition experiments contribute to vitamin deficiencies<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW55179204 BCX0\">?\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW55179204 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW77438076 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW77438076 BCX0\">\u00a0Indigenous peoples were used as experimental subjects to test nutrition requirements in malnourished children. The effects of federal underfunding led to unqualified staff members and poor kitchen facilities. This resulted in diets lacking vitamins A, B, and C and iodine due to inadequate portions of milk, fruits vegetables, eggs, and cheese being served to the children.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW77438076 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1>Chapter 10. Micronutrients Involved in Fluid and Electrolyte Balance<\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW232447285 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW232447285 BCX0\">What is the process of osmoregulation?<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW232447285 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW206977415 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW206977415 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW206977415 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW206977415 BCX0\">Osmoregulation is the control of fluid balance and composition in the body. The processes involved keep fluids from becoming too diluted or too concentrated. To <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW206977415 BCX0\">maintain<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW206977415 BCX0\"> water balance, a cell controls the movement of electrolytes to keep the total number of dissolved particles the same inside and outside. The total number of dissolved substances is the same inside and outside a cell, but the composition of the fluids differs between compartments.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW206977415 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW75643716 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW75643716 BCX0\">What is the difference between hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solutions?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW75643716 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW86423636 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW86423636 BCX0\">Hypertonic: where a cell is placed in a more concentrated solution and water moves from inside the cell to the outside, causing it to shrink.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW86423636 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW67504190 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW67504190 BCX0\">Hypotonic: where a cell is placed in a solution that <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW67504190 BCX0\">contains<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW67504190 BCX0\"> fewer dissolved particles than the cell itself and water moves into the more concentrated cell, causing it to swell.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW69990442 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW69990442 BCX0\">Isotonic: when a solution <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW69990442 BCX0\">contains<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW69990442 BCX0\"> an equal <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2Themed SCXW69990442 BCX0\">amount<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW69990442 BCX0\"> of dissolved particles on either side of the membrane.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW74553791 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW74553791 BCX0\">Why is water called the universal solvent?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW74553791 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW119515998 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW119515998 BCX0\">Water is called the universal solvent because more substances dissolve in it than in any other fluid. Molecules dissolve in water because of the hydrogen and oxygen molecules\u2019 ability to loosely bond with other molecules.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW119515998 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW210491175 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW210491175 BCX0\">Explain how the body regulates blood pressure via the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW210491175 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW4082908 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW4082908 BCX0\">When the concentration of solutes in the blood increases, an anti-diuretic hormone i<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW4082908 BCX0\">s<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW4082908 BCX0\"> released from the pituitary gland, which <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW4082908 BCX0\">subsequently<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW4082908 BCX0\"> increases water resorption by the kidneys, thus increasing blood volume and blood pressure<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW4082908 BCX0\">.\u00a0 <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW4082908 BCX0\">When blood volume and blood pressure are low, the kidneys secrete renin. Renin activates <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW4082908 BCX0\">angiotensin, which is then converted to angiotensin 1 and then angiotensin 2. Angiotensin 2 causes vasoconstriction of the blood vessels, which increases blood pressure. Angiotensin 2 also causes the adrenal glands to secrete aldosterone, which causes the resorption of sodium and chloride, and an increase in water retention and a decrease in urine output.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW4082908 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW119994737 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW119994737 BCX0\">Why is water an ideal medium for chemical reactions?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"EOP SCXW119994737 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW105147343 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW105147343 BCX0\">Water is an ideal medium for chemical reactions as it can store a large amount of heat, is electrically neutral, and has a pH of 7.0, meaning it is not acidic or basic. Additionally, water is involved in many enzymatic reactions as an agent to break bonds or to form bonds.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW105147343 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"EOP SCXW119994737 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\"><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW56340763 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW56340763 BCX0\">Considering the protective role mucus plays in the body, how might disruptions in its production impact the body\u2019s overall health?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW56340763 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW21279164 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW21279164 BCX0\">With disruptions in mucus production, our body would not be able to expel nasal irritants or perform essential functions such as transporting nutrients and <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW21279164 BCX0\">eliminating<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW21279164 BCX0\"> waste products. We need mucus to act as a frontline <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW21279164 BCX0\">defense<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW21279164 BCX0\"> and shield tissues from irritants, trap pathogens, and combat harmful invaders. We also need mucus to breathe properly.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW21279164 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"EOP SCXW119994737 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\"><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW98257571 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW98257571 BCX0\">Explain how the temperature set point of the body is <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW98257571 BCX0\">maintained<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW98257571 BCX0\"> even when exposed to cooling temperatures.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW98257571 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW139798189 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW139798189 BCX0\">When we feel cold, the hypothalamus sends a signal to smooth muscle tissue surrounding blood vessels, causing them to constrict and reduce blood flow. This reduces heat lost to the environment. The hypothalamus also sends signals to muscles to erect hairs and shiver, and to endocrine glands like the thyroid to secrete hormones capable of ramping up metabolism. These actions increase heat conservation and heat production.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW139798189 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"EOP SCXW119994737 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\"><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW261482176 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW261482176 BCX0\">How do increased blood sodium concentrations drive us to drink water? Explain the steps involved in this process<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW261482176 BCX0\">.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW261482176 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW79735453 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW79735453 BCX0\">Receptor proteins in the kidney, heart, and hypothalamus detect decreased fluid volume or increased sodium concentration in the blood.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW79735453 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW102575686 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW102575686 BCX0\">Hormonal and neural messages are relayed to the brain\u2019s thirst <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW102575686 BCX0\">center<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW102575686 BCX0\"> in the hypothalamus.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW102575686 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW230213211 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW230213211 BCX0\">The hypothalamus sends neural signals to higher sensory areas in the cortex of the brain, stimulating the conscious thought to drink.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW230213211 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW48129524 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW48129524 BCX0\">Fluids are consumed to increase water input.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW48129524 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW20159061 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW20159061 BCX0\">Receptors in the mouth and stomach detect mechanical movements involved with fluid ingestion.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW20159061 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW97068673 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW97068673 BCX0\">Neural signals are sent to the brain and the thirst mechanism is shut off.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW97068673 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"EOP SCXW119994737 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\"><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW145259131 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW145259131 BCX0\">Explain how the nervous and endocrine system interact to regulate water output<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW145259131 BCX0\">.