{"id":638,"date":"2023-02-07T14:28:41","date_gmt":"2023-02-07T19:28:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/introductiontomicrobiologyforhealthsciences\/?post_type=back-matter&#038;p=638"},"modified":"2023-02-09T16:52:54","modified_gmt":"2023-02-09T21:52:54","slug":"glossary-1","status":"publish","type":"back-matter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/introductiontomicrobiologyforhealthsciences\/back-matter\/glossary-1\/","title":{"raw":"Glossary 1","rendered":"Glossary 1"},"content":{"raw":"<section id=\"fs-id1167658030340\" data-depth=\"2\">\r\n<ul id=\"fs-id1167660123593\">\r\n \t<li><strong>70S ribosome<\/strong> a prokaryotic ribosome composed of 50S and 30S subunits<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>80S ribosome<\/strong>\u00a0cytoplasmic eukaryotic ribosome composed of 60S and 40S subunits<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section><section id=\"fs-id1167662720513\" data-depth=\"2\">\r\n<h3 data-type=\"title\">A<\/h3>\r\n<ul id=\"fs-id1167660328270\">\r\n \t<li><strong>A-B exotoxin<\/strong>\u00a0class of exotoxin that contains A subunits, which enter the cell and disrupt cellular activities, and B subunits, which bind to host cell receptors<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>ABO blood group system<\/strong>\u00a0set of glycoprotein antigens found on the surface of red blood cells; the presence or absence of specific carbohydrates determining blood type<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>absorbance<\/strong>\u00a0when a molecule captures energy from a photon and vibrates or stretches, using the energy<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>acellular<\/strong>\u00a0not made of cells<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>acid-fast stain<\/strong>\u00a0a stain that differentiates cells that have waxy mycolic acids in their gram-positive cell walls<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>acidophile<\/strong>\u00a0organism that grows optimally at a pH near 3.0<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>acne<\/strong>\u00a0a skin disease in which hair follicles or pores become clogged, leading to the formation of comedones and infected lesions<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)<\/strong>\u00a0disease caused by HIV, characterized by opportunistic infections and rare cancers<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>active carrier<\/strong>\u00a0an infected individual who can transmit the pathogen to others regardless of whether symptoms are currently present<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>active immunity<\/strong>\u00a0stimulation of one\u2019s own adaptive immune responses<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>acute disease<\/strong>\u00a0disease of a relatively short duration that develops and progresses in a predictable pattern<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>acute glomerulonephritis<\/strong>\u00a0inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidney, probably resulting from deposition of immune complexes and an autoimmune response caused by self-antigen mimicry by a pathogen<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>acute-phase proteins<\/strong>\u00a0antimicrobial molecules produced by liver cells in response to pathogen-induced stimulation events<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>acyclovir<\/strong>\u00a0antiviral guanosine analog; inhibits DNA replication<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>adaptive immunity<\/strong>\u00a0third-line defense characterized by specificity and memory<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Addison disease<\/strong>\u00a0autoimmune disease affecting adrenal gland function<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>adenine<\/strong>\u00a0purine nitrogenous base found in nucleotides<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>adenosine diphosphate (ADP)<\/strong>\u00a0nucleotide derivative and relative of ATP containing only one high-energy phosphate bond<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>adenosine monophosphate (AMP)<\/strong>\u00a0adenine molecule bonded to a ribose molecule and to a single phosphate group, having no high-energy phosphate bonds<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>adenosine triphosphate (ATP)<\/strong>\u00a0energy currency of the cell; a nucleotide derivative that safely stores chemical energy in its two high-energy phosphate bonds<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>adhesins<\/strong>\u00a0molecules on the surface of pathogens that promote colonization of host tissue<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>adhesion<\/strong>\u00a0the capability of microbes to attach to host cells<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>aerobic respiration<\/strong>\u00a0use of an oxygen molecule as the final electron acceptor of the electron transport system<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>aerotolerant anaerobe<\/strong>\u00a0organism that does not use oxygen but tolerates its presence<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>aflatoxin<\/strong>\u00a0chemical produced by the fungus\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Aspergillus flavus<\/em>; both a toxin and the most potent known natural carcinogen<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>agglutination<\/strong>\u00a0binding of different pathogen cells by Fab regions of the same antibody to aggregate and enhance elimination from body<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>agranulocytes<\/strong>\u00a0leukocytes that lack granules in the cytoplasm<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>algae<\/strong>\u00a0(singular: alga) any of various unicellular and multicellular photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms; distinguished from plants by their lack of vascular tissues and organs<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>alkaliphile<\/strong>\u00a0organism that grows optimally at pH above 9.0<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>alkylating agent<\/strong>\u00a0type of strong disinfecting chemical that acts by replacing a hydrogen atom within a molecule with an alkyl group, thereby inactivating enzymes and nucleic acids<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>allergen<\/strong>\u00a0antigen capable of inducing type I hypersensitivity reaction<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>allergy<\/strong>\u00a0hypersensitivity response to an allergen<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>alveoli<\/strong>\u00a0cul-de-sacs or small air pockets within the lung that facilitate gas exchange<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>amantadine<\/strong>\u00a0antiviral drug that targets the influenza virus by preventing viral escape from endosomes upon host cell uptake, thus preventing viral RNA release and subsequent viral replication<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Ames test<\/strong> method that uses auxotrophic bacteria to detect mutations resulting from exposure to<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>amino acid<\/strong>\u00a0a molecule consisting of a hydrogen atom, a carboxyl group, and an amine group bonded to the same carbon. The group bonded to the carbon varies and is represented by an\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">R<\/em>\u00a0in the structural formula<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>aminoglycosides<\/strong>\u00a0protein synthesis inhibitors that bind to the 30S subunit and interfere with the ribosome\u2019s proofreading ability, leading to the generation of faulty proteins that insert into and disrupt the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>amoebiasis<\/strong>\u00a0intestinal infection caused by\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Entamoeba histolytica<\/em><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>amoebic dysentery<\/strong>\u00a0severe form of intestinal infection caused by\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Entamoeba histolytica<\/em>, characterized by severe diarrhea with blood and mucus<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>amphipathic<\/strong>\u00a0a molecule containing both polar and nonpolar parts<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>amphitrichous<\/strong>\u00a0having two flagella or tufts of multiple flagella, with one flagellum or tuft located at each end of the bacterial cell<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>anabolism<\/strong>\u00a0chemical reactions that convert simpler molecules into more complex ones<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>anaerobe chamber<\/strong>\u00a0closed compartment used to handle and grow obligate anaerobic cultures<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>anaerobe jar<\/strong>\u00a0container devoid of oxygen used to grow obligate anaerobes<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>anaerobic respiration<\/strong>\u00a0use of a non-oxygen inorganic molecule, like CO<sub>2<\/sub>, nitrate, nitrite, oxidized iron, or sulfate, as the final electron acceptor at the end of the electron transport system<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>analytical epidemiology<\/strong>\u00a0study of disease outbreaks to establish associations between an agent and a disease state through observational studies comparing groups of individuals<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>anaphylactic shock<\/strong>\u00a0another term for anaphylaxis<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>anaphylaxis<\/strong>\u00a0systemic and potentially life-threatening type I hypersensitivity reaction<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>anthrax<\/strong>\u00a0a disease caused by\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Bacillus anthracis<\/em>; the cutaneous form causes a skin lesion to develop; gastrointestinal and inhalation anthrax have high mortality rates<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>antibiotic-associated diarrhea<\/strong>\u00a0diarrhea that develops after antibiotic treatment as a result of disruption to the normal microbiota;\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">C. difficile<\/em>\u00a0is a particularly serious example<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>antibody<\/strong>\u00a0Y-shaped glycoprotein molecule produced by B cells that binds to specific epitopes on an antigen<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)<\/strong>\u00a0mechanism by which large pathogens are marked for destruction by specific antibodies and then killed by secretion of cytotoxins by natural killer cells, macrophages, or eosinophils<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>anticodon<\/strong>\u00a0three-nucleotide sequence of a mature tRNA that interacts with an mRNA codon through complementary base pairing<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>antigen (also, immunogen)<\/strong>\u00a0a molecule that stimulates an adaptive immune response<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>antigenic<\/strong>\u00a0able to stimulate an adaptive immune response<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>antigenic drift<\/strong>\u00a0form of slight antigenic variation that occurs because of point mutations in the genes that encode surface proteins<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>antigenic shift<\/strong>\u00a0form of major antigenic variation that occurs because of gene reassortment<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>antigenic variation<\/strong>\u00a0changing of surface antigens (carbohydrates or proteins) such that they are no longer recognized by the host\u2019s immune system<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>antigen-presenting cells (APC)<\/strong>\u00a0macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells that process and present foreign pathogen antigens for the purpose of activating T cells and adaptive immune defenses<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>antimetabolites<\/strong>\u00a0compounds that are competitive inhibitors for bacterial metabolic enzymes<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>antimicrobial drugs<\/strong>\u00a0chemical compounds, including naturally produced drugs, semisynthetic derivatives, and synthetic compounds, that target specific microbial structures and enzymes, killing specific microbes or inhibiting their growth<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>antimicrobial peptides (AMPs)<\/strong>\u00a0class of nonspecific, cell-derived chemical mediators with broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>antisepsis<\/strong>\u00a0protocol that removes potential pathogens from living tissue<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>antiseptic<\/strong>\u00a0antimicrobial chemical that can be used safely on living tissue<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>antiserum<\/strong>\u00a0serum obtained from an animal containing antibodies against a particular antigen that was artificially introduced to the animal<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>apoptosis<\/strong>\u00a0programmed and organized cell death without lysis of the cell<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>arachnoid mater<\/strong>\u00a0middle membrane surrounding the brain that produces cerebrospinal fluid<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>archaea<\/strong>\u00a0any of various unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms, typically having cell walls containing pseudopeptidoglycan<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Archaea<\/strong>\u00a0domain of life separate from the domains Bacteria and Eukarya<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>artery<\/strong>\u00a0large, thick-walled vessel that carries blood from the heart to the body tissues<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>artificial active immunity<\/strong>\u00a0immunity acquired through exposure to pathogens and pathogen antigens through a method other than natural infection<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>artificial passive immunity<\/strong>\u00a0transfer of antibodies produced by a donor to another individual for the purpose of preventing or treating disease<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>ascariasis<\/strong>\u00a0soil-transmitted intestinal infection caused by the large nematode roundworm\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Ascaris lumbricoides<\/em><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>asepsis<\/strong>\u00a0sterile state resulting from proper use of microbial control protocols<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>aseptic technique<\/strong>\u00a0method or protocol designed to prevent microbial contamination of sterile objects, locations, or tissues<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>aspergillosis<\/strong>\u00a0fungal infection caused by the mold\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Aspergillus<\/em>; immunocompromised patients are primarily at risk<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>asymptomatic carrier<\/strong>\u00a0an infected individual who exhibits no signs or symptoms of disease yet is capable of transmitting the pathogen to others<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>asymptomatic<\/strong>\u00a0not exhibiting any symptoms of disease<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>ATP synthase<\/strong>\u00a0integral membrane protein that harnesses the energy of the proton motive force by allowing hydrogen ions to diffuse down their electrochemical gradient, causing components of this protein to spin, making ATP from ADP and P<sub>i<\/sub><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>attachment<\/strong>\u00a0binding of phage or virus to host cell receptors<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>autoclave<\/strong>\u00a0specialized device for the moist-heat sterilization of materials through the application of pressure to steam, allowing the steam to reach temperatures above the boiling point of water<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>autotroph<\/strong>\u00a0organism that converts inorganic carbon dioxide into organic carbon<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section><section id=\"fs-id1167662843555\" data-depth=\"2\">\r\n<h3 data-type=\"title\">B<\/h3>\r\n<ul id=\"fs-id1167662851403\">\r\n \t<li><strong>\u03b2-lactamases<\/strong>\u00a0bacterially produced enzymes that cleave the \u03b2-lactam ring of susceptible \u03b2-lactam antimicrobials, rendering them inactive and conferring resistance<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u03b2-lactams<\/strong>\u00a0group of antimicrobials that inhibit cell wall synthesis; includes the penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, and monobactams; inhibits the transpeptidase cross-linking activity of penicillin-binding proteins<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>\u03b2-oxidation<\/strong>\u00a0process of fatty acid degradation that sequentially removes two-carbon acetyl groups, producing NADH and FADH<sub>2<\/sub>, on entry into the Krebs cycle<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>B-cell receptors (BCRs)<\/strong>\u00a0membrane-bound IgD and IgM antibody that bind specific antigen epitopes with Fab antigen-binding region<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>B lymphocyte<\/strong>\u00a0antibody-producing cells of humoral immunity; B cell<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>bacillary dysentery<\/strong>\u00a0gastrointestinal illness caused by\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Shigella<\/em>\u00a0bacteria, also called shigellosis<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>bacillus<\/strong>\u00a0(bacilli) rod-shaped prokaryotic cell<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>bacitracin<\/strong>\u00a0group of structurally similar peptides that block the movement of peptidoglycan precursors across the cell membrane, inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>bacteremia<\/strong>\u00a0condition marked by the presence of bacteria in the blood<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>bacteria<\/strong>\u00a0(singular: bacterium) any of various unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms typically (but not always) having cell wells that contain peptidoglycan<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>bacterial lawn<\/strong>\u00a0layer of confluent bacterial growth on an agar plate<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>bacterial meningitis<\/strong>\u00a0bacterial infection that results in an inflammation of the meninges<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>bacterial vaginosis<\/strong>\u00a0a condition caused by an overgrowth of bacteria in the vagina that may or may not cause symptoms<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>bactericidal<\/strong>\u00a0irreversible inhibition of a microbe\u2019s ability to divide<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>bactericide<\/strong>\u00a0chemical or physical treatment that kills bacteria<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>bacteriology<\/strong>\u00a0the study of bacteria<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>bacteriophage<\/strong>\u00a0virus that infects bacteria<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>bacteriostatic<\/strong>\u00a0having the ability to inhibit bacterial growth, generally by means of chemical or physical treatment; reversible inhibition of a microbe\u2019s ability to divide<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>barophile<\/strong>\u00a0organism that grows under high atmospheric pressure<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>base sequence<\/strong>\u00a0identity of the specific nucleotides present in a nucleic acid strand and their order within the strand<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>basophils<\/strong>\u00a0leukocytes with granules containing histamine and other chemicals that facilitate allergic responses and inflammation when released<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>binary fission<\/strong>\u00a0predominant form of bacterial reproduction in which one cell divides into two daughter cells of equal size, which separate, each offspring receiving a complete copy of the parental genome<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>binocular<\/strong>\u00a0having two eyepieces<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>binomial nomenclature<\/strong>\u00a0a universal convention for the scientific naming of organisms using Latinized names for genus and species<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>biofilm<\/strong>\u00a0complex ecosystem of bacteria embedded in a matrix<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>biogeochemical cycle<\/strong>\u00a0recycling of inorganic matter between living organisms and their nonliving environment<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>biological transmission<\/strong>\u00a0movement of a pathogen between hosts facilitated by a biological vector in which the pathogen grows and reproduces<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>biological vector<\/strong>\u00a0an animal (typically an arthropod) that is infected with a pathogen and is capable of transmitting the pathogen from one host to another<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>biomarker<\/strong>\u00a0a protein expressed by a cell or tissue that is indicative of disease<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>biomolecule<\/strong>\u00a0a molecule that is part of living matter<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>biosynthesis<\/strong>\u00a0replication of viral genome and other protein components<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>biotechnology<\/strong>\u00a0the science of using living systems to benefit humankind<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>blood-brain barrier<\/strong>\u00a0tight cell junctions of the endothelia lining the blood vessels that serve the central nervous system, preventing passage of microbes from the bloodstream into the brain and cerebrospinal fluid<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>botulism<\/strong>\u00a0form of flaccid paraylsis caused by the ingestion of a neurotoxin produced by\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Clostridium botulinum<\/em><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>bradykinin<\/strong>\u00a0activated form of a proinflammatory molecule induced in the presence of invader microbes; opens gaps between cells in blood vessels, allowing fluid and cells to leak into surrounding tissue<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>brightfield microscope<\/strong>\u00a0a compound light microscope with two lenses; it produces a dark image on a bright background<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>broad-spectrum antimicrobial<\/strong>\u00a0drug that targets many different types of microbes<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>bronchitis<\/strong>\u00a0inflammation of the bronchi<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>budding<\/strong>\u00a0unequal reproductive division in which a smaller cell detaches from the parent cell<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>budding yeasts<\/strong>\u00a0yeasts that divide by budding off of daughter cells<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Burkitt lymphoma<\/strong>\u00a0disease characterized by rapidly growing solid tumor; caused by Epstein-Barr virus (HHV-4)<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>burst<\/strong>\u00a0release of new virions by a lysed host cell infected by a virus<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section><section id=\"fs-id1167662497102\" data-depth=\"2\">\r\n<h3 data-type=\"title\">C<\/h3>\r\n<ul id=\"fs-id1167660288132\">\r\n \t<li><strong>candidiasis<\/strong>\u00a0fungal infection caused by\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Candida<\/em>\u00a0spp., especially\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">C. albicans<\/em>; can affect various regions of the body, e.g., skin (cutaneous candidiasis), oral cavity (oral thrush), or vagina (yeast infection)<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>capsid<\/strong>\u00a0protein coat surrounding the genome of the virus<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>capsomere<\/strong>\u00a0individual protein subunits that make up the capsid<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>capsule staining<\/strong>\u00a0a negative staining technique that stains around a bacterial capsule while leaving the capsule clear<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>capsule<\/strong>\u00a0type of glycocalyx with organized layers of polysaccharides that aid in bacterial adherence to surfaces and in evading destruction by immune cells<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>carbohydrate<\/strong>\u00a0the most abundant type of biomolecule, consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>carbon skeleton<\/strong>\u00a0chain of carbon atoms to which one or more functional groups are bound<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>carbuncle<\/strong>\u00a0abscess containing a large, deep, purulent skin lesion<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>carcinogen<\/strong>\u00a0agent that causes cancer<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>case-control study<\/strong>\u00a0a type of observational study in which a group of affected individuals are compared, usually retrospectively, to a similar group of unaffected individuals<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>catabolism<\/strong>\u00a0chemical reactions that break down complex molecules into simpler ones<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>catalase<\/strong>\u00a0enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>catalyst<\/strong>\u00a0molecule that increases the rate of a chemical reaction but is not used or changed during the chemical reaction and, thus, is reusable<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>causative agent<\/strong>\u00a0the pathogen or substance responsible for causing a particular disease; etiologic agent<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>celiac disease<\/strong>\u00a0disease largely of the small intestine caused by an immune response to gluten that results in the production of autoantibodies and an inflammatory response<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>cell envelope<\/strong>\u00a0the combination of external cellular structures (e.g., plasma membrane, cell wall, outer membrane, glycocalyces) that collectively contain the cytoplasm and internal structures of a cell<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>cell membrane<\/strong>\u00a0lipid bilayer with embedded proteins and carbohydrates that defines the boundary of the cell (also called the cytoplasmic membrane or plasma membrane)<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>cell morphology<\/strong>\u00a0cell shape, structure, and arrangement, as viewed microscopically<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>cell theory<\/strong>\u00a0the theory that all organisms are composed of cells and that the cell is the fundamental unit of life<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>cell wall<\/strong>\u00a0a structure in the cell envelope of some cells that helps the cell maintain its shape and withstand changes in osmotic pressure<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>cellular immunity<\/strong>\u00a0adaptive immunity involving T cells and the destruction of pathogens and infected cells<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>cellulose<\/strong>\u00a0a structural polysaccharide composed of glucose monomers linked together in a linear chain by glycosidic bonds<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>central dogma<\/strong>\u00a0scientific principle explaining the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>central nervous system (CNS)<\/strong>\u00a0portion of the nervous system made up of the brain and spinal cord<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>central tolerance<\/strong>\u00a0negative selection of self-reactive T cells in thymus<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>centrosome<\/strong>\u00a0a microtubule-organizing center for the mitotic spindle found in animal cells; it separates chromosomes during cell division and is composed of a pair of centrioles positioned at right angles to each other<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>cephalosporins<\/strong>\u00a0a group of cell wall synthesis inhibitors within the class of \u03b2-lactams<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)<\/strong>\u00a0sterile liquid produced in the brain that fills the subarachnoid space of the brain and spinal column<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>chemical mediators<\/strong>\u00a0chemicals or enzymes produced by a variety of cells; provide nonspecific antimicrobial defense mechanisms<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>chemically defined media<\/strong>\u00a0media in which all components are chemically defined<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>chemiosmosis<\/strong>\u00a0flow of hydrogen ions across the membrane through ATP synthase<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>chemokines<\/strong>\u00a0chemotactic cytokines that recruit specific subsets of leukocytes to infections, damaged tissue, and sites of inflammation<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>chemotaxis<\/strong>\u00a0directional movement of a cell in response to a chemical attractant<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>chemotroph<\/strong>\u00a0organism that gets its energy from the transfer of electrons originating from chemical compounds<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>chickenpox<\/strong>\u00a0common childhood disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus and marked by the formation of pustular lesions on the trunk<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>chitin<\/strong>\u00a0polysaccharide that is an important component of fungal cell walls<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>chlamydia<\/strong>\u00a0a common STI caused by\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Chlamydia trachomatis<\/em><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>chloramphenicol<\/strong>\u00a0protein synthesis inhibitor with broad-spectrum activity that binds to the 50S subunit, inhibiting peptide bond formation<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>cholera<\/strong>\u00a0gastrointestinal illness caused by\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Vibrio cholera<\/em>\u00a0characterized by severe diarrhea<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>chromatin<\/strong>\u00a0combination of DNA with DNA binding proteins<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>chromosome<\/strong>\u00a0discrete DNA structure within a cell that controls cellular activities<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>chronic disease<\/strong>\u00a0any disease that progresses and persists over a long time<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>chronic granulomatous disease<\/strong>\u00a0primary immunodeficiency caused by an impaired ability of phagocytic cells to kill ingested bacteria in the phagolysosome<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>cilia (singular: cilium)<\/strong>\u00a0short filamentous structures found on some eukaryotic cells; each is composed of microtubules in a 9+2 array, and may be used for locomotion, feeding, and\/or movement of extracellular particles that come in contact with the cell<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>ciliated epithelial cells<\/strong>\u00a0hair-like cells in the respiratory tract that beat, pushing mucus secretions and trapped debris away from the sensitive tissues of the lungs<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>clone<\/strong>\u00a0a genetically identical cell or individual<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><em data-effect=\"italics\">Clostridium perfringens<\/em>\u00a0gastroenteritis<\/strong>\u00a0relatively mild gastrointestinal illness caused by\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">C. perfringens<\/em><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>clusters of differentiation (CD)<\/strong>\u00a0cell-surface glycoproteins that serve to identify and distinguish white blood cells<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>coagulase<\/strong>\u00a0enzyme that causes the activation of fibrinogen to form fibrin, promoting clotting of the blood<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>coarse focusing knob<\/strong>\u00a0a knob on a microscope that produces relatively large movements to adjust focus<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>codon<\/strong>\u00a0three-nucleotide sequence within mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid to be incorporated into the polypeptide being synthesized<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>coenzyme<\/strong>\u00a0organic molecule required for proper enzyme function that is not consumed and is reusable<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>cofactor<\/strong>\u00a0inorganic ion that helps stabilize enzyme conformation and function<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>cohort method<\/strong>\u00a0a method used in observational studies in which a group of individuals is followed over time and factors potentially important in the development of disease are evaluated<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>colitis<\/strong>\u00a0inflammation of the large intestine<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>collagenase<\/strong>\u00a0enzyme that digests collagen, the dominant protein in connective tissue<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>colony-forming unit (CFU)<\/strong>\u00a0a counting quantity represented by a colony formed on solid medium from a single cell or a few cells<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>commensalism<\/strong>\u00a0type of symbiosis in which one population benefits and the other is not affected<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>commercial sterilization<\/strong>\u00a0type of sterilization protocol used in food production; uses conditions that are less harsh (lower temperatures) to preserve food quality but still effectively destroy vegetative cells and endospores of common foodborne pathogens such as\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Clostridium botulinum<\/em><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>common cold<\/strong>\u00a0most common cause of rhinitis in humans; associated with a variety of adenoviruses, coronaviruses, and rhinoviruses<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>communicable<\/strong>\u00a0able to be transmitted directly or indirectly from one person to another<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>competitive interactions<\/strong>\u00a0interactions between populations in which one of them competes with another for resources<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>complement activation<\/strong>\u00a0cascading activation of the complement proteins in the blood, resulting in opsonization, inflammation, and lysis of pathogens<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>complement system<\/strong>\u00a0series of proteins that can become activated in the presence of invading microbes, resulting in opsonization, inflammation, and lysis of pathogens<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>complementary base pairs<\/strong>\u00a0base pairing due to hydrogen bonding that occurs between a specific purine and a specific pyrimidine; A bonds with T (in DNA), and C bonds with G<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>complex media<\/strong>\u00a0media that contain extracts of animals and plants that are not chemically defined<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>complex virus<\/strong>\u00a0virus shape that often includes intricate characteristics not seen in the other categories of capsid<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>compound microscope<\/strong>\u00a0a microscope that uses multiple lenses to focus light from the specimen<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>condenser lens<\/strong>\u00a0a lens on a microscope that focuses light from the light source onto the specimen<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>conjugate vaccine<\/strong>\u00a0a vaccine consisting of a polysaccharide antigen conjugated to a protein to enhance immune response to the polysaccharide; conjugate vaccines are important for young children who do not respond well to polysaccharide antigens<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>conjugation<\/strong>\u00a0mechanism of horizontal gene transfer in bacteria in which DNA is directly transferred from one bacterial cell to another by a conjugation pilus<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>conjugation pilus (sex pilus)<\/strong>\u00a0hollow tube composed of protein encoded by the conjugation plasmid that brings two bacterial cells into contact with each other for the process of conjugation<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>conjunctiva<\/strong>\u00a0the mucous membranes covering the eyeball and inner eyelid<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>conjunctivitis<\/strong>\u00a0inflammation of the conjunctiva, the mucous membrane covering the eye and inside of the eyelid<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>contact<\/strong>\u00a0see\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">exposure<\/em><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>contact transmission<\/strong>\u00a0movement of a pathogen between hosts due to contact between the two; may be direct or indirect<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>contagious<\/strong>\u00a0easily spread from person to person<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>contrast<\/strong>\u00a0visible differences between parts of a microscopic specimen<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>counterstain<\/strong>\u00a0a secondary stain that adds contrasting color to cells from which the primary stain has been washed out by a decolorizing agent<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>crenation<\/strong>\u00a0shriveling