{"id":1788,"date":"2025-12-11T15:47:09","date_gmt":"2025-12-11T20:47:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/hydrometallurgy\/?post_type=chapter&p=1788"},"modified":"2026-01-27T11:25:08","modified_gmt":"2026-01-27T16:25:08","slug":"erintest","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/hydrometallurgy\/chapter\/erintest\/","title":{"raw":"Appendix B - Selected Standard Reduction Potentials in Aqueous Solutions","rendered":"Appendix B – Selected Standard Reduction Potentials in Aqueous Solutions"},"content":{"raw":"\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
\\[\r\n\\ce{Sm^{2+} + 2e^- -> Sm}\r\n\\]<\/td>\r\n-3.12<\/td>\r\n\\[\r\n\\ce{Pb^{2+} + 2e^- -> Pb}\r\n\\]<\/td>\r\n-0.13<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\\[\r\n\\ce{Li^+ + e^- -> Li}\r\n\\]<\/td>\r\n-3.05<\/td>\r\n\\[\r\n\\ce{O2 + H2O + 2e^- -> HO2^- + OH^-}\r\n\\]<\/td>\r\n-0.08<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\\[\r\n\\ce{K^+ + e^- -> K}\r\n\\]<\/td>\r\n-2.93<\/td>\r\n\\[\r\n\\ce{Fe^{3+} + 3e^- -> Fe}\r\n\\]<\/td>\r\n-0.04<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\\[\r\n\\ce{Rb^+ + e^- -> Rb}\r\n\\]<\/td>\r\n-2.93<\/td>\r\n\\[\r\n\\ce{Ti^{4+} + e^- -> Ti^{3+}}\r\n\\]<\/td>\r\n0.00<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\\[\r\n\\ce{Cs^+ + e^- -> Cs}\r\n\\]<\/td>\r\n-2.92<\/td>\r\n\\[\r\n\\ce{2H^+ + 2e^- -> H2}\r\n\\]<\/td>\r\n0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\\[\r\n\\ce{Ra^{2+} + 2e^- -> Ra}\r\n\\]<\/td>\r\n-2.92<\/td>\r\n\\[\r\n\\ce{AgBr + e^- -> Ag + Br^-}\r\n\\]<\/td>\r\n0.07<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\\[\r\n\\ce{Ba^{2+} + 2e^- -> Ba}\r\n\\]<\/td>\r\n-2.91<\/td>\r\n\\[\r\n\\ce{Sn^{4+} + 2e^- -> Sn^{2+}}\r\n\\]<\/td>\r\n0.15<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\\[\r\n\\ce{Sr^{2+} + 2e^- -> Sr}\r\n\\]<\/td>\r\n-2.89<\/td>\r\n\\[\r\n\\ce{Cu^{2+} + e^- -> Cu^+}\r\n\\]<\/td>\r\n0.16<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\\[\r\n\\ce{Ca^{2+} + 2e^- -> Ca}\r\n\\]<\/td>\r\n-2.87<\/td>\r\n\\[\r\n\\ce{Bi^{3+} + 3e^- -> Bi}\r\n\\]<\/td>\r\n0.20<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\\[\r\n\\ce{Na^+ + e^- -> Na}\r\n\\]<\/td>\r\n-2.71<\/td>\r\n\\[\r\n\\ce{AgCl + e^- -> Ag + Cl^-}\r\n\\]<\/td>\r\n0.2223<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\\[\r\n\\ce{La^{3+} + 3e^- -> La}\r\n\\]<\/td>\r\n-2.52<\/td>\r\n\\[\r\n\\ce{Hg2Cl2 + 2e^- -> 2Hg + 2Cl^-}\r\n\\]<\/td>\r\n0.27<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\\[\r\n\\ce{Ce^{3+} + 3e^- -> Ce}\r\n\\]<\/td>\r\n-2.48<\/td>\r\n\\[\r\n\\ce{Cu^{2+} + 2e^- -> Cu}\r\n\\]<\/td>\r\n0.34<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\\[\r\n\\ce{Mg^{2+} + 