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW145259131 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW243969099 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW243969099 BCX0\">The kidneys detect blood volume. Kidneys have protein sensors that detect blood volume from the pressure, or stretch, in the blood vessels of the <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW243969099 BCX0\">kidneys. When blood volume is low, kidney cells detect decreased pressure and secrete the enzyme renin.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW243969099 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140554809 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140554809 BCX0\">The hypothalamus detects blood osmolality. In response to a high sodium level, the hypothalamus activates the thirst mechanism and concurrently stimulates the release of antidiuretic hormone<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW140554809 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW140554809 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW140554809 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW140554809 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"EOP SCXW119994737 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\"><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW77238878 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW77238878 BCX0\">Sally is training to <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW77238878 BCX0\">participate<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW77238878 BCX0\"> in an ultramarathon in extremely hot weather. What <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW77238878 BCX0\">are<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW77238878 BCX0\"> some things Sally can do to prevent dehydration, hyponatremia, and heat stroke?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW77238878 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW144423299 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW144423299 BCX0\">To prevent dehydration, Sally should make sure she is wearing light and breathable clothes and keeping herself hydrated with water and electrolytes throughout the <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart CommentHighlightPipeRestV2 CommentHighlightRest SCXW144423299 BCX0\">ultramarathon<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentHighlightPipeRestV2 SCXW144423299 BCX0\">. By doing so, she will also be preventing the risk of <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW144423299 BCX0\">heatstroke. To<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW144423299 BCX0\"> prevent hyponatremia, she should also make sure she <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW144423299 BCX0\">isn\u2019t<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW144423299 BCX0\"> overhydrating either and only drinking as much water as she needs.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW144423299 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"EOP SCXW119994737 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\"><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW263193400 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW263193400 BCX0\">\u00a0Which populations may <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW263193400 BCX0\">benefit<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW263193400 BCX0\"> from lowering their salt intake? Why? How can this be achieved using salt substitutes and alternative seasonings?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"EOP SCXW119994737 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\"><span class=\"EOP SCXW263193400 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW187005621 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW187005621 BCX0\">Individuals with prehypertension or hypertension would especially <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW187005621 BCX0\">benefit<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW187005621 BCX0\"> from lowering their salt intake because studies have shown that reducing salt intake prevents hypertension and is also helpful in reducing blood pressure once hypertension is diagnosed. This can be done by using salt substitutes which replace sodium with potassium, Mrs. dash and Spike or alternative seasonings such as curry powder, chives, allspice, lemon juice, etc. <\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW187005621 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW119994737 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\"><span class=\"EOP SCXW263193400 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"EOP SCXW119994737 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\"><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW60918852 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW60918852 BCX0\">What are the functions of potassium in the body?<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW60918852 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW254714282 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW254714282 BCX0\">Potassium is <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW254714282 BCX0\">required<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW254714282 BCX0\"> for <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW254714282 BCX0\">fluid balance<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW254714282 BCX0\">. Potassium is involved in nerve impulse, protein synthesis, energy metabolism, platelet function, acts as a buffer in blood, and plays a role in acid-base balance.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW254714282 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"EOP SCXW119994737 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\"><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW127807384 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW127807384 BCX0\">What are common dietary sources of chloride?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"EOP SCXW119994737 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\"><span class=\"EOP SCXW127807384 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW255158851 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW255158851 BCX0\">Dietary sources of chloride include table salt, tomatoes, lettuce, olives, celery, rye, whole-grain <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW255158851 BCX0\">foods<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW255158851 BCX0\"> and seafood. Many salt substitutes are sodium-free but still <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW255158851 BCX0\">contain<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW255158851 BCX0\"> chloride.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW255158851 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"EOP SCXW119994737 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\"><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW82214330 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW82214330 BCX0\">Which individuals may be at risk of experiencing <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW82214330 BCX0\">pho<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW82214330 BCX0\">s<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW82214330 BCX0\">p<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW82214330 BCX0\">h<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW82214330 BCX0\">o<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW82214330 BCX0\">rous toxicity? What are some of the observable signs of <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW82214330 BCX0\">pho<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW82214330 BCX0\">s<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW82214330 BCX0\">p<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW82214330 BCX0\">h<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW82214330 BCX0\">o<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW82214330 BCX0\">rous toxicity and how can this be prevented?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW82214330 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW24109164 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW24109164 BCX0\">T<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW24109164 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW24109164 BCX0\">hose with kidney disease or those who are taking too many vitamin D supplements or <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW24109164 BCX0\">pho<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW24109164 BCX0\">s<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW24109164 BCX0\">p<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW24109164 BCX0\">h<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW24109164 BCX0\">o<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW24109164 BCX0\">rus-containing antacids may be at risk. <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW24109164 BCX0\">Very high<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW24109164 BCX0\"> blood levels of <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW24109164 BCX0\">pho<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW24109164 BCX0\">s<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW24109164 BCX0\">p<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW24109164 BCX0\">h<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW24109164 BCX0\">o<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW24109164 BCX0\">rus can result in muscle spasms and convulsions. <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW24109164 BCX0\">Pho<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW24109164 BCX0\">s<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW24109164 BCX0\">p<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW24109164 BCX0\">h<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW24109164 BCX0\">o<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW24109164 BCX0\">rous toxicity can be prevented by not taking too many <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW24109164 BCX0\">pho<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW24109164 BCX0\">s<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW24109164 BCX0\">p<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW24109164 BCX0\">h<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW24109164 BCX0\">o<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW24109164 BCX0\">rous-containing antacids and only consuming the recommended intake of vitamin D, especially in supplement form.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW24109164 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"EOP SCXW119994737 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\"><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW40055271 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW40055271 BCX0\">The DASH-Sodium trial investigated the effects of a specified eating plan with or without reduced sodium intake. The results of the study <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW40055271 BCX0\">showed that following the DASH diet reduced blood pressure among participants. Why is it that the reductions in blood pressure cannot be attributed to decreases in salt intake alone<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW40055271 BCX0\">?<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW40055271 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW40055271 BCX0\">\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW40055271 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW119994737 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW53463338 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53463338 BCX0\">The DASH diet is an eating plan that is low in saturated fat, cholesterol, and total fat. Following the DASH diet not only reduces sodium intake, but also increases potassium, calcium, and magnesium intake. <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53463338 BCX0\">All of<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW53463338 BCX0\"> these electrolytes are known to reduce blood pressure, so the reductions in blood pressure seen in individuals following the DASH diet cannot be attributed to decreases in salt intake alone.