{"id":399,"date":"2023-01-26T00:08:53","date_gmt":"2023-01-26T05:08:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/introductiontoresearch\/chapter\/references-chapter-3\/"},"modified":"2025-08-20T05:44:03","modified_gmt":"2025-08-20T09:44:03","slug":"references-chapter-3","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/introductiontoresearch\/chapter\/references-chapter-3\/","title":{"raw":"References","rendered":"References"},"content":{"raw":"
    \r\n \t
  1. Creswell JW, Creswell J. Research Design<\/em>. Sage Publications; 2003.<\/li>\r\n \t
  2. B\u00fcttner P, Muller R. Epidemiology<\/em>. Oxford University Press; 2011.<\/li>\r\n \t
  3. Grimes DA, Schulz KF. An overview of clinical research: the lay of the land. The Lancet<\/em>. 2002;359(9300):57-61. doi: 10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)07283-5<\/li>\r\n \t
  4. Parab S, Bhalerao S. Study designs. Int J Ayurveda Res.<\/em> Apr 2010;1(2):128-31. doi: 10.4103\/0974-7788.64406<\/li>\r\n \t
  5. Sayre JW, Toklu HZ, Ye F, Mazza J, Yale S. Case reports, case series - from clinical practice to evidence-based medicine in graduate medical education. Cureus<\/em>. 2017;9(8):e1546. doi: 10.7759\/cureus.1546<\/li>\r\n \t
  6. van Tulleken C, Tipton M, Massey H, Harper CM. Open water swimming as a treatment for major depressive disorder. BMJ Case Rep<\/em>. 2018;2018. doi: 10.1136\/bcr-2018-225007<\/li>\r\n \t
  7. Du N, Chen H, Zhang Q, et al. A case series describing the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 infection in Jilin Province. Virulence<\/em>. 2020;11(1):482-485. doi: 10.1080\/21505594.2020.1767357<\/li>\r\n \t
  8. Morgenstern H. Ecologic studies in epidemiology: concepts, principles, and methods. Annu Rev Public Health<\/em>. 1995;16:61-81. doi: 10.1146\/annurev.pu.16.050195.000425<\/li>\r\n \t
  9. Buettner P, Muller R. Epidemiology<\/em>. Oxford University Press; 2015.<\/li>\r\n \t
  10. Gassasse Z, Smith D, Finer S, Gallo V. Association between urbanisation and type 2 diabetes: An ecological study. BMJ Glob Health<\/em>. 2017;2(4):e000473. doi: 10.1136\/bmjgh-2017-000473<\/li>\r\n \t
  11. Pandis N. Cross-sectional studies. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop<\/em>. 2014;146(1):127-9. doi: 10.1016\/j.ajodo.2014.05.005<\/li>\r\n \t
  12. Wang X, Cheng Z. Cross-sectional studies: Strengths, weaknesses, and recommendations. Chest<\/em>. 2020;158(1, Supplement):S65-S71. doi: 10.1016\/j.chest.2020.03.012<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t
  13. Kim JH, Kim AR, Kim MG, et al. Burnout Syndrome and Work-Related Stress in Physical and Occupational Therapists Working in Different Types of Hospitals: Which Group Is the Most Vulnerable? Int J Environ Res Public Health<\/em>. Jul 11 2020;17(14)doi:10.3390\/ijerph17145001<\/li>\r\n \t
  14. Ranganathan P, Aggarwal R. Study designs: Part 3 - analytical observational studies. Perspect Clin Res<\/em>. 2019;10(2):91-94. doi: 10.4103\/picr.PICR_35_19<\/li>\r\n \t
  15. Song JW, Chung KC. Observational studies: Cohort and case-control studies. Plast Reconstr Surg<\/em>. 2010;126(6):2234-2242. doi: 10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3181f44abc<\/li>\r\n \t
  16. Doll R, Hill AB. Smoking and carcinoma of the lung; Preliminary report. Br Med J.<\/em> 1950;2(4682):739-48. doi: 10.1136\/bmj.2.4682.739<\/li>\r\n \t
