{"id":2112,"date":"2020-04-30T17:56:25","date_gmt":"2020-04-30T21:56:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/inorganicchemistrychem250\/chapter\/occurrence-preparation-and-properties-of-sulfur-2\/"},"modified":"2021-09-05T00:35:12","modified_gmt":"2021-09-05T04:35:12","slug":"occurrence-preparation-and-properties-of-sulfur-2","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/inorganicchemistrychem250\/chapter\/occurrence-preparation-and-properties-of-sulfur-2\/","title":{"raw":"3.11 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Sulfur","rendered":"3.11 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Sulfur"},"content":{"raw":"[latexpage]\r\n<div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Learning Objectives<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\nBy the end of this section, you will be able to:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Describe the properties, preparation, and uses of sulfur<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm222212272\">Sulfur exists in nature as elemental deposits as well as sulfides of iron, zinc, lead, and copper, and sulfates of sodium, calcium, barium, and magnesium. Hydrogen sulfide is often a component of natural gas and occurs in many volcanic gases, like those shown in <a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#CNX_Chem_18_10_Volcano\">(Figure 3.11.1)<\/a>. Sulfur is a constituent of many proteins and is essential for life.<\/p>\r\n<em>\u00a0\u00a0<\/em>\r\n<div id=\"CNX_Chem_18_10_Volcano\" class=\"scaled-down\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"975\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/inorganicchemistrychem250\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/989\/2020\/04\/CNX_Chem_18_10_Volcano.jpg\" alt=\"A lake is shown surrounded by rocky, mountainous peaks. A white vapor rises from the ground near the lake.\" width=\"975\" height=\"672\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/> <strong>Figure 3.11.1 - Volcanic gases contain hydrogen sulfide. (credit: Daniel Julie\/Wikimedia Commons)<\/strong>[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm89076784\">The <span data-type=\"term\">Frasch process<\/span>, illustrated in <a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#CNX_Chem_18_10_FrachMine\">(Figure 3.11.2)<\/a>, is important in the mining of free sulfur from enormous underground deposits in Texas and Louisiana. Superheated water (170 \u00b0C and 10 atm pressure) is forced down the outermost of three concentric pipes to the underground deposit. The hot water melts the sulfur. The innermost pipe conducts compressed air into the liquid sulfur. The air forces the liquid sulfur, mixed with air, to flow up through the outlet pipe. Transferring the mixture to large settling vats allows the solid sulfur to separate upon cooling. This sulfur is 99.5% to 99.9% pure and requires no purification for most uses.<\/p>\r\n<em>\u00a0<\/em>\r\n<div id=\"CNX_Chem_18_10_FrachMine\" class=\"scaled-down\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"650\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/inorganicchemistrychem250\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/989\/2020\/04\/CNX_Chem_18_10_FrachMine-1.jpg\" alt=\"A diagram is shown in which a vertical tube is embedded on the lower end into a multilayered solid. The upper layer is labeled, \u201cSoil,\u201d and the lower layer is labeled, \u201cSolid sulfur deposit.\u201d A thin tube, beginning at the top of the diagram, leads into the vertical tube to the bottom and is labeled, \u201cCompressed air.\u201d Left-facing and then down-facing arrows are drawn on this inner tube. These arrows then turn upward at the bottom of the tube and are drawn upward to indicate the flow of, \u201cLiquid sulfur,\u201d from the bottom of the diagram to the top outside the inner tube. These arrows lead to a chamber at the top right of the diagram with arrows facing to the left labeled, \u201cSulfur, water and air.\u201d A horizontal tube in the center right of the diagram leads to the outer tube and arrows drawn downward lead back to the bottom of the diagram. This tube is labeled, \u201cSuperheated water.\u201d\" width=\"650\" height=\"1272\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/> <strong>Figure 3.11.2 - The Frasch process is used to mine sulfur from underground deposits.<\/strong>[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm172180032\">Larger amounts of sulfur also come from hydrogen sulfide recovered during the purification of natural gas. Sulfur exists in several allotropic forms. The stable form at room temperature contains eight-membered rings, and so the true formula is S<sub>8<\/sub>. However, chemists commonly use S to simplify the coefficients in chemical equations; we will follow this practice in this book.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm29857024\">Like oxygen, which is also a member of group 16, sulfur exhibits a distinctly nonmetallic behavior. It oxidizes metals, giving a variety of binary sulfides in which sulfur exhibits a negative oxidation state (2\u2212). Elemental sulfur oxidizes less electronegative nonmetals, and more electronegative nonmetals, such as oxygen and the halogens, will oxidize it. Other strong oxidizing agents also oxidize sulfur. For example, concentrated nitric acid oxidizes sulfur to the sulfate ion, with the concurrent formation of nitrogen(IV) oxide:<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<div id=\"fs-idm170183712\" data-type=\"equation\">\\(\\text{S}\\left(s\\right)+6{\\text{HNO}}_{3}\\left(aq\\right)\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}$\\rightarrow$\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}2{\\text{H}}_{3}{\\text{O}}^{\\text{+}}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{SO}}_{4}{\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}}^{2-}\\left(aq\\right)+6{\\text{NO}}_{2}\\left(g\\right)\\)<\/div>\r\n<div data-type=\"equation\"><\/div>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm262010832\">The chemistry of sulfur with an oxidation state of 2\u2212 is similar to that of oxygen. Unlike oxygen, however, sulfur forms many compounds in which it exhibits positive oxidation states.