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW53463338 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1>Chapter 11. Micronutrients as Antioxidants<\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW252946797 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW252946797 BCX0\">What are free radicals? How do antioxidants reduce the potential damage caused by excessive free radicals?<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW252946797 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:240,&quot;335559739&quot;:240,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW119399385 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW119399385 BCX0\">Stable atoms have an even number of electrons orbiting in pairs in their outer shell. When an atom loses an electron during oxidation, typically, reduction will occur to stabilize the unpaired electron. However, in some cases, the electrons <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW119399385 BCX0\">remain<\/span> <span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW119399385 BCX0\">unpaired<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW119399385 BCX0\"> and these highly reactive molecules are known as free radicals. Free radicals can cause cell damage and oxidative stress. However, antioxidants can reduce this potential damage by donating an electron to a free radical, thus stabilizing the unpaired electron.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW119399385 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:240,&quot;335559739&quot;:240,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW198498470 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW198498470 BCX0\">What are the functions of vitamin E?<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW198498470 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:240,&quot;335559739&quot;:240,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW32522306 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW32522306 BCX0\">Vitamin E helps to protect and prevent the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, LDLs, red blood cell membranes, and lung cells. It also boosts the immune system and enhances the dilation of blood vessels and inhibition of blood clotting, and it plays <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW32522306 BCX0\">an important role<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW32522306 BCX0\"> in the development of muscles, nerves, and blood cells.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW32522306 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:240,&quot;335559739&quot;:240,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW76946414 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW76946414 BCX0\">How do vitamin E deficiencies contribute to feelings of weakness and fatigue?<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW76946414 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:240,&quot;335559739&quot;:240,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW30904003 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW30904003 BCX0\">Vitamin E plays a critical role in the development of red blood cells. When a Vitamin E deficiency occurs, red blood <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW30904003 BCX0\">hemolysis<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW30904003 BCX0\"> and <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW30904003 BCX0\">anemia<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW30904003 BCX0\"> can occur, which affects oxygen transport and causes weakness and fatigue.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW30904003 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:240,&quot;335559739&quot;:240,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW175672061 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW175672061 BCX0\">How can you maximize your vitamin C intake from foods?<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW175672061 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:240,&quot;335559739&quot;:240,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW168456966 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW168456966 BCX0\">Since vitamin C is water-soluble, it leaches away from foods during cooking, freezing, thawing, and canning. Because of this, it is recommended to eat fruits and vegetables raw or lightly steamed to maximize your vitamin C intake.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW168456966 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:240,&quot;335559739&quot;:240,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW237189322 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW237189322 BCX0\">What is the most definitive sign of a vitamin A deficiency? Why?<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW237189322 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:240,&quot;335559739&quot;:240,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW223620316 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW223620316 BCX0\">Retinol that is circulating in the blood is taken up by cells in the eye retina, where it is converted to retinal and is used to help the pigment rhodopsin, which is involved in the eye\u2019s ability to see under low light conditions. A deficiency in vitamin A results in less rhodopsin and a decreased ability to see under low-light conditions. This is why night blindness is the most definitive sign of a vitamin A deficiency.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW223620316 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:240,&quot;335559739&quot;:240,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW264824510 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW264824510 BCX0\">What are some of the signs and symptoms of selenium toxicity? How can this be prevented?<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW264824510 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:240,&quot;335559739&quot;:240,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW95623629 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW95623629 BCX0\">Selenium toxicity can cause brittle nails and hair, gastrointestinal discomfort, skin rashes, halitosis, fatigue, and irritability. Selenium toxicity can be prevented by following the age group-specific dietary reference intakes and by ensuring you do not consume doses greater than 400 mcg per day as that is the upper limit.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW95623629 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:240,&quot;335559739&quot;:240,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW197371744 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW197371744 BCX0\">What role do antioxidants play in cancer prevention?<\/span><\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"EOP SCXW197371744 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:240,&quot;335559739&quot;:240,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW228326416 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW228326416 BCX0\">Antioxidants enhance the immune system, inhibit the growth and proliferation of cancerous cells, and prevent oxidative DNA cell damage.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW228326416 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:240,&quot;335559739&quot;:240,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"EOP SCXW197371744 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:240,&quot;335559739&quot;:240,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\"><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW106709851 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW106709851 BCX0\">What role, if any, does vitamin E play in atherosclerosis prevention?<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW106709851 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:240,&quot;335559739&quot;:240,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"EOP SCXW197371744 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:240,&quot;335559739&quot;:240,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW153074534 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153074534 BCX0\">LDLs, when oxidized, contribute to the formation of plaques in the arteries, leading to atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. The antioxidant properties of vitamin E were hypothesized to prevent atherosclerosis by reducing the oxidation of low-density lipoproteins. However, there is currently conflicting evidence <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153074534 BCX0\">regarding<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW153074534 BCX0\"> the antioxidant effect of vitamin E in preventing cardiovascular disease. Instead, there is more consistent evidence from observational studies suggesting that a higher intake of vitamin E results in a lower risk of dying from a heart attack.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW153074534 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:240,&quot;335559739&quot;:240,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"EOP SCXW197371744 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:240,&quot;335559739&quot;:240,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\"><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW63661490 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW63661490 BCX0\">What is the primary difference between dry and wet forms of age-related macular degeneration?<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW63661490 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:240,&quot;335559739&quot;:240,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW135885071 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW135885071 BCX0\">The dry form of AMD involves the formation of deposits in the macula, which can lead to gradual vision loss, but may not <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW135885071 BCX0\">immediately<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW135885071 BCX0\"> impair vision in the <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW135885071 BCX0\">early stages<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW135885071 BCX0\">. In contrast, the wet form of AMD is characterized by abnormal blood vessel growth in the macula, leading to more rapid and severe vision loss. The wet form is less common but more serious than the dry form.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW135885071 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:240,&quot;335559739&quot;:240,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"EOP SCXW197371744 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:240,&quot;335559739&quot;:240,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\"><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW191823870 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW191823870 BCX0\">Does taking vitamin C prevent colds?<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW191823870 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:240,&quot;335559739&quot;:240,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW235354183 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW235354183 BCX0\">There is not enough evidence to support that vitamin C prevents colds. However, a recent review has shown that taking vitamin C routinely can reduce cold severity and duration.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW235354183 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:240,&quot;335559739&quot;:240,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1>Chapter 12. Micronutrients for Bones<\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW32823768 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW32823768 BCX0\">List and explain the various functions of the skeletal system.