  17. Doll R, Peto R, Boreham J, Sutherland I. Mortality in relation to smoking: 50 years' observations on male British doctors. BMJ<\/em>. 2004;328(7455):1519. doi: 10.1136\/bmj.38142.554479.AE<\/li>\r\n \t
  18. de Groot PM, Wu CC, Carter BW, Munden RF. The epidemiology of lung cancer. Transl Lung Cancer Res<\/em>. 2018;7(3):220-233. doi: 10.21037\/tlcr.2018.05.06<\/li>\r\n \t
  19. Barrett D, Noble H. What are cohort studies? Evidence Based Nursing<\/em>. 2019;22(4):95. doi: 10.1136\/ebnurs-2019-103183<\/li>\r\n \t
  20. Setia MS. Methodology series module 1: Cohort studies. Indian J Dermatol<\/em>. 2016;61(1):21-5. doi: 10.4103\/0019-5154.174011<\/li>\r\n \t
  21. Wang X, Kattan MW. Cohort studies: Design, analysis, and reporting. Chest<\/em>. 2020;158(1):S72-S78. doi: 10.1016\/j.chest.2020.03.014<\/li>\r\n \t
  22. Watts A, Eadie P, Block S, Mensah F, Reilly S. Language ability of children with and without a history of stuttering: A longitudinal cohort study. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology<\/em>. 2015\/01\/02 2015;17(1):86-95. doi:10.3109\/17549507.2014.923512<\/li>\r\n \t
  23. Thompson CB, Panacek EA. Research study designs: Experimental and quasi-experimental. Air Medical Journal<\/em>. 2006;25(6):242-246. doi: 10.1016\/j.amj.2006.09.001<\/li>\r\n \t
  24. Hariton E, Locascio JJ. Randomised controlled trials - the gold standard for effectiveness research: Study design: randomised controlled trials. Bjog<\/em>. Dec 2018;125(13):1716. doi:10.1111\/1471-0528.15199<\/li>\r\n \t
  25. Roberts C, Torgerson D. Randomisation methods in controlled trials. BMJ<\/em>. 1998;317(7168):1301. doi: 10.1136\/bmj.317.7168.1301<\/li>\r\n \t
  26. Shebib R, Bailey JF, Smittenaar P, Perez DA, Mecklenburg G, Hunter S. Randomized controlled trial of a 12-week digital care program in improving low back pain. npj Digital Medicine<\/em>. 2019\/01\/07 2019;2(1):1. doi:10.1038\/s41746-018-0076-7<\/li>\r\n \t
  27. Axelrod DA, Hayward R. Nonrandomized interventional study designs (quasi-experimental designs). In: Penson DF, Wei JT, eds. Clinical Research Methods for Surgeons<\/em>. Humana Press; 2007:63-76.<\/li>\r\n \t
  28. Harris AD, McGregor JC, Perencevich EN, et al. The use and interpretation of quasi-experimental studies in medical informatics. J Am Med Inform Assoc<\/em>. 2006;13(1):16-23. doi: 10.1197\/jamia.M1749<\/li>\r\n \t
  29. Lamont S, Brunero S. The effect of a workplace violence training program for generalist nurses in the acute hospital setting: A quasi-experimental study. Nurse Education Today<\/em>. 2018;68:45-52. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nedt.2018.05.008<\/li>\r\n \t
  30. Hudson J, Fielding S, Ramsay CR. Methodology and reporting characteristics of studies using interrupted time series design in healthcare. BMC Medical Research Methodology.<\/em> 2019;19(1):137. doi: 10.1186\/s12874-019-0777-x<\/li>\r\n \t
  31. Thayer WM, Hasan MZ, Sankhla P, Gupta S. An interrupted time series analysis of the lockdown policies in India: A national-level analysis of COVID-19 incidence. Health Policy Plan<\/em>. 2021;36(5):620-629.<\/li>\r\n \t