2e^- -> Mg}\r\n\\]<\/td>\r\n-2.36<\/td>\r\n\\[\r\n\\ce{O2 + 2H2O + 4e^- -> 4OH^-}\r\n\\]<\/td>\r\n0.40<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\\[\r\n\\ce{Be^{2+} + 2e^- -> Be}\r\n\\]<\/td>\r\n-1.85<\/td>\r\n\\[\r\n\\ce{NiOOH + H2O + e^- -> Ni(OH)2 + OH^-}\r\n\\]<\/td>\r\n0.49<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\\[\r\n\\ce{U^{3+} + 3e^- -> U}\r\n\\]<\/td>\r\n-1.79<\/td>\r\n\\[\r\n\\ce{Cu^+ + e^- -> Cu}\r\n\\]<\/td>\r\n0.52<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\\[\r\n\\ce{Al^{3+} + 3e^- -> Al}\r\n\\]<\/td>\r\n-1.66<\/td>\r\n\\[\r\n\\ce{I3^- + 2e^- -> 3I^-}\r\n\\]<\/td>\r\n0.53<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\\[\r\n\\ce{Ti^{2+} + 2e^- -> Ti}\r\n\\]<\/td>\r\n-1.63<\/td>\r\n\\[\r\n\\ce{I2 + 2e^- -> 2I^-}\r\n\\]<\/td>\r\n0.54<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\\[\r\n\\ce{V^{2+} + 2e^- -> V}\r\n\\]<\/td>\r\n-1.19<\/td>\r\n\\[\r\n\\ce{Hg2SO4 + 2e^- -> 2Hg + SO4^{2-}}\r\n\\]<\/td>\r\n0.62<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\\[\r\n\\ce{Mn^{2+} + 2e^- -> Mn}\r\n\\]<\/td>\r\n-1.18<\/td>\r\n\\[\r\n\\ce{Fe^{3+} + e^- -> Fe^{2+}}\r\n\\]<\/td>\r\n0.77<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\\[\r\n\\ce{Cr^{2+} + 2e^- -> Cr}\r\n\\]<\/td>\r\n-0.91<\/td>\r\n\\[\r\n\\ce{AgF + e^- -> Ag + F^-}\r\n\\]<\/td>\r\n0.78<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\\[\r\n\\ce{Fe(OH)2 + 2e^- -> Fe + 2OH^-}\r\n\\]<\/td>\r\n-0.88<\/td>\r\n\\[\r\n\\ce{Hg2^{2+} + 2e^- -> 2Hg}\r\n\\]<\/td>\r\n0.79<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\\[\r\n\\ce{2H2O + 2e^- -> H2 + 2OH^-}\r\n\\]<\/td>\r\n-0.83<\/td>\r\n\\[\r\n\\ce{Ag^+ + e^- -> Ag}\r\n\\]<\/td>\r\n0.80<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\\[\r\n\\ce{Cd(OH)2 + 2e^- -> Cd + 2OH^-}\r\n\\]<\/td>\r\n-0.81<\/td>\r\n\\[\r\n\\ce{2Hg^{2+} + 2e^- -> Hg2^{2+}}\r\n\\]<\/td>\r\n0.92<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\\[\r\n\\ce{Zn^{2+} + 2e^- -> Zn}\r\n\\]<\/td>\r\n-0.76<\/td>\r\n\\[\r\n\\ce{Pu^{4+} + e^- -> Pu^{3+}}\r\n\\]<\/td>\r\n0.97<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\\[\r\n\\ce{Cr^{3+} + e^- -> Cr^{2+}}\r\n\\]<\/td>\r\n-0.74<\/td>\r\n\\[\r\n\\ce{Br2 + 2e^- -> 2Br^-}\r\n\\]<\/td>\r\n1.09<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\\[\r\n\\ce{U^{4+} + e^- -> U^{3+}}\r\n\\]<\/td>\r\n-0.61<\/td>\r\n\\[\r\n\\ce{Pt^{2+} + 2e^- -> Pt}\r\n\\]<\/td>\r\n1.20<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\\[\r\n\\ce{O2 + e^- -> O2^-}\r\n\\]<\/td>\r\n-0.56<\/td>\r\n\\[\r\n\\ce{MnO2 + 4H^+ + 2e^- -> Mn^{2+} + 