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW32823768 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW172681092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW172681092 BCX0\">The skeleton allow<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW172681092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW172681092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW172681092 BCX0\">s<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW172681092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW172681092 BCX0\"> for multiple types of movement<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW172681092 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW172681092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW172681092 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW172681092 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW172681092 BCX0\"> and it provides structural support and protection for all the other organ systems in the body. Red and white blood cells and platelets are synthesized in the bone marrow. Another vital function of bones is that they act as a storage depot for minerals such as calcium, <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW172681092 BCX0\">pho<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW172681092 BCX0\">s<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW172681092 BCX0\">p<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW172681092 BCX0\">h<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW172681092 BCX0\">o<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW172681092 BCX0\">rous, and magnesium. Bones also <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW172681092 BCX0\">contain<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW172681092 BCX0\"> a complex network of canals, blood vessels, and nerves that allow for nutrient transport and communication with other organ systems.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW172681092 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW6536605 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW6536605 BCX0\">Explain the role of bone remodelling in <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW6536605 BCX0\">maintaining<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW6536605 BCX0\"> bone health across one\u2019s lifespan, and outline the steps involved in bone remodelling<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW6536605 BCX0\">.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW6536605 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW91647279 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW91647279 BCX0\">Bone tissue <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW91647279 BCX0\">contains<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW91647279 BCX0\"> many different cell types that constantly resize and reshape bones throughout growth and adulthood. Bones are continuously growing and changing shape <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW91647279 BCX0\">in the process of <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW91647279 BCX0\">modelling<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW91647279 BCX0\"> where bone tissue is dismantled at one site and built up at a different site. In adulthood, our bones stop growing and <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW91647279 BCX0\">modelling<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW91647279 BCX0\">, but<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW91647279 BCX0\"> continue to go through a process of bone <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW91647279 BCX0\">remodelling<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW91647279 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW91647279 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW70698022 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70698022 BCX0\">The first step in bone <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70698022 BCX0\">remodelling<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70698022 BCX0\"> is osteocyte activation. Osteocytes detect changes in mechanical forces, calcium homeostasis, or hormone levels. In the second step, osteoclasts are recruited to the site of the degradation and dissolve minerals in the bone tissue matrix in a process called bone resorption. In the third step of bone <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70698022 BCX0\">remodelling<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70698022 BCX0\">, sugars and proteins accumulate along the bone\u2019s surface, forming a cement line which forms a strong bond between the old bone and the new bone that will be made. In the last step of bone <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70698022 BCX0\">remodelling<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW70698022 BCX0\">, osteoblasts lay down new osteoid tissue that fills up the cavities that were excavated during the resorption process and the bone tissue begins to mineralize.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW70698022 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW80711760 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW80711760 BCX0\">How does dietary calcium intake affect bone health<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW80711760 BCX0\">?\u00a0 <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW80711760 BCX0\">What happens when blood calcium levels are low?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW80711760 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW64536993 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW64536993 BCX0\">Blood calcium levels are rigorously controlled so that if blood levels drop, the body will rapidly respond by stimulating bone resorption and <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW64536993 BCX0\">by releasing stored calcium into the blood<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW64536993 BCX0\">.\u00a0 <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW64536993 BCX0\">This means that bone tissue sacrifices its stored calcium to <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW64536993 BCX0\">maintain<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW64536993 BCX0\"> blood calcium levels. This is why we need to meet our daily <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW64536993 BCX0\">recommended<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW64536993 BCX0\"> intake of calcium to <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW64536993 BCX0\">maintain<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW64536993 BCX0\"> bone health and strength. When your diet is calcium deficient, the mineral content of bone decreases causing it to become brittle and weak. Increased calcium intake helps increase the mineralized content of bone tissue. Greater mineralized bone tissue corresponds to a greater BMD and greater bone strength. <\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW64536993 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW146808875 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW146808875 BCX0\">Blood calcium is <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW146808875 BCX0\">closely regulated<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW146808875 BCX0\"> by PTH, calcitriol, and calcitonin. When blood calcium levels are low, PTH is secreted to increase blood calcium via increased bone resorption, increased calcium reabsorption in kidney cells and decreased calcium excretion in the urine. PTH also stimulates enzymes to activate vitamin D to calcitriol, which also increases calcium <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW146808875 BCX0\">absorption<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW146808875 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"EOP SCXW146808875 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\"><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW187263786 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW187263786 BCX0\">Which factors influence calcium bioavailability, and how do they <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW187263786 BCX0\">impact<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW187263786 BCX0\"> dietary recommendations<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW187263786 BCX0\">?\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW187263786 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW263890596 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW263890596 BCX0\">The body <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW263890596 BCX0\">doesn\u2019t<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW263890596 BCX0\"> completely absorb all the calcium in food. The calcium in some vegetables such as kale, <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2Themed SCXW263890596 BCX0\">brussel<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW263890596 BCX0\"> sprouts, and <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2Themed SCXW263890596 BCX0\">bok<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW263890596 BCX0\"> choy is better absorbed by the body than dairy products. An adequate intake of vitamin D enhances calcium bioavailability while chemicals that bind to calcium decrease its bioavailability<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW263890596 BCX0\">.\u00a0 <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW263890596 BCX0\">Oxalates are found in high concentrations in spinach, parsley, cocoa, and beets. In general, the calcium bioavailability is negatively related to the oxalate content in foods. <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW263890596 BCX0\">High-fib<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW263890596 BCX0\">r<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW263890596 BCX0\">e<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW263890596 BCX0\">, low-fat diets also decrease the amount of calcium absorbed. Additionally, although there <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW263890596 BCX0\">isn\u2019t<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW263890596 BCX0\"> sufficient evidence to support this yet, it is said that high consumption of other minerals at the same time (i.e. iron, zinc, magnesium) can decrease calcium absorption. <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun AdvancedProofingIssueV2Themed SCXW263890596 BCX0\">With that being said, you<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW263890596 BCX0\"> might want to make dietary adjustments such as increasing your vegetable (<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW263890596 BCX0\">e.g.,<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW263890596 BCX0\"> kale, <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2Themed SCXW263890596 BCX0\">brussel<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW263890596 BCX0\"> sprouts) and vitamin D intake and decreasing your intake of oxalates for example to maximize calcium absorption<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW263890596 BCX0\">.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW263890596 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"EOP SCXW146808875 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\"><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW188213712 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW188213712 BCX0\">Why is the RDA for calcium elevated for adults above the age of 50?