{"id":1460,"date":"2023-03-27T18:26:19","date_gmt":"2023-03-27T22:26:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/humannutrition\/?post_type=chapter&p=1460"},"modified":"2025-01-23T15:47:55","modified_gmt":"2025-01-23T20:47:55","slug":"osteoperosis","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/humannutrition\/chapter\/osteoperosis\/","title":{"raw":"Osteoporosis","rendered":"Osteoporosis"},"content":{"raw":"Osteoporosis is an extremely prevalent chronic metabolic bone disease characterized by decreased bone mineral density and the disruption of bone architecture.[footnote]S\u00f6zen T, \u00d6z\u0131\u015f\u0131k L, Ba\u015faran N\u00c7. An overview and management of osteoporosis. Eur J Rheumatol. 2017 Mar;4(1):46-56. doi: 10.5152\/eurjrheum.2016.048. Epub 2016 Dec 30. PMID: 28293453; PMCID: PMC533588.[\/footnote] Osteoporosis is associated with an increased fracture risk due to bones becoming more porous and weak. While osteoporosis affects a wide range of people of all sexes and races, it is most prevalent among Caucasians, women, and older populations. It is often called the \u201csilent thief\u201d because bone deterioration occurs in the absence of symptoms until fractures occur, which can lead to adverse health outcomes and even death.[footnote]S\u00f6zen T, \u00d6z\u0131\u015f\u0131k L, Ba\u015faran N\u00c7. An overview and management of osteoporosis. Eur J Rheumatol. 2017 Mar;4(1):46-56. doi: 10.5152\/eurjrheum.2016.048. Epub 2016 Dec 30. PMID: 28293453; PMCID: PMC533588.[\/footnote]\r\n\r\nWe have previously established that bone tissue is continuously remodeled through bone resorption and bone formation. Bone loss occurs if the rate of bone resorption exceeds the rate of bone formation. Peak bone mass is achieved in early adulthood. The subsequent imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation in later years is influenced by genetics, weight status, nutritional health, gender, and physical activity. For example, weight loss and menopause are associated with decreased estrogen production, which consequently accelerates the rate of bone loss. Another example is dietary influences such as low calcium and vitamin D intake, which reduce bone mineral density, thus increasing the risk of osteoporosis.[footnote]S\u00f6zen T, \u00d6z\u0131\u015f\u0131k L, Ba\u015faran N\u00c7. An overview and management of osteoporosis. Eur J Rheumatol. 2017 Mar;4(1):46-56. doi: 10.5152\/eurjrheum.2016.048. Epub 2016 Dec 30. PMID: 28293453; PMCID: PMC533588.[\/footnote] Repeated fractures may cause vertebral compression and decreased height due to shortening and hunching of the spine, which is known as kyphosis (dowager\u2019s hump).[footnote]S\u00f6zen T, \u00d6z\u0131\u015f\u0131k L, Ba\u015faran N\u00c7. An overview and management of osteoporosis. Eur J Rheumatol. 2017 Mar;4(1):46-56. doi: 10.5152\/eurjrheum.2016.048. Epub 2016 Dec 30. PMID: 28293453; PMCID: PMC533588.[\/footnote] Although there is no cure for osteoporosis, lifestyle changes such as increased physical activity can assist in strengthening the bones and reducing the risk of future fractures. Studies have shown that weight-bearing, back strengthening, and balance training exercises effectively reduce the fall risk in older adults with severe kyphosis, back pain, and abnormal gait patterns. Other fall prevention interventions may include treating foot problems\/encouraging patients to wear proper footwear, and home environment modifications such as installing handrails and removing fall hazards such as loose wires and clutter [footnote]S\u00f6zen T, \u00d6z\u0131\u015f\u0131k L, Ba\u015faran N\u00c7. An overview and management of osteoporosis. Eur J Rheumatol. 2017 Mar;4(1):46-56. doi: 10.5152\/eurjrheum.2016.048. Epub 2016 Dec 30. PMID: 28293453; PMCID: PMC533588.[\/footnote].\r\n

Risk Factors for Osteoporosis<\/h1>\r\nFactors that may increase your risk for osteoporosis include[footnote]https:\/\/www.niams.nih.gov\/health-topics\/osteoporosis<\/a>[\/footnote]:\r\n
    \r\n \t
  1. Sex: Women have a greater risk than men, but men are still at risk, particularly over 70.<\/li>\r\n \t
  2. Age: As you get older more bone loss occurs, increasing your risk.<\/li>\r\n \t
  3. Body size: Having a smaller frame (particularly less than approx. 58 kg[footnote]https:\/\/www.health.harvard.edu\/newsletter_article\/eight-for-2008-eight-things-you-should-know-about-osteoporosis-and-fracture-ris<\/a>k[\/footnote])<\/li>\r\n \t
  4. Race: White and Asian women are at a higher risk. White men are also at a higher risk compared to Black and Mexican Men.<\/li>\r\n \t
  5. Family history<\/li>\r\n \t
  6. Hormone changes: For example, during perimenopause after menopause, reductions in estrogen can impair bone health. Also, low levels of testosterone in men.<\/li>\r\n \t
  7. Diet: Low intake of calcium, vitamin D, and protein intake.<\/li>\r\n \t
  8. Low levels of physical activity.<\/li>\r\n \t
  9. Chronic heavy alcohol consumption<\/li>\r\n \t
  10. Smoking<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n ","rendered":"