  32. Emeto TI, Alele FO, Ilesanmi OS. Evaluation of the effect of border closure on COVID-19 incidence rates across nine African countries: An interrupted time series study. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg<\/em>. 2021;115(10):1174-1183.<\/li>\r\n \t
  33. Evans D. Hierarchy of evidence: A framework for ranking evidence evaluating healthcare interventions. Journal of Clinical Nursing<\/em>. 2003;12(1):77-84. doi: 10.1046\/j.1365-2702.2003.00662.x<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t
  34. Sadan V. Data collection methods in quantitative research. Indian Journal of Continuing Nursing Education<\/em>. 2017;18(2):58-63.<\/li>\r\n \t
  35. Ackryod S, Hughes J. Data collection in context<\/em>. Longman; 1981.<\/li>\r\n \t
  36. Boynton PM, Greenhalgh T. Selecting, designing, and developing your questionnaire. BMJ<\/em>. 2004;328(7451):1312. doi: 10.1136\/bmj.328.7451.1312<\/li>\r\n \t
  37. Aschengrau A, Seage GR. Essentials of epidemiology in public health<\/em>. Jones & Bartlett Publishers; 2013.<\/li>\r\n \t
  38. Jenn NC. Designing a questionnaire. Malays Fam Physician<\/em>. 2006;1(1):32-5.<\/li>\r\n \t
  39. Burgess TF. A General Introduction to the Design of Questionnaires for Survey Research<\/em>. Information System Services, University of Leeds; 2001.<\/li>\r\n \t
  40. Banerjee A, Chaudhury S. Statistics without tears: Populations and samples. Ind Psychiatry J.<\/em> 2010;19(1):60-5. doi: 10.4103\/0972-6748.77642<\/li>\r\n \t
  41. Thompson C. If you could just provide me with a sample: Examining sampling in qualitative and quantitative research papers. Evidence-Based Nursing<\/em>. 1999;2(3):68-70.<\/li>\r\n \t
  42. Elfil M, Negida A. Sampling methods in clinical research; An educational review. Emerg<\/em>. 2017;5(1):e52.<\/li>\r\n \t
  43. Hirsch RP. Introduction to biostatistical applications in health research with Microsoft Office Excel and R.<\/em> John Wiley & Sons; 2021.<\/li>\r\n \t
  44. Winters R, Winters A, Amedee RG. Statistics: A brief overview. Ochsner J<\/em>. 2010;10(3):213-6.<\/li>\r\n \t
  45. Ali Z, Bhaskar SB. Basic statistical tools in research and data analysis. Indian J Anaesth<\/em>. 2016;60(9):662-669. doi: 10.4103\/0019-5049.190623<\/li>\r\n \t
  46. Mishra P, Pandey CM, Singh U, Gupta A. Scales of measurement and presentation of statistical data. Ann Card Anaesth<\/em>. 2018;21(4):419-422. doi: 10.4103\/aca.ACA_131_18<\/li>\r\n \t
  47. Ghasemi A, Zahediasl S. Normality tests for statistical analysis: a guide for non-statisticians. Int J Endocrinol Metab<\/em>. 2012;10(2):486-9. doi: 10.5812\/ijem.3505<\/li>\r\n \t
  48. Pallant J. SPSS Survival Manual: A Step by Step Guide to Data Analysis Using IBM SPSS. Routledge; 2020.<\/li>\r\n \t
  49. du Prel JB, R\u00f6hrig B, Hommel G, Blettner M. Choosing statistical tests: Part 12 of a series on evaluation of scientific publications. Dtsch Arztebl Int<\/em>. 2010;107(19):343-8. doi: 10.3238\/arztebl.2010.0343<\/li>\r\n \t
  50. Andrade C. The P value and statistical significance: Misunderstandings, explanations, challenges, and alternatives. Indian J Psychol Med<\/em>. 2019;41(3):210-215. doi: 10.4103\/ijpsym.Ijpsym_193_19<\/li>\r\n \t
  51. Parab S, Bhalerao S. Choosing statistical test. Int J Ayurveda Res<\/em>. Jul 2010;1(3):187-91. doi: 10.4103\/0974-7788.72494<\/li>\r\n \t
  52. Koletsi D, Pandis N. The chi-square test for trend. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics<\/em>. 2016;150(6):1066-1067.<\/li>\r\n \t