<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW188213712 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW265783645 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW265783645 BCX0\">As we get older, stomach acidity sometimes decreases, <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2Themed SCXW265783645 BCX0\">diarrhea<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW265783645 BCX0\"> occurs more often, kidney function is impaired, calcium absorption in the gut decreases, vitamin D3 activation is reduced,\u00a0<\/span><\/span> <span class=\"TextRun SCXW265783645 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW265783645 BCX0\">and vitamin D absorption and activation are compromised, all of which contribute to a decrease in calcium bioavailability. It is <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun AdvancedProofingIssueV2Themed SCXW265783645 BCX0\">really important<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW265783645 BCX0\"> for adults over the age of 50 to <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW265783645 BCX0\">maintain<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW265783645 BCX0\"> adequate blood calcium levels to prevent accelerated bone tissue loss, especially during menopause. This is why the RDAs are higher.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW265783645 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"EOP SCXW146808875 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\"><span class=\"TextRun Highlight MacChromeBold SCXW250265874 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW250265874 BCX0\">Explain the role of vitamin D in regulating blood calcium levels and promoting bone health.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW250265874 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW246481012 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW246481012 BCX0\">Activated vitamin D3 regulates blood calcium levels and bone health in conjunction with parathyroid hormone by regulating calcium and <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW246481012 BCX0\">pho<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW246481012 BCX0\">s<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW246481012 BCX0\">p<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW246481012 BCX0\">h<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW246481012 BCX0\">o<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW246481012 BCX0\">rus absorption in the small intestine. In the absence of an adequate intake of vitamin D, less than 15 percent of calcium is absorbed from foods or supplements. Vitamin D can also <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW246481012 BCX0\">maintain<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW246481012 BCX0\"> blood calcium levels by working with the kidney to excrete <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW246481012 BCX0\">more or less calcium<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW246481012 BCX0\"> in the urine. Vitamin D also stimulates osteoclasts to break down bone when calcium is needed elsewhere in the body.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW246481012 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"EOP SCXW146808875 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\"><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW247497902 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW247497902 BCX0\">What is the role of vitamin K in wound healing?<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW247497902 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW98315457 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW98315457 BCX0\">Vitamin K is critical for blood function acting as coenzymes which play an essential role in blood clotting. Blood-clotting proteins are continuously circulating in the blood. Upon injury to a blood vessel, platelets stick to the wound forming a plug. This means that without vitamin K, blood would not clot.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW98315457 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"EOP SCXW146808875 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\"><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW197083228 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW197083228 BCX0\">Which individuals are most at risk of experiencing <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW197083228 BCX0\">pho<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW197083228 BCX0\">s<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW197083228 BCX0\">p<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW197083228 BCX0\">h<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW197083228 BCX0\">o<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW197083228 BCX0\">rous toxicity?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW197083228 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW196117285 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW196117285 BCX0\">Those with kidney disease or those who are taking too many vitamin D supplements or <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW196117285 BCX0\">pho<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW196117285 BCX0\">s<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW196117285 BCX0\">p<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW196117285 BCX0\">h<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW196117285 BCX0\">o<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW196117285 BCX0\">rus-containing antacids may be at risk of experiencing <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW196117285 BCX0\">pho<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW196117285 BCX0\">s<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW196117285 BCX0\">p<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW196117285 BCX0\">h<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW196117285 BCX0\">o<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW196117285 BCX0\">rous toxicity.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW196117285 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"EOP SCXW146808875 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\"><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW82431735 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW82431735 BCX0\">What are the health benefits of magnesium beyond bone health maintenance<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW82431735 BCX0\">?\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"EOP SCXW146808875 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\"><span class=\"EOP SCXW82431735 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW204115577 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW204115577 BCX0\">More than three hundred enzymatic reactions require magnesium. Magnesium plays a role in protein synthesis and repair, the synthesis of DNA and RNA, carbohydrates, and lipids, and is essential for nerve conduction and muscle contraction. Another health benefit of magnesium is that it may decrease blood pressure.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW204115577 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"EOP SCXW146808875 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\"><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW128303554 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW128303554 BCX0\">\u00a0Explain how socioeconomic challenges may increase the incidence of tooth decay among certain communities in Canada.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW128303554 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW124540627 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW124540627 BCX0\">Fluoride is added to drinking water in 45% of communities in Canada and in British Columbia, only 3.7% of the population has access to fluoridated water. This means that not everyone has access to fluoridated water. Fluoride is known to combat tooth decay and fluoridation in water can prevent ~20-40% of <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW124540627 BCX0\">cavities<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW124540627 BCX0\"> in children and adults but it is expensive and not accessible to all. This means that individuals who <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW124540627 BCX0\">don\u2019t<\/span> <span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW124540627 BCX0\">ha<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW124540627 BCX0\">ve access to this water may be at greater risk of <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW124540627 BCX0\">fluorosis<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW124540627 BCX0\">.\u00a0 <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW124540627 BCX0\">Fluoridation of water prevents, on average, 27 percent of cavities in children and between 20 and 40 percent of cavities in adults, however, it can be expensive.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW124540627 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"EOP SCXW146808875 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\"><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW124161499 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW124161499 BCX0\">\u00a0How might vitamin deficiencies contribute to the development of bone diseases, such as osteoporosis, and how can they affect the quality of life and independence among older adults? How might lifestyle changes mitigate the risk of developing such bone diseases?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW124161499 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW146808875 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW190153030 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW190153030 BCX0\">Bone diseases such as osteoporosis are affected by dietary influences such as low calcium and vitamin D intake. Osteoporosis results in decreased bone mineral density and the disruption of bone <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW190153030 BCX0\">architecture. It is associated with an increased fracture risk as bones become <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2Themed SCXW190153030 BCX0\">more brittle and weak<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW190153030 BCX0\">, especially among older populations. Repeated fractures may cause vertebral compression and reduced height, which can negatively affect one\u2019s quality of life and independence. These adults may not be able to perform their activities of daily living without <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW190153030 BCX0\">assistance<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW190153030 BCX0\"> due to fear of falling and experiencing a fracture. Lifestyle changes such as increased physical activity can strengthen the bones and reduce the risk of future fractures. Weight-bearing and balance training exercises can also reduce fall risk in older adults.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW190153030 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1>Chapter 13. Nutrition and Physical Activity<\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW251217483 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW251217483 BCX0\">What is physical activity<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW251217483 BCX0\">?\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW251217483 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW239362674 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW239362674 BCX0\">Physical activity is any movement produced by the muscles that increases energy expenditure. This physical activity can occur in 4 domains: occupational, household, leisure-time, and transportation.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW239362674 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW243433554 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW243433554 BCX0\">How have the cumulative effects of colonization and modernization influenced the physical activity behaviours of Indigenous peoples today?