2H2O}\r\n\\]<\/td>\r\n1.23<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\\[\r\n\\ce{In^{3+} + e^- -> In^{2+}}\r\n\\]<\/td>\r\n-0.49<\/td>\r\n\\[\r\n\\ce{O2 + 4H^+ + 4e^- -> 2H2O}\r\n\\]<\/td>\r\n1.23<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\\[\r\n\\ce{S + 2e^- -> S^{2-}}\r\n\\]<\/td>\r\n-0.48<\/td>\r\n\\[\r\n\\ce{Cr2O7^{2-} + 14H^+ + 6e^- -> 2Cr^{3+} + 7H2O}\r\n\\]<\/td>\r\n1.23<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\\[\r\n\\ce{In^{3+} + 2e^- -> In^+}\r\n\\]<\/td>\r\n-0.44<\/td>\r\n\\[\r\n\\ce{Cl2 + 2e^- -> 2Cl^-}\r\n\\]<\/td>\r\n1.36<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\\[\r\n\\ce{Fe^{2+} + 2e^- -> Fe}\r\n\\]<\/td>\r\n-0.44<\/td>\r\n\\[\r\n\\ce{Au^{3+} + 3e^- -> Au}\r\n\\]<\/td>\r\n1.40<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\\[\r\n\\ce{Cr^{3+} + e^- -> Cr^{2+}}\r\n\\]<\/td>\r\n-0.41<\/td>\r\n\\[\r\n\\ce{Mn^{3+} + e^- -> Mn^{2+}}\r\n\\]<\/td>\r\n1.51<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\\[\r\n\\ce{Cd^{2+} + 2e^- -> Cd}\r\n\\]<\/td>\r\n-0.40<\/td>\r\n\\[\r\n\\ce{MnO4^- + 8H^+ + 5e^- -> Mn^{2+} + 4H2O}\r\n\\]<\/td>\r\n1.51<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\\[\r\n\\ce{In^{2+} + e^- -> In^+}\r\n\\]<\/td>\r\n-0.40<\/td>\r\n\\[\r\n\\ce{Ce^{4+} + e^- -> Ce^{3+}}\r\n\\]<\/td>\r\n1.61<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\\[\r\n\\ce{Ti^{3+} + e^- -> Ti^{2+}}\r\n\\]<\/td>\r\n-0.37<\/td>\r\n \r\n\r\n\\[\r\n\\ce{Pb^{4+} + 2e^- -> Pb^{2+}}\r\n\\]<\/td>\r\n1.67<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\\[\r\n\\ce{PbSO4 + 2e^- -> Pb + SO4^{2-}}\r\n\\]<\/td>\r\n-0.36<\/td>\r\n\\[\r\n\\ce{Au^{+} + e^- -> Au}\r\n\\]<\/td>\r\n1.69<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\\[\r\n\\ce{In^{3+} + 3e^- -> In}\r\n\\]<\/td>\r\n-0.34<\/td>\r\n\\[\r\n\\ce{Co^{3+} + e^- -> Co^{2+}}\r\n\\]<\/td>\r\n1.81<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\\[\r\n\\ce{Co^{2+} + 2e^- -> Co}\r\n\\]<\/td>\r\n-0.28<\/td>\r\n\\[\r\n\\ce{Ag^{2+} + e^- -> Ag^+}\r\n\\]<\/td>\r\n1.98<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\\[\r\n\\ce{V^{3+} + e^- -> V^{2+}}\r\n\\]<\/td>\r\n-0.26<\/td>\r\n\\[\r\n\\ce{S2O8^{2-} + 2e^- -> 2SO4^{2-}}\r\n\\]<\/td>\r\n2.05<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\\[\r\n\\ce{Ni^{2+} + 2e^- -> Ni}\r\n\\]<\/td>\r\n-0.23<\/td>\r\n\\[\r\n\\ce{F2 + 2e^- -> 2F^-}\r\n\\]<\/td>\r\n2.87<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\\[\r\n\\ce{AgI + e^- -> Ag + I^-}\r\n\\]<\/td>\r\n-0.15<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\\[\r\n\\ce{Sn^{2+} + 2e^- -> Sn}\r\n\\]<\/td>\r\n-0.14<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\\[\r\n\\ce{In^{+} + e^- -> In^}\r\n\\]<\/td>\r\n-0.14<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Table 1 - Selected standard reduction potentials in aqueous solutions. The number at the right of each half reaction is its standard reduction potential in volts at 25\u00b0.