  53. Schober P, Boer C, Schwarte LA. Correlation Coefficients: Appropriate use and interpretation. Anesthesia & Analgesia<\/em>. 2018;126(5):1763-1768. doi: 10.1213\/ane.0000000000002864<\/li>\r\n \t
  54. Ali P, Younas A. Understanding and interpreting regression analysis. Evidence Based Nursing<\/em>. 2021;24(4):116. doi: 10.1136\/ebnurs-2021-103425<\/li>\r\n \t
  55. Heale R, Twycross A. Validity and reliability in quantitative studies. Evidence Based Nursing<\/em>. 2015;18(3):66. doi:10.1136\/eb-2015-102129<\/li>\r\n \t
  56. Souza AC, Alexandre NMC, Guirardello EB. Psychometric properties in instruments evaluation of reliability and validity. Epidemiol Serv Saude<\/em>. Jul-Sep 2017;26(3):649-659. Propriedades psicom\u00e9tricas na avalia\u00e7\u00e3o de<\/li>\r\n \t
  57. Zamanzadeh V, Ghahramanian A, Rassouli M, Abbaszadeh A, Alavi-Majd H, Nikanfar AR. Design and Implementation Content Validity Study: Development of an instrument for measuring Patient-Centered Communication. J Caring Sci<\/em>. Jun 2015;4(2):165-78. doi:10.15171\/jcs.2015.017<\/li>\r\n \t
  58. Mousazadeh S, Rakhshan M, Mohammadi F. Investigation of Content and Face Validity and Reliability of Sociocultural Attitude towards Appearance Questionnaire-3 (SATAQ-3) among Female Adolescents. Iran J Psychiatry<\/em>. Jan 2017;12(1):15-20.<\/li>\r\n \t
  59. Pinar R. Reliability and construct validity of the SF-36 in Turkish cancer patients. Qual Life Res<\/em>. 2005\/02\/01 2005;14(1):259-264. doi:10.1007\/s11136-004-2393-3<\/li>\r\n \t
  60. Swift A, Heale R, Twycross A. What are sensitivity and specificity? Evidence Based Nursing<\/em>. 2020;23(1):2. doi:10.1136\/ebnurs-2019-103225<\/li>\r\n \t
  61. Fernandez-Montero A, Argemi J, Rodr\u00edguez JA, Ari\u00f1o AH, Moreno-Galarraga L. Validation of a rapid antigen test as a screening tool for SARS-CoV-2 infection in asymptomatic populations. Sensitivity, specificity and predictive values. eClinicalMedicine<\/em>. 2021;37doi:10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100954<\/li>\r\n \t
  62. Rohde J, Himmel W, Hofinger C, et al. Diagnostic accuracy and feasibility of a rapid SARS-CoV-2 antigen test in general practice \u2013 a prospective multicenter validation and implementation study. BMC Primary Care<\/em>. 2022\/06\/11 2022;23(1):149. doi:10.1186\/s12875-022-01756-1<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>","rendered":"
      \n
    1. Creswell JW, Creswell J. Research Design<\/em>. Sage Publications; 2003.<\/li>\n
    2. B\u00fcttner P, Muller R. Epidemiology<\/em>. Oxford University Press; 2011.<\/li>\n
    3. Grimes DA, Schulz KF. An overview of clinical research: the lay of the land. The Lancet<\/em>. 2002;359(9300):57-61. doi: 10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)07283-5<\/li>\n
    4. Parab S, Bhalerao S. Study designs. Int J Ayurveda Res.<\/em> Apr 2010;1(2):128-31. doi: 10.4103\/0974-7788.64406<\/li>\n
    5. Sayre JW, Toklu HZ, Ye F, Mazza J, Yale S. Case reports, case series – from clinical practice to evidence-based medicine in graduate medical education. Cureus<\/em>. 2017;9(8):e1546. doi: 10.7759\/cureus.1546<\/li>\n