of a cell<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease<\/strong>\u00a0form of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy found in humans; typically a fatal disease<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>critical item<\/strong>\u00a0object that must be sterile because it will be used inside the body, often penetrating sterile tissues or the bloodstream<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>cryptococcosis<\/strong>\u00a0fungal pneumonia caused by the encapsulated yeast\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Cryptococcus neoformans<\/em>\u00a0commonly found in bird droppings<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>culture density<\/strong>\u00a0the number of cells per volume of broth<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>culture medium<\/strong>\u00a0combination of compounds in solution that supports growth<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>cutaneous mycosis<\/strong>\u00a0any fungal infection that affects the surface of the skin, hair, or nails<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>cysticerci<\/strong>\u00a0larval form of a tapeworm<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>cystitis<\/strong>\u00a0inflammation of the bladder<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>cysts<\/strong>\u00a0microbial cells surrounded by a protective outer covering; some microbial cysts are formed to help the microbe survive harsh conditions, whereas others are a normal part of the life cycle<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>cytokine storm<\/strong>\u00a0an excessive release of cytokines, typically triggered by a superantigen, that results in unregulated activation of T cells<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>cytokines<\/strong>\u00a0protein molecules that act as a chemical signals; produced by cells in response to a stimulation event<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>cytokinesis <\/strong>division of the cytoplasm following mitosis that forms two daughter cells<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>cytoplasm<\/strong>\u00a0the gel-like material composed of water and dissolved or suspended chemicals contained within the plasma membrane of a cell<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>cytoplasmic membrane<\/strong>\u00a0see\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">cell membrane<\/em><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>cytosine<\/strong>\u00a0pyrimidine nitrogenous base found in nucleotides<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>cytoskeleton<\/strong>\u00a0a network of filaments or tubules in the eukaryotic cell that provides shape and structural support for cells; aids movement of materials throughout the cell<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>cytotoxic T cells<\/strong>\u00a0effector cells of cellular immunity that target and eliminate cells infected with intracellular pathogens through induction of apoptosis<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>cytotoxicity<\/strong>\u00a0harmful effects to host cell<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section><section id=\"fs-id1167662420192\" data-depth=\"2\">\r\n<h3 data-type=\"title\">D<\/h3>\r\n<ul id=\"fs-id1167662549898\">\r\n \t<li><strong>death phase (decline phase)<\/strong>\u00a0phase of the growth curve at which the number of dying cells exceeds the number of new cells formed<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>decimal reduction time (DRT)<\/strong>\u00a0or\u00a0<strong>D-value<\/strong>\u00a0amount of time it takes for a specific protocol to produce a one order of magnitude decrease in the number of organisms; that is, death of 90% of the population<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>decolorizing agent<\/strong>\u00a0a substance that removes a stain, usually from some parts of the specimen<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>definitive host<\/strong>\u00a0the preferred host organism for a parasite, in which the parasite reaches maturity and may reproduce sexually<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>degerming<\/strong>\u00a0protocol that significantly reduces microbial numbers by using mild chemicals (e.g., soap) and gentle scrubbing of a small area of skin or tissue to avoid the transmission of pathogenic microbes<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>degranulation<\/strong>\u00a0release of the contents of mast cell granules in response to the cross-linking of IgE molecules on the cell surface with allergen molecules<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>dermis<\/strong>\u00a0the second layer of human skin, found between the epidermis and the hypodermis<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>descriptive epidemiology<\/strong>\u00a0a method of studying a disease outbreak using case histories, contact interviews, medical information, and other sources of information<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>desensitization<\/strong>\u00a0injections of antigen that lead to production of antigen-specific IgG molecules, effectively outcompeting IgE molecules on the surface of sensitized mast cells for antigen<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>desiccation<\/strong>\u00a0method of microbial control involving the removal of water from cells through drying or dehydration<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>desquamation<\/strong>\u00a0peeling and shedding of outermost skin<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>diapedesis<\/strong>\u00a0process by which leukocytes pass through capillary walls to reach infected tissue; also called extravasation<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>diaphragm<\/strong>\u00a0a component of a microscope; typically consists of a disk under the stage with holes of various sizes; can be adjusted to allow more or less light from the light source to reach the specimen<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>differential media<\/strong>\u00a0media that contain additives that make it possible to distinguish bacterial colonies based on metabolic activities of the organisms<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>differential staining<\/strong>\u00a0staining that uses multiple dyes to differentiate between structures or organisms<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>diffraction<\/strong>\u00a0the changing of direction (bending or spreading) that occurs when a light wave interacts with an opening or barrier<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>dioecious<\/strong>\u00a0refers to sexually reproducing organisms in which individuals have either male or female reproductive organs (not both)<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>direct agglutination assay<\/strong>\u00a0assay that can be used to detect the agglutination of bacteria by the action of antibodies in patient serum<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>direct contact transmission<\/strong>\u00a0movement of a pathogen between hosts by physical contact or transfer in droplets at a distance less than one meter<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>direct ELISA<\/strong> enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay in which the antibodies are bound in the well of a microtiter plate; antigens present in an applied serum will then bind to antibodies in the well.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>direct hemagglutination assay<\/strong>\u00a0test that determines the titer of certain bacteria and viruses that causes clumping of red blood cells<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>direct microscopic cell count<\/strong>\u00a0counting of cells using a calibrated slide under a light microscope<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>disease<\/strong>\u00a0any condition in which the normal structure or function of the body is damaged or impaired<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>disinfectant<\/strong>\u00a0antimicrobial chemical applied to a fomite during disinfection that may be toxic to tissues<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>disinfection<\/strong>\u00a0protocol that removes potential pathogens from a fomite<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>disk-diffusion method<\/strong>\u00a0a technique for measuring of the effectiveness of one or more antimicrobial agents against a known bacterium; involves measuring the zone(s) of inhibition around the chemical agent(s) in a culture of the bacterium<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>doubling time<\/strong>\u00a0the time it takes for the population to double; also referred to as generation time<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>droplet transmission<\/strong>\u00a0direct contact transmission of a pathogen transferred in sneezed or coughed droplets of mucus that land on the new host within a radius of one meter<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>drug resistance<\/strong>\u00a0ability of a microbe to persist and grow in the presence of an antimicrobial drug<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>dry-heat sterilization<\/strong>\u00a0protocol that involves the direct application of high heat<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>dura mater<\/strong>\u00a0tough, outermost membrane that surrounds the brain<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>dysentery<\/strong>\u00a0intestinal inflammation that causes diarrhea with blood and mucus<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>dysuria<\/strong>\u00a0urination accompanied by burning, discomfort, or pain<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section><section id=\"fs-id1167662449509\" data-depth=\"2\">\r\n<h3 data-type=\"title\">E<\/h3>\r\n<ul id=\"fs-id1167660198000\">\r\n \t<li><strong>edema<\/strong>\u00a0swelling due to accumulation of fluid and protein in tissue as a result of increased permeability of capillary walls during an inflammatory response; chronic edema can also result from blockage of lymphatic vessels, as in the case of elephantiasis<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>effector cells<\/strong>\u00a0activated cells of cellular immunity that are involved in the immediate immune response, primarily to defend the body against pathogens<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>electron carrier<\/strong>\u00a0cellular molecule that accepts high-energy electrons from reduced molecules like foods and later serves as an electron donor in subsequent redox reactions<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>electron microscope<\/strong>\u00a0a type of microscope that uses short-wavelength electron beams rather than light to increase magnification and resolution<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>electron transport system (ETS)<\/strong>\u00a0series of membrane-associated protein complexes and associated mobile accessory electron carriers important in the generation of the proton motive force required for ATP production by chemiosmosis; the last component involved in the cellular respiration of glucose<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) pathway<\/strong>\u00a0type of glycolysis found in animals and the most common in microbes<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>emerging infectious disease<\/strong>\u00a0a disease that is new to the human population or has increased in prevalence over the previous 20 years<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>encephalitis<\/strong>\u00a0inflammation of the tissues of the brain<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>encystment<\/strong>\u00a0the process of forming a cyst<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>endemic disease<\/strong>\u00a0an illness that is constantly present (often at low levels) in a population<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>endocarditis<\/strong>\u00a0inflammation of the endocardium, especially the heart valves<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>endocytosis<\/strong>\u00a0the uptake of molecules through plasma membrane invagination and vacuole\/vesicle formation<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>endospore<\/strong>\u00a0a cellular structure formed by some bacteria in response to adverse conditions; preserves DNA of the cell in a dormant state until conditions are favorable again<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>endospore staining<\/strong>\u00a0a differential staining technique that uses two stains to make bacterial endospores appear distinct from the rest of the cell<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>endothelia<\/strong>\u00a0layer of epithelial cells lining blood vessels, lymphatics, the blood-brain barrier, and some other tissues<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>endotoxin<\/strong>\u00a0lipid A component of lipopolysaccharides in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>enriched media<\/strong>\u00a0media that contain additional essential nutrients to support growth<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>enrichment culture<\/strong>\u00a0media providing growth conditions that favor the expansion of an organism present in low numbers<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>enteric<\/strong>\u00a0bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae, which live in the human intestinal tract<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>enteritis<\/strong>\u00a0inflammation of the lining of the intestine<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>enterohemorrhagic\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">E. coli<\/em>\u00a0(EHEC)<\/strong>\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">E. coli<\/em>\u00a0bacteria that cause severe gastrointestinal illness with potential serious complications such as hemolytic uremic syndrome<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>enteropathogenic\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">E. coli<\/em>\u00a0(EPEC)<\/strong>\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">E. coli<\/em>\u00a0bacteria that cause serious gastrointestinal illness<\/li>\r\n \t<li><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>enterotoxin<\/strong>\u00a0toxin that affects the intestines<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Entner-Doudoroff (ED) pathway<\/strong>\u00a0alternative glycolytic pathway used by some bacteria<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>enveloped virus<\/strong>\u00a0a virus formed with a nucleic-acid packed capsid surrounded by a lipid layer<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>enzyme<\/strong>\u00a0catalyst for biochemical reactions inside cells<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>enzyme immunoassay (EIA)<\/strong> type of assay<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)<\/strong> an assay wherein either the primary antibody or an antigen is first attached to a solid surface such as the well of a microtiter plate and allowed to interact with the complementary serum antigen or antibody; an enzyme is coupled to a secondary antibody that will bind to either bound antigen or antibody; addition of a chromogenic substrate for the antibody allows detection of the secondary antibody<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>eosinophils<\/strong>\u00a0leukocytes with granules containing histamine and major basic protein; facilitate allergic responses and protection against parasitic protozoa and helminths<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>epidemic disease<\/strong>\u00a0an illness with a higher-than-expected incidence in a given period within a given population<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>epidemiology<\/strong>\u00a0the study of where and when infectious diseases occur in a population and how they are transmitted and maintained in nature<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>epididymitis<\/strong>\u00a0inflammation of the epididymis caused by a bacterial infection<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>epiglottitis<\/strong>\u00a0inflammation of the epiglottis<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>epitope<\/strong>\u00a0smaller exposed region on an antigen that is recognized by B-cell and T-cell receptors and antibodies<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>erythema<\/strong>\u00a0redness at the site of inflammation, usually due to dilation of blood vessels in the area to help bring in white blood cells<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>erythrocyte<\/strong>\u00a0red blood cell<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>erythrogenic toxin<\/strong>\u00a0exotoxin produced by some strains of\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Streptococcus pyogenes<\/em>; activity of the toxin can produce the characteristic rash of scarlet fever<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>erythromycin<\/strong>\u00a0protein synthesis inhibitor of the macrolide class that is often used as an alternative to penicillin<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>eukaryote<\/strong>\u00a0an organism made up of one or more cells that contain a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>eukaryotic cell<\/strong>\u00a0has a nucleus surrounded by a complex nuclear membrane that contains multiple, rod-shaped chromosomes<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>exocytosis<\/strong>\u00a0the release of the contents of transport vesicles to the cell\u2019s exterior by fusion of the transport vesicle\u2019s membrane with the plasma membrane<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>exotoxin<\/strong>\u00a0biologically active product that causes adverse changes in the host cells<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>experimental epidemiology<\/strong>\u00a0the use of laboratory and clinical studies to directly study disease in a population<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>experimental study<\/strong>\u00a0a type of scientific study that involves manipulation of the study subjects by the researcher through application of specific treatments hypothesized to affect the outcome while maintaining rigorously controlled conditions<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>exposure<\/strong>\u00a0contact between potential pathogen and host; also called contamination or contact<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>extracellular matrix<\/strong>\u00a0material composed of proteoglycans and fibrous proteins secreted by some eukaryotic cells that lack cell walls; helps multicellular structures withstand physical stresses and coordinates signaling from the external surface of the cell to the interior of the cell<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>extracellular polymeric substances (EPS)<\/strong>\u00a0hydrated gel secreted by bacteria in a biofilm containing polysaccharides, proteins, nucleic acids, and some lipids<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>extravasation<\/strong>\u00a0process by which leukocytes pass through capillary walls to reach infected tissue; also called diapedesis<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section><section id=\"fs-id1167662518786\" data-depth=\"2\">\r\n<h3 data-type=\"title\">F<\/h3>\r\n<ul id=\"fs-id1167657986458\">\r\n \t<li><strong>F pilus (F pili)<\/strong>\u00a0specialized type of pilus that aids in DNA transfer between cells; conjugation pilus of\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">E. coli<\/em><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>facultative anaerobe<\/strong>\u00a0organism that grows better in the presence of oxygen but can proliferate in its absence<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>false negative<\/strong>\u00a0negative result to a test for an infection or condition (e.g., presence of antigen, antibody, or nucleic acid) when the infection or condition is actually present<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>false positive<\/strong>\u00a0positive result to a test for an infection or condition (e.g., presence of antigen, antibody, or nucleic acid) when the infection or condition is actually absent<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>fastidious organism<\/strong>\u00a0organism that has extensive growth requirements<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Fc region<\/strong>\u00a0region on the trunk of an antibody molecule involved in complement activation and opsonization<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>fermentation<\/strong>\u00a0process that uses an organic molecule as a final electron acceptor to regenerate NAD<sup>+<\/sup>\u00a0from NADH such that glycolysis can continue<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>fever<\/strong>\u00a0system-wide sign of inflammation that raises the body temperature and stimulates the immune response<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>fimbriae<\/strong>\u00a0filamentous appendages found by the hundreds on some bacterial cells; they aid adherence to host cells<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>fine focusing knob<\/strong>\u00a0a knob on a microscope that produces relatively small movements to adjust focus<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>fixation<\/strong>\u00a0the process by which cells are killed and attached to a slide<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>flagella<\/strong>\u00a0long, rigid, spiral structures used by prokaryotic cells for motility in aqueous environments; composed of a filament made of flagellin, a hook, and motor (basal body) that are attached to the cell envelope<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>flagella staining<\/strong>\u00a0a staining protocol that uses a mordant to coat the flagella with stain until they are thick enough to be seen<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>flagellum (eukaryotic) (plural: flagella)<\/strong>\u00a0long, whip-like, filamentous external structure found on some eukaryotic cells; composed of microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement; used for locomotion<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>flukes<\/strong>\u00a0any of the parasitic nonsegmented flatworms (trematodes) that have an oral sucker and sometimes a second ventral sucker; they attach to the inner walls of intestines, lungs, large blood vessels, or the liver in human hosts<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>focal infection<\/strong>\u00a0infection in which the pathogen causes infection in one location that then spreads to a secondary location<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>folliculitis<\/strong>\u00a0a skin infection characterized by localized inflammation of hair follicles, typically producing an itchy red rash<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>fomite<\/strong>\u00a0inanimate item that may harbor microbes and aid in disease transmission<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>foodborne disease<\/strong>\u00a0disease that is transmitted through contaminated food<\/li>\r\n \t<li><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>fungi<\/strong>\u00a0(singular: fungus) any of various unicellular or multicellular eukaryotic organisms, typically having cell walls made out of chitin and lacking photosynthetic pigments, vascular tissues, and organs<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>fungicide<\/strong>\u00a0chemical or physical treatment that kills fungi<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>fungistatic<\/strong>\u00a0having the ability to inhibit fungal growth, generally by means of chemical or physical treatment<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>furuncle<\/strong>\u00a0a small, purulent skin lesion; sometimes called a boil<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section><section id=\"fs-id1167660600503\" data-depth=\"2\">\r\n<h3 data-type=\"title\">G<\/h3>\r\n<ul id=\"fs-id1167658357648\">\r\n \t<li><strong>gas gangrene<\/strong>\u00a0rapidly spreading infection of necrotic tissues caused by the gram-positive anaerobe\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Clostridium perfringens<\/em>\u00a0and other\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Clostridium<\/em>\u00a0spp.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>gastritis<\/strong>\u00a0inflammation of the lining of the stomach<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>gastroenteritis<\/strong>\u00a0inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestine<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>generation time<\/strong>\u00a0see\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">doubling time<\/em><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>genes<\/strong>\u00a0segments of DNA molecules that code for proteins or stable RNA molecules<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>genetic code<\/strong>\u00a0correspondence between mRNA nucleotide codons and the translated amino acids<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>genital herpes<\/strong>\u00a0an STI caused by the herpes simplex virus<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>genital warts<\/strong>\u00a0soft, pink, irregular growths that develop in the external genitalia or anus as a result of human papillomavirus infection<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>germ theory of disease<\/strong>\u00a0the theory that many diseases are the result of microbial infection<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>germination<\/strong>\u00a0process of an endospore returning to the vegetative state<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Ghon complex<\/strong>\u00a0calcified lesion containing\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/em>; forms in the lungs of patients with tuberculosis<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>giardiasis<\/strong>\u00a0intestinal infection caused by\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Giardia lamblia<\/em><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>glomerulonephritis<\/strong>\u00a0a type of kidney infection involving the glomeruli of the nephrons<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>glycocalyx<\/strong>\u00a0cell envelope structure (either capsules or slime layer) outside the cell wall in some bacteria; allows bacteria to adhere to surfaces, aids in biofilm formation, and provides protection from predation<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>glycogen<\/strong>\u00a0highly branched storage polysaccharide in animal cells and bacteria<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>glycolipid<\/strong>\u00a0complex lipid that contains a carbohydrate moiety<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>glycolysis<\/strong>\u00a0first step in the breakdown of glucose, the most common example of which is the Embden-Meyerhoff-Parnas pathway, producing two pyruvates, two NADH molecules, and two (net yield) ATP per starting glucose molecule<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>gonorrhea<\/strong>\u00a0a common STI of the reproductive system caused by\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/em><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Gram stain procedure<\/strong>\u00a0a differential staining technique that distinguishes bacteria based upon their cell wall structure<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>granuloma<\/strong>\u00a0walled-off area of chronically inflamed tissue containing microbial pathogens, macrophages, and cellular materials unable to be eliminated<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>granzymes<\/strong>\u00a0proteases released from a natural killer cell that enter the cytoplasm of a target cell, inducing apoptosis<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>growth curve<\/strong>\u00a0a graph modeling the number of cells in a culture over time<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>gummas<\/strong>\u00a0granulomatous lesions that develop in tertiary syphilis<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section><section id=\"fs-id1167660592484\" data-depth=\"2\">\r\n<h3 data-type=\"title\">H<\/h3>\r\n<ul id=\"fs-id1167660573394\">\r\n \t<li><strong>halophile<\/strong>\u00a0organism that depends on high concentrations of salt in the environment to grow<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>halotolerant<\/strong>\u00a0organism that grows in the presence of high salt concentration but does not require it<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>hapten<\/strong>\u00a0a molecule that is too small to be antigenic alone but becomes antigenic when conjugated to a larger protein molecule<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>hard chancre<\/strong>\u00a0a generally painless ulcer that develops at the site of infection in primary syphilis<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>healthcare-associated infection (HAI)<\/strong>\u00a0an infection acquired in a hospital or other health-care facility unrelated to the reason for which the patient was initially admitted; nosocomial infection<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>helical virus<\/strong>\u00a0cylindrical or rod shaped<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>helminth<\/strong>\u00a0a multicellular parasitic worm<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>helper T cells<\/strong>\u00a0class of T cells that is the central orchestrator of the cellular and humoral defenses of adaptive immunity and the cellular defenses of innate immunity<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>hemagglutination<\/strong>\u00a0visible clumping of red blood cells that can be caused by some viruses, bacteria, and certain diseases in which antibodies are produced that bind to self-red blood cells<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>hematopoiesis<\/strong>\u00a0formation, development, and differentiation of blood cells from pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>hematuria<\/strong>\u00a0condition in which there is blood in the urine<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>hemolysin<\/strong>\u00a0class of exotoxin that targets and lyses red blood cells, as well as other cells<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome<\/strong>\u00a0serious hemorrhagic fever caused by hantavirus infection<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>HEPA filter<\/strong>\u00a0high-efficiency particulate air filter with an effective pore size that captures bacterial cells, endospores, and viruses as air passes through, removing them from the air<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>hepatitis<\/strong>\u00a0inflammation of the liver<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>herd immunity<\/strong>\u00a0a reduction in disease prevalence brought about when few individuals in a population are susceptible to an infectious agent<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2)<\/strong>\u00a0the type of herpesvirus most commonly associated with genital herpes<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>heterotroph<\/strong>\u00a0organism that uses fixed organic carbon compounds as its carbon source<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>hexose monophosphate shunt<\/strong>\u00a0see\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">pentose phosphate pathway<\/em><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>histamine<\/strong>\u00a0proinflammatory molecule released by basophils and mast cells in response to stimulation by other cytokines and chemical mediators<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>histones<\/strong>\u00a0DNA-binding proteins found in eukaryotes and archaea that aid in orderly packaging of chromosomal DNA<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>horizontal direct transmission<\/strong>\u00a0movement of a pathogen from one host to another (excluding mother to embryo, fetus, or infant) in a population through physical contact or through droplet transmission<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>horizontal gene transfer<\/strong>\u00a0introduction of genetic material from one organism to another organism within the same generation<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>host range<\/strong>\u00a0the types of host cells that a particular virus is able to infect<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>HTST<\/strong>\u00a0high-temperature short-time pasteurization is a method of pasteurization commonly used for milk in which the milk is exposed to a temperature of 72 \u00b0C for 15 seconds<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)<\/strong>\u00a0retrovirus responsible for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) in humans<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>human papillomavirus (HPV)<\/strong>\u00a0a group of common sexually transmitted viruses that may be associated with genital warts or with cervical cancer<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>humoral immunity<\/strong>\u00a0adaptive immunity mediated by antibodies produced by B cells<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>hyaluronidase<\/strong>\u00a0enzyme produced by pathogens that degrades hyaluronic acid between adjacent cells in connective tissue<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>hyperthermophile<\/strong>\u00a0a microorganism that has an optimum growth temperature close to the temperature of boiling water<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>hypertonic medium<\/strong>\u00a0an environment in which the solute concentration outside a cell exceeds that inside the cell, causing water molecules to move out of the cell, resulting in crenation (shriveling) or plasmolysis.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>hyphae<\/strong>\u00a0tubular, filamentous structures that makes up most fungi<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>hypotonic medium<\/strong>\u00a0an environment in which the solute concentration inside a cell exceeds that outside the cell, causing water molecules to move into the cell, possibly leading to swelling and possibly lysis<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section><section id=\"fs-id1167660122937\" data-depth=\"2\">\r\n<h3 data-type=\"title\">I<\/h3>\r\n<ul id=\"fs-id1167662843214\">\r\n \t<li><strong>icosahedral<\/strong>\u00a0three-dimensional, 20-sided structure with 12 vertices<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>IgA<\/strong>\u00a0antibody dimer primarily found in breast milk, mucus, saliva, and tears<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>IgD<\/strong>\u00a0membrane-body antibody monomer functioning as receptor on the surface of B cells<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>IgE<\/strong>\u00a0antibody monomer involved in defense against parasites and allergic reactions<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>IgG<\/strong>\u00a0antibody monomer most abundant in serum; able to cross placenta; most versatile class of antibody in terms of function<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>IgM<\/strong>\u00a0antibody that is a monomer when functioning as a receptor on surface of B cells but a pentamer when secreted in response to specific pathogens; first antibody to respond during primary and secondary responses<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>imidazoles<\/strong>\u00a0class of antifungal drugs that inhibit ergosterol biosynthesis<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>immune complex<\/strong>\u00a0large group of antigens bound by antibodies; large enough to settle out of fluid suspension<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>immunoglobulin<\/strong>\u00a0antibody<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>impetigo<\/strong>\u00a0a skin infection that may result in vesicles, blisters, or bullae especially around the mouth, commonly caused by\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Staphylococcus aureus<\/em>,\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">S. pyogenes,<\/em>\u00a0or a combination of both\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">S. aureus<\/em>\u00a0and\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">S. pyogenes<\/em><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>in vitro<\/strong>\u00a0outside the organism in a test tube or artificial environment<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>in vivo<\/strong>\u00a0inside the organism<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>inactivated vaccine<\/strong>\u00a0vaccine composed of whole pathogen cells or viruses that have been killed or inactivated through treatment with heat, radiation, or chemicals<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>incidence<\/strong>\u00a0the number of individuals with new infections of a particular disease in a given period of time<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>inclusions<\/strong>\u00a0prokaryotic cell cytoplasmic structures for storing specific nutrients and other resources needed by cells<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>incubation period<\/strong>\u00a0the first stage of acute disease, during which the pathogen begins multiplying in the host and signs and symptoms are not observable<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>indirect agglutination assay<\/strong>\u00a0assay that can be used to detect the agglutination of small latex beads; beads may be coated with antigen when looking for the presence of specific antibodies, or with antibody when looking for the presence of antigen<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>indirect contact transmission<\/strong>\u00a0transfer of an infectious agent between hosts through contact with a fomite<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>indirect ELISA<\/strong> an assay in which an antigen from a pathogen is first attached to the wells of a microtiter plate; the antigen then captures antibodies from patient serum to determine whether the patient currently has or previosly had the disease<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>infection<\/strong>\u00a0the successful colonization of a microorganism within a host<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>infectious disease<\/strong>\u00a0disease caused by a pathogen<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>infectious mononucleosis<\/strong>\u00a0common and mild infection caused by Epstein-Barr virus (HHV-4) or cytomegalovirus (HHV-5); transmitted by direct contact with body fluids such as saliva<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>inflammation<\/strong>\u00a0innate nonspecific immune response characterized by erythema, edema, heat, pain, and altered function, typically at the site of injury or infection but sometimes becoming systemic.