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW243433554 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW184254891 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW184254891 BCX0\">Traditionally, Indigenous peoples <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW184254891 BCX0\">participated<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW184254891 BCX0\"> in many sports and physical activities as part of ceremonial dances or food-sourcing practices (<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW184254891 BCX0\">e.g.,<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW184254891 BCX0\"> hunting, fishing, etc). However, the effects of colonization stripped Indigenous peoples of their cultural identities and replaced many of these traditional hunting\/harvesting practices and sports with Euro-Canadian sports. Additionally, the effects of modernization have also led to changes in these practices. People <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW184254891 BCX0\">don\u2019t<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW184254891 BCX0\"> need to spend as much time in nature even if they wish to <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW184254891 BCX0\">participate<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW184254891 BCX0\"> in cultural hunting because they can easily drive to their destinations, which reduces their physical activity participation.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW184254891 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW4832611 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW4832611 BCX0\">What are the physical and emotional benefits of increased physical activity participation?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW4832611 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW158553078 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW158553078 BCX0\">Longer life: A regular exercise program can reduce your risk of premature death from heart disease, certain cancers, and other leading causes of death.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW158553078 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW203430558 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW203430558 BCX0\">Cardiovascular disease prevention: Being active boosts HDL cholesterol and decreases unhealthy triglycerides, which reduces the risk of cardiovascular diseases.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW203430558 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW51136629 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW51136629 BCX0\">Management of chronic conditions: A regular routine can help prevent or manage a wide range of conditions and concerns, such as metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, depression, arthritis, and certain types of cancer.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW51136629 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW12102950 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW12102950 BCX0\">Energy boosts: Regular physical activity can improve muscle tone and strength<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletionMarker TrackedChange SCXW12102950 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW12102950 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun TrackChangeTextDeletion SCXW12102950 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW12102950 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW12102950 BCX0\"> and provide a boost to your cardiovascular system.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW12102950 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW1980169 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW1980169 BCX0\">Strong bones: Research shows that aerobic activity and strength training can slow the loss of bone density that typically <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW1980169 BCX0\">accompanies<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW1980169 BCX0\"> aging.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW1980169 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW3484331 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW3484331 BCX0\">Improved physical fitness: This allows us to carry out daily life activities with vigour and without undue fatigue<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletionMarker TrackedChange SCXW3484331 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW3484331 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun TrackChangeTextDeletion SCXW3484331 BCX0\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW3484331 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW3484331 BCX0\"> and allows us to enjoy leisure-time pursuits.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW3484331 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW58689137 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW58689137 BCX0\">The mental and emotional benefits include mood improvements, reduced risk\/symptoms of depression, cognitive skills retention (improved thinking, learning, and judgement as you age), and better sleep patterns.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW58689137 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW93379332 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93379332 BCX0\">Design <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2Themed SCXW93379332 BCX0\">a<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW93379332 BCX0\"> strength program for an individual looking to improve their muscular fitness without access to a gym membership\/equipment. Include frequency, duration, and modes of exercise in your answer.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW93379332 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TrackChangeTextDeletionMarker TrackedChange SCXW209594838 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW209594838 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun TrackChangeTextDeletion SCXW209594838 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW209594838 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW209594838 BCX0\">I would design a strength program in which the individual exercises for ~45-60 mins at least twice a week to improve muscle strength and bone strength<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW209594838 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW209594838 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW209594838 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW209594838 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW92318328 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW92318328 BCX0\">Since they <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW92318328 BCX0\">don\u2019t<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW92318328 BCX0\"> have access to a gym, I can include body weight\/resistance band exercises such as pull-ups, push-ups, leg squats. I can also have them use homemade weights such as plastic bottles filled with sand for progressive overload once they feel comfortable with bodyweight exercises<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW92318328 BCX0\">.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW92318328 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW90308176 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW90308176 BCX0\">Pretend you are a healthcare professional working with a sedentary client looking to improve their cardiorespiratory fitness level. What exercise recommendations would you make to this client? Be specific in terms of exercise intensity, frequency, type, and duration. How might you assess pre- and post-intervention changes in their cardiorespiratory fitness?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW90308176 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW33696485 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33696485 BCX0\">I would prescribe 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise as this individual is a beginner to exercise. I would have them exercise for 30 minutes 5 days <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33696485 BCX0\">a week and have them engage in exercises such as walking, jogging, or biking. If they have access to a gym, they can use the elliptical, treadmill, or even the rowing machine. <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33696485 BCX0\">It\u2019s<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33696485 BCX0\"> important to remember that <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2Themed SCXW33696485 BCX0\">moderate-intensity<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW33696485 BCX0\"> is not the same for everyone, so it is crucial to assess their starting CRF levels to know which mode of exercise to prescribe. I can do this by having them complete a VO2max test before they start the exercise program and at the end of the program again to assess improvements in their CRF level.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW33696485 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW3054855 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW3054855 BCX0\">How do exercise intensity and duration influence substrate utilization<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW3054855 BCX0\">?\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW3054855 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW112220935 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW112220935 BCX0\">Both anaerobic and aerobic metabolism combine during exercise to ensure that the muscles are equipped with enough ATP to carry out the demands placed on them. The amount of contribution from each type of metabolism will depend on the intensity of the activity. When low-intensity activities are performed, aerobic metabolism is used to supply enough ATP to muscles. However, during high-intensity activities, more ATP is needed so muscles must rely on both anaerobic and aerobic metabolism to meet the body\u2019s demands. During higher intensity and shorter duration exercise, carbohydrates are the primary energy source to produce energy <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun AdvancedProofingIssueV2Themed SCXW112220935 BCX0\">really quickly<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW112220935 BCX0\">. During lower intensity and longer duration exercise, fatty acids are the predominant fuel source to produce larger amounts of energy.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW112220935 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW5614737 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW5614737 BCX0\">How can endurance athletes avoid \u201chitting the wall\u201d?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW5614737 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW218756478 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW218756478 BCX0\">Endurance athletes can load up on carbohydrates for a few days before the event<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW218756478 BCX0\">.\u00a0 <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW218756478 BCX0\">This is called carbohydrate loading and it will maximize an athlete\u2019s amount of glycogen stored in their liver and <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW218756478 BCX0\">muscle tissues. <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW218756478 BCX0\">Endurance athletes can also consider ingesting carbohydrates in events longer than approx. 45 minutes.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW218756478 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW61753361 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW61753361 BCX0\">Why is carbohydrate loading not beneficial to all athletes?<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW61753361 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW80490431 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW80490431 BCX0\">If you are not preparing for a longer duration endurance event, you will not <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW80490431 BCX0\">need to <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW80490431 BCX0\">increase <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW80490431 BCX0\">muscle glycogen <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW80490431 BCX0\">stores <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW80490431 BCX0\">as <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW80490431 BCX0\">these<\/span> <span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW80490431 BCX0\">likely won\u2019t<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW80490431 BCX0\"> be emptied during your event<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW80490431 BCX0\">. <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW80490431 BCX0\">If you are not an endurance athlete exercising for more than 90 minutes, carbohydrate loading will provide no benefit.