What is the difference between “First Nations”, “Indigenous”, “Aboriginal”, “Indian”, and “Native”? When (if ever) do I use each one?

Currently, the most widely accepted umbrella term is “Indigenous Peoples”, but it’s important to do some research to determine what terminology is most appropriate and how particular people and/or communities would like to be identified. If known, it is always best to refer to a person or group of people by the specific nation they belong to and to prioritize using the correct pronunciation. Terms that are not as universally accepted or are only accepted in specific contexts include “Aboriginal”, “Native”, and “Indians”.

Given the nuance of language and potentially problematic nature of language, we have not included direct definitions on this page. That said, we encourage you to review the UBC Indigenous Peoples Language Guide which provides an in-depth explanation of which terms to use when referring to Indigenous Peoples and the contexts in which they are appropriate to use. It also provides some context for why language continues to adapt and change in this space.