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>influenza<\/strong>\u00a0highly contagious and acute viral disease of the respiratory tract caused by the influenza virus<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>inoculum<\/strong>\u00a0small number of cells added to medium to start a culture<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>inorganic phosphate (P<sub>i<\/sub>)<\/strong>\u00a0single phosphate group in solution<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>interferons<\/strong> cytokines released by cells that have been infected with a virus; stimulate antiviral responses in nearby cells<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>interleukins<\/strong>\u00a0cytokines largely produced by immune system cells that help coordinate efforts against invading pathogens<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>intermediate host<\/strong>\u00a0a host in which a parasite goes through some stages of its life cycle before migrating to the definitive host<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>intrinsic growth rate<\/strong>\u00a0genetically determined generation time under specific conditions for a bacterial strain<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>invasion<\/strong>\u00a0dissemination of a pathogen through local tissues or throughout the body<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>iodophor<\/strong>\u00a0compound in which iodine is complexed to an organic molecule, increasing the stability and efficacy of iodine as a disinfectant<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>ionizing radiation<\/strong>\u00a0high-energy form of radiation that is able to penetrate surfaces and sterilize materials by damaging microbial cell components and DNA<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>ischemia<\/strong>\u00a0condition marked by the inadequate flow of blood to the tissues<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>isotonic medium<\/strong>\u00a0a solution in which the solute concentrations inside and outside the cell are approximately equal, thereby creating no net movement of water molecules across the cell membrane<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>ivermectin<\/strong>\u00a0antihelminthic drug of the avermectin class that binds to invertebrate glutamate-gated chloride channels to block neuronal transmission in helminths<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section><section id=\"fs-id1167662470410\" data-depth=\"2\">\r\n<h3 data-type=\"title\">J<\/h3>\r\n<ul id=\"fs-id1167658393794\">\r\n \t<li><strong>jaundice<\/strong>\u00a0yellowish color of the skin and mucous membranes caused by excessive bilirubin caused by a failure of the liver to effectively process the breakdown of hemoglobin<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section><section id=\"fs-id1167660394290\" data-depth=\"2\">\r\n<h3 data-type=\"title\">K<\/h3>\r\n<ul id=\"fs-id1167662876536\">\r\n \t<li><strong>Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test<\/strong>\u00a0simple, rapid method for determining susceptibility and resistance of a bacterial pathogen to antibacterial drugs. The test involves drug-impregnated disks placed on an agar plate inoculated with a bacterial lawn.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Koplik\u2019s spots<\/strong>\u00a0white spots that form on the inner lining of the cheek of patients with measles<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Krebs cycle<\/strong>\u00a0cyclic pathway during which each two-carbon unit entering the cycle is further oxidized, producing three NADH, one FADH<sub>2<\/sub>, and one ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation, releasing two CO<sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0molecules and regenerating the molecule used in the first step; also called the\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">citric acid cycle<\/em>\u00a0or the\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">tricarboxylic acid cycle<\/em><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>kuru<\/strong>\u00a0rare form of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy endemic to Papua New Guinea<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section><section id=\"fs-id1167662383614\" data-depth=\"2\">\r\n<h3 data-type=\"title\">L<\/h3>\r\n<ul id=\"fs-id1167660577206\">\r\n \t<li><strong>lag period<\/strong>\u00a0the time between antigen exposure and production of antibodies<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>lag phase<\/strong>\u00a0interval before exponential growth of a microbial population during which cells adjust to a new environment<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>laryngitis<\/strong>\u00a0inflammation of the larynx<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>latent disease<\/strong>\u00a0disease that goes into a dormant nonreplicative state after the acute disease and can persist in this state for years, with the risk of reactivation back into acute disease<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>latent virus<\/strong>\u00a0virus that remains dormant in the host genome<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>leukocidin<\/strong>\u00a0class of exotoxin that targets and lyses leukocytes<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>leukocytes<\/strong>\u00a0white blood cells of various types, including granulocytes, lymphocytes, and monocytes<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>leukotrienes<\/strong>\u00a0lipid-based chemical mediators produced by leukocytes and other tissue cells; promote inflammation and allergic responses<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>lipase<\/strong>\u00a0extracellular enzyme that degrades triglycerides<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>lipopolysaccharide (LPS)<\/strong>\u00a0lipid molecules with attached sugars that are found as components of gram-negative outer membranes<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>lipoprotein<\/strong>\u00a0conjugated protein attached to a lipid<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>listeriosis<\/strong>\u00a0bacterial disease caused from the ingestion of the microbe\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Listeria monocytogenes<\/em><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>lithotroph<\/strong>\u00a0chemotroph that uses inorganic chemicals as its electron source; also known as chemoautotroph<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>live attenuated vaccine<\/strong>\u00a0vaccine with live pathogen that has been attenuated to become less virulent in order to produce an active but subclinical infection<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>local infection<\/strong>\u00a0infection in one limited area<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>log phase<\/strong>\u00a0interval of growth when cells divide exponentially; also known as the exponential growth phase<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>lophotrichous<\/strong>\u00a0having a single tuft of flagella located at one end of a bacterial cell<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>lymph nodes<\/strong>\u00a0bean-shaped organs situated throughout the body that contain areas called germinal centers, which are rich in B and T lymphocytes; also contain macrophages and dendritic cells for antigen presentation<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>lymphadenitis<\/strong>\u00a0inflammation of the lymph nodes<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>lymphangitis<\/strong>\u00a0inflammation of the lymphatic vessels<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>lyophilization<\/strong>\u00a0rapid freezing, followed by placement under a vacuum, of a material so that water is lost by sublimation, thereby inhibiting microbial growth<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>lysis<\/strong>\u00a0destruction of the host cell<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>lysosome<\/strong>\u00a0an organelle of the endomembrane system that contains digestive enzymes that break down engulfed material such as foodstuffs, infectious particles, or damaged cellular components<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section><section id=\"fs-id1167660301666\" data-depth=\"2\">\r\n<h3 data-type=\"title\">M<\/h3>\r\n<ul id=\"fs-id1167660620794\">\r\n \t<li><strong>M protein<\/strong>\u00a0a streptococcal cell wall protein that protects the bacteria from being phagocytized. It is associated with virulence and stimulates a strong immune response<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>macromolecule<\/strong>\u00a0polymer assembled from of individual units, monomers, that bind together like building blocks<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>macronutrient<\/strong>\u00a0element required in abundance in cells; account for approximately 99% of the cell\u2019s dry weight<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>macrophages<\/strong>\u00a0monocytes that have left the bloodstream and differentiated into tissue-specific phagocytes<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>mad cow disease<\/strong>\u00a0form of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy primarily affecting cattle; can be transmitted to humans by consumption of contaminated cattle products<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>magnetosomes<\/strong>\u00a0inclusions in certain bacterial cells containing magnetic iron oxide or iron sulfide, which allows bacteria to align along a magnetic field by magnetotaxis<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>magnification<\/strong>\u00a0the power of a microscope (or lens) to produce an image that appears larger than the actual specimen, expressed as a factor of the actual size<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>major histocompatibility complex (MHC)<\/strong>\u00a0collection of genes that code for MHC glycoproteins expressed on the surface of all nucleated cells<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>malaise<\/strong>\u00a0a general feeling of being unwell<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>malaria<\/strong>\u00a0potentially fatal, mosquito-borne protozoan infection caused by several species of\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Plasmodium<\/em>\u00a0and characterized by a relapsing fever, nausea, vomiting, and fatigue<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>mast cells<\/strong>\u00a0granulocytes similar in origin and function to basophils, but residing in tissues<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>maturation<\/strong>\u00a0assembly of viral components to produce a functional virus<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>mature na\u00efve T cell<\/strong>\u00a0a T cell that has exited the thymus after thymic selection but has not yet been activated<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>maximum growth pH<\/strong>\u00a0highest pH value that an organism can tolerate for growth<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>maximum growth temperature<\/strong>\u00a0highest temperature at which a microorganism will divide or survive<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>maximum permissible oxygen concentration<\/strong>\u00a0highest concentration of oxygen at which an organism will grow<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>measles<\/strong>\u00a0highly contagious respiratory disease caused by the measles virus (MeV); marked by an intense macular rash and high fever; also known as rubeola<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>mechanical transmission<\/strong>\u00a0transfer of a pathogen between hosts by a mechanical vector<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>mechanical vector<\/strong>\u00a0an animal that transfers a pathogen from one host to another or from a reservoir to a host without being infected by the pathogen itself<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>median infectious dose (ID<sub>50<\/sub>)<\/strong>\u00a0concentration of pathogen that will produce active infection in 50% of test animals inoculated<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>median lethal dose (LD<sub>50<\/sub>)<\/strong>\u00a0concentration of pathogen that kills 50% of infected test animals<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>meiosis <\/strong>a two-stage nuclear division process that results in four genetically distinct gametes<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>membrane attack complex (MAC)<\/strong>\u00a0ring structure formed from complement proteins C6 through C9 that penetrates the membranes of a targeted cell, causing cell lysis and death<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>membrane filtration<\/strong>\u00a0method to remove bacteria from liquid, typically heat-sensitive solutions, using filters with an effective pore size of 0.2 \u00b5m or smaller, depending on need<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>membrane-bound ribosome<\/strong>\u00a080S eukaryotic ribosome attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>membrane-disrupting toxin<\/strong>\u00a0toxin that affects cell membrane function by either forming pores or disrupting the phospholipid bilayer<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>memory B cell<\/strong>\u00a0an activated and differentiated B cell that is programmed to respond to secondary exposures to a specific antigen<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>memory helper T cell<\/strong>\u00a0a long-lived T cell programmed to recognize and quickly mount a secondary response to a specific pathogen upon re-exposure<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>memory<\/strong>\u00a0the ability of the specific adaptive immune system to quickly respond to pathogens to which it has previously been exposed<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>meninges<\/strong>\u00a0membranes that surround the brain<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>meningitis<\/strong>\u00a0inflammation of the meningeal membranes that surround the brain<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>meningococcal meningitis<\/strong>\u00a0bacterial infection caused by\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Neisseria meningitidis<\/em>\u00a0that results in an inflammation of the meninges<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>meningoencephalitis<\/strong>\u00a0inflammatory response that involves both the brain and the membranes that surround it<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>mesophile<\/strong>\u00a0a microorganism that grows best at moderate temperatures, typically between about 20 \u00b0C and 45 \u00b0C<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>metabolism<\/strong>\u00a0all of the chemical reactions inside of cells<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>methanogen<\/strong>\u00a0microorganism that produces gaseous methane<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>methicillin-resistant\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Staphylococcus aureus<\/em>\u00a0(MRSA)<\/strong>\u00a0pathogen resistant to all \u03b2-lactams through acquisition of a new low-affinity penicillin-binding protein, and often resistant to many other drug classes<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>MHC I molecule<\/strong>\u00a0glycoprotein expressed on the surface of all nucleated cells and involved in the presentation of normal \u201cself\u201d antigens and foreign antigens from intracellular pathogens<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>MHC II molecule<\/strong>\u00a0glycoprotein expressed only on the surface of antigen-presenting cells and involved in the presentation of foreign antigens from pathogens ingested by phagocytosis<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>micelle<\/strong>\u00a0simple spherical arrangement of amphipathic lipid molecules with nonpolar tails aggregated within the interior and polar heads forming the outer surface<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>microaerophile<\/strong>\u00a0organism that requires oxygen at levels lower than atmospheric concentration<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>microbe<\/strong>\u00a0generally, an organism that is too small to be seen without a microscope; also known as a microorganism<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>microbial death curve<\/strong>\u00a0graphical representation of the progress of a particular microbial control protocol<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>microbial ecology<\/strong> study of the interactions between microbial populations<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>microbiology<\/strong> the study of microorganisms<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>microbiome<\/strong>\u00a0all prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms and their genetic material that are associated with a certain organism<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>microfilament<\/strong>\u00a0cytoskeletal fiber composed of actin filaments<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>micronutrient<\/strong>\u00a0indispensable element present in cells in lower amounts than macronutrients; also called\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">trace element<\/em><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>microorganism<\/strong>\u00a0generally, an organism that is too small to be seen without a microscope; also known as a microbe<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>microtiter plates<\/strong>\u00a0plastic dishes with multiple small wells<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>microtubule<\/strong>\u00a0hollow tube composed of tubulin dimers (\u03b1 and \u03b2 tubulin); the structural component of the cytoskeleton, centrioles, flagella, and cilia<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>miliary tuberculosis<\/strong>\u00a0hematogenous dissemination and spread of\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/em>\u00a0from tubercles<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>minimum growth pH<\/strong>\u00a0lowest pH value that an organism can tolerate for growth<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>minimum growth temperature<\/strong>\u00a0lowest temperature at which a microorganism will divide or survive<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>minimum permissible oxygen concentration<\/strong>\u00a0lowest concentration of oxygen at which an organism will grow<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>mitochondrial matrix<\/strong>\u00a0the innermost space of the mitochondrion enclosed by two membranes; the location of many metabolic enzymes as well as the mitochondrial DNA and 70S ribosomes<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>mitochondrion (plural: mitochondria)<\/strong>\u00a0large, complex organelle that is the site of cellular respiration in eukaryotic cells<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>mitosis<\/strong>(also, karyokinesis) period of the cell cycle during which the duplicated chromosomes are separated into identical nuclei; includes prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>mitotic phase<\/strong>period of the cell cycle during which duplicated chromosomes are distributed into two nuclei and cytoplasmic contents are divided; includes karyokinesis (mitosis) and cytokinesis<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>moist-heat sterilization<\/strong>\u00a0protocol that involves steam under pressure in an autoclave, allowing the steam to reach temperatures higher than the boiling point of water<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>mold<\/strong>\u00a0a multicellular fungus, typically made up of long filaments<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>monocytes<\/strong>\u00a0large, agranular, mononuclear leukocytes found in the peripheral blood; responsible for phagocytosis of pathogens and damaged cells<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>monoecious<\/strong>\u00a0refers to sexually reproducing organisms in which individuals have both male and female reproductive organs<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>monomer<\/strong>\u00a0small organic molecule that binds with like molecules, forming a polymer or macromolecule<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>monosaccharide<\/strong>\u00a0monomer for the synthesis of carbohydrate polymers; the simplest carbohydrate, called a\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">simple sugar<\/em><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>monotrichous<\/strong>\u00a0having one flagellum, typically located on one end of the bacterial cell<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>morbidity<\/strong>\u00a0a state of illness<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>morbidity rate<\/strong>\u00a0the number of cases of a disease expressed as a percentage of the population or number per standard part of the population, such as 100,000<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>mordant<\/strong>\u00a0a chemical added to a specimen that sets a stain<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>mortality<\/strong>\u00a0death<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>mortality rate<\/strong>\u00a0the number of deaths from a disease expressed as a percentage of the population or number per standard part of the population, such as 100,000<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>mRNA<\/strong>\u00a0short-lived type of RNA that serves as the intermediary between DNA and the synthesis of protein products<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>mucociliary escalator<\/strong>\u00a0system by which mucus and debris are propelled up and out of the respiratory tract by the beating of respiratory cilia and the mechanical actions of coughing or swallowing<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>mucous membrane<\/strong>\u00a0moist layer of epithelial cells and interspersed goblet cells that lines the inner surfaces of the body, usually bathed in antimicrobial secretions from the cells of the membrane<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>mucus<\/strong>\u00a0viscous secretion produced by cells and glands in various mucous membranes throughout the body; helps trap and remove microbes and debris from the body<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>multidrug-resistant microbes (MDR)<\/strong>\u00a0group of pathogens that carry one or more resistance mechanisms, making them resistant to multiple antimicrobials; also called superbugs<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>mutation<\/strong>\u00a0heritable change in the DNA sequence of an organism<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>mutualism<\/strong>\u00a0type of symbiosis in which two populations benefit from, and depend on, each other<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>mycelium<\/strong>\u00a0vegetative network of branched, tubular hyphae<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>mycolic acids<\/strong>\u00a0waxy molecules associated with peptidoglycan in some gram-positive, acid-fast bacteria, chiefly mycobacteria<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>mycology<\/strong>\u00a0the study of fungi<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><em data-effect=\"italics\">Mycoplasma<\/em>\u00a0pneumonia<\/strong>\u00a0also known as walking pneumonia; a milder form of atypical pneumonia caused by\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Mycoplasma pneumoniae<\/em><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>mycoses (mycosis, sing.)<\/strong>\u00a0refers to diseases caused by fungi<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>mycotoxin<\/strong>\u00a0biologically active product of pathogenic fungi that causes adverse changes in the host cells<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>myocarditis<\/strong>\u00a0inflammation of the heart muscle tissues<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section><section id=\"fs-id1167662518489\" data-depth=\"2\">\r\n<h3 data-type=\"title\">N<\/h3>\r\n<ul id=\"fs-id1167660358690\">\r\n \t<li><strong>na\u00efve mature B cell<\/strong>\u00a0a B cell that has not yet been activated<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>naked virus<\/strong>\u00a0virus composed of a nucleic acid core, either DNA or RNA, surrounded by a capsid<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>narrow-spectrum antimicrobial<\/strong>\u00a0drug that targets only a specific subset of microbes<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>natural active immunity<\/strong>\u00a0immunity that develops as a result of natural infection with a pathogen<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>natural antibiotic<\/strong>\u00a0antimicrobial compound that is produced naturally by microorganisms in nature<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>natural killer cells (NK cells)<\/strong>\u00a0lymphoid cells that recognize and destroy abnormal target cells by inducing apoptosis<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>natural passive immunity<\/strong>\u00a0transfer of maternal antibodies from mother to fetus (transplacentally) or infant (via breastmilk)<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>necrotizing fasciitis<\/strong>\u00a0a serious infection, also known as flesh-eating disease, that leads to rapid destruction of tissue through the action of exotoxin A; it can be caused by\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">S. pyogenes<\/em>\u00a0or several other bacterial species<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>negative (\u2013) single-strand RNA (\u2013ssRNA)<\/strong>\u00a0a viral RNA strand that cannot be translated until it is replicated into positive single-strand RNA by viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Nematoda<\/strong>\u00a0phylum comprising roundworms<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>neonatal herpes<\/strong>\u00a0herpes infection of the newborn, generally caused by infection during birth<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>neonatal meningitis<\/strong>\u00a0meningitis caused by Group B streptococcus and occurring primarily in neonates (less than 2 months old)<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>neonatal tetanus<\/strong>\u00a0tetanus acquired through infection of the cut umbilical cord<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>neutralization<\/strong>\u00a0binding of an antibody to a pathogen or toxin, preventing attachment to target cells<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>neutrophile<\/strong>\u00a0organism that grows best at a near a neutral pH of 6.5\u20137.5<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>neutrophils<\/strong>\u00a0leukocytes with a multilobed nucleus found in large numbers in peripheral blood; able to leave the bloodstream to phagocytose pathogens in infected tissues; also called polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs)<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>nicotine adenine dinucleotide (NAD<sup>+<\/sup>\/NADH)<\/strong>\u00a0oxidized\/reduced forms of an electron carrier in cells<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>nicotine adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP<sup>+<\/sup>\/NADPH)<\/strong>\u00a0oxidized\/reduced forms of an electron carrier in cells<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>nitrogenous base<\/strong>\u00a0nitrogen-containing ring structure within a nucleotide that is responsible for complementary base pairing between nucleic acid strands<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>noncoding DNA<\/strong>\u00a0regions of an organism\u2019s genome that, unlike genes, do not encode proteins<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>noncommunicable disease<\/strong>\u00a0disease that is not transmitted from one person to another<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>noncritical item<\/strong>\u00a0object that may contact intact skin but does not penetrate it; requires cleanliness but not a high level of disinfection<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>nonenveloped virus<\/strong>\u00a0naked virus<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>noninfectious disease<\/strong>\u00a0disease caused by something other than an infectious agent (e.g., genetics, environment, nutritional deficiencies)<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>nonionizing radiation<\/strong>\u00a0low-energy radiation, like ultraviolet light, that can induce dimer formation between two adjacent pyrimidine bases, resulting in DNA polymerase stalling and possible formation of a frameshift mutation<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>nosocomial disease<\/strong>\u00a0disease acquired in a hospital setting<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>nucleic acid<\/strong>\u00a0class of macromolecules composed of nucleotide monomers polymerized into strands<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>nucleoid<\/strong>\u00a0concentrated area of DNA genome and associated proteins found in a prokaryotic cell that is not surrounded by a membrane<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>nucleotide<\/strong>\u00a0nucleic acid monomer composed of a pentose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>nucleus<\/strong>\u00a0a membrane-bound structure of eukaryotic cells that houses the DNA genome<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section><section id=\"fs-id1167656802577\" data-depth=\"2\">\r\n<h3 data-type=\"title\">O<\/h3>\r\n<ul id=\"fs-id1167660545084\">\r\n \t<li><strong>objective lenses<\/strong>\u00a0on a light microscope, the lenses closest to the specimen, typically located at the ends of turrets<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>obligate aerobe<\/strong>\u00a0organism that requires oxygen for growth<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>obligate anaerobe<\/strong>\u00a0organism that dies in the presence of oxygen<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>obligate intracellular pathogen<\/strong>\u00a0microorganism that cannot synthesize its own ATP and, therefore, must rely on a host cell for energy; behaves like a parasite when inside a host cell, but is metabolically inactive outside of a host cell<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>observational study<\/strong>\u00a0a type of scientific study that involves measurement of study subjects on variables hypothesized to be associated with the outcome of interest, but without any manipulation of the subjects<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>ocular lens<\/strong>\u00a0on a microscope, the lens closest to the eye (also called an eyepiece)<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>oil immersion lens<\/strong>\u00a0a special objective lens on a microscope designed to be used with immersion oil to improve resolution<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>opacity<\/strong>\u00a0the property of absorbing or blocking light<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>opportunistic pathogen<\/strong>\u00a0microorganism that can cause disease in individuals with compromised host defenses<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>opsonin<\/strong>\u00a0any molecule that binds to and coats the outside of a pathogen, identifying it for destruction by phagocytes (examples include antibodies and the complement proteins C3b and C4b)<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>opsonization<\/strong>\u00a0process of coating a pathogen with a chemical substance (an opsonin) that allows phagocytic cells to recognize, engulf, and destroy the pathogen more easily<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>optimum growth pH<\/strong>\u00a0the pH at which an organism grows best<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>optimum growth temperature<\/strong>\u00a0the temperature at which a microorganism\u2019s growth rate is highest<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>optimum oxygen concentration<\/strong>\u00a0the ideal concentration of oxygen for a particular microorganism<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>oral herpes<\/strong>\u00a0an infection caused by herpes simplex virus that results in cold sores, most commonly on and around the lips<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>oral thrush<\/strong>\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Candida<\/em>\u00a0infection of the mouth<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>orchitis<\/strong>\u00a0inflammation of one or both of the testes<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>organic molecule<\/strong>\u00a0composed primarily of carbon; typically contains at least one carbon atom bound to one or more hydrogen atoms<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>organotroph<\/strong>\u00a0chemotroph that uses organic molecules as its electron source; also known as chemoheterotroph<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>osmosis<\/strong>\u00a0diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>osmotic pressure<\/strong>\u00a0the force or pressure generated by water diffusing across a semipermeable membrane, driven by differences in solute concentration across the membrane<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>outer membrane<\/strong>\u00a0a phospholipid bilayer external to the peptidoglycan layer found in gram-negative cell walls<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>oxidation reaction<\/strong>\u00a0chemical reaction that removes electrons (often as part of H atoms) from donor molecules, leaving them oxidized<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>oxidative phosphorylation<\/strong>\u00a0mechanism for making ATP that uses the potential energy stored within an electrochemical gradient to add P<sub>i<\/sub>\u00a0to ADP<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section><section id=\"fs-id1167656819590\" data-depth=\"2\">\r\n<h3 data-type=\"title\">P<\/h3>\r\n<ul id=\"fs-id1167662440165\">\r\n \t<li><strong>pandemic disease<\/strong>\u00a0an epidemic that is worldwide as opposed to regional<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>papilloma<\/strong>\u00a0growth on the skin associated with infection by any of the human papilloma viruses (HPV); commonly known as a wart<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>parasitism<\/strong>\u00a0type of symbiosis in which one population benefits while harming the other parasitology the study of parasites<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>parenteral route<\/strong>\u00a0means of entry by a pathogen through skin or mucous membranes when these barriers are breached<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>paroxysmal stage<\/strong>\u00a0most serious stage of pertussis (whooping cough), characterized by severe and prolonged coughing spells<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>passive carrier<\/strong>\u00a0an individual capable of transmitting a pathogen to another individual without becoming infected<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>passive immunity<\/strong>\u00a0adaptive immune defenses received from another individual or animal<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>pasteurization<\/strong>\u00a0form of microbial control using heat that is applied to foods; kills pathogens and reduces the number of spoilage-causing microbes while maintaining food quality<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>pathogen<\/strong>\u00a0a disease-causing microorganism<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)<\/strong>\u00a0common molecular motifs found on pathogens<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>pathogenicity<\/strong>\u00a0ability of a microbial agent to cause disease<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)<\/strong>\u00a0receptors on the surface or in the interior of phagocytic cells that bind to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)<\/strong>\u00a0infection of the female reproductive organs that may spread from the vagina to the cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>penetration<\/strong>\u00a0entry of phage or virus into a host cell through injection, endocytosis, or membrane fusion<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>penicillin<\/strong>\u00a0\u03b2-lactam antibacterial that was the first cell wall synthesis inhibitor developed<\/li>\r\n \t<li><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>pentose phosphate pathway (PPP)<\/strong>\u00a0alternative glycolytic pathway that produces intermediates used for the biosynthesis of nucleotides and amino acids; also called the\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">phosphogluconate pathway<\/em>\u00a0or the\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">hexose monophosphate shunt<\/em><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>peptic ulcer<\/strong>\u00a0an ulcer in the lining of the stomach or duodenum, often associated with\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Helicobacter pylori<\/em><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>peptidoglycan (murein)<\/strong>\u00a0the polymer of alternating N-acetylmuramic acid NAM and N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) subunits linked together by peptide chains; a major constituent of bacterial cell walls<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>perforin<\/strong>\u00a0compound released from a natural killer cell that creates pores in the target cell through which other toxins (particularly granzymes) can gain access to the cytoplasm<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>pericarditis<\/strong>\u00a0inflammation of the sac that surrounds the heart<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>period of convalescence<\/strong>\u00a0fifth stage of acute disease, during which the patient returns to normal function<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>period of decline<\/strong>\u00a0fourth stage of disease, during which the number of pathogens present in the host decreases, along with signs and symptoms of disease<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>period of illness<\/strong>\u00a0third stage of acute