<\/span>\r\nSource: P.W. Atkins, Physical Chemistry ,3rd ed., 1986<\/sub><\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n \r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n ","rendered":"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\\[
\n\\ce{Sm^{2+} + 2e^- -> Sm}
\n\\]<\/td>\n		-3.12<\/td>\n\\[
\n\\ce{Pb^{2+} + 2e^- -> Pb}
\n\\]<\/td>\n		-0.13<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\\[
\n\\ce{Li^+ + e^- -> Li}
\n\\]<\/td>\n		-3.05<\/td>\n\\[
\n\\ce{O2 + H2O + 2e^- -> HO2^- + OH^-}
\n\\]<\/td>\n		-0.08<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\\[
\n\\ce{K^+ + e^- -> K}
\n\\]<\/td>\n		-2.93<\/td>\n\\[
\n\\ce{Fe^{3+} + 3e^- -> Fe}
\n\\]<\/td>\n		-0.04<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\\[
\n\\ce{Rb^+ + e^- -> Rb}
\n\\]<\/td>\n		-2.93<\/td>\n\\[
\n\\ce{Ti^{4+} + e^- -> Ti^{3+}}
\n\\]<\/td>\n		0.00<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\\[
\n\\ce{Cs^+ + e^- -> Cs}
\n\\]<\/td>\n		-2.92<\/td>\n\\[
\n\\ce{2H^+ + 2e^- -> H2}
\n\\]<\/td>\n		0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\\[
\n\\ce{Ra^{2+} + 2e^- -> Ra}
\n\\]<\/td>\n		-2.92<\/td>\n\\[
\n\\ce{AgBr + e^- -> Ag + Br^-}
\n\\]<\/td>\n		0.07<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\\[
\n\\ce{Ba^{2+} + 2e^- -> Ba}
\n\\]<\/td>\n		-2.91<\/td>\n\\[
\n\\ce{Sn^{4+} + 2e^- -> Sn^{2+}}
\n\\]<\/td>\n		0.15<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\\[
\n\\ce{Sr^{2+} + 2e^- -> Sr}
\n\\]<\/td>\n		-2.89<\/td>\n\\[
\n\\ce{Cu^{2+} + e^- -> Cu^+}
\n\\]<\/td>\n		0.16<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\\[
\n\\ce{Ca^{2+} + 2e^- -> Ca}
\n\\]<\/td>\n		-2.87<\/td>\n\\[
\n\\ce{Bi^{3+} + 3e^- -> Bi}
\n\\]<\/td>\n		0.20<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\\[
\n\\ce{Na^+ + e^- -> Na}
\n\\]<\/td>\n		-2.71<\/td>\n\\[
\n\\ce{AgCl + e^- -> Ag + Cl^-}
\n\\]<\/td>\n		0.2223<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\\[
\n\\ce{La^{3+} + 3e^- -> La}
\n\\]<\/td>\n		-2.52<\/td>\n\\[
\n\\ce{Hg2Cl2 + 2e^- -> 2Hg + 2Cl^-}
\n\\]<\/td>\n		0.27<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\\[
\n\\ce{Ce^{3+} + 3e^- -> Ce}
\n\\]<\/td>\n		-2.48<\/td>\n\\[
\n\\ce{Cu^{2+} + 2e^- -> Cu}
\n\\]<\/td>\n		0.34<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\\[
\n\\ce{Mg^{2+} + 2e^- -> Mg}
\n\\]<\/td>\n		-2.36<\/td>\n\\[
\n\\ce{O2 + 2H2O + 4e^- -> 4OH^-}
\n\\]<\/td>\n		0.40<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\\[
\n\\ce{Be^{2+} + 2e^- -> Be}