    6. van Tulleken C, Tipton M, Massey H, Harper CM. Open water swimming as a treatment for major depressive disorder. BMJ Case Rep<\/em>. 2018;2018. doi: 10.1136\/bcr-2018-225007<\/li>\n
    7. Du N, Chen H, Zhang Q, et al. A case series describing the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 infection in Jilin Province. Virulence<\/em>. 2020;11(1):482-485. doi: 10.1080\/21505594.2020.1767357<\/li>\n
    8. Morgenstern H. Ecologic studies in epidemiology: concepts, principles, and methods. Annu Rev Public Health<\/em>. 1995;16:61-81. doi: 10.1146\/annurev.pu.16.050195.000425<\/li>\n
    9. Buettner P, Muller R. Epidemiology<\/em>. Oxford University Press; 2015.<\/li>\n
    10. Gassasse Z, Smith D, Finer S, Gallo V. Association between urbanisation and type 2 diabetes: An ecological study. BMJ Glob Health<\/em>. 2017;2(4):e000473. doi: 10.1136\/bmjgh-2017-000473<\/li>\n
    11. Pandis N. Cross-sectional studies. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop<\/em>. 2014;146(1):127-9. doi: 10.1016\/j.ajodo.2014.05.005<\/li>\n
    12. Wang X, Cheng Z. Cross-sectional studies: Strengths, weaknesses, and recommendations. Chest<\/em>. 2020;158(1, Supplement):S65-S71. doi: 10.1016\/j.chest.2020.03.012<\/a><\/li>\n
    13. Kim JH, Kim AR, Kim MG, et al. Burnout Syndrome and Work-Related Stress in Physical and Occupational Therapists Working in Different Types of Hospitals: Which Group Is the Most Vulnerable? Int J Environ Res Public Health<\/em>. Jul 11 2020;17(14)doi:10.3390\/ijerph17145001<\/li>\n
    14. Ranganathan P, Aggarwal R. Study designs: Part 3 – analytical observational studies. Perspect Clin Res<\/em>. 2019;10(2):91-94. doi: 10.4103\/picr.PICR_35_19<\/li>\n
    15. Song JW, Chung KC. Observational studies: Cohort and case-control studies. Plast Reconstr Surg<\/em>. 2010;126(6):2234-2242. doi: 10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3181f44abc<\/li>\n
    16. Doll R, Hill AB. Smoking and carcinoma of the lung; Preliminary report. Br Med J.<\/em> 1950;2(4682):739-48. doi: 10.1136\/bmj.2.4682.739<\/li>\n
    17. Doll R, Peto R, Boreham J, Sutherland I. Mortality in relation to smoking: 50 years’ observations on male British doctors. BMJ<\/em>. 2004;328(7455):1519. doi: 10.1136\/bmj.38142.554479.AE<\/li>\n
    18. de Groot PM, Wu CC, Carter BW, Munden RF. The epidemiology of lung cancer. Transl Lung Cancer Res<\/em>. 2018;7(3):220-233. doi: 10.21037\/tlcr.2018.05.06<\/li>\n
    19. Barrett D, Noble H. What are cohort studies? Evidence Based Nursing<\/em>. 2019;22(4):95. doi: 10.1136\/ebnurs-2019-103183<\/li>\n
    20. Setia MS. Methodology series module 1: Cohort studies. Indian J Dermatol<\/em>. 2016;61(1):21-5. doi: 10.4103\/0019-5154.174011<\/li>\n
    21. Wang X, Kattan MW. Cohort studies: Design, analysis, and reporting. Chest<\/em>. 2020;158(1):S72-S78. doi: 10.1016\/j.chest.2020.03.014<\/li>\n
    22. Watts A, Eadie P, Block S, Mensah F, Reilly S. Language ability of children with and without a history of stuttering: A longitudinal cohort study. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology<\/em>. 2015\/01\/02 2015;17(1):86-95. doi:10.3109\/17549507.2014.923512<\/li>\n
    23. Thompson CB, Panacek EA. Research study designs: Experimental and quasi-experimental. Air Medical Journal<\/em>. 2006;25(6):242-246. doi: 10.1016\/j.amj.2006.09.001<\/li>\n