disease, during which the number of pathogens present in the host is greatest and the signs and symptoms of disease are most severe<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>peripheral tolerance<\/strong>\u00a0mechanism by which regulatory T cells inhibit self-reactive immune responses in T cells that have already exited the thymus<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>periplasmic space<\/strong>\u00a0the space between the cell wall and the plasma membrane, primarily in gram-negative bacteria<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>peristalsis<\/strong>\u00a0muscular contractions of the gastrointestinal tract that propel ingested material through the stomach, intestines, and, eventually, through the rectum and out of the body<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>peritrichous<\/strong>\u00a0having numerous flagella covering the entire surface of a bacterial cell<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>peroxidase<\/strong>\u00a0enzyme that catalyzes the detoxification of peroxides<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>peroxygen<\/strong>\u00a0type of strong oxidizing agent that causes free radical formation in cells; can be used as a disinfectant or antiseptic<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>pertussis<\/strong>\u00a0contagious illness caused by\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Bordetella pertussis<\/em>\u00a0that causes severe coughing fits followed by a whooping sound during inhalation; commonly known as whooping cough<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>pertussis toxin<\/strong>\u00a0main virulence factor accounting for the symptoms of whooping cough<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>petechiae<\/strong>\u00a0small red or purple spots on the skin that result from blood leaking out of damaged vessels<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Peyer\u2019s patches<\/strong>\u00a0lymphoid tissue in the ileum that monitors and fights infections<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>phagocytosis<\/strong>\u00a0a type of endocytosis in which large particles are engulfed by membrane invagination, after which the particles are enclosed in a pocket, which is pinched off from the membrane to form a vacuole<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>phagolysosome<\/strong>\u00a0compartment in a phagocytic cell that results when the phagosome is fused with the lysosome, leading to the destruction of the pathogens inside<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>phagosome<\/strong>\u00a0compartment in the cytoplasm of a phagocytic cell that contains the phagocytosed pathogen enclosed by part of the cell membrane<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>pharyngitis<\/strong>\u00a0inflammation of the pharynx<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>phenolics<\/strong>\u00a0class of chemical disinfectants and antiseptics characterized by a phenol group that denatures proteins and disrupts membranes<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>phenotype<\/strong>\u00a0observable characteristics of a cell or organism<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>phosphogluconate pathway<\/strong>\u00a0see\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">pentose phosphate pathway<\/em><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>phospholipase<\/strong>\u00a0enzyme that degrades phospholipids<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>phospholipid<\/strong>\u00a0complex lipid that contains a phosphate group<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>phototaxis<\/strong>\u00a0directional movement using flagella in response to light<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>phototroph<\/strong>\u00a0organism that gets its energy from light<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>phylogeny<\/strong>\u00a0the evolutionary history of a group of organisms<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>pili<\/strong>\u00a0long protein extensions on the surface of some bacterial cells; specialized F or sex pilus aids in DNA transfer between cells<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>pinocytosis<\/strong>\u00a0a type of endocytosis in which small dissolved materials are endocytosed into smaller vesicles<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>planktonic<\/strong>\u00a0free-floating or drifting in suspension<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>plaque<\/strong>\u00a0clear area on bacterial lawn caused by viral lysis of host cells<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>plasma cell<\/strong>\u00a0activated and differentiated B cell that produces and secretes antibodies<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>plasma<\/strong>\u00a0fluid portion of the blood that contains all clotting factors<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>plasma membrane<\/strong>\u00a0(also called the cell membrane or cytoplasmic membrane) lipid bilayer with embedded proteins that defines the boundary of the cell<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>plasmid<\/strong>\u00a0small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that is typically independent from the bacterial chromosome<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>plasmolysis<\/strong>\u00a0the separation of the plasma membrane away from the cell wall when a cell is exposed to a hypertonic environment<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>platelets<\/strong>\u00a0cell fragments in the peripheral blood that originate from megakaryocyte cells in the bone marrow; also called thrombocytes<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Platyhelminthes<\/strong>\u00a0phylum comprising flatworms<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>pleomorphic<\/strong>\u00a0able to change shape<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>pneumococcal meningitis<\/strong>\u00a0bacterial infection caused by\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/em>\u00a0that results in an inflammation of the meninges<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><em data-effect=\"italics\">Pneumocystis<\/em>\u00a0pneumonia<\/strong>\u00a0common pulmonary infection in patients with AIDS; caused by\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">P. jirovecii<\/em><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>pneumonia<\/strong>\u00a0pulmonary inflammation that causes the lungs to fill with fluids<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>polyhedral virus<\/strong>\u00a0virus with a three-dimensional shape with many facets<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN)<\/strong>\u00a0see\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">neutrophils<\/em><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>polymyxins<\/strong>\u00a0lipophilic polypeptide antibiotics that target the lipopolysaccharide component of gram-negative bacteria and ultimately disrupt the integrity of their outer and inner membranes<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>portal of entry<\/strong>\u00a0anatomical feature of the body through which pathogens can enter host tissue<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>portal of exit<\/strong>\u00a0anatomical feature of the body through which pathogens can leave diseased individual<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>positive (+) strand<\/strong>\u00a0viral RNA strand that acts like messenger RNA and can be directly translated inside the host cell<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>pour plate method<\/strong>\u00a0a technique used for inoculating plates with diluted bacterial samples for the purpose of cell counting; cells are mixed with warm liquid agar before being poured into Petri dishes<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>prevalence<\/strong>\u00a0the total number or proportion of individuals in a population ill with a specific disease<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>primary antibody<\/strong> in a direct (sandwich) ELISA, the antibody that is attached to wells of a microtiter plate to capture antigen from a solution, or in an indirect ELISA, the antigen-specific antibody present in a patient\u2019s serum<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>primary immunodeficiency<\/strong>\u00a0genetic condition that results in impaired immune function<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>primary infection<\/strong>\u00a0initial infection produced by a pathogen<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>primary lymphoid tissue<\/strong>\u00a0one of two types of lymphatic tissue; comprises bone marrow and the thymus<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>primary pathogen<\/strong>\u00a0microorganism that can cause disease in the host regardless of the effectiveness of the host\u2019s immune system<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>primary response<\/strong>\u00a0the adaptive immune response produced upon first exposure to a specific antigen<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>primary stain<\/strong>\u00a0refers, in differential staining techniques, to the first dye added to the specimen<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>prion<\/strong>\u00a0acellular infectious particle consisting of just proteins that can cause progressive diseases in animals and humans<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>prodromal period<\/strong>\u00a0second stage of acute disease, during which the pathogen continues to multiply in the host and nonspecific signs and symptoms become observable<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>proglottid<\/strong>\u00a0body segment of a cestode (tapeworm)<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>prokaryote<\/strong>\u00a0an organism whose cell structure does not include a membrane-bound nucleus<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>prokaryotic cell<\/strong>\u00a0a cell lacking a nucleus bound by a complex nuclear membrane<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>protists<\/strong>\u00a0informal name for diverse group of eukaryotic organisms, including unicellular, colonial, and multicellular types that lack specialized tissues<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>protozoan (plural: protozoa)<\/strong>\u00a0a unicellular eukaryotic organism, usually motile<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>protozoans<\/strong>\u00a0informal term for some protists, generally those that are nonphotosynthetic, unicellular, and motile protozoology the study of protozoa<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>provirus<\/strong>\u00a0animal virus genome that has integrated into the host chromosome<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>pseudohyphae<\/strong>\u00a0short chains of yeast cells stuck together<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>pseudomembrane<\/strong> grayish layer of dead cells, pus, fibrin, red blood cells, and bacteria that forms on mucous membranes<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>pseudomembranous colitis<\/strong>\u00a0inflammation of the large intestine with the formation of a pseudomembrane; caused by\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">C. difficile<\/em><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>pseudopodia<\/strong>\u00a0temporary projections involved in ameboid movement; these \u201cfalse feet\u201d form by gel-sol cycling of actin polymerization\/depolymerization<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>psychrophile<\/strong>\u00a0a microorganism that grows best at cold temperatures; most have an optimum growth temperature of about 15 \u00b0C and can survive temperatures below 0 \u00b0C; most cannot survive temperatures above 20 \u00b0C<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>psychrotroph<\/strong>\u00a0a microorganism that grows best at cool temperatures, typically between about 4 \u00b0C and 25 \u00b0C, with optimum growth at about 20 \u00b0C<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>puerperal sepsis<\/strong>\u00a0sepsis associated with a bacterial infection incurred by a woman during or after childbirth<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>purulent<\/strong>\u00a0an infection that produces pus; suppurative<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>pus<\/strong>\u00a0accumulation of dead pathogens, neutrophils, tissue fluid, and other bystander cells that may have been killed by phagocytes at the site of an infection<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>pyelonephritis<\/strong>\u00a0an infection of one or both kidneys<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>pyoderma<\/strong>\u00a0any suppurative (pus-producing) infection of the skin<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>pyuria<\/strong>\u00a0pus or white blood cells in the urine<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section><section id=\"fs-id1167658345586\" data-depth=\"2\">\r\n<h3 data-type=\"title\">Q<\/h3>\r\n<ul id=\"fs-id1167660661247\">\r\n \t<li><strong>quarantine<\/strong>\u00a0the isolation of an individual for the purpose of preventing the spread of disease<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>quaternary ammonium salts (quats)<\/strong>\u00a0group of cationic detergents, named for the characteristic quaternary nitrogen atom that confers a positive charge, that make up an important class of disinfectants and antiseptics<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>quinolines<\/strong> class of antiprotozoan drugs long used for the treatment of malaria<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>quorum sensing<\/strong>\u00a0cell-to-cell communication in bacteria; enables a coordinated response from cells when the population reaches a threshold density<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section><section id=\"fs-id1167662720370\" data-depth=\"2\">\r\n<h3 data-type=\"title\">R<\/h3>\r\n<ul id=\"fs-id1167662553691\">\r\n \t<li><strong>rabies<\/strong>\u00a0contagious viral disease primarily transmitted by the bite of infected mammals that can cause acute encephalitis resulting in madness, aggressiveness, coma, and death<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>reactivation tuberculosis<\/strong>\u00a0secondary infection by\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/em>\u00a0that forms later in life; occurs when the bacteria escape from the Ghon complexes and establish focal infections at other sites in immunocompromised individuals<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>reactive oxygen species (ROS)<\/strong>\u00a0unstable and toxic ions and molecules derived from partial reduction of oxygen<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>receptor-mediated endocytosis<\/strong>\u00a0a type of endocytosis in which extracellular ligands are targeted to specific cells through their binding to specific cell surface receptors<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>redox potential<\/strong>\u00a0tendency for a molecule to acquire electrons and become reduced; electrons flow from molecules with lower redox potentials to those with higher redox potentials<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>redox reaction<\/strong>\u00a0pairing of an oxidation reaction with a reduction reaction<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>reduction reaction<\/strong>\u00a0chemical reaction that adds electrons to acceptor molecules, leaving them reduced<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>reemerging infectious disease<\/strong>\u00a0a disease that was once under control or largely eradicated that has begun causing new outbreaks due to changes in susceptible populations, the environment, or the pathogen itself<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>refraction<\/strong>\u00a0bending of light waves, which occurs when a light wave passes from one medium to another<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>rejection<\/strong>\u00a0process by which adaptive immune responses recognize transplanted tissue as non-self, mounting a response that destroys the tissue or leads to the death of the individual<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>replication<\/strong>\u00a0process by which DNA is copied<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>reservoir<\/strong>\u00a0a living host or nonliving site in which a pathogenic organism can survive or multiply<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>resident microbiota<\/strong>\u00a0microorganisms that constantly live in the human body<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>resolution<\/strong>\u00a0the ability to distinguish between two points in an image<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>retort<\/strong>\u00a0large industrial autoclave used for moist heat sterilization on a large scale<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>retrospective study<\/strong>\u00a0a research design that associates historical data with present cases<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>retrovirus<\/strong>\u00a0positive ssRNA virus that produces and uses reverse transcriptase to make an ssDNA copy of the retroviral genome that can then be made into dsDNA and integrate into the host cell chromosome to form a provirus within the host chromosome.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>reverse transcriptase<\/strong>\u00a0enzyme found in retroviruses that can make a copy of ssDNA from ssRNA<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>reverse transcriptase inhibitor<\/strong>\u00a0classes of antiviral drugs that involve nucleoside analog competitive inhibition and non-nucleoside noncompetitive inhibition of the HIV reverse transcriptase<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Reye syndrome<\/strong>\u00a0potentially life-threatening sequelae to some viral infections that result in the swelling of the liver and brain; aspirin use has also been linked to this syndrome<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Rh factor<\/strong>\u00a0red blood cell surface antigen that can trigger type II hypersensitivity reactions<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>rheumatic fever<\/strong>\u00a0serious clinical sequela of an infection with\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Streptococcus pyogenes<\/em>\u00a0that can result in damage to joints or the valves of the heart<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>rheumatoid arthritis<\/strong>\u00a0systemic autoimmune disease in which immune complexes form and deposit in the joints and their linings, leading to inflammation and destruction<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>rhinitis<\/strong>\u00a0inflammation of the nasal cavity<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>ribosome<\/strong>\u00a0a complex intracellular structure that synthesizes proteins<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>rifampin<\/strong>\u00a0semisynthetic member of the rifamycin class that blocks bacterial RNA polymerase activity, inhibiting transcription<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>ringworm<\/strong>\u00a0a tinea (cutaneous mycosis of the skin), typically characterized by a round, red, slightly raised lesion that heals outward from the center, giving it the appearance of a round worm<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>rogue form<\/strong> misfolded form of the PrP protein that is normally found in the cell membrane and has the tendency to aggregate in neurons, causing extensive cell death and brain damage<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>rubella<\/strong>\u00a0German measles, caused by the rubella virus<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>runs (running)<\/strong>\u00a0purposeful, directional movement of a prokaryotic cell propelled by counterclockwise flagellar rotation<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section><section id=\"fs-id1167660126501\" data-depth=\"2\">\r\n<h3 data-type=\"title\">S<\/h3>\r\n<ul id=\"fs-id1167662865223\">\r\n \t<li><strong>salmonellosis<\/strong>\u00a0gastrointestinal illness caused by\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Salmonella<\/em>\u00a0bacteria<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>salpingitis<\/strong>\u00a0inflammation of the fallopian tubes<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>sanitization<\/strong>\u00a0protocol that reduces microbial load on inanimate surfaces to levels deemed safe for public health<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>SARS<\/strong>\u00a0severe acute respiratory syndrome; caused by a zoonotic coronavirus that results in flu-like symptoms<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>scarlet fever<\/strong>\u00a0bacterial infection caused by\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Streptococcus pyogenes<\/em>, marked by a high fever and a disseminated scarlet rash<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>schistosomiasis<\/strong>\u00a0helminthic infection caused by\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Schistosoma<\/em> spp.; transmitted from a snail intermediate host to human<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>scolex<\/strong>\u00a0the head region of a cestode (tapeworm), which typically has suckers and\/or hooks for attachment to the host<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>scrapie<\/strong>\u00a0form of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy that primarily affects sheep<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>sebaceous gland<\/strong>\u00a0a gland located in hair follicles that secretes sebum<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>sebum<\/strong>\u00a0lipid-rich substance secreted by the sebaceous glands of the skin<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>secondary antibody<\/strong>\u00a0antibody to which an enzyme is attached for use in ELISA assays; in direct and sandwich ELISAs, it is specific for the antigen being quantified, whereas in indirect ELISA, it is specific for the primary antibody<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>secondary immunodeficiency<\/strong>\u00a0impaired immune response due to infection, metabolic disturbance, poor diet, stress, or other acquired factors<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>secondary infection<\/strong>\u00a0second infection that develops after a primary infection as a result of the primary disease compromising immune defenses or antibiotics, thus eliminating protective microbiota<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>secondary lymphoid tissue<\/strong>\u00a0one of two types of lymphatic tissue; comprises the spleen, lymph nodes, Peyer\u2019s patches, and mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>secondary response<\/strong>\u00a0the adaptive immune response produced in response to a specific antigen to which the body has previously been exposed<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>selective media<\/strong>\u00a0media that contain additives that encourage the growth of some bacteria while inhibiting others<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>selective toxicity<\/strong>\u00a0desirable quality of an antimicrobial drug indicating that it preferentially kills or inhibits the growth of the target microbe while causing minimal or no harm to the host<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>semicritical item<\/strong>\u00a0object that contacts mucous membranes or nonintact skin but does not penetrate tissues; requires a high level of disinfection<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>sepsis<\/strong>\u00a0systemic inflammatory response to an infection that results in high fever and edema, causing organ damage and possibly leading to shock and death<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>septic shock<\/strong>\u00a0serious condition marked by the loss of blood pressure resulting from an inflammatory response against a systemic infection<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>septic<\/strong>\u00a0the condition of being septicemic; having an infection in the blood<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>septicemia<\/strong>\u00a0condition in which pathogens are multiplying in blood<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>serial dilution<\/strong>\u00a0sequential transfer of known volumes of culture samples from one tube to another to perform a several-fold dilution of the original culture<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>sessile<\/strong>\u00a0attached to a surface<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID)<\/strong>\u00a0genetic disorder resulting in impaired function of B cells and T cells<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>sex pilus<\/strong>\u00a0specialized type of pilus that aids in DNA transfer between some prokaryotic cells<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>shigellosis<\/strong>\u00a0gastrointestinal illness caused by\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Shigella<\/em>\u00a0bacteria, also called bacillary dysentery<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>shingles<\/strong>\u00a0acute and painful rash that forms following the reactivation of a latent chickenpox infection<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>shock<\/strong>\u00a0extreme drop in blood pressure that, among other causes, can result from a strong immune response to the activity of toxins or response to bacterial products and can result in death<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>sign<\/strong>\u00a0objective and measurable indication of a disease<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>simple microscope<\/strong>\u00a0a type of microscope with only one lens to focus light from the specimen<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>simple staining<\/strong>\u00a0a staining technique that uses a single dye<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>S-layer<\/strong>\u00a0cell envelope layer composed of protein covering the cell walls of some bacteria and archaea; in some archaea, may function as the cell wall<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>slime layer<\/strong>\u00a0a type of glycocalyx with unorganized layers of polysaccharides that aid bacterial adherence to surfaces<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>smear<\/strong>\u00a0a thin layer of a specimen on a slide<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>specificity<\/strong>\u00a0the ability of the specific adaptive immune system to target specific pathogens or toxins<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>spike<\/strong>\u00a0viral glycoprotein embedded within the viral capsid or envelope used for attachment to host cells<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>spirochetes<\/strong>\u00a0a group of long, thin, spiral-shaped fastidious bacteria that includes the human pathogens that cause syphilis, Lyme disease, and leptospirosis<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>spleen<\/strong>\u00a0abdominal organ consisting of secondary lymphoid tissue that filters blood and captures pathogens and antigens that pass into it; also contains specialized macrophages and dendritic cells that are crucial for antigen presentation<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>spontaneous generation<\/strong>\u00a0the now-disproven theory that life can arise from nonliving matter<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>sporadic disease<\/strong>\u00a0an illness that occurs at relatively low levels with no discernible pattern or trend, frequently with no geographic focus<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>sporulation<\/strong>\u00a0the process by which a vegetative cell produces a dormant endospore<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>spread plate method<\/strong>\u00a0a technique used for inoculating plates with diluted bacterial samples for the purpose of cell counting; the liquid sample is pipetted onto solid medium and spread uniformly across the plate<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>stage<\/strong>\u00a0the platform of a microscope on which slides are placed<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>staining<\/strong>\u00a0the addition of stains or dyes to a microscopic specimen for the purpose of enhancing contrast<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>staphylococcal food poisoning<\/strong>\u00a0gastrointestinal illness caused by toxins produced by\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Staphylococcus aureus<\/em><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>staphylolysins<\/strong>\u00a0a class of staphylococcal exotoxins that are cytotoxic to skin cells and white blood cells<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>stationary phase<\/strong>\u00a0interval during which the number of cells formed by cell division is equal to the number of cells dying<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>sterilant<\/strong>\u00a0strong chemical that effectively kills all microbes and viruses in or on an inanimate item<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>sterile field<\/strong>\u00a0specified area that is free of all vegetative microbes, endospores, and viruses<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>sterilization<\/strong>\u00a0protocol that completely removes all vegetative cells, endospores, and viruses from an item<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>strep throat (streptococcal pharyngitis)<\/strong>\u00a0bacterial pharyngitis caused by\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Streptococcus pyogenes<\/em><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome (STSS)<\/strong>\u00a0condition similar to staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome but with greater likelihood of bacteremia, necrotizing fasciitis, and acute respiratory distress syndrome<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>subclinical disease<\/strong>\u00a0disease that does not present any signs or symptoms<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>subcutaneous mycosis<\/strong>\u00a0any fungal infection that penetrates the epidermis and dermis to enter deeper tissues<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>substrate<\/strong>\u00a0chemical reactants of an enzymatic reaction<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>substrate-level phosphorylation<\/strong>\u00a0direct method of ATP production in which a high-energy phosphate group is removed from an organic molecule and added to an ADP molecule<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>subunit vaccine<\/strong>\u00a0vaccine that contains only key antigens as opposed to whole pathogens<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>sulfonamides (sulfa drugs)<\/strong>\u00a0group of structurally related synthetic antimicrobial compounds that function as antimetabolites, competitively inhibiting an enzyme in the bacterial folic acid synthesis pathway<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>superantigen<\/strong>\u00a0class of exotoxin that triggers a strong nonspecific immune response with excessive production of cytokines (cytokine storm) causing inflammation, high fever, shock, and, potentially, death<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>superinfection<\/strong>\u00a0secondary infection that may develop as a result of long-term, broad-spectrum antimicrobial use<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>superoxide dismutase<\/strong>\u00a0enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of superoxide anions<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>surfactant<\/strong>\u00a0group of chemical compounds used for degerming; lower the surface tension of water, creating emulsions that mechanically carry away microorganisms<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>symbiosis<\/strong>\u00a0any interaction between different species that are associated with each other within a community<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>symptom<\/strong>\u00a0subjective experience of disease felt by the patient<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>syndrome<\/strong>\u00a0group of signs and symptoms characteristic of a particular disease<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>syphilis<\/strong>\u00a0an STI caused by the bacterium\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Treponema pallidum<\/em><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>systemic autoimmune disease<\/strong>\u00a0autoimmune disease that affect the organism as a whole, rather than a single organ<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>systemic infection<\/strong>\u00a0infection that has spread to multiple locations or body systems<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)<\/strong>\u00a0severe inflammatory response to the presence of microbes in the blood; can lead to sepsis<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)<\/strong>\u00a0systemic autoimmune disease producing inflammatory type III hypersensitivities as antibodies form immune complexes with nuclear and cytoplasmic antigens<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>systemic mycosis<\/strong>\u00a0a fungal infection that spreads throughout the body<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section><section id=\"fs-id1167660266921\" data-depth=\"2\">\r\n<h3 data-type=\"title\">T<\/h3>\r\n<ul id=\"fs-id1167662757620\">\r\n \t<li><strong>T-cell receptors (TCR)<\/strong>\u00a0molecules on T cells involved in the recognition of processed foreign epitopes presented with MHC I or MHC II<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>T lymphocyte<\/strong>\u00a0lymphocyte that serves as the central orchestrator, bridging humoral, cellular, and innate immunity, and serves as the effector cells of cellular immunity; T cell<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>taeniasis<\/strong>\u00a0infection caused by\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Taenia<\/em><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>tapeworms<\/strong>\u00a0segmented, hermaphroditic, parasitic flatworms (Platyhelminthes)<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>T-dependent antigen<\/strong>\u00a0a protein antigen that is only capable of activating a B cell with the cooperation of a helper T cell<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>telomerase<\/strong>\u00a0enzyme that attaches to the end of a linear chromosome and adds nucleotides to the 3\u2019 end of one of the DNA strands, maintaining the telomere sequence, thus preventing loss of DNA from the end of the chromosome<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>telomere<\/strong>\u00a0repetitive, noncoding sequence found at the end of a linear eukaryotic chromosome that protects the genes near the end of the chromosome from deletion as the DNA molecule is repeatedly replicated<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>tetanus<\/strong>\u00a0bacterial disease caused by exotoxin produced by\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Clostridium tetani<\/em>\u00a0that causes a rigid paralysis<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>tetracyclines<\/strong>\u00a0class of protein synthesis inhibitors that bind to the 30S subunit, blocking the association of tRNAs with the ribosome during translation<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>T<sub>H<\/sub>1 cells<\/strong>\u00a0subtype of T cells that stimulate cytotoxic T cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and NK cells<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>T<sub>H<\/sub>2 cells<\/strong>\u00a0subtype of T cells that stimulate B cells and direct their differentiation; also involved in directing antibody class switching<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>thermophile<\/strong>\u00a0a microorganism that grows best at warm temperatures, typically between about 50 \u00b0C and 80 \u00b0C<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>thioglycolate medium<\/strong>\u00a0medium designed to test the aerotolerance of bacteria; it contains a low concentration of agar to allow motile bacteria to move throughout the medium<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>thioglycolate tube culture<\/strong>\u00a0contains reducing medium through which oxygen diffuses from the tube opening, producing a range of oxygen environments down the length of the tube<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>thrombocytes<\/strong>\u00a0see\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">platelets<\/em><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>thymic selection<\/strong>\u00a0a three-step process of negative and positive selection of T cells in the thymus<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>tincture<\/strong>\u00a0solution of an antiseptic compound dissolved in alcohol<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>T-independent antigen<\/strong>\u00a0a nonprotein antigen that can activate a B cell without cooperation from a helper T cell<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>tinea<\/strong>\u00a0any cutaneous fungal infection caused by dermatophytes, such as tinea corporis, tinea capitis, tinea cruris, and tinea pedis<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>tinea capitis<\/strong>\u00a0cutaneous mycosis of the scalp; also known as ringworm of the scalp<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>tinea corporis<\/strong>\u00a0cutaneous mycosis of the body; also known as ringworm of the body<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>tinea cruris<\/strong>\u00a0cutaneous mycosis of the groin region; also known as jock itch<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>tinea pedis<\/strong>\u00a0cutaneous mycosis of the feet; also known as athlete\u2019s foot<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>tissue tropism<\/strong>\u00a0tendency of most viruses to infect only certain tissue types within a host<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>tolerance<\/strong>\u00a0lack of an anti-self immune response<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>toll-like receptors (TLRs)<\/strong>\u00a0pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) that may be found on the external surface of phagocytes or facing inward in interior compartments<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>tonsillitis<\/strong>\u00a0inflammation of the tonsils<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>total