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h1 data-type=\"title\">Key Concepts and Summary<\/h1>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm179520336\">Sulfur (group 16) reacts with almost all metals and readily forms the sulfide ion, S<sup>2\u2212<\/sup>, in which it has as oxidation state of 2\u2212. Sulfur reacts with most nonmetals.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">End of Chapter Exercises<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-idm5069504\" data-type=\"exercise\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-idm129668000\" data-type=\"problem\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm96440544\">(1) Explain why hydrogen sulfide is a gas at room temperature, whereas water, which has a lower molecular mass, is a liquid.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-idm213191488\" data-type=\"exercise\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-idm206165120\" data-type=\"problem\">\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm197715424\">(2) Give the hybridization and oxidation state for sulfur in SO<sub>2<\/sub>, in SO<sub>3<\/sub>, and in H<sub>2<\/sub>SO<sub>4<\/sub>.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><em>Solution<\/em><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">SO<\/span><sub style=\"text-align: initial\">2<\/sub><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">, <\/span><em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" data-effect=\"italics\">sp<\/em><sup style=\"text-align: initial\">2<\/sup><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> 4+; SO<\/span><sub style=\"text-align: initial\">3<\/sub><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">, <\/span><em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" data-effect=\"italics\">sp<\/em><sup style=\"text-align: initial\">2<\/sup><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">, 6+; H<\/span><sub style=\"text-align: initial\">2<\/sub><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">SO<\/span><sub style=\"text-align: initial\">4<\/sub><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">, <\/span><em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" data-effect=\"italics\">sp<\/em><sup style=\"text-align: initial\">3<\/sup><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">, 6+<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-idm160584544\" style=\"padding-left: 40px\" data-type=\"solution\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-idm200394080\" data-type=\"exercise\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-idm229253520\" data-type=\"problem\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm104880432\">(3) Which is the stronger acid, NaHSO<sub>3<\/sub> or NaHSO<sub>4<\/sub>?<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-idm129605056\" data-type=\"exercise\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-idm167411280\" data-type=\"problem\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm247134512\">(4) Determine the oxidation state of sulfur in SF<sub>6<\/sub>, SO<sub>2<\/sub>F<sub>2<\/sub>, and KHS.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><em>Solution<\/em><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">SF<\/span><sub style=\"text-align: initial\">6<\/sub><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">: S = 6+; SO<\/span><sub style=\"text-align: initial\">2<\/sub><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">F<\/span><sub style=\"text-align: initial\">2<\/sub><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">: S = 6+; KHS: S = 2\u2212<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-idm238351232\" data-type=\"solution\">\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-idm130857952\" data-type=\"exercise\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-idm181418544\" data-type=\"problem\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm216526752\">(5) Which is a stronger acid, sulfurous acid or sulfuric acid? Why?<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-idm135267520\" data-type=\"exercise\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-idm81147248\" data-type=\"problem\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm132402992\">(6) Oxygen forms double bonds in O<sub>2<\/sub>, but sulfur forms single bonds in S<sub>8<\/sub>. Why?<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><em>Solution<\/em><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Sulfur is able to form double bonds only at high temperatures (substantially endothermic conditions), which is not the case for oxygen.