    Osteoporosis is an extremely prevalent chronic metabolic bone disease characterized by decreased bone mineral density and the disruption of bone architecture.[1]<\/sup><\/a> Osteoporosis is associated with an increased fracture risk due to bones becoming more porous and weak. While osteoporosis affects a wide range of people of all sexes and races, it is most prevalent among Caucasians, women, and older populations. It is often called the \u201csilent thief\u201d because bone deterioration occurs in the absence of symptoms until fractures occur, which can lead to adverse health outcomes and even death.[2]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

    We have previously established that bone tissue is continuously remodeled through bone resorption and bone formation. Bone loss occurs if the rate of bone resorption exceeds the rate of bone formation. Peak bone mass is achieved in early adulthood. The subsequent imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation in later years is influenced by genetics, weight status, nutritional health, gender, and physical activity. For example, weight loss and menopause are associated with decreased estrogen production, which consequently accelerates the rate of bone loss. Another example is dietary influences such as low calcium and vitamin D intake, which reduce bone mineral density, thus increasing the risk of osteoporosis.[3]<\/sup><\/a> Repeated fractures may cause vertebral compression and decreased height due to shortening and hunching of the spine, which is known as kyphosis (dowager\u2019s hump).[4]<\/sup><\/a> Although there is no cure for osteoporosis, lifestyle changes such as increased physical activity can assist in strengthening the bones and reducing the risk of future fractures. Studies have shown that weight-bearing, back strengthening, and balance training exercises effectively reduce the fall risk in older adults with severe kyphosis, back pain, and abnormal gait patterns. Other fall prevention interventions may include treating foot problems\/encouraging patients to wear proper footwear, and home environment modifications such as installing handrails and removing fall hazards such as loose wires and clutter [5]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n

    Risk Factors for Osteoporosis<\/h1>\n

    Factors that may increase your risk for osteoporosis include[6]<\/sup><\/a>:<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. Sex: Women have a greater risk than men, but men are still at risk, particularly over 70.<\/li>\n
    2. Age: As you get older more bone loss occurs, increasing your risk.<\/li>\n
    3. Body size: Having a smaller frame (particularly less than approx. 58 kg[7]<\/sup><\/a>)<\/li>\n
    4. Race: White and Asian women are at a higher risk. White men are also at a higher risk compared to Black and Mexican Men.<\/li>\n
    5. Family history<\/li>\n
    6. Hormone changes: For example, during perimenopause after menopause, reductions in estrogen can impair bone health. Also, low levels of testosterone in men.<\/li>\n
    7. Diet: Low intake of calcium, vitamin D, and protein intake.<\/li>\n
    8. Low levels of physical activity.<\/li>\n
    9. Chronic heavy alcohol consumption<\/li>\n
    10. Smoking<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

       <\/p>\n

      1. S\u00f6zen T, \u00d6z\u0131\u015f\u0131k L, Ba\u015faran N\u00c7. An overview and management of osteoporosis. Eur J Rheumatol. 2017 Mar;4(1):46-56. doi: 10.5152\/eurjrheum.2016.048. Epub 2016 Dec 30. PMID: 28293453; PMCID: PMC533588. ↵<\/a><\/li>
      2. S\u00f6zen T, \u00d6z\u0131\u015f\u0131k L, Ba\u015faran N\u00c7. An overview and management of osteoporosis. Eur J Rheumatol. 2017 Mar;4(1):46-56. doi: 10.5152\/eurjrheum.2016.048. Epub 2016 Dec 30. PMID: 28293453; PMCID: PMC533588. ↵<\/a><\/li>
      3. S\u00f6zen T, \u00d6z\u0131\u015f\u0131k L, Ba\u015faran N\u00c7. An overview and management of osteoporosis. Eur J Rheumatol. 2017 Mar;4(1):46-56. doi: 10.5152\/eurjrheum.2016.048. Epub 2016 Dec 30. PMID: 28293453; PMCID: PMC533588. ↵<\/a><\/li>
      4. S\u00f6zen T, \u00d6z\u0131\u015f\u0131k L, Ba\u015faran N\u00c7. An overview and management of osteoporosis. Eur J Rheumatol. 2017 Mar;4(1):46-56. doi: 10.5152\/eurjrheum.2016.048. Epub 2016 Dec 30. PMID: 28293453; PMCID: PMC533588. ↵<\/a><\/li>
      5. S\u00f6zen T, \u00d6z\u0131\u015f\u0131k L, Ba\u015faran N\u00c7. An overview and management of osteoporosis. Eur J Rheumatol. 2017 Mar;4(1):46-56. doi: 10.5152\/eurjrheum.2016.048. Epub 2016 Dec 30. PMID: 28293453; PMCID: PMC533588. ↵<\/a><\/li>
      6. https:\/\/www.niams.nih.gov\/health-topics\/osteoporosis<\/a> ↵<\/a><\/li>
      7. https:\/\/www.health.harvard.edu\/newsletter_article\/eight-for-2008-eight-things-you-should-know-about-osteoporosis-and-fracture-ris<\/a>k ↵<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":1806,"menu_order":8,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-1460","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":1031,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/humannutrition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1460","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/humannutrition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/humannutrition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/humannutrition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1806"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/humannutrition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1460\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2791,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/humannutrition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1460\/revisions\/2791"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/humannutrition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/1031"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/humannutrition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1460\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/humannutrition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1460"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/humannutrition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=1460"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/humannutrition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=1460"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/humannutrition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=1460"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}