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW80490431 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW42367362 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW42367362 BCX0\">How might societal pressures influence energy intake and disordered eating patterns?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW42367362 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW183193308 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW183193308 BCX0\">Society creates unrealistic expectations for women and men and contributes to body image issues, eating disorders, and nutritional deficiencies. For example, there is increased pressure for females to be thin in society currently and because of this, some females take exercising too far. This low energy intake may lead to nutritional deficiencies and even the female athlete triad which can cause bone loss, stoppage of menstrual periods, and eating disorders.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW183193308 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW26412637 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW26412637 BCX0\">\u00a0Say you are an endurance athlete competing in a 2-hour event. What should your carbohydrate intake look like before, during, and following the event<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW26412637 BCX0\">?\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW26412637 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW200909100 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW200909100 BCX0\">For events longer than 90 minutes, athletes may <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW200909100 BCX0\">benefit<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW200909100 BCX0\"> from carbohydrate loading of 10-12 g\/kg of body weight 36-48 h prior to the endurance event. 1-4 h before exercise, they should consume a <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW200909100 BCX0\">fairly large<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW200909100 BCX0\"> meal <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW200909100 BCX0\">containing<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW200909100 BCX0\"> 1-4 g\/kg of body weight of carbohydrates and <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW200909100 BCX0\">maybe even<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW200909100 BCX0\"> 25-30 g of carbohydrates 30-60 min before the event.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW200909100 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW92585323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW92585323 BCX0\">During the event, they should consume high GI foods or mouth rinse with carbohydrates during exercise. Since it is 2h long, they should consume 30-60 g of carbohydrates per hour during the event<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TrackChangeTextInsertion TrackedChange SCXW92585323 BCX0\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW92585323 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW92585323 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW92585323 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW229216894 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW229216894 BCX0\">After the event, they should consume high GI foods to promote glycogen synthesis 2 h post-exercise and consume 1.2 g\/kg of body weight of carbohydrates per hour for the next 4 hours.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW229216894 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW170832075 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW170832075 BCX0\">What is hyponatremia? What are some of its causes and common signs? How can hyponatremia be avoided?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW170832075 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW36419382 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW36419382 BCX0\">During long endurance exercises such as a marathon or triathlon, sodium losses are larger and must be replenished<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW36419382 BCX0\">.\u00a0 <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW36419382 BCX0\">If water is replenished without sodium, the sodium already present in the body will become diluted. These low levels of sodium in the blood will cause hyponatremia. <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW36419382 BCX0\">In order to<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW36419382 BCX0\"> avoid hyponatremia, athletes should increase their consumption of sodium in the days leading up to an event and <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW36419382 BCX0\">consume sodium-containing sports drinks during their race or game. The early signs of hyponatremia include nausea, muscle cramps, disorientation, and slurred speech.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW36419382 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1>Chapter 14. Health at Every Size<\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW73236224 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW73236224 BCX0\">How have the effects of urbanization and technological advancements contributed to the growing rates of obesity worldwide?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW73236224 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW236589964 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW236589964 BCX0\">The fast-food<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW236589964 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW236589964 BCX0\"> industry has been growing for decades. In Canada today, there are over 14,000 McDonald\u2019s restaurants, while in 1967, there was only one. Food portions have also been getting bigger. Escalators, elevators, and horizontal walkways now dominate shopping malls and office buildings, factory work has become increasingly mechanized and robotized, the typical Canadian watches more than four hours of television daily, and in many workplaces, the only tools <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW236589964 BCX0\">required<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW236589964 BCX0\"> to conduct work are a chair and a computer. These factors contribute to unhealthy dietary habits <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW236589964 BCX0\">and also<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW236589964 BCX0\"> increase sedentary behaviour while reducing physical activity participation.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW236589964 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW157377279 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW157377279 BCX0\">What are the harmful effects of weight bias and stigma? What strategies can be employed to reduce weight-based discrimination in healthcare settings?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW157377279 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW104968311 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW104968311 BCX0\">Weight-biased discrimination in clinical\/healthcare settings can negatively affect the clinician-patient relationship and result in poorer delivery of care for patients dealing with obesity. Individuals who experience weight-based discrimination are also more likely to engage in maladaptive eating behaviours and spend more time living sedentary\/physically inactive lifestyles. They are also more susceptible to experiencing mental health issues such as mood disorders and other poor health outcomes.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW104968311 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW260100150 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260100150 BCX0\">How might you debunk the common misconception that obesity is the result of personal choices alone<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW260100150 BCX0\">?\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW260100150 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW50621390 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW50621390 BCX0\">Students can <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW50621390 BCX0\">provide<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW50621390 BCX0\"> different examples here (<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW50621390 BCX0\">e.g.,<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW50621390 BCX0\"> genetic, socioeconomic influences, etc).<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW50621390 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW157637754 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW157637754 BCX0\">I will use genetics as an example: research studies have <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW157637754 BCX0\">established<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW157637754 BCX0\"> a link between genetic and epigenetic factors and obesity. Maternal exposure to harmful chemicals and toxins such as cigarette smoking <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW157637754 BCX0\">can produce chemical modifications in genes, increasing the risk of offspring obesity. <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW157637754 BCX0\">Additionally<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW157637754 BCX0\">, studies have shown that not everyone responds to exercise in the same way. There are responders and non-responders. Some people may not lose any weight after following an exercise program while others may note significant weight loss. This goes to show that body weight is not completely under personal control. <\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW157637754 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW130985549 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW130985549 BCX0\">Sally is a 21-year-old female. She weighs 55 kg and is 1.57 m tall. Calculate Sally\u2019s BMI. What BMI category does Sally fall under?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW130985549 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW245706318 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW245706318 BCX0\">55<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2Themed SCXW245706318 BCX0\">\/(<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW245706318 BCX0\">1.576^<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2Themed SCXW245706318 BCX0\">2)=<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW245706318 BCX0\"> 22.1<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW245706318 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW64470383 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW64470383 BCX0\">Normal weight<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW64470383 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW166638066 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW166638066 BCX0\">Why should BMI not be used as a standalone method for accurately assessing disease risk?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW166638066 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW165171623 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW165171623 BCX0\">BMI does not <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun AdvancedProofingIssueV2Themed SCXW165171623 BCX0\">take into account<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW165171623 BCX0\"> fat mass or fat distribution in the body, which are both <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW165171623 BCX0\">additional<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW165171623 BCX0\"> predictors of disease risk. Body fat weighs less than muscle mass. Because of this, BMI can sometimes underestimate the amount of body fat in overweight or obese people and overestimate it in more muscular people.