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-idm175612816\" data-type=\"solution\">\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-idp17880736\" data-type=\"exercise\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-idm165449136\" data-type=\"problem\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm81251856\">(7) Give the Lewis structure of each of the following:<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm130691520\">(7a) SF<sub>4<\/sub><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp41676336\">(7b) K<sub>2<\/sub>SO<sub>4<\/sub><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm197872928\">(7c) SO<sub>2<\/sub>Cl<sub>2<\/sub><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm35659040\">(7d) H<sub>2<\/sub>SO<sub>3<\/sub><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm48725648\">(7e) SO<sub>3<\/sub><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-idm104555280\" data-type=\"exercise\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-idm71155808\" data-type=\"problem\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm83901840\">(8) Write two balanced chemical equations in which sulfuric acid acts as an oxidizing agent.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><em>Solution<\/em><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">There are many possible answers including:<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-idm166654944\" style=\"padding-left: 40px\" data-type=\"solution\">\r\n\r\n\\(\\text{Cu}\\left(s\\right)+2{\\text{H}}_{2}{\\text{SO}}_{4}\\left(l\\right)\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}$\\rightarrow$\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\\text{CuSO}}_{4}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{SO}}_{2}\\left(g\\right)+2{\\text{H}}_{2}\\text{O}\\left(l\\right)\\) and \\(\\text{C}\\left(s\\right)+2{\\text{H}}_{2}{\\text{SO}}_{4}\\left(l\\right)\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}$\\rightarrow$\\phantom{\\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\\text{CO}}_{2}\\left(g\\right)+2{\\text{SO}}_{2}\\left(g\\right)+2{\\text{H}}_{2}\\text{O}\\left(l\\right)\\)\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-idm217260912\" data-type=\"exercise\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-idm128376592\" data-type=\"problem\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm206945136\">(9) Explain why sulfuric acid, H<sub>2<\/sub>SO<sub>4<\/sub>, which is a covalent molecule, dissolves in water and produces a solution that contains ions.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-idm172430496\" data-type=\"exercise\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-idm98785952\" data-type=\"problem\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm163724208\">(10) How many grams of Epsom salts (MgSO<sub>4<\/sub>\u22c57H<sub>2<\/sub>O) will form from 5.0 kg of magnesium?<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><em>Solution<\/em><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">5.1\u00d710<\/span><sup style=\"text-align: initial\">4<\/sup><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> g<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\" data-type=\"glossary\">\r\n<h2 data-type=\"glossary-title\">Glossary<\/h2>\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idm172534880\">\r\n \t<dt>[pb_glossary id=\"3052\"]Frasch process[\/pb_glossary]<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-idm206689568\">important in the mining of free sulfur from enormous underground deposits<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Learning Objectives<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p>By the end of this section, you will be able to:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Describe the properties, preparation, and uses of sulfur<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-idm222212272\">Sulfur exists in nature as elemental deposits as well as sulfides of iron, zinc, lead, and copper, and sulfates of sodium, calcium, barium, and magnesium. Hydrogen sulfide is often a component of natural gas and occurs in many volcanic gases, like those shown in <a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#CNX_Chem_18_10_Volcano\">(Figure 3.11.1)<\/a>. Sulfur is a constituent of many proteins and is essential for life.<\/p>\n<p><em>\u00a0\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<div id=\"CNX_Chem_18_10_Volcano\" class=\"scaled-down\">\n<figure style=\"width: 975px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/inorganicchemistrychem250\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/989\/2020\/04\/CNX_Chem_18_10_Volcano.jpg\" alt=\"A lake is shown surrounded by rocky, mountainous peaks. A white vapor rises from the ground near the lake.\" width=\"975\" height=\"672\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 3.11.1 &#8211; Volcanic gases contain hydrogen sulfide. (credit: Daniel Julie\/Wikimedia Commons)<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-idm89076784\">The <span data-type=\"term\">Frasch process<\/span>, illustrated in <a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#CNX_Chem_18_10_FrachMine\">(Figure 3.11.2)<\/a>, is important in the mining of free sulfur from enormous underground deposits in Texas and Louisiana. Superheated water (170 \u00b0C and 10 atm pressure) is forced down the outermost of three concentric pipes to the underground deposit. The hot water melts the sulfur. The innermost pipe conducts compressed air into the liquid sulfur. The air forces the liquid sulfur, mixed with air, to flow up through the outlet pipe. Transferring the mixture to large settling vats allows the solid sulfur to separate upon cooling. This sulfur is 99.5% to 99.9% pure and requires no purification for most uses.