\n\\]<\/td>\n		-1.85<\/td>\n\\[
\n\\ce{NiOOH + H2O + e^- -> Ni(OH)2 + OH^-}
\n\\]<\/td>\n		0.49<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\\[
\n\\ce{U^{3+} + 3e^- -> U}
\n\\]<\/td>\n		-1.79<\/td>\n\\[
\n\\ce{Cu^+ + e^- -> Cu}
\n\\]<\/td>\n		0.52<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\\[
\n\\ce{Al^{3+} + 3e^- -> Al}
\n\\]<\/td>\n		-1.66<\/td>\n\\[
\n\\ce{I3^- + 2e^- -> 3I^-}
\n\\]<\/td>\n		0.53<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\\[
\n\\ce{Ti^{2+} + 2e^- -> Ti}
\n\\]<\/td>\n		-1.63<\/td>\n\\[
\n\\ce{I2 + 2e^- -> 2I^-}
\n\\]<\/td>\n		0.54<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\\[
\n\\ce{V^{2+} + 2e^- -> V}
\n\\]<\/td>\n		-1.19<\/td>\n\\[
\n\\ce{Hg2SO4 + 2e^- -> 2Hg + SO4^{2-}}
\n\\]<\/td>\n		0.62<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\\[
\n\\ce{Mn^{2+} + 2e^- -> Mn}
\n\\]<\/td>\n		-1.18<\/td>\n\\[
\n\\ce{Fe^{3+} + e^- -> Fe^{2+}}
\n\\]<\/td>\n		0.77<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\\[
\n\\ce{Cr^{2+} + 2e^- -> Cr}
\n\\]<\/td>\n		-0.91<\/td>\n\\[
\n\\ce{AgF + e^- -> Ag + F^-}
\n\\]<\/td>\n		0.78<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\\[
\n\\ce{Fe(OH)2 + 2e^- -> Fe + 2OH^-}
\n\\]<\/td>\n		-0.88<\/td>\n\\[
\n\\ce{Hg2^{2+} + 2e^- -> 2Hg}
\n\\]<\/td>\n		0.79<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\\[
\n\\ce{2H2O + 2e^- -> H2 + 2OH^-}
\n\\]<\/td>\n		-0.83<\/td>\n\\[
\n\\ce{Ag^+ + e^- -> Ag}
\n\\]<\/td>\n		0.80<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\\[
\n\\ce{Cd(OH)2 + 2e^- -> Cd + 2OH^-}
\n\\]<\/td>\n		-0.81<\/td>\n\\[
\n\\ce{2Hg^{2+} + 2e^- -> Hg2^{2+}}
\n\\]<\/td>\n		0.92<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\\[
\n\\ce{Zn^{2+} + 2e^- -> Zn}
\n\\]<\/td>\n		-0.76<\/td>\n\\[
\n\\ce{Pu^{4+} + e^- -> Pu^{3+}}
\n\\]<\/td>\n		0.97<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\\[
\n\\ce{Cr^{3+} + e^- -> Cr^{2+}}
\n\\]<\/td>\n		-0.74<\/td>\n\\[
\n\\ce{Br2 + 2e^- -> 2Br^-}
\n\\]<\/td>\n		1.09<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\\[
\n\\ce{U^{4+} + e^- -> U^{3+}}
\n\\]<\/td>\n		-0.61<\/td>\n\\[
\n\\ce{Pt^{2+} + 2e^- -> Pt}
\n\\]<\/td>\n		1.20<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\\[
\n\\ce{O2 + e^- -> O2^-}
\n\\]<\/td>\n		-0.56<\/td>\n\\[
\n\\ce{MnO2 + 4H^+ + 2e^- -> Mn^{2+} + 2H2O}
\n\\]<\/td>\n		1.23<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\\[
\n\\ce{In^{3+} + e^- -> In^{2+}}
\n\\]<\/td>\n		-0.49<\/td>\n\\[
\n\\ce{O2 + 4H^+ + 4e^- -> 2H2O}
\n\\]<\/td>\n		1.23<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\\[
\n\\ce{S + 2e^- -> S^{2-}}
\n\\]<\/td>\n		-0.48<\/td>\n\\[
\n\\ce{Cr2O7^{2-} + 14H^+ + 6e^- -> 2Cr^{3+} + 7H2O}
