{"id":2186,"date":"2020-06-15T12:29:08","date_gmt":"2020-06-15T16:29:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/inorganicchemistrychem250\/?post_type=chapter&p=2186"},"modified":"2020-09-22T00:26:31","modified_gmt":"2020-09-22T04:26:31","slug":"metals-and-metal-compounds","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/inorganicchemistrychem250\/chapter\/metals-and-metal-compounds\/","title":{"raw":"1.2 Metals and metal compounds","rendered":"1.2 Metals and metal compounds"},"content":{"raw":"[latexpage]\r\n\r\nMetals and metal compounds are found in many different forms in the nature and man-made chemicals. It is important to distinguish between the pure element vs. the ionic form of a metal found in solid and\/or solution state. Listed below are some commonly found forms of metals and their compounds. Brief description is also provided to characterize their differences.\r\n

A. Earth's Crust - major ores-<\/h2>\r\nnative ores: Au, Ag, Pt, Cu\r\n\r\noxide ores: iron, aluminum, manganese, tin\r\n\r\nsulfide ores: zinc, cadmium, mercury, copper, lead, nickel, cobalt, silver\r\n\r\ncarbonate ores: iron, lead, zinc, copper, calcium, barium, magnesium, strontium\r\n\r\nhalides: sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, silver\r\n\r\nsulfates: calcium, strontium, barium, lead\r\n\r\nsilicates: beryllium, zinc, nickel\r\n\r\nphosphates: calcium\r\n

B. Oceans<\/h2>\r\nA ton of sea water contains about 55 lbs sodium chloride, 2.5 lbs of magnesium, 1.75 lbs of sulfur, 0.8 lbs calcium, 0.75 lbs potassium, 0.13 lbs bromine and smaller quantities of boron, fluorine and iodine and the metals, strontium, copper, iron, lead, zinc, uranium, silver, gold and even radon.\r\n

C. Human Blood<\/h2>\r\ncontains 85.2 mM of Na, 44.5 mM of K, 8.59 mM of iron, 2.42 mM of calcium, 1.57 mM of magnesium, 138.4 \u03bcM of zinc, 14.8 \u03bcM of copper, 2.18 \u03bcM of manganese and 0.71 \u03bcM of cobalt.\r\n

D. Municipal Water<\/h2>\r\nNa+<\/sup>, Ca2+<\/sup>, Mg2+<\/sup>, Fe3+<\/sup> and Mn2+<\/sup> are found along with bicarbonate, chloride, sulfate and silicate anions mainly. On evaporation or boiling, calcium sulfate, carbonate and silicate form clogging scales with low thermal conductivity in boilers. Hard water contains excessive amount of Ca2+<\/sup> and Mg2+<\/sup> and these metal ions form insoluble salts with soap and detergent.\r\n