<\/p>\n<p><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<div id=\"CNX_Chem_18_10_FrachMine\" class=\"scaled-down\">\n<figure style=\"width: 650px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/inorganicchemistrychem250\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/989\/2020\/04\/CNX_Chem_18_10_FrachMine-1.jpg\" alt=\"A diagram is shown in which a vertical tube is embedded on the lower end into a multilayered solid. The upper layer is labeled, \u201cSoil,\u201d and the lower layer is labeled, \u201cSolid sulfur deposit.\u201d A thin tube, beginning at the top of the diagram, leads into the vertical tube to the bottom and is labeled, \u201cCompressed air.\u201d Left-facing and then down-facing arrows are drawn on this inner tube. These arrows then turn upward at the bottom of the tube and are drawn upward to indicate the flow of, \u201cLiquid sulfur,\u201d from the bottom of the diagram to the top outside the inner tube. These arrows lead to a chamber at the top right of the diagram with arrows facing to the left labeled, \u201cSulfur, water and air.\u201d A horizontal tube in the center right of the diagram leads to the outer tube and arrows drawn downward lead back to the bottom of the diagram. This tube is labeled, \u201cSuperheated water.\u201d\" width=\"650\" height=\"1272\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 3.11.2 &#8211; The Frasch process is used to mine sulfur from underground deposits.<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-idm172180032\">Larger amounts of sulfur also come from hydrogen sulfide recovered during the purification of natural gas. Sulfur exists in several allotropic forms. The stable form at room temperature contains eight-membered rings, and so the true formula is S<sub>8<\/sub>. However, chemists commonly use S to simplify the coefficients in chemical equations; we will follow this practice in this book.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm29857024\">Like oxygen, which is also a member of group 16, sulfur exhibits a distinctly nonmetallic behavior. It oxidizes metals, giving a variety of binary sulfides in which sulfur exhibits a negative oxidation state (2\u2212). Elemental sulfur oxidizes less electronegative nonmetals, and more electronegative nonmetals, such as oxygen and the halogens, will oxidize it. Other strong oxidizing agents also oxidize sulfur. For example, concentrated nitric acid oxidizes sulfur to the sulfate ion, with the concurrent formation of nitrogen(IV) oxide:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-idm170183712\" data-type=\"equation\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/inorganicchemistrychem250\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-5c1e83d783840c39c996b424c14cb7f9_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#83;&#125;&#92;&#108;&#101;&#102;&#116;&#40;&#115;&#92;&#114;&#105;&#103;&#104;&#116;&#41;&#43;&#54;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#72;&#78;&#79;&#125;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#51;&#125;&#92;&#108;&#101;&#102;&#116;&#40;&#97;&#113;&#92;&#114;&#105;&#103;&#104;&#116;&#41;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#36;&#92;&#114;&#105;&#103;&#104;&#116;&#97;&#114;&#114;&#111;&#119;&#36;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#50;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#72;&#125;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#51;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#79;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#43;&#125;&#125;&#92;&#108;&#101;&#102;&#116;&#40;&#97;&#113;&#92;&#114;&#105;&#103;&#104;&#116;&#41;&#43;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#83;&#79;&#125;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#52;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#125;&#94;&#123;&#50;&#45;&#125;&#92;&#108;&#101;&#102;&#116;&#40;&#97;&#113;&#92;&#114;&#105;&#103;&#104;&#116;&#41;&#43;&#54;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#78;&#79;&#125;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#50;&#125;&#92;&#108;&#101;&#102;&#116;&#40;&#103;&#92;&#114;&#105;&#103;&#104;&#116;&#41;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"20\" width=\"466\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\" \/><\/div>\n<div data-type=\"equation\"><\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-idm262010832\">The chemistry of sulfur with an oxidation state of 2\u2212 is similar to that of oxygen. Unlike oxygen, however, sulfur forms many compounds in which it exhibits positive oxidation states.<\/p>\n<h1 data-type=\"title\">Key Concepts and Summary<\/h1>\n<p id=\"fs-idm179520336\">Sulfur (group 16) reacts with almost all metals and readily forms the sulfide ion, S<sup>2\u2212<\/sup>, in which it has as oxidation state of 2\u2212. Sulfur reacts with most nonmetals.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">End of Chapter Exercises<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<div id=\"fs-idm5069504\" data-type=\"exercise\">\n<div id=\"fs-idm129668000\" data-type=\"problem\">\n<p id=\"fs-idm96440544\">(1) Explain why hydrogen sulfide is a gas at room temperature, whereas water, which has a lower molecular mass, is a liquid.