\n\\]<\/td>\n		1.23<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\\[
\n\\ce{In^{3+} + 2e^- -> In^+}
\n\\]<\/td>\n		-0.44<\/td>\n\\[
\n\\ce{Cl2 + 2e^- -> 2Cl^-}
\n\\]<\/td>\n		1.36<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\\[
\n\\ce{Fe^{2+} + 2e^- -> Fe}
\n\\]<\/td>\n		-0.44<\/td>\n\\[
\n\\ce{Au^{3+} + 3e^- -> Au}
\n\\]<\/td>\n		1.40<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\\[
\n\\ce{Cr^{3+} + e^- -> Cr^{2+}}
\n\\]<\/td>\n		-0.41<\/td>\n\\[
\n\\ce{Mn^{3+} + e^- -> Mn^{2+}}
\n\\]<\/td>\n		1.51<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\\[
\n\\ce{Cd^{2+} + 2e^- -> Cd}
\n\\]<\/td>\n		-0.40<\/td>\n\\[
\n\\ce{MnO4^- + 8H^+ + 5e^- -> Mn^{2+} + 4H2O}
\n\\]<\/td>\n		1.51<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\\[
\n\\ce{In^{2+} + e^- -> In^+}
\n\\]<\/td>\n		-0.40<\/td>\n\\[
\n\\ce{Ce^{4+} + e^- -> Ce^{3+}}
\n\\]<\/td>\n		1.61<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\\[
\n\\ce{Ti^{3+} + e^- -> Ti^{2+}}
\n\\]<\/td>\n		-0.37<\/td>\n <\/p>\n

\\[
\n\\ce{Pb^{4+} + 2e^- -> Pb^{2+}}
\n\\]<\/td>\n

1.67<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\\[
\n\\ce{PbSO4 + 2e^- -> Pb + SO4^{2-}}
\n\\]<\/td>\n		-0.36<\/td>\n\\[
\n\\ce{Au^{+} + e^- -> Au}
\n\\]<\/td>\n		1.69<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\\[
\n\\ce{In^{3+} + 3e^- -> In}
\n\\]<\/td>\n		-0.34<\/td>\n\\[
\n\\ce{Co^{3+} + e^- -> Co^{2+}}
\n\\]<\/td>\n		1.81<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\\[
\n\\ce{Co^{2+} + 2e^- -> Co}
\n\\]<\/td>\n		-0.28<\/td>\n\\[
\n\\ce{Ag^{2+} + e^- -> Ag^+}
\n\\]<\/td>\n		1.98<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\\[
\n\\ce{V^{3+} + e^- -> V^{2+}}
\n\\]<\/td>\n		-0.26<\/td>\n\\[
\n\\ce{S2O8^{2-} + 2e^- -> 2SO4^{2-}}
\n\\]<\/td>\n		2.05<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\\[
\n\\ce{Ni^{2+} + 2e^- -> Ni}
\n\\]<\/td>\n		-0.23<\/td>\n\\[
\n\\ce{F2 + 2e^- -> 2F^-}
\n\\]<\/td>\n		2.87<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\\[
\n\\ce{AgI + e^- -> Ag + I^-}
\n\\]<\/td>\n		-0.15<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\\[
\n\\ce{Sn^{2+} + 2e^- -> Sn}
\n\\]<\/td>\n		-0.14<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\\[
\n\\ce{In^{+} + e^- -> In^}
\n\\]<\/td>\n		-0.14<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Table 1 – Selected standard reduction potentials in aqueous solutions. The number at the right of each half reaction is its standard reduction potential in volts at 25\u00b0.<\/span>
\nSource: P.W. Atkins, Physical Chemistry ,3rd ed., 1986<\/sub><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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