    24. Hariton E, Locascio JJ. Randomised controlled trials – the gold standard for effectiveness research: Study design: randomised controlled trials. Bjog<\/em>. Dec 2018;125(13):1716. doi:10.1111\/1471-0528.15199<\/li>\n
    25. Roberts C, Torgerson D. Randomisation methods in controlled trials. BMJ<\/em>. 1998;317(7168):1301. doi: 10.1136\/bmj.317.7168.1301<\/li>\n
    26. Shebib R, Bailey JF, Smittenaar P, Perez DA, Mecklenburg G, Hunter S. Randomized controlled trial of a 12-week digital care program in improving low back pain. npj Digital Medicine<\/em>. 2019\/01\/07 2019;2(1):1. doi:10.1038\/s41746-018-0076-7<\/li>\n
    27. Axelrod DA, Hayward R. Nonrandomized interventional study designs (quasi-experimental designs). In: Penson DF, Wei JT, eds. Clinical Research Methods for Surgeons<\/em>. Humana Press; 2007:63-76.<\/li>\n
    28. Harris AD, McGregor JC, Perencevich EN, et al. The use and interpretation of quasi-experimental studies in medical informatics. J Am Med Inform Assoc<\/em>. 2006;13(1):16-23. doi: 10.1197\/jamia.M1749<\/li>\n
    29. Lamont S, Brunero S. The effect of a workplace violence training program for generalist nurses in the acute hospital setting: A quasi-experimental study. Nurse Education Today<\/em>. 2018;68:45-52. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nedt.2018.05.008<\/li>\n
    30. Hudson J, Fielding S, Ramsay CR. Methodology and reporting characteristics of studies using interrupted time series design in healthcare. BMC Medical Research Methodology.<\/em> 2019;19(1):137. doi: 10.1186\/s12874-019-0777-x<\/li>\n
    31. Thayer WM, Hasan MZ, Sankhla P, Gupta S. An interrupted time series analysis of the lockdown policies in India: A national-level analysis of COVID-19 incidence. Health Policy Plan<\/em>. 2021;36(5):620-629.<\/li>\n
    32. Emeto TI, Alele FO, Ilesanmi OS. Evaluation of the effect of border closure on COVID-19 incidence rates across nine African countries: An interrupted time series study. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg<\/em>. 2021;115(10):1174-1183.<\/li>\n
    33. Evans D. Hierarchy of evidence: A framework for ranking evidence evaluating healthcare interventions. Journal of Clinical Nursing<\/em>. 2003;12(1):77-84. doi: 10.1046\/j.1365-2702.2003.00662.x<\/a><\/li>\n
    34. Sadan V. Data collection methods in quantitative research. Indian Journal of Continuing Nursing Education<\/em>. 2017;18(2):58-63.<\/li>\n
    35. Ackryod S, Hughes J. Data collection in context<\/em>. Longman; 1981.<\/li>\n
    36. Boynton PM, Greenhalgh T. Selecting, designing, and developing your questionnaire. BMJ<\/em>. 2004;328(7451):1312. doi: 10.1136\/bmj.328.7451.1312<\/li>\n
    37. Aschengrau A, Seage GR. Essentials of epidemiology in public health<\/em>. Jones & Bartlett Publishers; 2013.<\/li>\n
    38. Jenn NC. Designing a questionnaire. Malays Fam Physician<\/em>. 2006;1(1):32-5.<\/li>\n
    39. Burgess TF. A General Introduction to the Design of Questionnaires for Survey Research<\/em>. Information System Services, University of Leeds; 2001.<\/li>\n
    40. Banerjee A, Chaudhury S. Statistics without tears: Populations and samples. Ind Psychiatry J.<\/em> 2010;19(1):60-5. doi: 10.4103\/0972-6748.77642<\/li>\n
    41. Thompson C. If you could just provide me with a sample: Examining sampling in qualitative and quantitative research papers. Evidence-Based Nursing<\/em>. 1999;2(3):68-70.<\/li>\n