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-idm213191488\" data-type=\"exercise\">\n<div id=\"fs-idm206165120\" data-type=\"problem\">\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm197715424\">(2) Give the hybridization and oxidation state for sulfur in SO<sub>2<\/sub>, in SO<sub>3<\/sub>, and in H<sub>2<\/sub>SO<sub>4<\/sub>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><em>Solution<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">SO<\/span><sub style=\"text-align: initial\">2<\/sub><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">, <\/span><em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" data-effect=\"italics\">sp<\/em><sup style=\"text-align: initial\">2<\/sup><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> 4+; SO<\/span><sub style=\"text-align: initial\">3<\/sub><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">, <\/span><em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" data-effect=\"italics\">sp<\/em><sup style=\"text-align: initial\">2<\/sup><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">, 6+; H<\/span><sub style=\"text-align: initial\">2<\/sub><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">SO<\/span><sub style=\"text-align: initial\">4<\/sub><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">, <\/span><em style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" data-effect=\"italics\">sp<\/em><sup style=\"text-align: initial\">3<\/sup><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">, 6+<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-idm160584544\" style=\"padding-left: 40px\" data-type=\"solution\">\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-idm200394080\" data-type=\"exercise\">\n<div id=\"fs-idm229253520\" data-type=\"problem\">\n<p id=\"fs-idm104880432\">(3) Which is the stronger acid, NaHSO<sub>3<\/sub> or NaHSO<sub>4<\/sub>?<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-idm129605056\" data-type=\"exercise\">\n<div id=\"fs-idm167411280\" data-type=\"problem\">\n<p id=\"fs-idm247134512\">(4) Determine the oxidation state of sulfur in SF<sub>6<\/sub>, SO<sub>2<\/sub>F<sub>2<\/sub>, and KHS.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><em>Solution<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">SF<\/span><sub style=\"text-align: initial\">6<\/sub><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">: S = 6+; SO<\/span><sub style=\"text-align: initial\">2<\/sub><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">F<\/span><sub style=\"text-align: initial\">2<\/sub><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">: S = 6+; KHS: S = 2\u2212<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-idm238351232\" data-type=\"solution\">\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-idm130857952\" data-type=\"exercise\">\n<div id=\"fs-idm181418544\" data-type=\"problem\">\n<p id=\"fs-idm216526752\">(5) Which is a stronger acid, sulfurous acid or sulfuric acid? Why?<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-idm135267520\" data-type=\"exercise\">\n<div id=\"fs-idm81147248\" data-type=\"problem\">\n<p id=\"fs-idm132402992\">(6) Oxygen forms double bonds in O<sub>2<\/sub>, but sulfur forms single bonds in S<sub>8<\/sub>. Why?<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><em>Solution<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Sulfur is able to form double bonds only at high temperatures (substantially endothermic conditions), which is not the case for oxygen.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-idm175612816\" data-type=\"solution\">\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-idp17880736\" data-type=\"exercise\">\n<div id=\"fs-idm165449136\" data-type=\"problem\">\n<p id=\"fs-idm81251856\">(7) Give the Lewis structure of each of the following:<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm130691520\">(7a) SF<sub>4<\/sub><\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idp41676336\">(7b) K<sub>2<\/sub>SO<sub>4<\/sub><\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm197872928\">(7c) SO<sub>2<\/sub>Cl<sub>2<\/sub><\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm35659040\">(7d) H<sub>2<\/sub>SO<sub>3<\/sub><\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm48725648\">(7e) SO<sub>3<\/sub><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-idm104555280\" data-type=\"exercise\">\n<div id=\"fs-idm71155808\" data-type=\"problem\">\n<p id=\"fs-idm83901840\">(8) Write two balanced chemical equations in which sulfuric acid acts as an oxidizing agent.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><em>Solution<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">There are many possible answers including:<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-idm166654944\" style=\"padding-left: 40px\" data-type=\"solution\">\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/inorganicchemistrychem250\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-1ada3a9b544329cc0160a649926b8634_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#67;&#117;&#125;&#92;&#108;&#101;&#102;&#116;&#40;&#115;&#92;&#114;&#105;&#103;&#104;&#116;&#41;&#43;&#50;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#72;&#125;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#50;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#83;&#79;&#125;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#52;&#125;&#92;&#108;&#101;&#102;&#116;&#40;&#108;&#92;&#114;&#105;&#103;&#104;&#116;&#41;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#36;&#92;&#114;&#105;&#103;&#104;&#116;&#97;&#114;&#114;&#111;&#119;&#36;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#67;&#117;&#83;&#79;&#125;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#52;&#125;&#92;&#108;&#101;&#102;&#116;&#40;&#97;&#113;&#92;&#114;&#105;&#103;&#104;&#116;&#41;&#43;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#83;&#79;&#125;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#50;&#125;&#92;&#108;&#101;&#102;&#116;&#40;&#103;&#92;&#114;&#105;&#103;&#104;&#116;&#41;&#43;&#50;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#72;&#125;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#50;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#79;&#125;&#92;&#108;&#101;&#102;&#116;&#40;&#108;&#92;&#114;&#105;&#103;&#104;&#116;&#41;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"435\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\" \/> and <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/inorganicchemistrychem250\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-30feaac803e35237a740ad8df4cd9a43_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#67;&#125;&#92;&#108;&#101;&#102;&#116;&#40;&#115;&#92;&#114;&#105;&#103;&#104;&#116;&#41;&#43;&#50;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#72;&#125;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#50;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#83;&#79;&#125;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#52;&#125;&#92;&#108;&#101;&#102;&#116;&#40;&#108;&#92;&#114;&#105;&#103;&#104;&#116;&#41;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#36;&#92;&#114;&#105;&#103;&#104;&#116;&#97;&#114;&#114;&#111;&#119;&#36;&#92;&#112;&#104;&#97;&#110;&#116;&#111;&#109;&#123;&#92;&#114;&#117;&#108;&#101;&#123;&#48;&#46;&#50;&#101;&#109;&#125;&#123;&#48;&#101;&#120;&#125;&#125;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#67;&#79;&#125;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#50;&#125;&#92;&#108;&#101;&#102;&#116;&#40;&#103;&#92;&#114;&#105;&#103;&#104;&#116;&#41;&#43;&#50;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#83;&#79;&#125;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#50;&#125;&#92;&#108;&#101;&#102;&#116;&#40;&#103;&#92;&#114;&#105;&#103;&#104;&#116;&#41;&#43;&#50;&#123;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#72;&#125;&#125;&#95;&#123;&#50;&#125;&#92;&#116;&#101;&#120;&#116;&#123;&#79;&#125;&#92;&#108;&#101;&#102;&#116;&#40;&#108;&#92;&#114;&#105;&#103;&#104;&#116;&#41;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"19\" width=\"405\" style=\"vertical-align: -5px;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-idm217260912\" data-type=\"exercise\">\n<div id=\"fs-idm128376592\" data-type=\"problem\">\n<p id=\"fs-idm206945136\">(9) Explain why sulfuric acid, H<sub>2<\/sub>SO<sub>4<\/sub>, which is a covalent molecule, dissolves in water and produces a solution that contains ions.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-idm172430496\" data-type=\"exercise\">\n<div id=\"fs-idm98785952\" data-type=\"problem\">\n<p id=\"fs-idm163724208\">(10) How many grams of Epsom salts (MgSO<sub>4<\/sub>\u22c57H<sub>2<\/sub>O) will form from 5.0 kg of magnesium?<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><em>Solution<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">5.1\u00d710<\/span><sup style=\"text-align: initial\">4<\/sup><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> g<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\" data-type=\"glossary\">\n<h2 data-type=\"glossary-title\">Glossary<\/h2>\n<dl id=\"fs-idm172534880\">\n<dt><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_2112_3052\">Frasch process<\/a><\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-idm206689568\">important in the mining of free sulfur from enormous underground deposits<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"glossary\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\" id=\"definition\">definition<\/span><template id=\"term_2112_3052\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_2112_3052\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>important in the mining of free sulfur from enormous underground deposits<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><\/div>","protected":false},"author":801,"menu_order":11,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-2112","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":2018,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/inorganicchemistrychem250\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2112","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/inorganicchemistrychem250\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/inorganicchemistrychem250\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/inorganicchemistrychem250\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/801"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/inorganicchemistrychem250\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2112\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3615,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/inorganicchemistrychem250\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2112\/revisions\/3615"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/inorganicchemistrychem250\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/2018"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/inorganicchemistrychem250\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2112\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/inorganicchemistrychem250\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2112"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/inorganicchemistrychem250\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=2112"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/inorganicchemistrychem250\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=2112"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/inorganicchemistrychem250\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=2112"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}