magnification<\/strong>\u00a0in a light microscope is a value calculated by multiplying the magnification of the ocular by the magnification of the objective lenses<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>toxemia<\/strong>\u00a0presence of toxins in the blood<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>toxic shock syndrome<\/strong>\u00a0severe condition marked by the loss of blood pressure and blood clot formation caused by a bacterial superantigen, toxic shock syndrome toxin<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>toxigenicity<\/strong>\u00a0ability of a pathogen to produce toxins to cause damage to host cells<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>toxin<\/strong>\u00a0poison produced by a pathogen<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>toxoid vaccine<\/strong>\u00a0vaccine that contains inactivated bacterial toxins<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>toxoplasmosis<\/strong>\u00a0typically asymptomatic protozoan infection caused by\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Toxoplasma<\/em>\u00a0spp. and transmitted through contact with cysts in cat feces; infections in pregnant women may cause birth defects or miscarriage<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>trace element<\/strong>\u00a0indispensable element present in cells in lower amounts than macronutrients; also called\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">micronutrient<\/em><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>transcription<\/strong>\u00a0process of synthesizing RNA using the information encoded in DNA<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>transduction<\/strong>\u00a0mechanism of horizontal gene transfer in bacteria in which genes are transferred through viral infection<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>transformation<\/strong>\u00a0mechanism of horizontal gene transfer in bacteria in which naked environmental DNA is taken up by a bacterial cell<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>transient microbiota<\/strong>\u00a0microorganisms, sometimes pathogenic, that are only temporarily found in the human body<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>transition reaction<\/strong>\u00a0reaction linking glycolysis to the Krebs cycle, during which each pyruvate is decarboxylated and oxidized (forming NADH), and the resulting two-carbon acetyl group is attached to a large carrier molecule called coenzyme A, resulting in the formation of acetyl-CoA and CO; also called the\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">bridge reaction<\/em><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>translation (protein synthesis)<\/strong>\u00a0process of protein synthesis whereby a ribosome decodes an mRNA message into a polypeptide product<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>transmissible spongiform encephalopathy<\/strong>\u00a0degenerative disease caused by prions; leads to the death of neurons in the brain<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>transmittance<\/strong>\u00a0the amount of light that passes through a medium<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>transparency<\/strong>\u00a0the property of allowing light to pass through<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>tricarboxylic acid cycle<\/strong>\u00a0see\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Krebs cycle<\/em><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>trophozoite<\/strong>\u00a0a life cycle phase in which protists are actively feeding and growing<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>tubercle<\/strong>\u00a0small, rounded lesion<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>tuberculosis<\/strong>\u00a0life-threatening form of microbial infection marked by the presence of acid-fast bacteria growing in nodules (especially in the lungs)<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>tumbles (tumbling)<\/strong>\u00a0random, circuitous movement of a bacterial cell, propelled by clockwise flagellar rotation<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>tumor<\/strong>\u00a0collection or aggregate of cells; can be benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous)<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>turbidity<\/strong>\u00a0cloudiness of a culture due to refraction of light by cells and particles<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>type 1 diabetes mellitus<\/strong>\u00a0hyperglycemia caused by an autoimmune disease affecting insulin production by \u03b2 cells of the pancreas<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>type I hypersensitivity<\/strong>\u00a0rapid-onset allergic reaction due to cross-linking of antigen-specific IgE on the outside of mast cells, resulting in release of inflammatory mediators<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>type II hypersensitivity<\/strong>\u00a0cytotoxic reaction triggered by IgG and IgM antibodies binding to antigens on cell surfaces<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>type III hypersensitivity<\/strong>\u00a0inflammatory reaction induced by formation of immune complexes and their deposition in tissues and blood vessels<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>type IV hypersensitivity<\/strong>\u00a0delayed T-cell-mediated inflammatory reaction that takes longer to manifest than the first three hypersensitivity types, due to the need for activation of antigen-presenting cell and T-cell subsets<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>typhoid fever<\/strong>\u00a0serious illness caused by infection with certain serotypes of\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Salmonella<\/em><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section><section id=\"fs-id1167660142661\" data-depth=\"2\">\r\n<h3 data-type=\"title\">U<\/h3>\r\n<ul id=\"fs-id1167662765414\">\r\n \t<li><strong>UHT pasteurization<\/strong>\u00a0method of pasteurization that exposes milk to ultra-high temperatures (near 140 \u00b0C) for a few seconds, effectively sterilizing it so that it can be sealed and stored for long periods without refrigeration<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>ulcer<\/strong>\u00a0open sore<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>ureter<\/strong>\u00a0duct that transports urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>ureteritis<\/strong>\u00a0inflammation of the ureter<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>urethra<\/strong>\u00a0duct through which urine passes from the urinary bladder to leave the body through the urinary meatus<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>urethritis<\/strong>\u00a0inflammation of the urethra<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section><section id=\"fs-id1167660178292\" data-depth=\"2\">\r\n<h3 data-type=\"title\">V<\/h3>\r\n<ul id=\"fs-id1167662464707\">\r\n \t<li><strong>vaccination<\/strong>\u00a0inoculation of a patient with attenuated pathogens or antigens to activate adaptive immunity and protect against infection<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>vaginitis<\/strong>\u00a0inflammation of the vagina<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>vaginosis<\/strong>\u00a0an infection of the vagina caused by overgrowth of resident bacteria<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>variolation<\/strong>\u00a0the historical practice of inoculating a healthy patient with infectious material from a person infected with smallpox in order to promote immunity to the disease<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>vasculitis<\/strong>\u00a0inflammation affecting blood vessels (either arteries or veins)<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>vector<\/strong>\u00a0animal (typically an arthropod) that transmits a pathogen from one host to another host; DNA molecules that carry DNA fragments from one organism to another<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>vegetative cell<\/strong>\u00a0a cell that is actively growing and dividing, and does not contain an endospore<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>vehicle transmission<\/strong>\u00a0transfer of a pathogen between hosts via contaminated food, water, or air<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>vertical direct transmission<\/strong>\u00a0transfer of a pathogen from mother to child during pregnancy, birth, or breastfeeding<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>vertical gene transfer<\/strong>\u00a0transfer of genes from parent to offspring<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>viable cell<\/strong>\u00a0live cell; live cells are usually detected as colony-forming units<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>viable plate count<\/strong>\u00a0direct method of measuring microbial growth in a culture; the number of viable or live cells is usually expressed in CFU\/mL<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>viral envelope<\/strong>\u00a0lipid membrane obtained from phospholipid membranes of the cell that surrounds the capsid<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>viremia<\/strong>\u00a0presence of virus in blood<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>viricide<\/strong>\u00a0chemical or physical treatment that destroys or inactivates viruses<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>virion<\/strong>\u00a0inert particle that is the reproductive form of a virus<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>virology<\/strong>\u00a0the study of viruses<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>virulence<\/strong>\u00a0degree to which an organism is pathogenic; severity of disease signs and symptoms<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>virulence factor<\/strong>\u00a0product of a pathogen that assists in its ability to cause infection and disease<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>virus<\/strong>\u00a0an acellular microorganism, consisting of proteins and genetic material (DNA or RNA), that can replicate itself by infecting a host cell<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section><section id=\"fs-id1167662630656\" data-depth=\"2\">\r\n<h3 data-type=\"title\">W<\/h3>\r\n<ul id=\"fs-id1167662518816\">\r\n \t<li><strong>West African trypanosomiasis<\/strong>\u00a0chronic form of African trypanosomiasis caused by\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Trypanosoma brucei gambiense<\/em><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>wet mount<\/strong>\u00a0a slide preparation technique in which a specimen is placed on the slide in a drop of liquid<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>wheal-flare reaction<\/strong>\u00a0localized type I hypersensitivity reaction, involving a raised, itchy bump (wheal) and redness (flare), to injected allergen<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>whooping cough<\/strong>\u00a0common name for pertussis<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>wild type<\/strong>\u00a0phenotype of an organism that is most commonly observed in nature<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>World Health Organization (WHO)<\/strong>\u00a0international public health organization within the United Nations; monitors and communicates international public health information and coordinates international public health programs and emergency interventions<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section><section id=\"fs-id1167662897148\" data-depth=\"2\">\r\n<h3 data-type=\"title\">X<\/h3>\r\n<ul id=\"fs-id1167660225430\">\r\n \t<li><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section><section id=\"fs-id1167660619696\" data-depth=\"2\">\r\n<h3 data-type=\"title\">Y<\/h3>\r\n<ul id=\"fs-id1167662519689\">\r\n \t<li><strong>yeast<\/strong>\u00a0any unicellular fungus<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>yeast infection<\/strong>\u00a0fungal infection of the vagina typically caused by an overgrowth of resident\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Candida<\/em>\u00a0spp.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section><section id=\"fs-id1167658375249\" data-depth=\"2\">\r\n<h3 data-type=\"title\">Z<\/h3>\r\n<ul id=\"fs-id1167662471212\">\r\n \t<li><strong>zone of inhibition<\/strong>\u00a0clear zone around a filter disk impregnated with an antimicrobial drug, indicating growth inhibition due to the antimicrobial drug<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>zoonosis<\/strong>\u00a0see\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">zoonotic disease<\/em><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>zoonotic disease<\/strong>\u00a0any disease that is transmitted to humans by animals<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section>","rendered":"<section id=\"fs-id1167658030340\" data-depth=\"2\">\n<ul id=\"fs-id1167660123593\">\n<li><strong>70S ribosome<\/strong> a prokaryotic ribosome composed of 50S and 30S subunits<\/li>\n<li><strong>80S ribosome<\/strong>\u00a0cytoplasmic eukaryotic ribosome composed of 60S and 40S subunits<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-id1167662720513\" data-depth=\"2\">\n<h3 data-type=\"title\">A<\/h3>\n<ul id=\"fs-id1167660328270\">\n<li><strong>A-B exotoxin<\/strong>\u00a0class of exotoxin that contains A subunits, which enter the cell and disrupt cellular activities, and B subunits, which bind to host cell receptors<\/li>\n<li><strong>ABO blood group system<\/strong>\u00a0set of glycoprotein antigens found on the surface of red blood cells; the presence or absence of specific carbohydrates determining blood type<\/li>\n<li><strong>absorbance<\/strong>\u00a0when a molecule captures energy from a photon and vibrates or stretches, using the energy<\/li>\n<li><strong>acellular<\/strong>\u00a0not made of cells<\/li>\n<li><strong>acid-fast stain<\/strong>\u00a0a stain that differentiates cells that have waxy mycolic acids in their gram-positive cell walls<\/li>\n<li><strong>acidophile<\/strong>\u00a0organism that grows optimally at a pH near 3.0<\/li>\n<li><strong>acne<\/strong>\u00a0a skin disease in which hair follicles or pores become clogged, leading to the formation of comedones and infected lesions<\/li>\n<li><strong>acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)<\/strong>\u00a0disease caused by HIV, characterized by opportunistic infections and rare cancers<\/li>\n<li><strong>active carrier<\/strong>\u00a0an infected individual who can transmit the pathogen to others regardless of whether symptoms are currently present<\/li>\n<li><strong>active immunity<\/strong>\u00a0stimulation of one\u2019s own adaptive immune responses<\/li>\n<li><strong>acute disease<\/strong>\u00a0disease of a relatively short duration that develops and progresses in a predictable pattern<\/li>\n<li><strong>acute glomerulonephritis<\/strong>\u00a0inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidney, probably resulting from deposition of immune complexes and an autoimmune response caused by self-antigen mimicry by a pathogen<\/li>\n<li><strong>acute-phase proteins<\/strong>\u00a0antimicrobial molecules produced by liver cells in response to pathogen-induced stimulation events<\/li>\n<li><strong>acyclovir<\/strong>\u00a0antiviral guanosine analog; inhibits DNA replication<\/li>\n<li><strong>adaptive immunity<\/strong>\u00a0third-line defense characterized by specificity and memory<\/li>\n<li><strong>Addison disease<\/strong>\u00a0autoimmune disease affecting adrenal gland function<\/li>\n<li><strong>adenine<\/strong>\u00a0purine nitrogenous base found in nucleotides<\/li>\n<li><strong>adenosine diphosphate (ADP)<\/strong>\u00a0nucleotide derivative and relative of ATP containing only one high-energy phosphate bond<\/li>\n<li><strong>adenosine monophosphate (AMP)<\/strong>\u00a0adenine molecule bonded to a ribose molecule and to a single phosphate group, having no high-energy phosphate bonds<\/li>\n<li><strong>adenosine triphosphate (ATP)<\/strong>\u00a0energy currency of the cell; a nucleotide derivative that safely stores chemical energy in its two high-energy phosphate bonds<\/li>\n<li><strong>adhesins<\/strong>\u00a0molecules on the surface of pathogens that promote colonization of host tissue<\/li>\n<li><strong>adhesion<\/strong>\u00a0the capability of microbes to attach to host cells<\/li>\n<li><strong>aerobic respiration<\/strong>\u00a0use of an oxygen molecule as the final electron acceptor of the electron transport system<\/li>\n<li><strong>aerotolerant anaerobe<\/strong>\u00a0organism that does not use oxygen but tolerates its presence<\/li>\n<li><strong>aflatoxin<\/strong>\u00a0chemical produced by the fungus\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Aspergillus flavus<\/em>; both a toxin and the most potent known natural carcinogen<\/li>\n<li><strong>agglutination<\/strong>\u00a0binding of different pathogen cells by Fab regions of the same antibody to aggregate and enhance elimination from body<\/li>\n<li><strong>agranulocytes<\/strong>\u00a0leukocytes that lack granules in the cytoplasm<\/li>\n<li><strong>algae<\/strong>\u00a0(singular: alga) any of various unicellular and multicellular photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms; distinguished from plants by their lack of vascular tissues and organs<\/li>\n<li><strong>alkaliphile<\/strong>\u00a0organism that grows optimally at pH above 9.0<\/li>\n<li><strong>alkylating agent<\/strong>\u00a0type of strong disinfecting chemical that acts by replacing a hydrogen atom within a molecule with an alkyl group, thereby inactivating enzymes and nucleic acids<\/li>\n<li><strong>allergen<\/strong>\u00a0antigen capable of inducing type I hypersensitivity reaction<\/li>\n<li><strong>allergy<\/strong>\u00a0hypersensitivity response to an allergen<\/li>\n<li><strong>alveoli<\/strong>\u00a0cul-de-sacs or small air pockets within the lung that facilitate gas exchange<\/li>\n<li><strong>amantadine<\/strong>\u00a0antiviral drug that targets the influenza virus by preventing viral escape from endosomes upon host cell uptake, thus preventing viral RNA release and subsequent viral replication<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ames test<\/strong> method that uses auxotrophic bacteria to detect mutations resulting from exposure to<\/li>\n<li><strong>amino acid<\/strong>\u00a0a molecule consisting of a hydrogen atom, a carboxyl group, and an amine group bonded to the same carbon. The group bonded to the carbon varies and is represented by an\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">R<\/em>\u00a0in the structural formula<\/li>\n<li><strong>aminoglycosides<\/strong>\u00a0protein synthesis inhibitors that bind to the 30S subunit and interfere with the ribosome\u2019s proofreading ability, leading to the generation of faulty proteins that insert into and disrupt the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane<\/li>\n<li><strong>amoebiasis<\/strong>\u00a0intestinal infection caused by\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Entamoeba histolytica<\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong>amoebic dysentery<\/strong>\u00a0severe form of intestinal infection caused by\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Entamoeba histolytica<\/em>, characterized by severe diarrhea with blood and mucus<\/li>\n<li><strong>amphipathic<\/strong>\u00a0a molecule containing both polar and nonpolar parts<\/li>\n<li><strong>amphitrichous<\/strong>\u00a0having two flagella or tufts of multiple flagella, with one flagellum or tuft located at each end of the bacterial cell<\/li>\n<li><strong>anabolism<\/strong>\u00a0chemical reactions that convert simpler molecules into more complex ones<\/li>\n<li><strong>anaerobe chamber<\/strong>\u00a0closed compartment used to handle and grow obligate anaerobic cultures<\/li>\n<li><strong>anaerobe jar<\/strong>\u00a0container devoid of oxygen used to grow obligate anaerobes<\/li>\n<li><strong>anaerobic respiration<\/strong>\u00a0use of a non-oxygen inorganic molecule, like CO<sub>2<\/sub>, nitrate, nitrite, oxidized iron, or sulfate, as the final electron acceptor at the end of the electron transport system<\/li>\n<li><strong>analytical epidemiology<\/strong>\u00a0study of disease outbreaks to establish associations between an agent and a disease state through observational studies comparing groups of individuals<\/li>\n<li><strong>anaphylactic shock<\/strong>\u00a0another term for anaphylaxis<\/li>\n<li><strong>anaphylaxis<\/strong>\u00a0systemic and potentially life-threatening type I hypersensitivity reaction<\/li>\n<li><strong>anthrax<\/strong>\u00a0a disease caused by\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Bacillus anthracis<\/em>; the cutaneous form causes a skin lesion to develop; gastrointestinal and inhalation anthrax have high mortality rates<\/li>\n<li><strong>antibiotic-associated diarrhea<\/strong>\u00a0diarrhea that develops after antibiotic treatment as a result of disruption to the normal microbiota;\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">C. difficile<\/em>\u00a0is a particularly serious example<\/li>\n<li><strong>antibody<\/strong>\u00a0Y-shaped glycoprotein molecule produced by B cells that binds to specific epitopes on an antigen<\/li>\n<li><strong>antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)<\/strong>\u00a0mechanism by which large pathogens are marked for destruction by specific antibodies and then killed by secretion of cytotoxins by natural killer cells, macrophages, or eosinophils<\/li>\n<li><strong>anticodon<\/strong>\u00a0three-nucleotide sequence of a mature tRNA that interacts with an mRNA codon through complementary base pairing<\/li>\n<li><strong>antigen (also, immunogen)<\/strong>\u00a0a molecule that stimulates an adaptive immune response<\/li>\n<li><strong>antigenic<\/strong>\u00a0able to stimulate an adaptive immune response<\/li>\n<li><strong>antigenic drift<\/strong>\u00a0form of slight antigenic variation that occurs because of point mutations in the genes that encode surface proteins<\/li>\n<li><strong>antigenic shift<\/strong>\u00a0form of major antigenic variation that occurs because of gene reassortment<\/li>\n<li><strong>antigenic variation<\/strong>\u00a0changing of surface antigens (carbohydrates or proteins) such that they are no longer recognized by the host\u2019s immune system<\/li>\n<li><strong>antigen-presenting cells (APC)<\/strong>\u00a0macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells that process and present foreign pathogen antigens for the purpose of activating T cells and adaptive immune defenses<\/li>\n<li><strong>antimetabolites<\/strong>\u00a0compounds that are competitive inhibitors for bacterial metabolic enzymes<\/li>\n<li><strong>antimicrobial drugs<\/strong>\u00a0chemical compounds, including naturally produced drugs, semisynthetic derivatives, and synthetic compounds, that target specific microbial structures and enzymes, killing specific microbes or inhibiting their growth<\/li>\n<li><strong>antimicrobial peptides (AMPs)<\/strong>\u00a0class of nonspecific, cell-derived chemical mediators with broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties<\/li>\n<li><strong>antisepsis<\/strong>\u00a0protocol that removes potential pathogens from living tissue<\/li>\n<li><strong>antiseptic<\/strong>\u00a0antimicrobial chemical that can be used safely on living tissue<\/li>\n<li><strong>antiserum<\/strong>\u00a0serum obtained from an animal containing antibodies against a particular antigen that was artificially introduced to the animal<\/li>\n<li><strong>apoptosis<\/strong>\u00a0programmed and organized cell death without lysis of the cell<\/li>\n<li><strong>arachnoid mater<\/strong>\u00a0middle membrane surrounding the brain that produces cerebrospinal fluid<\/li>\n<li><strong>archaea<\/strong>\u00a0any of various unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms, typically having cell walls containing pseudopeptidoglycan<\/li>\n<li><strong>Archaea<\/strong>\u00a0domain of life separate from the domains Bacteria and Eukarya<\/li>\n<li><strong>artery<\/strong>\u00a0large, thick-walled vessel that carries blood from the heart to the body tissues<\/li>\n<li><strong>artificial active immunity<\/strong>\u00a0immunity acquired through exposure to pathogens and pathogen antigens through a method other than natural infection<\/li>\n<li><strong>artificial passive immunity<\/strong>\u00a0transfer of antibodies produced by a donor to another individual for the purpose of preventing or treating disease<\/li>\n<li><strong>ascariasis<\/strong>\u00a0soil-transmitted intestinal infection caused by the large nematode roundworm\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Ascaris lumbricoides<\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong>asepsis<\/strong>\u00a0sterile state resulting from proper use of microbial control protocols<\/li>\n<li><strong>aseptic technique<\/strong>\u00a0method or protocol designed to prevent microbial contamination of sterile objects, locations, or tissues<\/li>\n<li><strong>aspergillosis<\/strong>\u00a0fungal infection caused by the mold\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Aspergillus<\/em>; immunocompromised patients are primarily at risk<\/li>\n<li><strong>asymptomatic carrier<\/strong>\u00a0an infected individual who exhibits no signs or symptoms of disease yet is capable of transmitting the pathogen to others<\/li>\n<li><strong>asymptomatic<\/strong>\u00a0not exhibiting any symptoms of disease<\/li>\n<li><strong>ATP synthase<\/strong>\u00a0integral membrane protein that harnesses the energy of the proton motive force by allowing hydrogen ions to diffuse down their electrochemical gradient, causing components of this protein to spin, making ATP from ADP and P<sub>i<\/sub><\/li>\n<li><strong>attachment<\/strong>\u00a0binding of phage or virus to host cell receptors<\/li>\n<li><strong>autoclave<\/strong>\u00a0specialized device for the moist-heat sterilization of materials through the application of pressure to steam, allowing the steam to reach temperatures above the boiling point of water<\/li>\n<li><strong>autotroph<\/strong>\u00a0organism that converts inorganic carbon dioxide into organic carbon<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-id1167662843555\" data-depth=\"2\">\n<h3 data-type=\"title\">B<\/h3>\n<ul id=\"fs-id1167662851403\">\n<li><strong>\u03b2-lactamases<\/strong>\u00a0bacterially produced enzymes that cleave the \u03b2-lactam ring of susceptible \u03b2-lactam antimicrobials, rendering them inactive and conferring resistance<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u03b2-lactams<\/strong>\u00a0group of antimicrobials that inhibit cell wall synthesis; includes the penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, and monobactams; inhibits the transpeptidase cross-linking activity of penicillin-binding proteins<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u03b2-oxidation<\/strong>\u00a0process of fatty acid degradation that sequentially removes two-carbon acetyl groups, producing NADH and FADH<sub>2<\/sub>, on entry into the Krebs cycle<\/li>\n<li><strong>B-cell receptors (BCRs)<\/strong>\u00a0membrane-bound IgD and IgM antibody that bind specific antigen epitopes with Fab antigen-binding region<\/li>\n<li><strong>B lymphocyte<\/strong>\u00a0antibody-producing cells of humoral immunity; B cell<\/li>\n<li><strong>bacillary dysentery<\/strong>\u00a0gastrointestinal illness caused by\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Shigella<\/em>\u00a0bacteria, also called shigellosis<\/li>\n<li><strong>bacillus<\/strong>\u00a0(bacilli) rod-shaped prokaryotic cell<\/li>\n<li><strong>bacitracin<\/strong>\u00a0group of structurally similar peptides that block the movement of peptidoglycan precursors across the cell membrane, inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis<\/li>\n<li><strong>bacteremia<\/strong>\u00a0condition marked by the presence of bacteria in the blood<\/li>\n<li><strong>bacteria<\/strong>\u00a0(singular: bacterium) any of various unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms typically (but not always) having cell wells that contain peptidoglycan<\/li>\n<li><strong>bacterial lawn<\/strong>\u00a0layer of confluent bacterial growth on an agar plate<\/li>\n<li><strong>bacterial meningitis<\/strong>\u00a0bacterial infection that results in an inflammation of the meninges<\/li>\n<li><strong>bacterial vaginosis<\/strong>\u00a0a condition caused by an overgrowth of bacteria in the vagina that may or may not cause symptoms<\/li>\n<li><strong>bactericidal<\/strong>\u00a0irreversible inhibition of a microbe\u2019s ability to divide<\/li>\n<li><strong>bactericide<\/strong>\u00a0chemical or physical treatment that kills bacteria<\/li>\n<li><strong>bacteriology<\/strong>\u00a0the study of bacteria<\/li>\n<li><strong>bacteriophage<\/strong>\u00a0virus that infects bacteria<\/li>\n<li><strong>bacteriostatic<\/strong>\u00a0having the ability to inhibit bacterial growth, generally by means of chemical or physical treatment; reversible inhibition of a microbe\u2019s ability to divide<\/li>\n<li><strong>barophile<\/strong>\u00a0organism that grows under high atmospheric pressure<\/li>\n<li><strong>base sequence<\/strong>\u00a0identity of the specific nucleotides present in a nucleic acid strand and their order within the strand<\/li>\n<li><strong>basophils<\/strong>\u00a0leukocytes with granules containing histamine and other chemicals that facilitate allergic responses and inflammation when released<\/li>\n<li><strong>binary fission<\/strong>\u00a0predominant form of bacterial reproduction in which one cell divides into two daughter cells of equal size, which separate, each offspring receiving a complete copy of the parental genome<\/li>\n<li><strong>binocular<\/strong>\u00a0having two eyepieces<\/li>\n<li><strong>binomial nomenclature<\/strong>\u00a0a universal convention for the scientific naming of organisms using Latinized names for genus and species<\/li>\n<li><strong>biofilm<\/strong>\u00a0complex ecosystem of bacteria embedded in a matrix<\/li>\n<li><strong>biogeochemical cycle<\/strong>\u00a0recycling of inorganic matter between living organisms and their nonliving environment<\/li>\n<li><strong>biological transmission<\/strong>\u00a0movement of a pathogen between hosts facilitated by a biological vector in which the pathogen grows and reproduces<\/li>\n<li><strong>biological vector<\/strong>\u00a0an animal (typically an arthropod) that is infected with a pathogen and is capable of transmitting the pathogen from one host to another<\/li>\n<li><strong>biomarker<\/strong>\u00a0a protein expressed by a cell or tissue that is indicative of disease<\/li>\n<li><strong>biomolecule<\/strong>\u00a0a molecule that is part of living matter<\/li>\n<li><strong>biosynthesis<\/strong>\u00a0replication of viral genome and other protein components<\/li>\n<li><strong>biotechnology<\/strong>\u00a0the science of using living systems to benefit humankind<\/li>\n<li><strong>blood-brain barrier<\/strong>\u00a0tight cell junctions of the endothelia lining the blood vessels that serve the central nervous system, preventing passage of microbes from the bloodstream into the brain and cerebrospinal fluid<\/li>\n<li><strong>botulism<\/strong>\u00a0form of flaccid paraylsis caused by the ingestion of a neurotoxin produced by\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Clostridium botulinum<\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong>bradykinin<\/strong>\u00a0activated form of a proinflammatory molecule induced in the presence of invader microbes; opens gaps between cells in blood vessels, allowing fluid and cells to leak into surrounding tissue<\/li>\n<li><strong>brightfield microscope<\/strong>\u00a0a compound light microscope with two lenses; it produces a dark image on a bright background<\/li>\n<li><strong>broad-spectrum antimicrobial<\/strong>\u00a0drug that targets many different types of microbes<\/li>\n<li><strong>bronchitis<\/strong>\u00a0inflammation of the bronchi<\/li>\n<li><strong>budding<\/strong>\u00a0unequal reproductive division in which a smaller cell detaches from the parent cell<\/li>\n<li><strong>budding yeasts<\/strong>\u00a0yeasts that divide by budding off of daughter cells<\/li>\n<li><strong>Burkitt lymphoma<\/strong>\u00a0disease characterized by rapidly growing solid tumor; caused by Epstein-Barr virus (HHV-4)<\/li>\n<li><strong>burst<\/strong>\u00a0release of new virions by a lysed host cell infected by a virus<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-id1167662497102\" data-depth=\"2\">\n<h3 data-type=\"title\">C<\/h3>\n<ul id=\"fs-id1167660288132\">\n<li><strong>candidiasis<\/strong>\u00a0fungal infection caused by\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Candida<\/em>\u00a0spp., especially\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">C. albicans<\/em>; can affect various regions of the body, e.g., skin (cutaneous candidiasis), oral cavity (oral thrush), or vagina (yeast infection)<\/li>\n<li><strong>capsid<\/strong>\u00a0protein coat surrounding the genome of the virus<\/li>\n<li><strong>capsomere<\/strong>\u00a0individual protein subunits that make up the capsid<\/li>\n<li><strong>capsule staining<\/strong>\u00a0a negative staining technique that stains around a bacterial capsule while leaving the capsule clear<\/li>\n<li><strong>capsule<\/strong>\u00a0type of glycocalyx with organized layers of polysaccharides that aid in bacterial adherence to surfaces and in evading destruction by immune cells<\/li>\n<li><strong>carbohydrate<\/strong>\u00a0the most abundant type of biomolecule, consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen<\/li>\n<li><strong>carbon skeleton<\/strong>\u00a0chain of carbon atoms to which one or more functional groups are bound<\/li>\n<li><strong>carbuncle<\/strong>\u00a0abscess containing a large, deep, purulent skin lesion<\/li>\n<li><strong>carcinogen<\/strong>\u00a0agent that causes cancer<\/li>\n<li><strong>case-control study<\/strong>\u00a0a type of observational study in which a group of affected individuals are compared, usually retrospectively, to a similar group of unaffected individuals<\/li>\n<li><strong>catabolism<\/strong>\u00a0chemical reactions that break down complex molecules into simpler ones<\/li>\n<li><strong>catalase<\/strong>\u00a0enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen<\/li>\n<li><strong>catalyst<\/strong>\u00a0molecule that increases the rate of a chemical reaction but is not used or changed during the chemical reaction and, thus, is reusable<\/li>\n<li><strong>causative agent<\/strong>\u00a0the pathogen or substance responsible for causing a particular disease; etiologic agent<\/li>\n<li><strong>celiac disease<\/strong>\u00a0disease largely of the small intestine caused by an immune response to gluten that results in the production of autoantibodies and an inflammatory response<\/li>\n<li><strong>cell envelope<\/strong>\u00a0the combination of external cellular structures (e.g., plasma membrane, cell wall, outer membrane, glycocalyces) that collectively contain the cytoplasm and internal structures of a cell<\/li>\n<li><strong>cell membrane<\/strong>\u00a0lipid bilayer with embedded proteins and carbohydrates that defines the boundary of the cell (also called the cytoplasmic membrane or plasma membrane)<\/li>\n<li><strong>cell morphology<\/strong>\u00a0cell shape, structure, and arrangement, as viewed microscopically<\/li>\n<li><strong>cell theory<\/strong>\u00a0the theory that all organisms are composed of cells and that the cell is the fundamental unit of life<\/li>\n<li><strong>cell wall<\/strong>\u00a0a structure in the cell envelope of some cells that helps the cell maintain its shape and withstand changes in osmotic pressure<\/li>\n<li><strong>cellular immunity<\/strong>\u00a0adaptive immunity involving T cells and the destruction of pathogens and infected cells<\/li>\n<li><strong>cellulose<\/strong>\u00a0a structural polysaccharide composed of glucose monomers linked together in a linear chain by glycosidic bonds<\/li>\n<li><strong>central dogma<\/strong>\u00a0scientific principle explaining the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein<\/li>\n<li><strong>central nervous system (CNS)<\/strong>\u00a0portion of the nervous system made up of the brain and spinal cord<\/li>\n<li><strong>central tolerance<\/strong>\u00a0negative selection of self-reactive T cells in thymus<\/li>\n<li><strong>centrosome<\/strong>\u00a0a microtubule-organizing center for the mitotic spindle found in animal cells; it separates chromosomes during cell division and is composed of a pair of centrioles positioned at right angles to each other<\/li>\n<li><strong>cephalosporins<\/strong>\u00a0a group of cell wall synthesis inhibitors within the class of \u03b2-lactams<\/li>\n<li><strong>cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)<\/strong>\u00a0sterile liquid produced in the brain that fills the subarachnoid space of the brain and spinal column<\/li>\n<li><strong>chemical mediators<\/strong>\u00a0chemicals or enzymes produced by a variety of cells; provide nonspecific antimicrobial defense mechanisms<\/li>\n<li><strong>chemically defined media<\/strong>\u00a0media in which all components are chemically defined<\/li>\n<li><strong>chemiosmosis<\/strong>\u00a0flow of hydrogen ions across the membrane through ATP synthase<\/li>\n<li><strong>chemokines<\/strong>\u00a0chemotactic cytokines that recruit specific subsets of leukocytes to infections, damaged tissue, and sites of inflammation<\/li>\n<li><strong>chemotaxis<\/strong>\u00a0directional movement of a cell in response to a chemical attractant<\/li>\n<li><strong>chemotroph<\/strong>\u00a0organism that gets its energy from the transfer of electrons originating from chemical compounds<\/li>\n<li><strong>chickenpox<\/strong>\u00a0common childhood disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus and marked by the formation of pustular lesions on the trunk<\/li>\n<li><strong>chitin<\/strong>\u00a0polysaccharide that is an important component of fungal cell walls<\/li>\n<li><strong>chlamydia<\/strong>\u00a0a common STI caused by\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Chlamydia trachomatis<\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong>chloramphenicol<\/strong>\u00a0protein synthesis inhibitor with broad-spectrum activity that binds to the 50S subunit, inhibiting peptide bond formation<\/li>\n<li><strong>cholera<\/strong>\u00a0gastrointestinal illness caused by\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Vibrio cholera<\/em>\u00a0characterized by severe diarrhea<\/li>\n<li><strong>chromatin<\/strong>\u00a0combination of DNA with DNA binding proteins<\/li>\n<li><strong>chromosome<\/strong>\u00a0discrete DNA structure within a cell that controls cellular activities<\/li>\n<li><strong>chronic disease<\/strong>\u00a0any disease that progresses and persists over a long time<\/li>\n<li><strong>chronic