E. Pure Metals and Alloys - in consumer goods and elsewhere<\/h2>\r\nbronze: 70-95% Cu, 1-25% Zn, 1-18% Sn\r\n\r\nsolder: 67% Pb, 33% Sn\r\n\r\nbattery plate: 94% Pb, 6% Sb\r\n\r\ndentist amalgam: 50% Hg, 35% Ag, 13% Sn, 1.5% Cu, 0.5% Zn\r\n\r\nsterling silver: 92.5% Ag, 7.5% Cu\r\n\r\n18 carat yellow gold: 75% Au, 12.5% Ag, 12.5% Cu\r\n\r\n18 carat white gold: 75% Au, 3.5% Cu, 16.5% Ni, 5% Zn\r\n\r\nyellow brass: 67% Cu, 33% Zn\r\n\r\nsteels: manganese alloy steel: Fe + 10-18% Mn (railroad rails)\r\n\r\nsilicon alloy steel: Fe + 1-5% Si (magnets)\r\n\r\nalnico: Fe + Al, Ni, Co (permanent magnets)\r\n\r\nchrom-vanadium alloy steel: Fe + 1-10% Cr + 0.15% V (axles)\r\n\r\nstainless steel: Fe + 14-18% Cr + 7-9% Ni (cutlery, instruments)\r\n\r\nhigh-speed steels: Fe + 14-20% W or 6-12% Mo (high-speed cutting tools)\r\n\r\nnickel alloy steel: Fe + 2-4% Ni (drive shafts, gears, cables)\r\n\r\nmild carbon steels: Fe + up to ~0.2% C (sheet iron, wire & pipes)\r\n\r\nmedium carbon steels: Fe + 0.2-0.6% C (rails, structural steel, boiler plate)\r\n\r\nhigh carbon steels: Fe + 0.6 to 1.5% C (surgical instr., razor blades, springs, cutlery)\r\n\r\nmonel metal: Ni + Cu + a little Fe - highly resistive to oxidation\r\n\r\nnichrome and chromel: alloys containing Ni, Fe and Cr - are resistant to oxidation at high temps and show high electric resistance (elec. heating wires, stoves, toasters, irons)\r\n\r\nbullets and bearings: Pb hardened with 10-20% Sb.\r\n\r\nBi\/Sn\/Pb alloys: low melting - used for elec. fuses, safety plugs, automatic safety plugs\r\n\r\nRoses metal: 50% Bi, 25% Pb, 25% Sn - melts at 94 \u00b0C\r\n\r\nWoods metal: 50% Bi, 25% Pb, 12.5% Sn, 12.5% Cd - melts at 65.5 \u00b0C\r\n\r\nRu\/Pt alloys: dental alloys and jewelry\r\n\r\nIr\/Pt alloys: very hard and permanent alloys used for pen tips, surgical tools, elec. equipment\r\n\r\nPd\/Pt\/Au alloys: dental alloys (orthodontic appliances) jewelry, lab ware\r\n\r\n89.9% Pt + 10.1% Ir alloy: The international standard kilogram and standard meter are made of this alloy because of permanence and low coefficient of thermal expansion\r\n\r\nmagnalium: Al + 1-15% Mg + 0-1.75% Cu - construction (lighter, harder, stronger than Al)\r\n\r\ntin plate: iron coated with Sn\r\n\r\nchromium plate: iron coated with Cr\r\n\r\ncadmium plate: iron coated with Cd (attractive and resists corrosion well)\r\n\r\ngalvanized iron: iron coated with zinc (resists corrosion well)\r\n\r\nmagnesium metal: corrosion prevention\r\n\r\ntitanium metal (and alloys): strong light and resists corrosion (aircraft manufact.)\r\n\r\ntungsten metal: m.p. 3370 \u00b0C (highest of the metals) - filament in elec. lamps, sparkplug contacts.\r\n\r\ncopper metal: electrical wiring, pipes\r\n\r\ncadmium metal rods: nuclear reactor use - absorbs neutrons and controls chain reaction\r\n\r\nmercury metal: liquid used in barometers, vacuum pumps, elec. contacts, lamps\r\n\r\naluminum metal: construction (airplane), elec. wiring, cooking utensils\r\n\r\nplatinum metal: electrodes, equipment for handling corrosive liquids and gases, electrical contacts, thermocouples, jewelry, dental appliances\r\n

F. Metals and Their Compounds as Catalysts<\/h2>\r\niron - cat. in NH3<\/sub> manuf.; Fe (or Pt or Cr) in diamond manufacture\r\n\r\nFe2<\/sub>O3<\/sub> - cat. in water-gas shift reaction\r\n\r\ncobalt - finely divided - cat. in hydrogenation of CO & CO2<\/sub> with the formation of \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 hydrocarbons and for oxidation of ammonia\r\n\r\nnickel - cat. in steam-hydrocarbon reforming process - (or Pd or Pt or Ag or CoO) - in H2<\/sub> + O2<\/sub> fuel cell\r\n\r\ncopper - cat. in Rochow process (mf. of silicones)\r\n\r\nAl2<\/sub>O3<\/sub> - cat. in manufacture of graphite\r\n\r\nPt - finely divided forms (Pt black or Pt sponge): cat. in oxidation of SO2<\/sub> (contact process); cat. in oxidation of NH3<\/sub> to NO\r\n\r\nRu3<\/sub>(CO)12<\/sub> - cat. in water-gas shift reaction\r\n\r\nRhCl(PPh3<\/sub>)3<\/sub> - cat. in olefin hydrogenation\r\n\r\nCo2<\/sub>(CO)8<\/sub> - cat. in hydroformylation reactions (C=C \u2192 CH\u2212CHO)\r\n\r\nEt3<\/sub>Al + TiCl3<\/sub> - cat. in polymerization of olefins (C=C \u2192 C\u2212C\u2212C)\r\n\r\nNi(acac)2<\/sub> - cat. in cyclo-oligomerization of acetylene\r\n

