{"id":1329,"date":"2023-03-10T18:06:57","date_gmt":"2023-03-10T23:06:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/humannutrition\/?post_type=chapter&p=1329"},"modified":"2024-07-25T21:18:28","modified_gmt":"2024-07-26T01:18:28","slug":"hormonal-regulation-of-metabolism","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/humannutrition\/chapter\/hormonal-regulation-of-metabolism\/","title":{"raw":"Hormonal Regulation of Metabolism","rendered":"Hormonal Regulation of Metabolism"},"content":{"raw":"The Following chapter was obtained for free from OpenStax<\/a>.[footnote]Betts J. Gordon, Young KA, Wise JA, Johnson E, Poe B, Kruse BH, et al. Anatomy and Physiology 2e [Internet]. 2nd ed. Houston, Texas: Open Stax; 2022 [cited 2023 Mar 13]. Available from: https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/anatomy-and-physiology-2e\/pages\/1-introduction[\/footnote].\r\n

Catabolic and anabolic hormones in the body help regulate metabolic processes.\u00a0Catabolic hormones<\/span> stimulate the breakdown of molecules and the production of energy. These include cortisol, glucagon, adrenaline\/epinephrine, and cytokines. All of these hormones are mobilized at specific times to meet the body's needs. Anabolic hormones<\/span> are required to synthesize molecules and they include growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor, insulin, testosterone, and estrogen. Table 7.2 summarizes the functions of catabolic hormones and Table 7.3 summarizes the functions of the anabolic hormones.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

\r\n
<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
Table 7.2: Catabolic hormones<\/caption>\r\n
Hormone<\/th>\r\nFunction<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n
Cortisol<\/td>\r\nReleased from the adrenal gland in response to stress; its main role is to increase blood glucose levels by gluconeogenesis (breaking down fats and proteins)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Glucagon<\/td>\r\nReleased from alpha cells in the pancreas either when starving or when the body needs to generate additional energy; it stimulates the breakdown of glycogen in the liver to increase blood glucose levels; its effect is the opposite of insulin; glucagon and insulin are a part of a negative-feedback system that stabilizes blood glucose levels<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Adrenaline\/epinephrine<\/td>\r\nReleased in response to the activation of the sympathetic nervous system; it increases heart rate and heart contractility, constricts blood vessels, is a bronchodilator that opens (dilates) the bronchi of the lungs to increase air volume in the lungs, and stimulates gluconeogenesis<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n
<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n<\/colgroup>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
Table 7.3: Anabolic hormones<\/caption>
Hormone<\/th>\r\nFunction<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n
Growth hormone (GH)<\/td>\r\nSynthesized and released from the pituitary gland; it stimulates the growth of cells, tissues, and bones<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)<\/td>\r\nStimulates the growth of muscle and bone while also inhibiting cell death (apoptosis)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Insulin<\/td>\r\nProduced by the beta cells of the pancreas; it plays an essential role in carbohydrate and fat metabolism, controls blood glucose levels, and promotes the uptake of glucose into body cells; it causes cells in muscle, adipose tissue, and liver to take up glucose from the blood and store it in the liver and muscle as glycogen; its effect is the opposite of glucagon; glucagon and insulin are a part of a negative-feedback system that stabilizes blood glucose levels<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Testosterone<\/td>\r\nProduced by the testes in males and the ovaries in females; it stimulates an increase in muscle mass and strength as well as the growth and strengthening of bone<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Estrogen<\/td>\r\nProduced primarily by the ovaries, but also by the liver and adrenal glands; its anabolic functions include increasing metabolism and fat deposition<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n
<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"

The Following chapter was obtained for free from OpenStax<\/a>.[1]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n

Catabolic and anabolic hormones in the body help regulate metabolic processes.\u00a0Catabolic hormones<\/span> stimulate the breakdown of molecules and the production of energy. These include cortisol, glucagon, adrenaline\/epinephrine, and cytokines. All of these hormones are mobilized at specific times to meet the body’s needs. Anabolic hormones<\/span> are required to synthesize molecules and they include growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor, insulin, testosterone, and estrogen. Table 7.2 summarizes the functions of catabolic hormones and Table 7.3 summarizes the functions of the anabolic hormones.<\/p>\n

\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Table 7.2: Catabolic hormones<\/caption>\n
Hormone<\/th>\nFunction<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Cortisol<\/td>\nReleased from the adrenal gland in response to stress; its main role is to increase blood glucose levels by gluconeogenesis (breaking down fats and proteins)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Glucagon<\/td>\nReleased from alpha cells in the pancreas either when starving or when the body needs to generate additional energy; it stimulates the breakdown of glycogen in the liver to increase blood glucose levels; its effect is the opposite of insulin; glucagon and insulin are a part of a negative-feedback system that stabilizes blood glucose levels<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Adrenaline\/epinephrine<\/td>\nReleased in response to the activation of the sympathetic nervous system; it increases heart rate and heart contractility, constricts blood vessels, is a bronchodilator that opens (dilates) the bronchi of the lungs to increase air volume in the lungs, and stimulates gluconeogenesis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n\n\n\n<\/colgroup>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Table 7.3: Anabolic hormones<\/caption>\n
Hormone<\/th>\nFunction<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Growth hormone (GH)<\/td>\nSynthesized and released from the pituitary gland; it stimulates the growth of cells, tissues, and bones<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)<\/td>\nStimulates the growth of muscle and bone while also inhibiting cell death (apoptosis)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Insulin<\/td>\nProduced by the beta cells of the pancreas; it plays an essential role in carbohydrate and fat metabolism, controls blood glucose levels, and promotes the uptake of glucose into body cells; it causes cells in muscle, adipose tissue, and liver to take up glucose from the blood and store it in the liver and muscle as glycogen; its effect is the opposite of glucagon; glucagon and insulin are a part of a negative-feedback system that stabilizes blood glucose levels<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Testosterone<\/td>\nProduced by the testes in males and the ovaries in females; it stimulates an increase in muscle mass and strength as well as the growth and strengthening of bone<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Estrogen<\/td>\nProduced primarily by the ovaries, but also by the liver and adrenal glands; its anabolic functions include increasing metabolism and fat deposition<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
  1. Betts J. Gordon, Young KA, Wise JA, Johnson E, Poe B, Kruse BH, et al. Anatomy and Physiology 2e [Internet]. 2nd ed. Houston, Texas: Open Stax; 2022 [cited 2023 Mar 13]. Available from: https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/anatomy-and-physiology-2e\/pages\/1-introduction ↵<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":1806,"menu_order":6,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-1329","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":276,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/humannutrition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1329","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/humannutrition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/humannutrition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/humannutrition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1806"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/humannutrition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1329\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2439,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/humannutrition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1329\/revisions\/2439"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/humannutrition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/276"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/humannutrition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1329\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/humannutrition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1329"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/humannutrition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=1329"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/humannutrition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=1329"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/humannutrition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=1329"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}