granulomatous disease<\/strong>\u00a0primary immunodeficiency caused by an impaired ability of phagocytic cells to kill ingested bacteria in the phagolysosome<\/li>\n<li><strong>cilia (singular: cilium)<\/strong>\u00a0short filamentous structures found on some eukaryotic cells; each is composed of microtubules in a 9+2 array, and may be used for locomotion, feeding, and\/or movement of extracellular particles that come in contact with the cell<\/li>\n<li><strong>ciliated epithelial cells<\/strong>\u00a0hair-like cells in the respiratory tract that beat, pushing mucus secretions and trapped debris away from the sensitive tissues of the lungs<\/li>\n<li><strong>clone<\/strong>\u00a0a genetically identical cell or individual<\/li>\n<li><strong><em data-effect=\"italics\">Clostridium perfringens<\/em>\u00a0gastroenteritis<\/strong>\u00a0relatively mild gastrointestinal illness caused by\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">C. perfringens<\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong>clusters of differentiation (CD)<\/strong>\u00a0cell-surface glycoproteins that serve to identify and distinguish white blood cells<\/li>\n<li><strong>coagulase<\/strong>\u00a0enzyme that causes the activation of fibrinogen to form fibrin, promoting clotting of the blood<\/li>\n<li><strong>coarse focusing knob<\/strong>\u00a0a knob on a microscope that produces relatively large movements to adjust focus<\/li>\n<li><strong>codon<\/strong>\u00a0three-nucleotide sequence within mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid to be incorporated into the polypeptide being synthesized<\/li>\n<li><strong>coenzyme<\/strong>\u00a0organic molecule required for proper enzyme function that is not consumed and is reusable<\/li>\n<li><strong>cofactor<\/strong>\u00a0inorganic ion that helps stabilize enzyme conformation and function<\/li>\n<li><strong>cohort method<\/strong>\u00a0a method used in observational studies in which a group of individuals is followed over time and factors potentially important in the development of disease are evaluated<\/li>\n<li><strong>colitis<\/strong>\u00a0inflammation of the large intestine<\/li>\n<li><strong>collagenase<\/strong>\u00a0enzyme that digests collagen, the dominant protein in connective tissue<\/li>\n<li><strong>colony-forming unit (CFU)<\/strong>\u00a0a counting quantity represented by a colony formed on solid medium from a single cell or a few cells<\/li>\n<li><strong>commensalism<\/strong>\u00a0type of symbiosis in which one population benefits and the other is not affected<\/li>\n<li><strong>commercial sterilization<\/strong>\u00a0type of sterilization protocol used in food production; uses conditions that are less harsh (lower temperatures) to preserve food quality but still effectively destroy vegetative cells and endospores of common foodborne pathogens such as\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Clostridium botulinum<\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong>common cold<\/strong>\u00a0most common cause of rhinitis in humans; associated with a variety of adenoviruses, coronaviruses, and rhinoviruses<\/li>\n<li><strong>communicable<\/strong>\u00a0able to be transmitted directly or indirectly from one person to another<\/li>\n<li><strong>competitive interactions<\/strong>\u00a0interactions between populations in which one of them competes with another for resources<\/li>\n<li><strong>complement activation<\/strong>\u00a0cascading activation of the complement proteins in the blood, resulting in opsonization, inflammation, and lysis of pathogens<\/li>\n<li><strong>complement system<\/strong>\u00a0series of proteins that can become activated in the presence of invading microbes, resulting in opsonization, inflammation, and lysis of pathogens<\/li>\n<li><strong>complementary base pairs<\/strong>\u00a0base pairing due to hydrogen bonding that occurs between a specific purine and a specific pyrimidine; A bonds with T (in DNA), and C bonds with G<\/li>\n<li><strong>complex media<\/strong>\u00a0media that contain extracts of animals and plants that are not chemically defined<\/li>\n<li><strong>complex virus<\/strong>\u00a0virus shape that often includes intricate characteristics not seen in the other categories of capsid<\/li>\n<li><strong>compound microscope<\/strong>\u00a0a microscope that uses multiple lenses to focus light from the specimen<\/li>\n<li><strong>condenser lens<\/strong>\u00a0a lens on a microscope that focuses light from the light source onto the specimen<\/li>\n<li><strong>conjugate vaccine<\/strong>\u00a0a vaccine consisting of a polysaccharide antigen conjugated to a protein to enhance immune response to the polysaccharide; conjugate vaccines are important for young children who do not respond well to polysaccharide antigens<\/li>\n<li><strong>conjugation<\/strong>\u00a0mechanism of horizontal gene transfer in bacteria in which DNA is directly transferred from one bacterial cell to another by a conjugation pilus<\/li>\n<li><strong>conjugation pilus (sex pilus)<\/strong>\u00a0hollow tube composed of protein encoded by the conjugation plasmid that brings two bacterial cells into contact with each other for the process of conjugation<\/li>\n<li><strong>conjunctiva<\/strong>\u00a0the mucous membranes covering the eyeball and inner eyelid<\/li>\n<li><strong>conjunctivitis<\/strong>\u00a0inflammation of the conjunctiva, the mucous membrane covering the eye and inside of the eyelid<\/li>\n<li><strong>contact<\/strong>\u00a0see\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">exposure<\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong>contact transmission<\/strong>\u00a0movement of a pathogen between hosts due to contact between the two; may be direct or indirect<\/li>\n<li><strong>contagious<\/strong>\u00a0easily spread from person to person<\/li>\n<li><strong>contrast<\/strong>\u00a0visible differences between parts of a microscopic specimen<\/li>\n<li><strong>counterstain<\/strong>\u00a0a secondary stain that adds contrasting color to cells from which the primary stain has been washed out by a decolorizing agent<\/li>\n<li><strong>crenation<\/strong>\u00a0shriveling of a cell<\/li>\n<li><strong>Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease<\/strong>\u00a0form of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy found in humans; typically a fatal disease<\/li>\n<li><strong>critical item<\/strong>\u00a0object that must be sterile because it will be used inside the body, often penetrating sterile tissues or the bloodstream<\/li>\n<li><strong>cryptococcosis<\/strong>\u00a0fungal pneumonia caused by the encapsulated yeast\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Cryptococcus neoformans<\/em>\u00a0commonly found in bird droppings<\/li>\n<li><strong>culture density<\/strong>\u00a0the number of cells per volume of broth<\/li>\n<li><strong>culture medium<\/strong>\u00a0combination of compounds in solution that supports growth<\/li>\n<li><strong>cutaneous mycosis<\/strong>\u00a0any fungal infection that affects the surface of the skin, hair, or nails<\/li>\n<li><strong>cysticerci<\/strong>\u00a0larval form of a tapeworm<\/li>\n<li><strong>cystitis<\/strong>\u00a0inflammation of the bladder<\/li>\n<li><strong>cysts<\/strong>\u00a0microbial cells surrounded by a protective outer covering; some microbial cysts are formed to help the microbe survive harsh conditions, whereas others are a normal part of the life cycle<\/li>\n<li><strong>cytokine storm<\/strong>\u00a0an excessive release of cytokines, typically triggered by a superantigen, that results in unregulated activation of T cells<\/li>\n<li><strong>cytokines<\/strong>\u00a0protein molecules that act as a chemical signals; produced by cells in response to a stimulation event<\/li>\n<li><strong>cytokinesis <\/strong>division of the cytoplasm following mitosis that forms two daughter cells<\/li>\n<li><strong>cytoplasm<\/strong>\u00a0the gel-like material composed of water and dissolved or suspended chemicals contained within the plasma membrane of a cell<\/li>\n<li><strong>cytoplasmic membrane<\/strong>\u00a0see\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">cell membrane<\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong>cytosine<\/strong>\u00a0pyrimidine nitrogenous base found in nucleotides<\/li>\n<li><strong>cytoskeleton<\/strong>\u00a0a network of filaments or tubules in the eukaryotic cell that provides shape and structural support for cells; aids movement of materials throughout the cell<\/li>\n<li><strong>cytotoxic T cells<\/strong>\u00a0effector cells of cellular immunity that target and eliminate cells infected with intracellular pathogens through induction of apoptosis<\/li>\n<li><strong>cytotoxicity<\/strong>\u00a0harmful effects to host cell<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-id1167662420192\" data-depth=\"2\">\n<h3 data-type=\"title\">D<\/h3>\n<ul id=\"fs-id1167662549898\">\n<li><strong>death phase (decline phase)<\/strong>\u00a0phase of the growth curve at which the number of dying cells exceeds the number of new cells formed<\/li>\n<li><strong>decimal reduction time (DRT)<\/strong>\u00a0or\u00a0<strong>D-value<\/strong>\u00a0amount of time it takes for a specific protocol to produce a one order of magnitude decrease in the number of organisms; that is, death of 90% of the population<\/li>\n<li><strong>decolorizing agent<\/strong>\u00a0a substance that removes a stain, usually from some parts of the specimen<\/li>\n<li><strong>definitive host<\/strong>\u00a0the preferred host organism for a parasite, in which the parasite reaches maturity and may reproduce sexually<\/li>\n<li><strong>degerming<\/strong>\u00a0protocol that significantly reduces microbial numbers by using mild chemicals (e.g., soap) and gentle scrubbing of a small area of skin or tissue to avoid the transmission of pathogenic microbes<\/li>\n<li><strong>degranulation<\/strong>\u00a0release of the contents of mast cell granules in response to the cross-linking of IgE molecules on the cell surface with allergen molecules<\/li>\n<li><strong>dermis<\/strong>\u00a0the second layer of human skin, found between the epidermis and the hypodermis<\/li>\n<li><strong>descriptive epidemiology<\/strong>\u00a0a method of studying a disease outbreak using case histories, contact interviews, medical information, and other sources of information<\/li>\n<li><strong>desensitization<\/strong>\u00a0injections of antigen that lead to production of antigen-specific IgG molecules, effectively outcompeting IgE molecules on the surface of sensitized mast cells for antigen<\/li>\n<li><strong>desiccation<\/strong>\u00a0method of microbial control involving the removal of water from cells through drying or dehydration<\/li>\n<li><strong>desquamation<\/strong>\u00a0peeling and shedding of outermost skin<\/li>\n<li><strong>diapedesis<\/strong>\u00a0process by which leukocytes pass through capillary walls to reach infected tissue; also called extravasation<\/li>\n<li><strong>diaphragm<\/strong>\u00a0a component of a microscope; typically consists of a disk under the stage with holes of various sizes; can be adjusted to allow more or less light from the light source to reach the specimen<\/li>\n<li><strong>differential media<\/strong>\u00a0media that contain additives that make it possible to distinguish bacterial colonies based on metabolic activities of the organisms<\/li>\n<li><strong>differential staining<\/strong>\u00a0staining that uses multiple dyes to differentiate between structures or organisms<\/li>\n<li><strong>diffraction<\/strong>\u00a0the changing of direction (bending or spreading) that occurs when a light wave interacts with an opening or barrier<\/li>\n<li><strong>dioecious<\/strong>\u00a0refers to sexually reproducing organisms in which individuals have either male or female reproductive organs (not both)<\/li>\n<li><strong>direct agglutination assay<\/strong>\u00a0assay that can be used to detect the agglutination of bacteria by the action of antibodies in patient serum<\/li>\n<li><strong>direct contact transmission<\/strong>\u00a0movement of a pathogen between hosts by physical contact or transfer in droplets at a distance less than one meter<\/li>\n<li><strong>direct ELISA<\/strong> enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay in which the antibodies are bound in the well of a microtiter plate; antigens present in an applied serum will then bind to antibodies in the well.<\/li>\n<li><strong>direct hemagglutination assay<\/strong>\u00a0test that determines the titer of certain bacteria and viruses that causes clumping of red blood cells<\/li>\n<li><strong>direct microscopic cell count<\/strong>\u00a0counting of cells using a calibrated slide under a light microscope<\/li>\n<li><strong>disease<\/strong>\u00a0any condition in which the normal structure or function of the body is damaged or impaired<\/li>\n<li><strong>disinfectant<\/strong>\u00a0antimicrobial chemical applied to a fomite during disinfection that may be toxic to tissues<\/li>\n<li><strong>disinfection<\/strong>\u00a0protocol that removes potential pathogens from a fomite<\/li>\n<li><strong>disk-diffusion method<\/strong>\u00a0a technique for measuring of the effectiveness of one or more antimicrobial agents against a known bacterium; involves measuring the zone(s) of inhibition around the chemical agent(s) in a culture of the bacterium<\/li>\n<li><strong>doubling time<\/strong>\u00a0the time it takes for the population to double; also referred to as generation time<\/li>\n<li><strong>droplet transmission<\/strong>\u00a0direct contact transmission of a pathogen transferred in sneezed or coughed droplets of mucus that land on the new host within a radius of one meter<\/li>\n<li><strong>drug resistance<\/strong>\u00a0ability of a microbe to persist and grow in the presence of an antimicrobial drug<\/li>\n<li><strong>dry-heat sterilization<\/strong>\u00a0protocol that involves the direct application of high heat<\/li>\n<li><strong>dura mater<\/strong>\u00a0tough, outermost membrane that surrounds the brain<\/li>\n<li><strong>dysentery<\/strong>\u00a0intestinal inflammation that causes diarrhea with blood and mucus<\/li>\n<li><strong>dysuria<\/strong>\u00a0urination accompanied by burning, discomfort, or pain<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-id1167662449509\" data-depth=\"2\">\n<h3 data-type=\"title\">E<\/h3>\n<ul id=\"fs-id1167660198000\">\n<li><strong>edema<\/strong>\u00a0swelling due to accumulation of fluid and protein in tissue as a result of increased permeability of capillary walls during an inflammatory response; chronic edema can also result from blockage of lymphatic vessels, as in the case of elephantiasis<\/li>\n<li><strong>effector cells<\/strong>\u00a0activated cells of cellular immunity that are involved in the immediate immune response, primarily to defend the body against pathogens<\/li>\n<li><strong>electron carrier<\/strong>\u00a0cellular molecule that accepts high-energy electrons from reduced molecules like foods and later serves as an electron donor in subsequent redox reactions<\/li>\n<li><strong>electron microscope<\/strong>\u00a0a type of microscope that uses short-wavelength electron beams rather than light to increase magnification and resolution<\/li>\n<li><strong>electron transport system (ETS)<\/strong>\u00a0series of membrane-associated protein complexes and associated mobile accessory electron carriers important in the generation of the proton motive force required for ATP production by chemiosmosis; the last component involved in the cellular respiration of glucose<\/li>\n<li><strong>Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) pathway<\/strong>\u00a0type of glycolysis found in animals and the most common in microbes<\/li>\n<li><strong>emerging infectious disease<\/strong>\u00a0a disease that is new to the human population or has increased in prevalence over the previous 20 years<\/li>\n<li><strong>encephalitis<\/strong>\u00a0inflammation of the tissues of the brain<\/li>\n<li><strong>encystment<\/strong>\u00a0the process of forming a cyst<\/li>\n<li><strong>endemic disease<\/strong>\u00a0an illness that is constantly present (often at low levels) in a population<\/li>\n<li><strong>endocarditis<\/strong>\u00a0inflammation of the endocardium, especially the heart valves<\/li>\n<li><strong>endocytosis<\/strong>\u00a0the uptake of molecules through plasma membrane invagination and vacuole\/vesicle formation<\/li>\n<li><strong>endospore<\/strong>\u00a0a cellular structure formed by some bacteria in response to adverse conditions; preserves DNA of the cell in a dormant state until conditions are favorable again<\/li>\n<li><strong>endospore staining<\/strong>\u00a0a differential staining technique that uses two stains to make bacterial endospores appear distinct from the rest of the cell<\/li>\n<li><strong>endothelia<\/strong>\u00a0layer of epithelial cells lining blood vessels, lymphatics, the blood-brain barrier, and some other tissues<\/li>\n<li><strong>endotoxin<\/strong>\u00a0lipid A component of lipopolysaccharides in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria<\/li>\n<li><strong>enriched media<\/strong>\u00a0media that contain additional essential nutrients to support growth<\/li>\n<li><strong>enrichment culture<\/strong>\u00a0media providing growth conditions that favor the expansion of an organism present in low numbers<\/li>\n<li><strong>enteric<\/strong>\u00a0bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae, which live in the human intestinal tract<\/li>\n<li><strong>enteritis<\/strong>\u00a0inflammation of the lining of the intestine<\/li>\n<li><strong>enterohemorrhagic\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">E. coli<\/em>\u00a0(EHEC)<\/strong>\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">E. coli<\/em>\u00a0bacteria that cause severe gastrointestinal illness with potential serious complications such as hemolytic uremic syndrome<\/li>\n<li><strong>enteropathogenic\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">E. coli<\/em>\u00a0(EPEC)<\/strong>\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">E. coli<\/em>\u00a0bacteria that cause serious gastrointestinal illness<\/li>\n<li><\/li>\n<li><strong>enterotoxin<\/strong>\u00a0toxin that affects the intestines<\/li>\n<li><strong>Entner-Doudoroff (ED) pathway<\/strong>\u00a0alternative glycolytic pathway used by some bacteria<\/li>\n<li><strong>enveloped virus<\/strong>\u00a0a virus formed with a nucleic-acid packed capsid surrounded by a lipid layer<\/li>\n<li><strong>enzyme<\/strong>\u00a0catalyst for biochemical reactions inside cells<\/li>\n<li><strong>enzyme immunoassay (EIA)<\/strong> type of assay<\/li>\n<li><strong>enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)<\/strong> an assay wherein either the primary antibody or an antigen is first attached to a solid surface such as the well of a microtiter plate and allowed to interact with the complementary serum antigen or antibody; an enzyme is coupled to a secondary antibody that will bind to either bound antigen or antibody; addition of a chromogenic substrate for the antibody allows detection of the secondary antibody<\/li>\n<li><strong>eosinophils<\/strong>\u00a0leukocytes with granules containing histamine and major basic protein; facilitate allergic responses and protection against parasitic protozoa and helminths<\/li>\n<li><strong>epidemic disease<\/strong>\u00a0an illness with a higher-than-expected incidence in a given period within a given population<\/li>\n<li><strong>epidemiology<\/strong>\u00a0the study of where and when infectious diseases occur in a population and how they are transmitted and maintained in nature<\/li>\n<li><strong>epididymitis<\/strong>\u00a0inflammation of the epididymis caused by a bacterial infection<\/li>\n<li><strong>epiglottitis<\/strong>\u00a0inflammation of the epiglottis<\/li>\n<li><strong>epitope<\/strong>\u00a0smaller exposed region on an antigen that is recognized by B-cell and T-cell receptors and antibodies<\/li>\n<li><strong>erythema<\/strong>\u00a0redness at the site of inflammation, usually due to dilation of blood vessels in the area to help bring in white blood cells<\/li>\n<li><strong>erythrocyte<\/strong>\u00a0red blood cell<\/li>\n<li><strong>erythrogenic toxin<\/strong>\u00a0exotoxin produced by some strains of\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Streptococcus pyogenes<\/em>; activity of the toxin can produce the characteristic rash of scarlet fever<\/li>\n<li><strong>erythromycin<\/strong>\u00a0protein synthesis inhibitor of the macrolide class that is often used as an alternative to penicillin<\/li>\n<li><strong>eukaryote<\/strong>\u00a0an organism made up of one or more cells that contain a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles<\/li>\n<li><strong>eukaryotic cell<\/strong>\u00a0has a nucleus surrounded by a complex nuclear membrane that contains multiple, rod-shaped chromosomes<\/li>\n<li><strong>exocytosis<\/strong>\u00a0the release of the contents of transport vesicles to the cell\u2019s exterior by fusion of the transport vesicle\u2019s membrane with the plasma membrane<\/li>\n<li><strong>exotoxin<\/strong>\u00a0biologically active product that causes adverse changes in the host cells<\/li>\n<li><strong>experimental epidemiology<\/strong>\u00a0the use of laboratory and clinical studies to directly study disease in a population<\/li>\n<li><strong>experimental study<\/strong>\u00a0a type of scientific study that involves manipulation of the study subjects by the researcher through application of specific treatments hypothesized to affect the outcome while maintaining rigorously controlled conditions<\/li>\n<li><strong>exposure<\/strong>\u00a0contact between potential pathogen and host; also called contamination or contact<\/li>\n<li><strong>extracellular matrix<\/strong>\u00a0material composed of proteoglycans and fibrous proteins secreted by some eukaryotic cells that lack cell walls; helps multicellular structures withstand physical stresses and coordinates signaling from the external surface of the cell to the interior of the cell<\/li>\n<li><strong>extracellular polymeric substances (EPS)<\/strong>\u00a0hydrated gel secreted by bacteria in a biofilm containing polysaccharides, proteins, nucleic acids, and some lipids<\/li>\n<li><strong>extravasation<\/strong>\u00a0process by which leukocytes pass through capillary walls to reach infected tissue; also called diapedesis<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-id1167662518786\" data-depth=\"2\">\n<h3 data-type=\"title\">F<\/h3>\n<ul id=\"fs-id1167657986458\">\n<li><strong>F pilus (F pili)<\/strong>\u00a0specialized type of pilus that aids in DNA transfer between cells; conjugation pilus of\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">E. coli<\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong>facultative anaerobe<\/strong>\u00a0organism that grows better in the presence of oxygen but can proliferate in its absence<\/li>\n<li><strong>false negative<\/strong>\u00a0negative result to a test for an infection or condition (e.g., presence of antigen, antibody, or nucleic acid) when the infection or condition is actually present<\/li>\n<li><strong>false positive<\/strong>\u00a0positive result to a test for an infection or condition (e.g., presence of antigen, antibody, or nucleic acid) when the infection or condition is actually absent<\/li>\n<li><strong>fastidious organism<\/strong>\u00a0organism that has extensive growth requirements<\/li>\n<li><strong>Fc region<\/strong>\u00a0region on the trunk of an antibody molecule involved in complement activation and opsonization<\/li>\n<li><strong>fermentation<\/strong>\u00a0process that uses an organic molecule as a final electron acceptor to regenerate NAD<sup>+<\/sup>\u00a0from NADH such that glycolysis can continue<\/li>\n<li><strong>fever<\/strong>\u00a0system-wide sign of inflammation that raises the body temperature and stimulates the immune response<\/li>\n<li><strong>fimbriae<\/strong>\u00a0filamentous appendages found by the hundreds on some bacterial cells; they aid adherence to host cells<\/li>\n<li><strong>fine focusing knob<\/strong>\u00a0a knob on a microscope that produces relatively small movements to adjust focus<\/li>\n<li><strong>fixation<\/strong>\u00a0the process by which cells are killed and attached to a slide<\/li>\n<li><strong>flagella<\/strong>\u00a0long, rigid, spiral structures used by prokaryotic cells for motility in aqueous environments; composed of a filament made of flagellin, a hook, and motor (basal body) that are attached to the cell envelope<\/li>\n<li><strong>flagella staining<\/strong>\u00a0a staining protocol that uses a mordant to coat the flagella with stain until they are thick enough to be seen<\/li>\n<li><strong>flagellum (eukaryotic) (plural: flagella)<\/strong>\u00a0long, whip-like, filamentous external structure found on some eukaryotic cells; composed of microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement; used for locomotion<\/li>\n<li><strong>flukes<\/strong>\u00a0any of the parasitic nonsegmented flatworms (trematodes) that have an oral sucker and sometimes a second ventral sucker; they attach to the inner walls of intestines, lungs, large blood vessels, or the liver in human hosts<\/li>\n<li><strong>focal infection<\/strong>\u00a0infection in which the pathogen causes infection in one location that then spreads to a secondary location<\/li>\n<li><strong>folliculitis<\/strong>\u00a0a skin infection characterized by localized inflammation of hair follicles, typically producing an itchy red rash<\/li>\n<li><strong>fomite<\/strong>\u00a0inanimate item that may harbor microbes and aid in disease transmission<\/li>\n<li><strong>foodborne disease<\/strong>\u00a0disease that is transmitted through contaminated food<\/li>\n<li><\/li>\n<li><strong>fungi<\/strong>\u00a0(singular: fungus) any of various unicellular or multicellular eukaryotic organisms, typically having cell walls made out of chitin and lacking photosynthetic pigments, vascular tissues, and organs<\/li>\n<li><strong>fungicide<\/strong>\u00a0chemical or physical treatment that kills fungi<\/li>\n<li><strong>fungistatic<\/strong>\u00a0having the ability to inhibit fungal growth, generally by means of chemical or physical treatment<\/li>\n<li><strong>furuncle<\/strong>\u00a0a small, purulent skin lesion; sometimes called a boil<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-id1167660600503\" data-depth=\"2\">\n<h3 data-type=\"title\">G<\/h3>\n<ul id=\"fs-id1167658357648\">\n<li><strong>gas gangrene<\/strong>\u00a0rapidly spreading infection of necrotic tissues caused by the gram-positive anaerobe\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Clostridium perfringens<\/em>\u00a0and other\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Clostridium<\/em>\u00a0spp.<\/li>\n<li><strong>gastritis<\/strong>\u00a0inflammation of the lining of the stomach<\/li>\n<li><strong>gastroenteritis<\/strong>\u00a0inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestine<\/li>\n<li><strong>generation time<\/strong>\u00a0see\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">doubling time<\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong>genes<\/strong>\u00a0segments of DNA molecules that code for proteins or stable RNA molecules<\/li>\n<li><strong>genetic code<\/strong>\u00a0correspondence between mRNA nucleotide codons and the translated amino acids<\/li>\n<li><strong>genital herpes<\/strong>\u00a0an STI caused by the herpes simplex virus<\/li>\n<li><strong>genital warts<\/strong>\u00a0soft, pink, irregular growths that develop in the external genitalia or anus as a result of human papillomavirus infection<\/li>\n<li><strong>germ theory of disease<\/strong>\u00a0the theory that many diseases are the result of microbial infection<\/li>\n<li><strong>germination<\/strong>\u00a0process of an endospore returning to the vegetative state<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ghon complex<\/strong>\u00a0calcified lesion containing\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/em>; forms in the lungs of patients with tuberculosis<\/li>\n<li><strong>giardiasis<\/strong>\u00a0intestinal infection caused by\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Giardia lamblia<\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong>glomerulonephritis<\/strong>\u00a0a type of kidney infection involving the glomeruli of the nephrons<\/li>\n<li><strong>glycocalyx<\/strong>\u00a0cell envelope structure (either capsules or slime layer) outside the cell wall in some bacteria; allows bacteria to adhere to surfaces, aids in biofilm formation, and provides protection from predation<\/li>\n<li><strong>glycogen<\/strong>\u00a0highly branched storage polysaccharide in animal cells and bacteria<\/li>\n<li><strong>glycolipid<\/strong>\u00a0complex lipid that contains a carbohydrate moiety<\/li>\n<li><strong>glycolysis<\/strong>\u00a0first step in the breakdown of glucose, the most common example of which is the Embden-Meyerhoff-Parnas pathway, producing two pyruvates, two NADH molecules, and two (net yield) ATP per starting glucose molecule<\/li>\n<li><strong>gonorrhea<\/strong>\u00a0a common STI of the reproductive system caused by\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong>Gram stain procedure<\/strong>\u00a0a differential staining technique that distinguishes bacteria based upon their cell wall structure<\/li>\n<li><strong>granuloma<\/strong>\u00a0walled-off area of chronically inflamed tissue containing microbial pathogens, macrophages, and cellular materials unable to be eliminated<\/li>\n<li><strong>granzymes<\/strong>\u00a0proteases released from a natural killer cell that enter the cytoplasm of a target cell, inducing apoptosis<\/li>\n<li><strong>growth curve<\/strong>\u00a0a graph modeling the number of cells in a culture over time<\/li>\n<li><strong>gummas<\/strong>\u00a0granulomatous lesions that develop in tertiary syphilis<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-id1167660592484\" data-depth=\"2\">\n<h3 data-type=\"title\">H<\/h3>\n<ul id=\"fs-id1167660573394\">\n<li><strong>halophile<\/strong>\u00a0organism that depends on high concentrations of salt in the environment to grow<\/li>\n<li><strong>halotolerant<\/strong>\u00a0organism that grows in the presence of high salt concentration but does not require it<\/li>\n<li><strong>hapten<\/strong>\u00a0a molecule that is too small to be antigenic alone but becomes antigenic when conjugated to a larger protein molecule<\/li>\n<li><strong>hard chancre<\/strong>\u00a0a generally painless ulcer that develops at the site of infection in primary syphilis<\/li>\n<li><strong>healthcare-associated infection (HAI)<\/strong>\u00a0an infection acquired in a hospital or other health-care facility unrelated to the reason for which the patient was initially admitted; nosocomial infection<\/li>\n<li><strong>helical virus<\/strong>\u00a0cylindrical or rod shaped<\/li>\n<li><strong>helminth<\/strong>\u00a0a multicellular parasitic worm<\/li>\n<li><strong>helper T cells<\/strong>\u00a0class of T cells that is the central orchestrator of the cellular and humoral defenses of adaptive immunity and the cellular defenses of innate immunity<\/li>\n<li><strong>hemagglutination<\/strong>\u00a0visible clumping of red blood cells that can be caused by some viruses, bacteria, and certain diseases in which antibodies are produced that bind to self-red blood cells<\/li>\n<li><strong>hematopoiesis<\/strong>\u00a0formation, development, and differentiation of blood cells from pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells<\/li>\n<li><strong>hematuria<\/strong>\u00a0condition in which there is blood in the urine<\/li>\n<li><strong>hemolysin<\/strong>\u00a0class of exotoxin that targets and lyses red blood cells, as well as other cells<\/li>\n<li><strong>hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome<\/strong>\u00a0serious hemorrhagic fever caused by hantavirus infection<\/li>\n<li><strong>HEPA filter<\/strong>\u00a0high-efficiency particulate air filter with an effective pore size that captures bacterial cells, endospores, and viruses as air passes through, removing them from the air<\/li>\n<li><strong>hepatitis<\/strong>\u00a0inflammation of the liver<\/li>\n<li><strong>herd immunity<\/strong>\u00a0a reduction in disease prevalence brought about when few individuals in a population are susceptible to an infectious agent<\/li>\n<li><strong>herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2)<\/strong>\u00a0the type of herpesvirus most commonly associated with genital herpes<\/li>\n<li><strong>heterotroph<\/strong>\u00a0organism that uses fixed organic carbon compounds as its carbon source<\/li>\n<li><strong>hexose monophosphate shunt<\/strong>\u00a0see\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">pentose phosphate pathway<\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong>histamine<\/strong>\u00a0proinflammatory molecule released by basophils and mast cells in response to stimulation by other cytokines and chemical mediators<\/li>\n<li><strong>histones<\/strong>\u00a0DNA-binding proteins found in eukaryotes and archaea that aid in orderly packaging of chromosomal DNA<\/li>\n<li><strong>horizontal direct transmission<\/strong>\u00a0movement of a pathogen from one host to another (excluding mother to embryo, fetus, or infant) in a population through physical contact or through droplet transmission<\/li>\n<li><strong>horizontal gene transfer<\/strong>\u00a0introduction of genetic material from one organism to another organism within the same generation<\/li>\n<li><strong>host range<\/strong>\u00a0the types of host cells that a particular virus is able to infect<\/li>\n<li><strong>HTST<\/strong>\u00a0high-temperature short-time pasteurization is a method of pasteurization commonly used for milk in which the milk is exposed to a temperature of 72 \u00b0C for 15 seconds<\/li>\n<li><strong>human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)<\/strong>\u00a0retrovirus responsible for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) in humans<\/li>\n<li><strong>human papillomavirus (HPV)<\/strong>\u00a0a group of common sexually transmitted viruses that may be associated with genital warts or with cervical cancer<\/li>\n<li><strong>humoral immunity<\/strong>\u00a0adaptive immunity mediated by antibodies produced by B cells<\/li>\n<li><strong>hyaluronidase<\/strong>\u00a0enzyme produced by pathogens that degrades hyaluronic acid between adjacent cells in connective tissue<\/li>\n<li><strong>hyperthermophile<\/strong>\u00a0a microorganism that has an optimum growth temperature close to the temperature of boiling water<\/li>\n<li><strong>hypertonic medium<\/strong>\u00a0an environment in which the solute concentration outside a cell exceeds that inside the cell, causing water molecules to move out of the cell, resulting in crenation (shriveling) or plasmolysis.<\/li>\n<li><strong>hyphae<\/strong>\u00a0tubular, filamentous structures that makes up most fungi<\/li>\n<li><strong>hypotonic medium<\/strong>\u00a0an environment in which the solute concentration inside a cell exceeds that outside the cell, causing water molecules to move into the cell, possibly leading to swelling and possibly lysis<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-id1167660122937\" data-depth=\"2\">\n<h3 data-type=\"title\">I<\/h3>\n<ul id=\"fs-id1167662843214\">\n<li><strong>icosahedral<\/strong>\u00a0three-dimensional, 20-sided structure with 12 vertices<\/li>\n<li><strong>IgA<\/strong>\u00a0antibody dimer primarily found in breast milk, mucus, saliva, and tears<\/li>\n<li><strong>IgD<\/strong>\u00a0membrane-body antibody monomer functioning as receptor on the surface of B cells<\/li>\n<li><strong>IgE<\/strong>\u00a0antibody monomer involved in defense against parasites and allergic reactions<\/li>\n<li><strong>IgG<\/strong>\u00a0antibody monomer most abundant in serum; able to cross placenta; most versatile class of antibody in terms of function<\/li>\n<li><strong>IgM<\/strong>\u00a0antibody that is a monomer when functioning as a receptor on surface of B cells but a pentamer when secreted in response to specific pathogens; first antibody to respond during primary and secondary responses<\/li>\n<li><strong>imidazoles<\/strong>\u00a0class of antifungal drugs that inhibit ergosterol biosynthesis<\/li>\n<li><strong>immune complex<\/strong>\u00a0large group of antigens bound by antibodies; large enough to settle out of fluid suspension<\/li>\n<li><strong>immunoglobulin<\/strong>\u00a0antibody<\/li>\n<li><strong>impetigo<\/strong>\u00a0a skin infection that may result in vesicles, blisters, or bullae especially around the mouth, commonly caused by\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Staphylococcus aureus<\/em>,\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">S. pyogenes,<\/em>\u00a0or a combination of both\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">S. aureus<\/em>\u00a0and\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">S. pyogenes<\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong>in vitro<\/strong>\u00a0outside the organism in a test tube or artificial environment<\/li>\n<li><strong>in vivo<\/strong>\u00a0inside the organism<\/li>\n<li><strong>inactivated vaccine<\/strong>\u00a0vaccine composed of whole pathogen cells or viruses that have been killed or inactivated through treatment with heat, radiation, or chemicals<\/li>\n<li><strong>incidence<\/strong>\u00a0the number of individuals with new infections of a particular disease in a given period of time<\/li>\n<li><strong>inclusions<\/strong>\u00a0prokaryotic cell cytoplasmic structures for storing specific nutrients and other resources needed by cells<\/li>\n<li><strong>incubation period<\/strong>\u00a0the first stage of acute disease, during which the pathogen begins multiplying in the host and signs and symptoms are not observable<\/li>\n<li><strong>indirect agglutination assay<\/strong>\u00a0assay that can be used to detect the agglutination of small latex beads; beads may be coated with antigen when looking for the presence of specific antibodies, or with antibody when looking for the presence of antigen<\/li>\n<li><strong>indirect contact transmission<\/strong>\u00a0transfer of an infectious agent between hosts through contact with a fomite<\/li>\n<li><strong>indirect ELISA<\/strong> an assay in which an antigen from a pathogen is first attached to the wells of a microtiter plate; the antigen then captures antibodies from patient serum to determine whether the patient currently has or previosly had the disease<\/li>\n<li><strong>infection<\/strong>\u00a0the successful colonization of a microorganism within a host<\/li>\n<li><strong>infectious disease<\/strong>\u00a0disease caused by a pathogen<\/li>\n<li><strong>infectious mononucleosis<\/strong>\u00a0common and mild infection caused by Epstein-Barr virus (HHV-4) or cytomegalovirus (HHV-5); transmitted by direct contact with body fluids such as saliva<\/li>\n<li><strong>inflammation<\/strong>\u00a0innate nonspecific immune response characterized by erythema, edema, heat, pain, and altered function, typically at the site of injury or infection but sometimes becoming systemic.