G. Metal Compounds in Consumer Goods, Industrial Processes, Etc.<\/h2>\r\nmetal hydrides (e.g. CaH2<\/sub>) - chemical dehydrating and reducing agents\r\n\r\nintercalation compounds of graphite - new anisotropic conductors\r\n\r\nNa2<\/sub>CO3<\/sub> - for CO2<\/sub> absorption\r\n\r\nCaCO3<\/sub> in lime production\r\n\r\nsilicates: Ca2<\/sub>Mg5<\/sub>(Si4<\/sub>O11<\/sub>)2<\/sub>(OH)2<\/sub> - tremolite (asbestos)\r\n\r\nK(Mg,Fe)(OH)2<\/sub>(AlSi3<\/sub>O10<\/sub>) - mica\r\n\r\nMx\/n<\/sub>[(AlO2<\/sub>)x<\/sub>(SiO2<\/sub>)y<\/sub>]\u20222H2O (M=Na+<\/sup>, K+<\/sup> or Ca2+<\/sup>) - zeolites\r\n\r\nNa2<\/sub>O\u2022xSiO2<\/sub> and CaO\u2022xSiO2<\/sub> - glass\r\n\r\nNa2<\/sub>SiO3<\/sub>\u2022xSiO2<\/sub> - silicate cement\r\n\r\nNaNO3<\/sub>, KNO3<\/sub>: fertilizers and used in explosives industry\r\n\r\nM(N3<\/sub>)2<\/sub>: azides of Pb, Hg and Ba - explode on striking; used in detonation caps\r\n\r\nCaH4<\/sub>(PO4<\/sub>)2<\/sub> and other phosphate fertilizers\r\n\r\nNaH2<\/sub>PO4<\/sub> and other orthophosphates and pyrophosphates used in water conditioning, detergents, baking products, etc.\r\n\r\nM5<\/sub>(P3<\/sub>O10<\/sub>) - tripolyphosphate - control hardness of water\r\n\r\nZn[(RO)2<\/sub>PS2<\/sub>]2<\/sub>: lubricating oil additives\r\n\r\nNaOH, CaO, Ca(OH)2<\/sub>: mortar, plaster, cement; manufacture of soap\r\n\r\nNa2<\/sub>O2<\/sub>: bleaching agent\r\n\r\nNaO2<\/sub> - CO2<\/sub> removal; O2<\/sub> generator\r\n\r\nCaS2<\/sub>, CaS5<\/sub> - fungicides\r\n\r\nNa2<\/sub>Sx<\/sub> - polysulfides used in rubber manufacture\r\n\r\nNaOH\/Na2<\/sub>S\/Na2<\/sub>CO3<\/sub>: Kraft pulp\r\n\r\nCaHSO3<\/sub>\/MgHSO3<\/sub>\/SO2<\/sub>: sulfite pulp\r\n\r\nNa2<\/sub>S2<\/sub>O4<\/sub> - dithionates: pulp bleaching\r\n\r\nNa2<\/sub>SO3<\/sub>, NaHSO3<\/sub>, CaSO3<\/sub>, Ca(HSO3<\/sub>)2<\/sub>, Ca(OC1)2<\/sub>, NaOCl, NaClO3<\/sub>: bleaching\r\n\r\nAgBr: photographic film\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nSome Important applications of alkali metal and their compounds can be found here<\/strong>:\r\n