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW165171623 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW88963025 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW88963025 BCX0\">Why might someone <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun AdvancedProofingIssueV2Themed SCXW88963025 BCX0\">experience difficulty<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW88963025 BCX0\"> losing weight despite being physically active<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW88963025 BCX0\">?\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW88963025 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW17367929 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW17367929 BCX0\">Research has consistently <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW17367929 BCX0\">demonstrated<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW17367929 BCX0\"> that exercise alone is not an effective method for experiencing weight loss. The current physical activity guidelines recommend that individuals meet 150 minutes of moderate to vigorous-intensity exercise per week. However, ACSM states that up to 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous-intensity exercise per day is needed when relying on exercise alone for weight reduction.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW17367929 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW5603787 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW5603787 BCX0\">Additionally, inter-individual differences affect one\u2019s <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW5603787 BCX0\">capacity<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW5603787 BCX0\"> for weight loss in response to exercise interventions. While some individuals achieve clinically significant weight loss, others may experience either minimal to no changes in body weight or even experience some weight gain in response to exercise training without caloric restrictions.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW5603787 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW189487100 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW189487100 BCX0\">Reflecting on what you have learned about the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and all-cause mortality risk, discuss what is more important: weight loss or increased physical activity participation?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW189487100 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW158565379 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW158565379 BCX0\">Studies have <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW158565379 BCX0\">established<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW158565379 BCX0\"> that CRF is a better indicator of all-cause mortality <\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW158565379 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW158565379 BCX0\">risk than body weight or BMI. We also know that increased physical activity\/exercise participation does not guarantee weight <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2Themed SCXW158565379 BCX0\">loss<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW158565379 BCX0\"> but it does guarantee improvements in one\u2019s cardiometabolic health profile (i.e. improved cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), glucose control, endothelial function, lipoprotein particle size, high-density lipoprotein, and overall improved quality of life).\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW158565379 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW74187368 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW74187368 BCX0\">Studies have also shown that reduced fat does not equate to fitness because weight loss achieved through liposuction did not reduce one\u2019s <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW74187368 BCX0\">CVD risk or improve their cardiometabolic health profile. If body weight truly was the core problem, then liposuction would have produced favourable health outcomes (i.e. improved glucose control, endothelial function, etc). However, it is not body weight but the increased sedentary behaviour and low physical activity levels that contribute to the increased morbidity and mortality rates. This is why we need to shift our focus to increasing physical activity participation rather than focusing so much on body weight. <\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW74187368 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW143818643 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW143818643 BCX0\">Why might the current Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology 24-hour movement guidelines\/ACSM physical activity guidelines not apply to South Asian populations<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW143818643 BCX0\">?\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW143818643 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW212280334 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW212280334 BCX0\">SACs are most susceptible to developing diabetes and diabetes-related risk factors due to their higher deposition of visceral adipose tissue and lower PA levels. They also have higher body fat percentages than White Canadians of similar BMI. This is influenced by factors such as their genetically unfavourable cardiometabolic health profiles (high cholesterol, triglyceride, and glucose tolerance), socio-cultural barriers, and inherently lower CRF levels. Because of this, studies have shown that SACs should engage in a total of 230 minutes of moderate to vigorous-intensity aerobic exercise\/week to achieve the same cardiometabolic health improvements as White Europeans engaging in 150 minutes of moderate to vigorous-intensity aerobic exercise.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW212280334 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW224529991 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW224529991 BCX0\">It\u2019s<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW224529991 BCX0\"> also important to consider that the current exercise guidelines derive from studies that use White European men as participants, which limits their applicability to SACs and <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW224529991 BCX0\">possibly other<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW224529991 BCX0\"> ethnic groups.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW224529991 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW91686758 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW91686758 BCX0\">How do the effects of childhood undernutrition extend beyond one\u2019s lifespan? How do the intergenerational effects of residential school malnutrition affect Indigenous communities today<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW91686758 BCX0\">?\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW91686758 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW102874103 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW102874103 BCX0\">The infants born to women who develop obesity and chronic diseases <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun AdvancedProofingIssueV2Themed SCXW102874103 BCX0\">as a result of<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW102874103 BCX0\"> childhood hunger are more susceptible to experiencing intrauterine growth failure, abnormal birth weight, and faltering growth. These infants also face an increased risk of developing insulin resistance and type II diabetes through their childhood and adolescent years. Researchers further investigating these intergenerational effects have <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW102874103 BCX0\">observed<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW102874103 BCX0\"> elevated BMI and obesity rates among the adult grandchildren of the famine survivors, thus suggesting that the effects of childhood undernutrition can be transmitted to even the third generation of exposed individuals. This means that the descendants of residential school survivors (up to the third generation) could face elevated BMI and obesity rates because of the effects of hunger and malnutrition experienced by their grandparents for example<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW102874103 BCX0\">.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW102874103 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW102874103 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span class=\"TextRun MacChromeBold SCXW47616801 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW47616801 BCX0\">Explain how you can use the small-change approach in your personal life to improve your overall health and fitness levels<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW47616801 BCX0\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW47616801 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW47616801 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW47616801 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:1080,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW103954029 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW103954029 BCX0\">This answer will be different for everyone.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW103954029 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"TextRun SCXW36011601 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW36011601 BCX0\">One might say that they can use the<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW36011601 BCX0\"> small-change approach to add <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW36011601 BCX0\">small amounts<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW36011601 BCX0\"> of activity to my daily life. I can walk an <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW36011601 BCX0\">additional<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW36011601 BCX0\"> 2000 steps every day, and instead of driving to work every day, I can bike or walk to work occasionally to increase my physical activity levels.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW36011601 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"author":1806,"menu_order":2,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"back-matter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-2251","back-matter","type-back-matter","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/humannutrition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter\/2251","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/humannutrition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/humannutrition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/back-matter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/humannutrition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1806"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/humannutrition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter\/2251\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2652,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/humannutrition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter\/2251\/revisions\/2652"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/humannutrition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter\/2251\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/humannutrition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2251"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"back-matter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/humannutrition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter-type?post=2251"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/humannutrition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=2251"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/humannutrition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=2251"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}