<\/li>\n<li><strong>influenza<\/strong>\u00a0highly contagious and acute viral disease of the respiratory tract caused by the influenza virus<\/li>\n<li><strong>inoculum<\/strong>\u00a0small number of cells added to medium to start a culture<\/li>\n<li><strong>inorganic phosphate (P<sub>i<\/sub>)<\/strong>\u00a0single phosphate group in solution<\/li>\n<li><strong>interferons<\/strong> cytokines released by cells that have been infected with a virus; stimulate antiviral responses in nearby cells<\/li>\n<li><strong>interleukins<\/strong>\u00a0cytokines largely produced by immune system cells that help coordinate efforts against invading pathogens<\/li>\n<li><strong>intermediate host<\/strong>\u00a0a host in which a parasite goes through some stages of its life cycle before migrating to the definitive host<\/li>\n<li><strong>intrinsic growth rate<\/strong>\u00a0genetically determined generation time under specific conditions for a bacterial strain<\/li>\n<li><strong>invasion<\/strong>\u00a0dissemination of a pathogen through local tissues or throughout the body<\/li>\n<li><strong>iodophor<\/strong>\u00a0compound in which iodine is complexed to an organic molecule, increasing the stability and efficacy of iodine as a disinfectant<\/li>\n<li><strong>ionizing radiation<\/strong>\u00a0high-energy form of radiation that is able to penetrate surfaces and sterilize materials by damaging microbial cell components and DNA<\/li>\n<li><strong>ischemia<\/strong>\u00a0condition marked by the inadequate flow of blood to the tissues<\/li>\n<li><strong>isotonic medium<\/strong>\u00a0a solution in which the solute concentrations inside and outside the cell are approximately equal, thereby creating no net movement of water molecules across the cell membrane<\/li>\n<li><strong>ivermectin<\/strong>\u00a0antihelminthic drug of the avermectin class that binds to invertebrate glutamate-gated chloride channels to block neuronal transmission in helminths<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-id1167662470410\" data-depth=\"2\">\n<h3 data-type=\"title\">J<\/h3>\n<ul id=\"fs-id1167658393794\">\n<li><strong>jaundice<\/strong>\u00a0yellowish color of the skin and mucous membranes caused by excessive bilirubin caused by a failure of the liver to effectively process the breakdown of hemoglobin<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-id1167660394290\" data-depth=\"2\">\n<h3 data-type=\"title\">K<\/h3>\n<ul id=\"fs-id1167662876536\">\n<li><strong>Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test<\/strong>\u00a0simple, rapid method for determining susceptibility and resistance of a bacterial pathogen to antibacterial drugs. The test involves drug-impregnated disks placed on an agar plate inoculated with a bacterial lawn.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Koplik\u2019s spots<\/strong>\u00a0white spots that form on the inner lining of the cheek of patients with measles<\/li>\n<li><strong>Krebs cycle<\/strong>\u00a0cyclic pathway during which each two-carbon unit entering the cycle is further oxidized, producing three NADH, one FADH<sub>2<\/sub>, and one ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation, releasing two CO<sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0molecules and regenerating the molecule used in the first step; also called the\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">citric acid cycle<\/em>\u00a0or the\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">tricarboxylic acid cycle<\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong>kuru<\/strong>\u00a0rare form of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy endemic to Papua New Guinea<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-id1167662383614\" data-depth=\"2\">\n<h3 data-type=\"title\">L<\/h3>\n<ul id=\"fs-id1167660577206\">\n<li><strong>lag period<\/strong>\u00a0the time between antigen exposure and production of antibodies<\/li>\n<li><strong>lag phase<\/strong>\u00a0interval before exponential growth of a microbial population during which cells adjust to a new environment<\/li>\n<li><strong>laryngitis<\/strong>\u00a0inflammation of the larynx<\/li>\n<li><strong>latent disease<\/strong>\u00a0disease that goes into a dormant nonreplicative state after the acute disease and can persist in this state for years, with the risk of reactivation back into acute disease<\/li>\n<li><strong>latent virus<\/strong>\u00a0virus that remains dormant in the host genome<\/li>\n<li><strong>leukocidin<\/strong>\u00a0class of exotoxin that targets and lyses leukocytes<\/li>\n<li><strong>leukocytes<\/strong>\u00a0white blood cells of various types, including granulocytes, lymphocytes, and monocytes<\/li>\n<li><strong>leukotrienes<\/strong>\u00a0lipid-based chemical mediators produced by leukocytes and other tissue cells; promote inflammation and allergic responses<\/li>\n<li><strong>lipase<\/strong>\u00a0extracellular enzyme that degrades triglycerides<\/li>\n<li><strong>lipopolysaccharide (LPS)<\/strong>\u00a0lipid molecules with attached sugars that are found as components of gram-negative outer membranes<\/li>\n<li><strong>lipoprotein<\/strong>\u00a0conjugated protein attached to a lipid<\/li>\n<li><strong>listeriosis<\/strong>\u00a0bacterial disease caused from the ingestion of the microbe\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Listeria monocytogenes<\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong>lithotroph<\/strong>\u00a0chemotroph that uses inorganic chemicals as its electron source; also known as chemoautotroph<\/li>\n<li><strong>live attenuated vaccine<\/strong>\u00a0vaccine with live pathogen that has been attenuated to become less virulent in order to produce an active but subclinical infection<\/li>\n<li><strong>local infection<\/strong>\u00a0infection in one limited area<\/li>\n<li><strong>log phase<\/strong>\u00a0interval of growth when cells divide exponentially; also known as the exponential growth phase<\/li>\n<li><strong>lophotrichous<\/strong>\u00a0having a single tuft of flagella located at one end of a bacterial cell<\/li>\n<li><strong>lymph nodes<\/strong>\u00a0bean-shaped organs situated throughout the body that contain areas called germinal centers, which are rich in B and T lymphocytes; also contain macrophages and dendritic cells for antigen presentation<\/li>\n<li><strong>lymphadenitis<\/strong>\u00a0inflammation of the lymph nodes<\/li>\n<li><strong>lymphangitis<\/strong>\u00a0inflammation of the lymphatic vessels<\/li>\n<li><strong>lyophilization<\/strong>\u00a0rapid freezing, followed by placement under a vacuum, of a material so that water is lost by sublimation, thereby inhibiting microbial growth<\/li>\n<li><strong>lysis<\/strong>\u00a0destruction of the host cell<\/li>\n<li><strong>lysosome<\/strong>\u00a0an organelle of the endomembrane system that contains digestive enzymes that break down engulfed material such as foodstuffs, infectious particles, or damaged cellular components<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-id1167660301666\" data-depth=\"2\">\n<h3 data-type=\"title\">M<\/h3>\n<ul id=\"fs-id1167660620794\">\n<li><strong>M protein<\/strong>\u00a0a streptococcal cell wall protein that protects the bacteria from being phagocytized. It is associated with virulence and stimulates a strong immune response<\/li>\n<li><strong>macromolecule<\/strong>\u00a0polymer assembled from of individual units, monomers, that bind together like building blocks<\/li>\n<li><strong>macronutrient<\/strong>\u00a0element required in abundance in cells; account for approximately 99% of the cell\u2019s dry weight<\/li>\n<li><strong>macrophages<\/strong>\u00a0monocytes that have left the bloodstream and differentiated into tissue-specific phagocytes<\/li>\n<li><strong>mad cow disease<\/strong>\u00a0form of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy primarily affecting cattle; can be transmitted to humans by consumption of contaminated cattle products<\/li>\n<li><strong>magnetosomes<\/strong>\u00a0inclusions in certain bacterial cells containing magnetic iron oxide or iron sulfide, which allows bacteria to align along a magnetic field by magnetotaxis<\/li>\n<li><strong>magnification<\/strong>\u00a0the power of a microscope (or lens) to produce an image that appears larger than the actual specimen, expressed as a factor of the actual size<\/li>\n<li><strong>major histocompatibility complex (MHC)<\/strong>\u00a0collection of genes that code for MHC glycoproteins expressed on the surface of all nucleated cells<\/li>\n<li><strong>malaise<\/strong>\u00a0a general feeling of being unwell<\/li>\n<li><strong>malaria<\/strong>\u00a0potentially fatal, mosquito-borne protozoan infection caused by several species of\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Plasmodium<\/em>\u00a0and characterized by a relapsing fever, nausea, vomiting, and fatigue<\/li>\n<li><strong>mast cells<\/strong>\u00a0granulocytes similar in origin and function to basophils, but residing in tissues<\/li>\n<li><strong>maturation<\/strong>\u00a0assembly of viral components to produce a functional virus<\/li>\n<li><strong>mature na\u00efve T cell<\/strong>\u00a0a T cell that has exited the thymus after thymic selection but has not yet been activated<\/li>\n<li><strong>maximum growth pH<\/strong>\u00a0highest pH value that an organism can tolerate for growth<\/li>\n<li><strong>maximum growth temperature<\/strong>\u00a0highest temperature at which a microorganism will divide or survive<\/li>\n<li><strong>maximum permissible oxygen concentration<\/strong>\u00a0highest concentration of oxygen at which an organism will grow<\/li>\n<li><strong>measles<\/strong>\u00a0highly contagious respiratory disease caused by the measles virus (MeV); marked by an intense macular rash and high fever; also known as rubeola<\/li>\n<li><strong>mechanical transmission<\/strong>\u00a0transfer of a pathogen between hosts by a mechanical vector<\/li>\n<li><strong>mechanical vector<\/strong>\u00a0an animal that transfers a pathogen from one host to another or from a reservoir to a host without being infected by the pathogen itself<\/li>\n<li><strong>median infectious dose (ID<sub>50<\/sub>)<\/strong>\u00a0concentration of pathogen that will produce active infection in 50% of test animals inoculated<\/li>\n<li><strong>median lethal dose (LD<sub>50<\/sub>)<\/strong>\u00a0concentration of pathogen that kills 50% of infected test animals<\/li>\n<li><strong>meiosis <\/strong>a two-stage nuclear division process that results in four genetically distinct gametes<\/li>\n<li><strong>membrane attack complex (MAC)<\/strong>\u00a0ring structure formed from complement proteins C6 through C9 that penetrates the membranes of a targeted cell, causing cell lysis and death<\/li>\n<li><strong>membrane filtration<\/strong>\u00a0method to remove bacteria from liquid, typically heat-sensitive solutions, using filters with an effective pore size of 0.2 \u00b5m or smaller, depending on need<\/li>\n<li><strong>membrane-bound ribosome<\/strong>\u00a080S eukaryotic ribosome attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum<\/li>\n<li><strong>membrane-disrupting toxin<\/strong>\u00a0toxin that affects cell membrane function by either forming pores or disrupting the phospholipid bilayer<\/li>\n<li><strong>memory B cell<\/strong>\u00a0an activated and differentiated B cell that is programmed to respond to secondary exposures to a specific antigen<\/li>\n<li><strong>memory helper T cell<\/strong>\u00a0a long-lived T cell programmed to recognize and quickly mount a secondary response to a specific pathogen upon re-exposure<\/li>\n<li><strong>memory<\/strong>\u00a0the ability of the specific adaptive immune system to quickly respond to pathogens to which it has previously been exposed<\/li>\n<li><strong>meninges<\/strong>\u00a0membranes that surround the brain<\/li>\n<li><strong>meningitis<\/strong>\u00a0inflammation of the meningeal membranes that surround the brain<\/li>\n<li><strong>meningococcal meningitis<\/strong>\u00a0bacterial infection caused by\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Neisseria meningitidis<\/em>\u00a0that results in an inflammation of the meninges<\/li>\n<li><strong>meningoencephalitis<\/strong>\u00a0inflammatory response that involves both the brain and the membranes that surround it<\/li>\n<li><strong>mesophile<\/strong>\u00a0a microorganism that grows best at moderate temperatures, typically between about 20 \u00b0C and 45 \u00b0C<\/li>\n<li><strong>metabolism<\/strong>\u00a0all of the chemical reactions inside of cells<\/li>\n<li><strong>methanogen<\/strong>\u00a0microorganism that produces gaseous methane<\/li>\n<li><strong>methicillin-resistant\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Staphylococcus aureus<\/em>\u00a0(MRSA)<\/strong>\u00a0pathogen resistant to all \u03b2-lactams through acquisition of a new low-affinity penicillin-binding protein, and often resistant to many other drug classes<\/li>\n<li><strong>MHC I molecule<\/strong>\u00a0glycoprotein expressed on the surface of all nucleated cells and involved in the presentation of normal \u201cself\u201d antigens and foreign antigens from intracellular pathogens<\/li>\n<li><strong>MHC II molecule<\/strong>\u00a0glycoprotein expressed only on the surface of antigen-presenting cells and involved in the presentation of foreign antigens from pathogens ingested by phagocytosis<\/li>\n<li><strong>micelle<\/strong>\u00a0simple spherical arrangement of amphipathic lipid molecules with nonpolar tails aggregated within the interior and polar heads forming the outer surface<\/li>\n<li><strong>microaerophile<\/strong>\u00a0organism that requires oxygen at levels lower than atmospheric concentration<\/li>\n<li><strong>microbe<\/strong>\u00a0generally, an organism that is too small to be seen without a microscope; also known as a microorganism<\/li>\n<li><strong>microbial death curve<\/strong>\u00a0graphical representation of the progress of a particular microbial control protocol<\/li>\n<li><strong>microbial ecology<\/strong> study of the interactions between microbial populations<\/li>\n<li><strong>microbiology<\/strong> the study of microorganisms<\/li>\n<li><strong>microbiome<\/strong>\u00a0all prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms and their genetic material that are associated with a certain organism<\/li>\n<li><strong>microfilament<\/strong>\u00a0cytoskeletal fiber composed of actin filaments<\/li>\n<li><strong>micronutrient<\/strong>\u00a0indispensable element present in cells in lower amounts than macronutrients; also called\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">trace element<\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong>microorganism<\/strong>\u00a0generally, an organism that is too small to be seen without a microscope; also known as a microbe<\/li>\n<li><strong>microtiter plates<\/strong>\u00a0plastic dishes with multiple small wells<\/li>\n<li><strong>microtubule<\/strong>\u00a0hollow tube composed of tubulin dimers (\u03b1 and \u03b2 tubulin); the structural component of the cytoskeleton, centrioles, flagella, and cilia<\/li>\n<li><strong>miliary tuberculosis<\/strong>\u00a0hematogenous dissemination and spread of\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/em>\u00a0from tubercles<\/li>\n<li><strong>minimum growth pH<\/strong>\u00a0lowest pH value that an organism can tolerate for growth<\/li>\n<li><strong>minimum growth temperature<\/strong>\u00a0lowest temperature at which a microorganism will divide or survive<\/li>\n<li><strong>minimum permissible oxygen concentration<\/strong>\u00a0lowest concentration of oxygen at which an organism will grow<\/li>\n<li><strong>mitochondrial matrix<\/strong>\u00a0the innermost space of the mitochondrion enclosed by two membranes; the location of many metabolic enzymes as well as the mitochondrial DNA and 70S ribosomes<\/li>\n<li><strong>mitochondrion (plural: mitochondria)<\/strong>\u00a0large, complex organelle that is the site of cellular respiration in eukaryotic cells<\/li>\n<li><strong>mitosis<\/strong>(also, karyokinesis) period of the cell cycle during which the duplicated chromosomes are separated into identical nuclei; includes prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase<\/li>\n<li><strong>mitotic phase<\/strong>period of the cell cycle during which duplicated chromosomes are distributed into two nuclei and cytoplasmic contents are divided; includes karyokinesis (mitosis) and cytokinesis<\/li>\n<li><strong>moist-heat sterilization<\/strong>\u00a0protocol that involves steam under pressure in an autoclave, allowing the steam to reach temperatures higher than the boiling point of water<\/li>\n<li><strong>mold<\/strong>\u00a0a multicellular fungus, typically made up of long filaments<\/li>\n<li><strong>monocytes<\/strong>\u00a0large, agranular, mononuclear leukocytes found in the peripheral blood; responsible for phagocytosis of pathogens and damaged cells<\/li>\n<li><strong>monoecious<\/strong>\u00a0refers to sexually reproducing organisms in which individuals have both male and female reproductive organs<\/li>\n<li><strong>monomer<\/strong>\u00a0small organic molecule that binds with like molecules, forming a polymer or macromolecule<\/li>\n<li><strong>monosaccharide<\/strong>\u00a0monomer for the synthesis of carbohydrate polymers; the simplest carbohydrate, called a\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">simple sugar<\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong>monotrichous<\/strong>\u00a0having one flagellum, typically located on one end of the bacterial cell<\/li>\n<li><strong>morbidity<\/strong>\u00a0a state of illness<\/li>\n<li><strong>morbidity rate<\/strong>\u00a0the number of cases of a disease expressed as a percentage of the population or number per standard part of the population, such as 100,000<\/li>\n<li><strong>mordant<\/strong>\u00a0a chemical added to a specimen that sets a stain<\/li>\n<li><strong>mortality<\/strong>\u00a0death<\/li>\n<li><strong>mortality rate<\/strong>\u00a0the number of deaths from a disease expressed as a percentage of the population or number per standard part of the population, such as 100,000<\/li>\n<li><strong>mRNA<\/strong>\u00a0short-lived type of RNA that serves as the intermediary between DNA and the synthesis of protein products<\/li>\n<li><strong>mucociliary escalator<\/strong>\u00a0system by which mucus and debris are propelled up and out of the respiratory tract by the beating of respiratory cilia and the mechanical actions of coughing or swallowing<\/li>\n<li><strong>mucous membrane<\/strong>\u00a0moist layer of epithelial cells and interspersed goblet cells that lines the inner surfaces of the body, usually bathed in antimicrobial secretions from the cells of the membrane<\/li>\n<li><strong>mucus<\/strong>\u00a0viscous secretion produced by cells and glands in various mucous membranes throughout the body; helps trap and remove microbes and debris from the body<\/li>\n<li><strong>multidrug-resistant microbes (MDR)<\/strong>\u00a0group of pathogens that carry one or more resistance mechanisms, making them resistant to multiple antimicrobials; also called superbugs<\/li>\n<li><strong>mutation<\/strong>\u00a0heritable change in the DNA sequence of an organism<\/li>\n<li><strong>mutualism<\/strong>\u00a0type of symbiosis in which two populations benefit from, and depend on, each other<\/li>\n<li><strong>mycelium<\/strong>\u00a0vegetative network of branched, tubular hyphae<\/li>\n<li><strong>mycolic acids<\/strong>\u00a0waxy molecules associated with peptidoglycan in some gram-positive, acid-fast bacteria, chiefly mycobacteria<\/li>\n<li><strong>mycology<\/strong>\u00a0the study of fungi<\/li>\n<li><strong><em data-effect=\"italics\">Mycoplasma<\/em>\u00a0pneumonia<\/strong>\u00a0also known as walking pneumonia; a milder form of atypical pneumonia caused by\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Mycoplasma pneumoniae<\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong>mycoses (mycosis, sing.)<\/strong>\u00a0refers to diseases caused by fungi<\/li>\n<li><strong>mycotoxin<\/strong>\u00a0biologically active product of pathogenic fungi that causes adverse changes in the host cells<\/li>\n<li><strong>myocarditis<\/strong>\u00a0inflammation of the heart muscle tissues<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-id1167662518489\" data-depth=\"2\">\n<h3 data-type=\"title\">N<\/h3>\n<ul id=\"fs-id1167660358690\">\n<li><strong>na\u00efve mature B cell<\/strong>\u00a0a B cell that has not yet been activated<\/li>\n<li><strong>naked virus<\/strong>\u00a0virus composed of a nucleic acid core, either DNA or RNA, surrounded by a capsid<\/li>\n<li><strong>narrow-spectrum antimicrobial<\/strong>\u00a0drug that targets only a specific subset of microbes<\/li>\n<li><strong>natural active immunity<\/strong>\u00a0immunity that develops as a result of natural infection with a pathogen<\/li>\n<li><strong>natural antibiotic<\/strong>\u00a0antimicrobial compound that is produced naturally by microorganisms in nature<\/li>\n<li><strong>natural killer cells (NK cells)<\/strong>\u00a0lymphoid cells that recognize and destroy abnormal target cells by inducing apoptosis<\/li>\n<li><strong>natural passive immunity<\/strong>\u00a0transfer of maternal antibodies from mother to fetus (transplacentally) or infant (via breastmilk)<\/li>\n<li><strong>necrotizing fasciitis<\/strong>\u00a0a serious infection, also known as flesh-eating disease, that leads to rapid destruction of tissue through the action of exotoxin A; it can be caused by\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">S. pyogenes<\/em>\u00a0or several other bacterial species<\/li>\n<li><strong>negative (\u2013) single-strand RNA (\u2013ssRNA)<\/strong>\u00a0a viral RNA strand that cannot be translated until it is replicated into positive single-strand RNA by viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nematoda<\/strong>\u00a0phylum comprising roundworms<\/li>\n<li><strong>neonatal herpes<\/strong>\u00a0herpes infection of the newborn, generally caused by infection during birth<\/li>\n<li><strong>neonatal meningitis<\/strong>\u00a0meningitis caused by Group B streptococcus and occurring primarily in neonates (less than 2 months old)<\/li>\n<li><strong>neonatal tetanus<\/strong>\u00a0tetanus acquired through infection of the cut umbilical cord<\/li>\n<li><strong>neutralization<\/strong>\u00a0binding of an antibody to a pathogen or toxin, preventing attachment to target cells<\/li>\n<li><strong>neutrophile<\/strong>\u00a0organism that grows best at a near a neutral pH of 6.5\u20137.5<\/li>\n<li><strong>neutrophils<\/strong>\u00a0leukocytes with a multilobed nucleus found in large numbers in peripheral blood; able to leave the bloodstream to phagocytose pathogens in infected tissues; also called polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs)<\/li>\n<li><strong>nicotine adenine dinucleotide (NAD<sup>+<\/sup>\/NADH)<\/strong>\u00a0oxidized\/reduced forms of an electron carrier in cells<\/li>\n<li><strong>nicotine adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP<sup>+<\/sup>\/NADPH)<\/strong>\u00a0oxidized\/reduced forms of an electron carrier in cells<\/li>\n<li><strong>nitrogenous base<\/strong>\u00a0nitrogen-containing ring structure within a nucleotide that is responsible for complementary base pairing between nucleic acid strands<\/li>\n<li><strong>noncoding DNA<\/strong>\u00a0regions of an organism\u2019s genome that, unlike genes, do not encode proteins<\/li>\n<li><strong>noncommunicable disease<\/strong>\u00a0disease that is not transmitted from one person to another<\/li>\n<li><strong>noncritical item<\/strong>\u00a0object that may contact intact skin but does not penetrate it; requires cleanliness but not a high level of disinfection<\/li>\n<li><strong>nonenveloped virus<\/strong>\u00a0naked virus<\/li>\n<li><strong>noninfectious disease<\/strong>\u00a0disease caused by something other than an infectious agent (e.g., genetics, environment, nutritional deficiencies)<\/li>\n<li><strong>nonionizing radiation<\/strong>\u00a0low-energy radiation, like ultraviolet light, that can induce dimer formation between two adjacent pyrimidine bases, resulting in DNA polymerase stalling and possible formation of a frameshift mutation<\/li>\n<li><strong>nosocomial disease<\/strong>\u00a0disease acquired in a hospital setting<\/li>\n<li><strong>nucleic acid<\/strong>\u00a0class of macromolecules composed of nucleotide monomers polymerized into strands<\/li>\n<li><strong>nucleoid<\/strong>\u00a0concentrated area of DNA genome and associated proteins found in a prokaryotic cell that is not surrounded by a membrane<\/li>\n<li><strong>nucleotide<\/strong>\u00a0nucleic acid monomer composed of a pentose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base<\/li>\n<li><strong>nucleus<\/strong>\u00a0a membrane-bound structure of eukaryotic cells that houses the DNA genome<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-id1167656802577\" data-depth=\"2\">\n<h3 data-type=\"title\">O<\/h3>\n<ul id=\"fs-id1167660545084\">\n<li><strong>objective lenses<\/strong>\u00a0on a light microscope, the lenses closest to the specimen, typically located at the ends of turrets<\/li>\n<li><strong>obligate aerobe<\/strong>\u00a0organism that requires oxygen for growth<\/li>\n<li><strong>obligate anaerobe<\/strong>\u00a0organism that dies in the presence of oxygen<\/li>\n<li><strong>obligate intracellular pathogen<\/strong>\u00a0microorganism that cannot synthesize its own ATP and, therefore, must rely on a host cell for energy; behaves like a parasite when inside a host cell, but is metabolically inactive outside of a host cell<\/li>\n<li><strong>observational study<\/strong>\u00a0a type of scientific study that involves measurement of study subjects on variables hypothesized to be associated with the outcome of interest, but without any manipulation of the subjects<\/li>\n<li><strong>ocular lens<\/strong>\u00a0on a microscope, the lens closest to the eye (also called an eyepiece)<\/li>\n<li><strong>oil immersion lens<\/strong>\u00a0a special objective lens on a microscope designed to be used with immersion oil to improve resolution<\/li>\n<li><strong>opacity<\/strong>\u00a0the property of absorbing or blocking light<\/li>\n<li><strong>opportunistic pathogen<\/strong>\u00a0microorganism that can cause disease in individuals with compromised host defenses<\/li>\n<li><strong>opsonin<\/strong>\u00a0any molecule that binds to and coats the outside of a pathogen, identifying it for destruction by phagocytes (examples include antibodies and the complement proteins C3b and C4b)<\/li>\n<li><strong>opsonization<\/strong>\u00a0process of coating a pathogen with a chemical substance (an opsonin) that allows phagocytic cells to recognize, engulf, and destroy the pathogen more easily<\/li>\n<li><strong>optimum growth pH<\/strong>\u00a0the pH at which an organism grows best<\/li>\n<li><strong>optimum growth temperature<\/strong>\u00a0the temperature at which a microorganism\u2019s growth rate is highest<\/li>\n<li><strong>optimum oxygen concentration<\/strong>\u00a0the ideal concentration of oxygen for a particular microorganism<\/li>\n<li><strong>oral herpes<\/strong>\u00a0an infection caused by herpes simplex virus that results in cold sores, most commonly on and around the lips<\/li>\n<li><strong>oral thrush<\/strong>\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Candida<\/em>\u00a0infection of the mouth<\/li>\n<li><strong>orchitis<\/strong>\u00a0inflammation of one or both of the testes<\/li>\n<li><strong>organic molecule<\/strong>\u00a0composed primarily of carbon; typically contains at least one carbon atom bound to one or more hydrogen atoms<\/li>\n<li><strong>organotroph<\/strong>\u00a0chemotroph that uses organic molecules as its electron source; also known as chemoheterotroph<\/li>\n<li><strong>osmosis<\/strong>\u00a0diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane<\/li>\n<li><strong>osmotic pressure<\/strong>\u00a0the force or pressure generated by water diffusing across a semipermeable membrane, driven by differences in solute concentration across the membrane<\/li>\n<li><strong>outer membrane<\/strong>\u00a0a phospholipid bilayer external to the peptidoglycan layer found in gram-negative cell walls<\/li>\n<li><strong>oxidation reaction<\/strong>\u00a0chemical reaction that removes electrons (often as part of H atoms) from donor molecules, leaving them oxidized<\/li>\n<li><strong>oxidative phosphorylation<\/strong>\u00a0mechanism for making ATP that uses the potential energy stored within an electrochemical gradient to add P<sub>i<\/sub>\u00a0to ADP<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-id1167656819590\" data-depth=\"2\">\n<h3 data-type=\"title\">P<\/h3>\n<ul id=\"fs-id1167662440165\">\n<li><strong>pandemic disease<\/strong>\u00a0an epidemic that is worldwide as opposed to regional<\/li>\n<li><strong>papilloma<\/strong>\u00a0growth on the skin associated with infection by any of the human papilloma viruses (HPV); commonly known as a wart<\/li>\n<li><strong>parasitism<\/strong>\u00a0type of symbiosis in which one population benefits while harming the other parasitology the study of parasites<\/li>\n<li><strong>parenteral route<\/strong>\u00a0means of entry by a pathogen through skin or mucous membranes when these barriers are breached<\/li>\n<li><strong>paroxysmal stage<\/strong>\u00a0most serious stage of pertussis (whooping cough), characterized by severe and prolonged coughing spells<\/li>\n<li><strong>passive carrier<\/strong>\u00a0an individual capable of transmitting a pathogen to another individual without becoming infected<\/li>\n<li><strong>passive immunity<\/strong>\u00a0adaptive immune defenses received from another individual or animal<\/li>\n<li><strong>pasteurization<\/strong>\u00a0form of microbial control using heat that is applied to foods; kills pathogens and reduces the number of spoilage-causing microbes while maintaining food quality<\/li>\n<li><strong>pathogen<\/strong>\u00a0a disease-causing microorganism<\/li>\n<li><strong>pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)<\/strong>\u00a0common molecular motifs found on pathogens<\/li>\n<li><strong>pathogenicity<\/strong>\u00a0ability of a microbial agent to cause disease<\/li>\n<li><strong>pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)<\/strong>\u00a0receptors on the surface or in the interior of phagocytic cells that bind to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)<\/li>\n<li><strong>pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)<\/strong>\u00a0infection of the female reproductive organs that may spread from the vagina to the cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries<\/li>\n<li><strong>penetration<\/strong>\u00a0entry of phage or virus into a host cell through injection, endocytosis, or membrane fusion<\/li>\n<li><strong>penicillin<\/strong>\u00a0\u03b2-lactam antibacterial that was the first cell wall synthesis inhibitor developed<\/li>\n<li><\/li>\n<li><strong>pentose phosphate pathway (PPP)<\/strong>\u00a0alternative glycolytic pathway that produces intermediates used for the biosynthesis of nucleotides and amino acids; also called the\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">phosphogluconate pathway<\/em>\u00a0or the\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">hexose monophosphate shunt<\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong>peptic ulcer<\/strong>\u00a0an ulcer in the lining of the stomach or duodenum, often associated with\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Helicobacter pylori<\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong>peptidoglycan (murein)<\/strong>\u00a0the polymer of alternating N-acetylmuramic acid NAM and N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) subunits linked together by peptide chains; a major constituent of bacterial cell walls<\/li>\n<li><strong>perforin<\/strong>\u00a0compound released from a natural killer cell that creates pores in the target cell through which other toxins (particularly granzymes) can gain access to the cytoplasm<\/li>\n<li><strong>pericarditis<\/strong>\u00a0inflammation of the sac that surrounds the heart<\/li>\n<li><strong>period of convalescence<\/strong>\u00a0fifth stage of acute disease, during which the patient returns to normal function<\/li>\n<li><strong>period of decline<\/strong>\u00a0fourth stage of disease, during which the number of pathogens present in the host decreases, along with signs and symptoms of disease<\/li>\n<li><strong>period of illness<\/strong>\u00a0third stage of acute disease, during which the number of pathogens present in the host is greatest and the signs and symptoms of disease are most severe<\/li>\n<li><strong>peripheral tolerance<\/strong>\u00a0mechanism by which regulatory T cells inhibit self-reactive immune responses in T cells that have already exited the thymus<\/li>\n<li><strong>periplasmic space<\/strong>\u00a0the space between the cell wall and the plasma membrane, primarily in gram-negative bacteria<\/li>\n<li><strong>peristalsis<\/strong>\u00a0muscular contractions of the gastrointestinal tract that propel ingested material through the stomach, intestines, and, eventually, through the rectum and out of the body<\/li>\n<li><strong>peritrichous<\/strong>\u00a0having numerous flagella covering the entire surface of a bacterial cell<\/li>\n<li><strong>peroxidase<\/strong>\u00a0enzyme that catalyzes the detoxification of peroxides<\/li>\n<li><strong>peroxygen<\/strong>\u00a0type of strong oxidizing agent that causes free radical formation in cells; can be used as a disinfectant or antiseptic<\/li>\n<li><strong>pertussis<\/strong>\u00a0contagious illness caused by\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Bordetella pertussis<\/em>\u00a0that causes severe coughing fits followed by a whooping sound during inhalation; commonly known as whooping cough<\/li>\n<li><strong>pertussis toxin<\/strong>\u00a0main virulence factor accounting for the symptoms of whooping cough<\/li>\n<li><strong>petechiae<\/strong>\u00a0small red or purple spots on the skin that result from blood leaking out of damaged vessels<\/li>\n<li><strong>Peyer\u2019s patches<\/strong>\u00a0lymphoid tissue in the ileum that monitors and fights infections<\/li>\n<li><strong>phagocytosis<\/strong>\u00a0a type of endocytosis in which large particles are engulfed by membrane invagination, after which the particles are enclosed in a pocket, which is pinched off from the membrane to form a vacuole<\/li>\n<li><strong>phagolysosome<\/strong>\u00a0compartment in a phagocytic cell that results when the phagosome is fused with the lysosome, leading to the destruction of the pathogens inside<\/li>\n<li><strong>phagosome<\/strong>\u00a0compartment in the cytoplasm of a phagocytic cell that contains the phagocytosed pathogen enclosed by part of the cell membrane<\/li>\n<li><strong>pharyngitis<\/strong>\u00a0inflammation of the pharynx<\/li>\n<li><strong>phenolics<\/strong>\u00a0class of chemical disinfectants and antiseptics characterized by a phenol group that denatures proteins and disrupts membranes<\/li>\n<li><strong>phenotype<\/strong>\u00a0observable characteristics of a cell or organism<\/li>\n<li><strong>phosphogluconate pathway<\/strong>\u00a0see\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">pentose phosphate pathway<\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong>phospholipase<\/strong>\u00a0enzyme that degrades phospholipids<\/li>\n<li><strong>phospholipid<\/strong>\u00a0complex lipid that contains a phosphate group<\/li>\n<li><strong>phototaxis<\/strong>\u00a0directional movement using flagella in response to light<\/li>\n<li><strong>phototroph<\/strong>\u00a0organism that gets its energy from light<\/li>\n<li><strong>phylogeny<\/strong>\u00a0the evolutionary history of a group of organisms<\/li>\n<li><strong>pili<\/strong>\u00a0long protein extensions on the surface of some bacterial cells; specialized F or sex pilus aids in DNA transfer between cells<\/li>\n<li><strong>pinocytosis<\/strong>\u00a0a type of endocytosis in which small dissolved materials are endocytosed into smaller vesicles<\/li>\n<li><strong>planktonic<\/strong>\u00a0free-floating or drifting in suspension<\/li>\n<li><strong>plaque<\/strong>\u00a0clear area on bacterial lawn caused by viral lysis of host cells<\/li>\n<li><strong>plasma cell<\/strong>\u00a0activated and differentiated B cell that produces and secretes antibodies<\/li>\n<li><strong>plasma<\/strong>\u00a0fluid portion of the blood that contains all clotting factors<\/li>\n<li><strong>plasma membrane<\/strong>\u00a0(also called the cell membrane or cytoplasmic membrane) lipid bilayer with embedded proteins that defines the boundary of the cell<\/li>\n<li><strong>plasmid<\/strong>\u00a0small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that is typically independent from the bacterial chromosome<\/li>\n<li><strong>plasmolysis<\/strong>\u00a0the separation of the plasma membrane away from the cell wall when a cell is exposed to a hypertonic environment<\/li>\n<li><strong>platelets<\/strong>\u00a0cell fragments in the peripheral blood that originate from megakaryocyte cells in the bone marrow; also called thrombocytes<\/li>\n<li><strong>Platyhelminthes<\/strong>\u00a0phylum comprising flatworms<\/li>\n<li><strong>pleomorphic<\/strong>\u00a0able to change shape<\/li>\n<li><strong>pneumococcal meningitis<\/strong>\u00a0bacterial infection caused by\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/em>\u00a0that results in an inflammation of the meninges<\/li>\n<li><strong><em data-effect=\"italics\">Pneumocystis<\/em>\u00a0pneumonia<\/strong>\u00a0common pulmonary infection in patients with AIDS; caused by\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">P. jirovecii<\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong>pneumonia<\/strong>\u00a0pulmonary inflammation that causes the lungs to fill with fluids<\/li>\n<li><strong>polyhedral virus<\/strong>\u00a0virus with a three-dimensional shape with many facets<\/li>\n<li><strong>polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN)<\/strong>\u00a0see\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">neutrophils<\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong>polymyxins<\/strong>\u00a0lipophilic polypeptide antibiotics that target the lipopolysaccharide component of gram-negative bacteria and ultimately disrupt the integrity of their outer and inner membranes<\/li>\n<li><strong>portal of entry<\/strong>\u00a0anatomical feature of the body through which pathogens can enter host tissue<\/li>\n<li><strong>portal of exit<\/strong>\u00a0anatomical feature of the body through which pathogens can leave diseased individual<\/li>\n<li><strong>positive (+) strand<\/strong>\u00a0viral RNA strand that acts like messenger RNA and can be directly translated inside the host cell<\/li>\n<li><strong>pour plate method<\/strong>\u00a0a technique used for inoculating plates with diluted bacterial samples for the purpose of cell counting; cells are mixed with warm liquid agar before being poured into Petri dishes<\/li>\n<li><strong>prevalence<\/strong>\u00a0the total number or proportion of individuals in a population ill with a specific disease<\/li>\n<li><strong>primary antibody<\/strong> in a direct (sandwich) ELISA, the antibody that is attached to wells of a microtiter plate to capture antigen from a solution, or in an indirect ELISA, the antigen-specific antibody present in a patient\u2019s serum<\/li>\n<li><strong>primary immunodeficiency<\/strong>\u00a0genetic condition that results in impaired immune function<\/li>\n<li><strong>primary infection<\/strong>\u00a0initial infection produced by a pathogen<\/li>\n<li><strong>primary lymphoid tissue<\/strong>\u00a0one of two types of lymphatic tissue; comprises bone marrow and the thymus<\/li>\n<li><strong>primary pathogen<\/strong>\u00a0microorganism that can cause disease in the host regardless of the effectiveness of the host\u2019s immune system<\/li>\n<li><strong>primary response<\/strong>\u00a0the adaptive immune response produced upon first exposure to a specific antigen<\/li>\n<li><strong>primary stain<\/strong>\u00a0refers, in differential staining techniques, to the first dye added to the specimen<\/li>\n<li><strong>prion<\/strong>\u00a0acellular infectious particle consisting of just proteins that can cause progressive diseases in animals and humans<\/li>\n<li><strong>prodromal period<\/strong>\u00a0second stage of acute disease, during which the pathogen continues to multiply in the host and nonspecific signs and symptoms become observable<\/li>\n<li><strong>proglottid<\/strong>\u00a0body segment of a cestode (tapeworm)<\/li>\n<li><strong>prokaryote<\/strong>\u00a0an organism whose cell structure does not include a membrane-bound nucleus<\/li>\n<li><strong>prokaryotic cell<\/strong>\u00a0a cell lacking a nucleus bound by a complex nuclear membrane<\/li>\n<li><strong>protists<\/strong>\u00a0informal name for diverse group of eukaryotic organisms, including unicellular, colonial, and multicellular types that lack specialized tissues<\/li>\n<li><strong>protozoan (plural: protozoa)<\/strong>\u00a0a unicellular eukaryotic organism, usually motile<\/li>\n<li><strong>protozoans<\/strong>\u00a0informal term for some protists, generally those that are nonphotosynthetic, unicellular, and motile protozoology the study of protozoa<\/li>\n<li><strong>provirus<\/strong>\u00a0animal virus genome that has integrated into the host chromosome<\/li>\n<li><strong>pseudohyphae<\/strong>\u00a0short chains of yeast cells stuck together<\/li>\n<li><strong>pseudomembrane<\/strong> grayish layer of dead cells, pus, fibrin, red blood cells, and bacteria that forms on mucous membranes<\/li>\n<li><strong>pseudomembranous colitis<\/strong>\u00a0inflammation of the large intestine with the formation of a pseudomembrane; caused by\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">C. difficile<\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong>pseudopodia<\/strong>\u00a0temporary projections involved in ameboid movement; these \u201cfalse feet\u201d form by gel-sol cycling of actin polymerization\/depolymerization<\/li>\n<li><strong>psychrophile<\/strong>\u00a0a microorganism that grows best at cold temperatures; most have an optimum growth temperature of about 15 \u00b0C and can survive temperatures below 0 \u00b0C; most cannot survive temperatures above 20 \u00b0C<\/li>\n<li><strong>psychrotroph<\/strong>\u00a0a microorganism that grows best at cool temperatures, typically between about 4 \u00b0C and 25 \u00b0C, with optimum growth at about 20 \u00b0C<\/li>\n<li><strong>puerperal sepsis<\/strong>\u00a0sepsis associated with a bacterial infection incurred by a woman during or after childbirth<\/li>\n<li><strong>purulent<\/strong>\u00a0an infection that produces pus; suppurative<\/li>\n<li><strong>pus<\/strong>\u00a0accumulation of dead pathogens, neutrophils, tissue fluid, and other bystander cells that may have been killed by phagocytes at the site of an infection<\/li>\n<li><strong>pyelonephritis<\/strong>\u00a0an infection of one or both kidneys<\/li>\n<li><strong>pyoderma<\/strong>\u00a0any suppurative (pus-producing) infection of the skin<\/li>\n<li><strong>pyuria<\/strong>\u00a0pus or white blood cells in the urine<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-id1167658345586\" data-depth=\"2\">\n<h3 data-type=\"title\">Q<\/h3>\n<ul id=\"fs-id1167660661247\">\n<li><strong>quarantine<\/strong>\u00a0the isolation of an individual for the purpose of preventing the spread of disease<\/li>\n<li><strong>quaternary ammonium salts (quats)<\/strong>\u00a0group of cationic detergents, named for the characteristic quaternary nitrogen atom that confers a positive charge, that make up an important class of disinfectants and antiseptics<\/li>\n<li><strong>quinolines<\/strong> class of antiprotozoan drugs long used for the treatment of malaria<\/li>\n<li><strong>quorum sensing<\/strong>\u00a0cell-to-cell communication in bacteria; enables a coordinated response from cells when the population reaches a threshold density<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-id1167662720370\" data-depth=\"2\">\n<h3 data-type=\"title\">R<\/h3>\n<ul id=\"fs-id1167662553691\">\n<li><strong>rabies<\/strong>\u00a0contagious viral disease primarily transmitted by the bite of infected mammals that can cause acute encephalitis resulting in madness, aggressiveness, coma, and death<\/li>\n<li><strong>reactivation tuberculosis<\/strong>\u00a0secondary infection by\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/em>\u00a0that forms later in life; occurs when the bacteria escape from the Ghon complexes and establish focal infections at other sites in immunocompromised individuals<\/li>\n<li><strong>reactive oxygen species (ROS)<\/strong>\u00a0unstable and toxic ions and molecules derived from partial reduction of oxygen<\/li>\n<li><strong>receptor-mediated endocytosis<\/strong>\u00a0a type of endocytosis in which extracellular ligands are targeted to specific cells through their binding to specific cell surface receptors<\/li>\n<li><strong>redox potential<\/strong>\u00a0tendency for a molecule to acquire electrons and become reduced; electrons flow from molecules with lower redox potentials to those with higher redox potentials<\/li>\n<li><strong>redox reaction<\/strong>\u00a0pairing of an oxidation reaction with a reduction reaction<\/li>\n<li><strong>reduction reaction<\/strong>\u00a0chemical reaction that adds electrons to acceptor molecules, leaving them reduced<\/li>\n<li><strong>reemerging infectious disease<\/strong>\u00a0a disease that was once under control or largely eradicated that has begun causing new outbreaks due to changes in susceptible populations, the environment, or the pathogen itself<\/li>\n<li><strong>refraction<\/strong>\u00a0bending of light waves, which occurs when a light wave passes from one medium to another<\/li>\n<li><strong>rejection<\/strong>\u00a0process by which adaptive immune responses recognize transplanted tissue as non-self, mounting a response that destroys the tissue or leads to the death of the individual<\/li>\n<li><strong>replication<\/strong>\u00a0process by which DNA is copied<\/li>\n<li><strong>reservoir<\/strong>\u00a0a living host or nonliving site in which a pathogenic organism can survive or multiply<\/li>\n<li><strong>resident microbiota<\/strong>\u00a0microorganisms that constantly live in the human body<\/li>\n<li><strong>resolution<\/strong>\u00a0the ability to distinguish between two points in an image<\/li>\n<li><strong>retort<\/strong>\u00a0large industrial autoclave used for moist heat sterilization on a large scale<\/li>\n<li><strong>retrospective study<\/strong>\u00a0a research design that associates historical data with present cases<\/li>\n<li><strong>retrovirus<\/strong>\u00a0positive ssRNA virus that produces and uses reverse transcriptase to make an ssDNA copy of the retroviral genome that can then be made into dsDNA and integrate into the host cell chromosome to form a provirus within the host chromosome.<\/li>\n<li><strong>reverse transcriptase<\/strong>\u00a0enzyme found in retroviruses that can make a copy of ssDNA from ssRNA<\/li>\n<li><strong>reverse transcriptase inhibitor<\/strong>\u00a0classes of antiviral drugs that involve nucleoside analog competitive inhibition and non-nucleoside noncompetitive inhibition of the HIV reverse transcriptase<\/li>\n<li><strong>Reye syndrome<\/strong>\u00a0potentially life-threatening sequelae to some viral infections that result in the swelling of the liver and brain; aspirin use has also been linked to this syndrome<\/li>\n<li><strong>Rh factor<\/strong>\u00a0red blood cell surface antigen that can trigger type II hypersensitivity reactions<\/li>\n<li><strong>rheumatic fever<\/strong>\u00a0serious clinical sequela of an infection with\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Streptococcus pyogenes<\/em>\u00a0that can result in damage to joints or the valves of the heart<\/li>\n<li><strong>rheumatoid arthritis<\/strong>\u00a0systemic autoimmune disease in which immune complexes form and deposit in the joints and their linings, leading to inflammation and destruction<\/li>\n<li><strong>rhinitis<\/strong>\u00a0inflammation of the nasal cavity<\/li>\n<li><strong>ribosome<\/strong>\u00a0a complex intracellular structure that synthesizes proteins<\/li>\n<li><strong>rifampin<\/strong>\u00a0semisynthetic member of the rifamycin class that blocks bacterial RNA polymerase activity, inhibiting transcription<\/li>\n<li><strong>ringworm<\/strong>\u00a0a tinea (cutaneous mycosis of the skin), typically characterized by a round, red, slightly raised lesion that heals outward from the center, giving it the appearance of a round worm<\/li>\n<li><strong>rogue form<\/strong> misfolded form of the PrP protein that is normally found in the cell membrane and has the tendency to aggregate in neurons, causing extensive cell death and brain damage<\/li>\n<li><strong>rubella<\/strong>\u00a0German measles, caused by the rubella virus<\/li>\n<li><strong>runs (running)<\/strong>\u00a0purposeful, directional movement of a prokaryotic cell propelled by counterclockwise flagellar rotation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-id1167660126501\" data-depth=\"2\">\n<h3 data-type=\"title\">S<\/h3>\n<ul id=\"fs-id1167662865223\">\n<li><strong>salmonellosis<\/strong>\u00a0gastrointestinal illness caused by\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Salmonella<\/em>\u00a0bacteria<\/li>\n<li><strong>salpingitis<\/strong>\u00a0inflammation of the fallopian tubes<\/li>\n<li><strong>sanitization<\/strong>\u00a0protocol that reduces microbial load on inanimate surfaces to levels deemed safe for public health<\/li>\n<li><strong>SARS<\/strong>\u00a0severe acute respiratory syndrome; caused by a zoonotic coronavirus that results in flu-like symptoms<\/li>\n<li><strong>scarlet fever<\/strong>\u00a0bacterial infection caused by\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Streptococcus pyogenes<\/em>, marked by a high fever and a disseminated scarlet rash<\/li>\n<li><strong>schistosomiasis<\/strong>\u00a0helminthic infection caused by\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Schistosoma<\/em> spp.; transmitted from a snail intermediate host to human<\/li>\n<li><strong>scolex<\/strong>\u00a0the head region of a cestode (tapeworm), which typically has suckers and\/or hooks for attachment to the host<\/li>\n<li><strong>scrapie<\/strong>\u00a0form of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy that primarily affects sheep<\/li>\n<li><strong>sebaceous gland<\/strong>\u00a0a gland located in hair follicles that secretes sebum<\/li>\n<li><strong>sebum<\/strong>\u00a0lipid-rich substance secreted by the sebaceous glands of the skin<\/li>\n<li><strong>secondary antibody<\/strong>\u00a0antibody to which an enzyme is attached for use in ELISA assays; in direct and sandwich ELISAs, it is specific for the antigen being quantified, whereas in indirect ELISA, it is specific for the primary antibody<\/li>\n<li><strong>secondary immunodeficiency<\/strong>\u00a0impaired immune response due to infection, metabolic disturbance, poor diet, stress, or other acquired factors<\/li>\n<li><strong>secondary infection<\/strong>\u00a0second infection that develops after a primary infection as a result of the primary disease compromising immune defenses or antibiotics, thus eliminating protective microbiota<\/li>\n<li><strong>secondary lymphoid tissue<\/strong>\u00a0one of two types of lymphatic tissue; comprises the spleen, lymph nodes, Peyer\u2019s patches, and mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)<\/li>\n<li><strong>secondary response<\/strong>\u00a0the adaptive immune response produced in response to a specific antigen to which the body has previously been exposed<\/li>\n<li><strong>selective media<\/strong>\u00a0media that contain additives that encourage the growth of some bacteria while inhibiting others<\/li>\n<li><strong>selective toxicity<\/strong>\u00a0desirable quality of an antimicrobial drug indicating that it preferentially kills or inhibits the growth of the target microbe while causing minimal or no harm to the host<\/li>\n<li><strong>semicritical item<\/strong>\u00a0object that contacts mucous membranes or nonintact skin but does not penetrate tissues; requires a high level of disinfection<\/li>\n<li><strong>sepsis<\/strong>\u00a0systemic inflammatory response to an infection that results in high fever and edema, causing organ damage and possibly leading to shock and death<\/li>\n<li><strong>septic shock<\/strong>\u00a0serious condition marked by the loss of blood pressure resulting from an inflammatory response against a systemic infection<\/li>\n<li><strong>septic<\/strong>\u00a0the condition of being septicemic; having an infection in the blood<\/li>\n<li><strong>septicemia<\/strong>\u00a0condition in which pathogens are multiplying in blood<\/li>\n<li><strong>serial dilution<\/strong>\u00a0sequential transfer of known volumes of culture samples from one tube to another to perform a several-fold dilution of the original culture<\/li>\n<li><strong>sessile<\/strong>\u00a0attached to a surface<\/li>\n<li><strong>severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID)<\/strong>\u00a0genetic disorder resulting in impaired function of B cells and T cells<\/li>\n<li><strong>sex pilus<\/strong>\u00a0specialized type of pilus that aids in DNA transfer between some prokaryotic cells<\/li>\n<li><strong>shigellosis<\/strong>\u00a0gastrointestinal illness caused by\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Shigella<\/em>\u00a0bacteria, also called bacillary dysentery<\/li>\n<li><strong>shingles<\/strong>\u00a0acute and painful rash that forms following the reactivation of a latent chickenpox infection<\/li>\n<li><strong>shock<\/strong>\u00a0extreme drop in blood pressure that, among other causes, can result from a strong immune response to the activity of toxins or response to bacterial products and can result in death<\/li>\n<li><strong>sign<\/strong>\u00a0objective and measurable indication of a disease<\/li>\n<li><strong>simple microscope<\/strong>\u00a0a type of microscope with only one lens to focus light from the specimen<\/li>\n<li><strong>simple staining<\/strong>\u00a0a staining technique that uses a single dye<\/li>\n<li><strong>S-layer<\/strong>\u00a0cell envelope layer composed of protein covering the cell walls of some bacteria and archaea; in some archaea, may function as the cell wall<\/li>\n<li><strong>slime layer<\/strong>\u00a0a type of glycocalyx with unorganized layers of polysaccharides that aid bacterial adherence to surfaces<\/li>\n<li><strong>smear<\/strong>\u00a0a thin layer of a specimen on a slide<\/li>\n<li><strong>specificity<\/strong>\u00a0the ability of the specific adaptive immune system to target specific pathogens or toxins<\/li>\n<li><strong>spike<\/strong>\u00a0viral glycoprotein embedded within the viral capsid or envelope used for attachment to host cells<\/li>\n<li><strong>spirochetes<\/strong>\u00a0a group of long, thin, spiral-shaped fastidious bacteria that includes the human pathogens that cause syphilis, Lyme disease, and leptospirosis<\/li>\n<li><strong>spleen<\/strong>\u00a0abdominal organ consisting of secondary lymphoid tissue that filters blood and captures pathogens and antigens that pass into it; also contains specialized macrophages and dendritic cells that are crucial for antigen presentation<\/li>\n<li><strong>spontaneous generation<\/strong>\u00a0the now-disproven theory that life can arise from nonliving matter<\/li>\n<li><strong>sporadic disease<\/strong>\u00a0an illness that occurs at relatively low levels with no discernible pattern or trend, frequently with no geographic focus<\/li>\n<li><strong>sporulation<\/strong>\u00a0the process by which a vegetative cell produces a dormant endospore<\/li>\n<li><strong>spread plate method<\/strong>\u00a0a technique used for inoculating plates with diluted bacterial samples for the purpose of cell counting; the liquid sample is pipetted onto solid medium and spread uniformly across the plate<\/li>\n<li><strong>stage<\/strong>\u00a0the platform of a microscope on which slides are placed<\/li>\n<li><strong>staining<\/strong>\u00a0the addition of stains or dyes to a microscopic specimen for the purpose of enhancing contrast<\/li>\n<li><strong>staphylococcal food poisoning<\/strong>\u00a0gastrointestinal illness caused by toxins produced by\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Staphylococcus aureus<\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong>staphylolysins<\/strong>\u00a0a class of staphylococcal exotoxins that are cytotoxic to skin cells and white blood cells<\/li>\n<li><strong>stationary phase<\/strong>\u00a0interval during which the number of cells formed by cell division is equal to the number of cells dying<\/li>\n<li><strong>sterilant<\/strong>\u00a0strong chemical that effectively kills all microbes and viruses in or on an inanimate item<\/li>\n<li><strong>sterile field<\/strong>\u00a0specified area that is free of all vegetative microbes, endospores, and viruses<\/li>\n<li><strong>sterilization<\/strong>\u00a0protocol that completely removes all vegetative cells, endospores, and viruses from an item<\/li>\n<li><strong>strep throat (streptococcal pharyngitis)<\/strong>\u00a0bacterial pharyngitis caused by\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Streptococcus pyogenes<\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong>streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome (STSS)<\/strong>\u00a0condition similar to staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome but with greater likelihood of bacteremia, necrotizing fasciitis, and acute respiratory distress syndrome<\/li>\n<li><strong>subclinical disease<\/strong>\u00a0disease that does not present any signs or symptoms<\/li>\n<li><strong>subcutaneous mycosis<\/strong>\u00a0any fungal infection that penetrates the epidermis and dermis to enter deeper tissues<\/li>\n<li><strong>substrate<\/strong>\u00a0chemical reactants of an enzymatic reaction<\/li>\n<li><strong>substrate-level phosphorylation<\/strong>\u00a0direct method of ATP production in which a high-energy phosphate group is removed from an organic molecule and added to an ADP molecule<\/li>\n<li><strong>subunit vaccine<\/strong>\u00a0vaccine that contains only key antigens as opposed to whole pathogens<\/li>\n<li><strong>sulfonamides (sulfa drugs)<\/strong>\u00a0group of structurally related synthetic antimicrobial compounds that function as antimetabolites, competitively inhibiting an enzyme in the bacterial folic acid synthesis pathway<\/li>\n<li><strong>superantigen<\/strong>\u00a0class of exotoxin that triggers a strong nonspecific immune response with excessive production of cytokines (cytokine storm) causing inflammation, high fever, shock, and, potentially, death<\/li>\n<li><strong>superinfection<\/strong>\u00a0secondary infection that may develop as a result of long-term, broad-spectrum antimicrobial use<\/li>\n<li><strong>superoxide dismutase<\/strong>\u00a0enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of superoxide anions<\/li>\n<li><strong>surfactant<\/strong>\u00a0group of chemical compounds used for degerming; lower the surface tension of water, creating emulsions that mechanically carry away microorganisms<\/li>\n<li><strong>symbiosis<\/strong>\u00a0any interaction between different species that are associated with each other within a community<\/li>\n<li><strong>symptom<\/strong>\u00a0subjective experience of disease felt by the patient<\/li>\n<li><strong>syndrome<\/strong>\u00a0group of signs and symptoms characteristic of a particular disease<\/li>\n<li><strong>syphilis<\/strong>\u00a0an STI caused by the bacterium\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Treponema pallidum<\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong>systemic autoimmune disease<\/strong>\u00a0autoimmune disease that affect the organism as a whole, rather than a single organ<\/li>\n<li><strong>systemic infection<\/strong>\u00a0infection that has spread to multiple locations or body systems<\/li>\n<li><strong>systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)<\/strong>\u00a0severe inflammatory response to the presence of microbes in the blood; can lead to sepsis<\/li>\n<li><strong>systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)<\/strong>\u00a0systemic autoimmune disease producing inflammatory type III hypersensitivities as antibodies form immune complexes with nuclear and cytoplasmic antigens<\/li>\n<li><strong>systemic mycosis<\/strong>\u00a0a fungal infection that spreads throughout the body<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-id1167660266921\" data-depth=\"2\">\n<h3 data-type=\"title\">T<\/h3>\n<ul id=\"fs-id1167662757620\">\n<li><strong>T-cell receptors (TCR)<\/strong>\u00a0molecules on T cells involved in the recognition of processed foreign epitopes presented with MHC I or MHC II<\/li>\n<li><strong>T lymphocyte<\/strong>\u00a0lymphocyte that serves as the central orchestrator, bridging humoral, cellular, and innate immunity, and serves as the effector cells of cellular immunity; T cell<\/li>\n<li><strong>taeniasis<\/strong>\u00a0infection caused by\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Taenia<\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong>tapeworms<\/strong>\u00a0segmented, hermaphroditic, parasitic flatworms (Platyhelminthes)<\/li>\n<li><strong>T-dependent antigen<\/strong>\u00a0a protein antigen that is only capable of activating a B cell with the cooperation of a helper T cell<\/li>\n<li><strong>telomerase<\/strong>\u00a0enzyme that attaches to the end of a linear chromosome and adds nucleotides to the 3\u2019 end of one of the DNA strands, maintaining the telomere sequence, thus preventing loss of DNA from the end of the chromosome<\/li>\n<li><strong>telomere<\/strong>\u00a0repetitive, noncoding sequence found at the end of a linear eukaryotic chromosome that protects the genes near the end of the chromosome from deletion as the DNA molecule is repeatedly replicated<\/li>\n<li><strong>tetanus<\/strong>\u00a0bacterial disease caused by exotoxin produced by\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Clostridium tetani<\/em>\u00a0that causes a rigid paralysis<\/li>\n<li><strong>tetracyclines<\/strong>\u00a0class of protein synthesis inhibitors that bind to the 30S subunit, blocking the association of tRNAs with the ribosome during translation<\/li>\n<li><strong>T<sub>H<\/sub>1 cells<\/strong>\u00a0subtype of T cells that stimulate cytotoxic T cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and NK cells<\/li>\n<li><strong>T<sub>H<\/sub>2 cells<\/strong>\u00a0subtype of T cells that stimulate B cells and direct their differentiation; also involved in directing antibody class switching<\/li>\n<li><strong>thermophile<\/strong>\u00a0a microorganism that grows best at warm temperatures, typically between about 50 \u00b0C and 80 \u00b0C<\/li>\n<li><strong>thioglycolate medium<\/strong>\u00a0medium designed to test the aerotolerance of bacteria; it contains a low concentration of agar to allow motile bacteria to move throughout the medium<\/li>\n<li><strong>thioglycolate tube culture<\/strong>\u00a0contains reducing medium through which oxygen diffuses from the tube opening, producing a range of oxygen environments down the length of the tube<\/li>\n<li><strong>thrombocytes<\/strong>\u00a0see\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">platelets<\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong>thymic selection<\/strong>\u00a0a three-step process of negative and positive selection of T cells in the thymus<\/li>\n<li><strong>tincture<\/strong>\u00a0solution of an antiseptic compound dissolved in alcohol<\/li>\n<li><strong>T-independent antigen<\/strong>\u00a0a nonprotein antigen that can activate a B cell without cooperation from a helper T cell<\/li>\n<li><strong>tinea<\/strong>\u00a0any cutaneous fungal infection caused by dermatophytes, such as tinea corporis, tinea capitis, tinea cruris, and tinea pedis<\/li>\n<li><strong>tinea capitis<\/strong>\u00a0cutaneous mycosis of the scalp; also known as ringworm of the scalp<\/li>\n<li><strong>tinea corporis<\/strong>\u00a0cutaneous mycosis of the body; also known as ringworm of the body<\/li>\n<li><strong>tinea cruris<\/strong>\u00a0cutaneous mycosis of the groin region; also known as jock itch<\/li>\n<li><strong>tinea pedis<\/strong>\u00a0cutaneous mycosis of the feet; also known as athlete\u2019s foot<\/li>\n<li><strong>tissue tropism<\/strong>\u00a0tendency of most viruses to infect only certain tissue types within a host<\/li>\n<li><strong>tolerance<\/strong>\u00a0lack of an anti-self immune response<\/li>\n<li><strong>toll-like receptors (TLRs)<\/strong>\u00a0pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) that may be found on the external surface of phagocytes or facing inward in interior compartments<\/li>\n<li><strong>tonsillitis<\/strong>\u00a0inflammation of the tonsils<\/li>\n<li><strong>total magnification<\/strong>\u00a0in a light microscope is a value calculated by multiplying the magnification of the ocular by the magnification of the objective lenses<\/li>\n<li><strong>toxemia<\/strong>\u00a0presence of toxins in the blood<\/li>\n<li><strong>toxic shock syndrome<\/strong>\u00a0severe condition marked by the loss of blood pressure and blood clot formation caused by a bacterial superantigen, toxic shock syndrome toxin<\/li>\n<li><strong>toxigenicity<\/strong>\u00a0ability of a pathogen to produce toxins to cause damage to host cells<\/li>\n<li><strong>toxin<\/strong>\u00a0poison produced by a pathogen<\/li>\n<li><strong>toxoid vaccine<\/strong>\u00a0vaccine that contains inactivated bacterial toxins<\/li>\n<li><strong>toxoplasmosis<\/strong>\u00a0typically asymptomatic protozoan infection caused by\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Toxoplasma<\/em>\u00a0spp. and transmitted through contact with cysts in cat feces; infections in pregnant women may cause birth defects or miscarriage<\/li>\n<li><strong>trace element<\/strong>\u00a0indispensable element present in cells in lower amounts than macronutrients; also called\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">micronutrient<\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong>transcription<\/strong>\u00a0process of synthesizing RNA using the information encoded in DNA<\/li>\n<li><strong>transduction<\/strong>\u00a0mechanism of horizontal gene transfer in bacteria in which genes are transferred through viral infection<\/li>\n<li><strong>transformation<\/strong>\u00a0mechanism of horizontal gene transfer in bacteria in which naked environmental DNA is taken up by a bacterial cell<\/li>\n<li><strong>transient microbiota<\/strong>\u00a0microorganisms, sometimes pathogenic, that are only temporarily found in the human body<\/li>\n<li><strong>transition reaction<\/strong>\u00a0reaction linking glycolysis to the Krebs cycle, during which each pyruvate is decarboxylated and oxidized (forming NADH), and the resulting two-carbon acetyl group is attached to a large carrier molecule called coenzyme A, resulting in the formation of acetyl-CoA and CO; also called the\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">bridge reaction<\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong>translation (protein synthesis)<\/strong>\u00a0process of protein synthesis whereby a ribosome decodes an mRNA message into a polypeptide product<\/li>\n<li><strong>transmissible spongiform encephalopathy<\/strong>\u00a0degenerative disease caused by prions; leads to the death of neurons in the brain<\/li>\n<li><strong>transmittance<\/strong>\u00a0the amount of light that passes through a medium<\/li>\n<li><strong>transparency<\/strong>\u00a0the property of allowing light to pass through<\/li>\n<li><strong>tricarboxylic acid cycle<\/strong>\u00a0see\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Krebs cycle<\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong>trophozoite<\/strong>\u00a0a life cycle phase in which protists are actively feeding and growing<\/li>\n<li><strong>tubercle<\/strong>\u00a0small, rounded lesion<\/li>\n<li><strong>tuberculosis<\/strong>\u00a0life-threatening form of microbial infection marked by the presence of acid-fast bacteria growing in nodules (especially in the lungs)<\/li>\n<li><strong>tumbles (tumbling)<\/strong>\u00a0random, circuitous movement of a bacterial cell, propelled by clockwise flagellar rotation<\/li>\n<li><strong>tumor<\/strong>\u00a0collection or aggregate of cells; can be benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous)<\/li>\n<li><strong>turbidity<\/strong>\u00a0cloudiness of a culture due to refraction of light by cells and particles<\/li>\n<li><strong>type 1 diabetes mellitus<\/strong>\u00a0hyperglycemia caused by an autoimmune disease affecting insulin production by \u03b2 cells of the pancreas<\/li>\n<li><strong>type I hypersensitivity<\/strong>\u00a0rapid-onset allergic reaction due to cross-linking of antigen-specific IgE on the outside of mast cells, resulting in release of inflammatory mediators<\/li>\n<li><strong>type II hypersensitivity<\/strong>\u00a0cytotoxic reaction triggered by IgG and IgM antibodies binding to antigens on cell surfaces<\/li>\n<li><strong>type III hypersensitivity<\/strong>\u00a0inflammatory reaction induced by formation of immune complexes and their deposition in tissues and blood vessels<\/li>\n<li><strong>type IV hypersensitivity<\/strong>\u00a0delayed T-cell-mediated inflammatory reaction that takes longer to manifest than the first three hypersensitivity types, due to the need for activation of antigen-presenting cell and T-cell subsets<\/li>\n<li><strong>typhoid fever<\/strong>\u00a0serious illness caused by infection with certain serotypes of\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Salmonella<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-id1167660142661\" data-depth=\"2\">\n<h3 data-type=\"title\">U<\/h3>\n<ul id=\"fs-id1167662765414\">\n<li><strong>UHT pasteurization<\/strong>\u00a0method of pasteurization that exposes milk to ultra-high temperatures (near 140 \u00b0C) for a few seconds, effectively sterilizing it so that it can be sealed and stored for long periods without refrigeration<\/li>\n<li><strong>ulcer<\/strong>\u00a0open sore<\/li>\n<li><strong>ureter<\/strong>\u00a0duct that transports urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder<\/li>\n<li><strong>ureteritis<\/strong>\u00a0inflammation of the ureter<\/li>\n<li><strong>urethra<\/strong>\u00a0duct through which urine passes from the urinary bladder to leave the body through the urinary meatus<\/li>\n<li><strong>urethritis<\/strong>\u00a0inflammation of the urethra<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-id1167660178292\" data-depth=\"2\">\n<h3 data-type=\"title\">V<\/h3>\n<ul id=\"fs-id1167662464707\">\n<li><strong>vaccination<\/strong>\u00a0inoculation of a patient with attenuated pathogens or antigens to activate adaptive immunity and protect against infection<\/li>\n<li><strong>vaginitis<\/strong>\u00a0inflammation of the vagina<\/li>\n<li><strong>vaginosis<\/strong>\u00a0an infection of the vagina caused by overgrowth of resident bacteria<\/li>\n<li><strong>variolation<\/strong>\u00a0the historical practice of inoculating a healthy patient with infectious material from a person infected with smallpox in order to promote immunity to the disease<\/li>\n<li><strong>vasculitis<\/strong>\u00a0inflammation affecting blood vessels (either arteries or veins)<\/li>\n<li><strong>vector<\/strong>\u00a0animal (typically an arthropod) that transmits a pathogen from one host to another host; DNA molecules that carry DNA fragments from one organism to another<\/li>\n<li><strong>vegetative cell<\/strong>\u00a0a cell that is actively growing and dividing, and does not contain an endospore<\/li>\n<li><strong>vehicle transmission<\/strong>\u00a0transfer of a pathogen between hosts via contaminated food, water, or air<\/li>\n<li><strong>vertical direct transmission<\/strong>\u00a0transfer of a pathogen from mother to child during pregnancy, birth, or breastfeeding<\/li>\n<li><strong>vertical gene transfer<\/strong>\u00a0transfer of genes from parent to offspring<\/li>\n<li><strong>viable cell<\/strong>\u00a0live cell; live cells are usually detected as colony-forming units<\/li>\n<li><strong>viable plate count<\/strong>\u00a0direct method of measuring microbial growth in a culture; the number of viable or live cells is usually expressed in CFU\/mL<\/li>\n<li><strong>viral envelope<\/strong>\u00a0lipid membrane obtained from phospholipid membranes of the cell that surrounds the capsid<\/li>\n<li><strong>viremia<\/strong>\u00a0presence of virus in blood<\/li>\n<li><strong>viricide<\/strong>\u00a0chemical or physical treatment that destroys or inactivates viruses<\/li>\n<li><strong>virion<\/strong>\u00a0inert particle that is the reproductive form of a virus<\/li>\n<li><strong>virology<\/strong>\u00a0the study of viruses<\/li>\n<li><strong>virulence<\/strong>\u00a0degree to which an organism is pathogenic; severity of disease signs and symptoms<\/li>\n<li><strong>virulence factor<\/strong>\u00a0product of a pathogen that assists in its ability to cause infection and disease<\/li>\n<li><strong>virus<\/strong>\u00a0an acellular microorganism, consisting of proteins and genetic material (DNA or RNA), that can replicate itself by infecting a host cell<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-id1167662630656\" data-depth=\"2\">\n<h3 data-type=\"title\">W<\/h3>\n<ul id=\"fs-id1167662518816\">\n<li><strong>West African trypanosomiasis<\/strong>\u00a0chronic form of African trypanosomiasis caused by\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Trypanosoma brucei gambiense<\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong>wet mount<\/strong>\u00a0a slide preparation technique in which a specimen is placed on the slide in a drop of liquid<\/li>\n<li><strong>wheal-flare reaction<\/strong>\u00a0localized type I hypersensitivity reaction, involving a raised, itchy bump (wheal) and redness (flare), to injected allergen<\/li>\n<li><strong>whooping cough<\/strong>\u00a0common name for pertussis<\/li>\n<li><strong>wild type<\/strong>\u00a0phenotype of an organism that is most commonly observed in nature<\/li>\n<li><strong>World Health Organization (WHO)<\/strong>\u00a0international public health organization within the United Nations; monitors and communicates international public health information and coordinates international public health programs and emergency interventions<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-id1167662897148\" data-depth=\"2\">\n<h3 data-type=\"title\">X<\/h3>\n<ul id=\"fs-id1167660225430\">\n<li><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-id1167660619696\" data-depth=\"2\">\n<h3 data-type=\"title\">Y<\/h3>\n<ul id=\"fs-id1167662519689\">\n<li><strong>yeast<\/strong>\u00a0any unicellular fungus<\/li>\n<li><strong>yeast infection<\/strong>\u00a0fungal infection of the vagina typically caused by an overgrowth of resident\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Candida<\/em>\u00a0spp.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-id1167658375249\" data-depth=\"2\">\n<h3 data-type=\"title\">Z<\/h3>\n<ul id=\"fs-id1167662471212\">\n<li><strong>zone of inhibition<\/strong>\u00a0clear zone around a filter disk impregnated with an antimicrobial drug, indicating growth inhibition due to the antimicrobial drug<\/li>\n<li><strong>zoonosis<\/strong>\u00a0see\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">zoonotic disease<\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong>zoonotic disease<\/strong>\u00a0any disease that is transmitted to humans by animals<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n","protected":false},"author":1868,"menu_order":2,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"back-matter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-638","back-matter","type-back-matter","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/introductiontomicrobiologyforhealthsciences\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter\/638","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/introductiontomicrobiologyforhealthsciences\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/introductiontomicrobiologyforhealthsciences\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/back-matter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/introductiontomicrobiologyforhealthsciences\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1868"}],"version-history":[{"count":20,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/introductiontomicrobiologyforhealthsciences\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter\/638\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":660,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/introductiontomicrobiologyforhealthsciences\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter\/638\/revisions\/660"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/introductiontomicrobiologyforhealthsciences\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter\/638\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/introductiontomicrobiologyforhealthsciences\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=638"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"back-matter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/introductiontomicrobiologyforhealthsciences\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter-type?post=638"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/introductiontomicrobiologyforhealthsciences\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=638"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/introductiontomicrobiologyforhealthsciences\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=638"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}