    42. Elfil M, Negida A. Sampling methods in clinical research; An educational review. Emerg<\/em>. 2017;5(1):e52.<\/li>\n
    43. Hirsch RP. Introduction to biostatistical applications in health research with Microsoft Office Excel and R.<\/em> John Wiley & Sons; 2021.<\/li>\n
    44. Winters R, Winters A, Amedee RG. Statistics: A brief overview. Ochsner J<\/em>. 2010;10(3):213-6.<\/li>\n
    45. Ali Z, Bhaskar SB. Basic statistical tools in research and data analysis. Indian J Anaesth<\/em>. 2016;60(9):662-669. doi: 10.4103\/0019-5049.190623<\/li>\n
    46. Mishra P, Pandey CM, Singh U, Gupta A. Scales of measurement and presentation of statistical data. Ann Card Anaesth<\/em>. 2018;21(4):419-422. doi: 10.4103\/aca.ACA_131_18<\/li>\n
    47. Ghasemi A, Zahediasl S. Normality tests for statistical analysis: a guide for non-statisticians. Int J Endocrinol Metab<\/em>. 2012;10(2):486-9. doi: 10.5812\/ijem.3505<\/li>\n
    48. Pallant J. SPSS Survival Manual: A Step by Step Guide to Data Analysis Using IBM SPSS. Routledge; 2020.<\/li>\n
    49. du Prel JB, R\u00f6hrig B, Hommel G, Blettner M. Choosing statistical tests: Part 12 of a series on evaluation of scientific publications. Dtsch Arztebl Int<\/em>. 2010;107(19):343-8. doi: 10.3238\/arztebl.2010.0343<\/li>\n
    50. Andrade C. The P value and statistical significance: Misunderstandings, explanations, challenges, and alternatives. Indian J Psychol Med<\/em>. 2019;41(3):210-215. doi: 10.4103\/ijpsym.Ijpsym_193_19<\/li>\n
    51. Parab S, Bhalerao S. Choosing statistical test. Int J Ayurveda Res<\/em>. Jul 2010;1(3):187-91. doi: 10.4103\/0974-7788.72494<\/li>\n
    52. Koletsi D, Pandis N. The chi-square test for trend. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics<\/em>. 2016;150(6):1066-1067.<\/li>\n
    53. Schober P, Boer C, Schwarte LA. Correlation Coefficients: Appropriate use and interpretation. Anesthesia & Analgesia<\/em>. 2018;126(5):1763-1768. doi: 10.1213\/ane.0000000000002864<\/li>\n
    54. Ali P, Younas A. Understanding and interpreting regression analysis. Evidence Based Nursing<\/em>. 2021;24(4):116. doi: 10.1136\/ebnurs-2021-103425<\/li>\n
    55. Heale R, Twycross A. Validity and reliability in quantitative studies. Evidence Based Nursing<\/em>. 2015;18(3):66. doi:10.1136\/eb-2015-102129<\/li>\n
    56. Souza AC, Alexandre NMC, Guirardello EB. Psychometric properties in instruments evaluation of reliability and validity. Epidemiol Serv Saude<\/em>. Jul-Sep 2017;26(3):649-659. Propriedades psicom\u00e9tricas na avalia\u00e7\u00e3o de<\/li>\n
    57. Zamanzadeh V, Ghahramanian A, Rassouli M, Abbaszadeh A, Alavi-Majd H, Nikanfar AR. Design and Implementation Content Validity Study: Development of an instrument for measuring Patient-Centered Communication. J Caring Sci<\/em>. Jun 2015;4(2):165-78. doi:10.15171\/jcs.2015.017<\/li>\n
    58. Mousazadeh S, Rakhshan M, Mohammadi F. Investigation of Content and Face Validity and Reliability of Sociocultural Attitude towards Appearance Questionnaire-3 (SATAQ-3) among Female Adolescents. Iran J Psychiatry<\/em>. Jan 2017;12(1):15-20.<\/li>\n
    59. Pinar R. Reliability and construct validity of the SF-36 in Turkish cancer patients. Qual Life Res<\/em>. 2005\/02\/01 2005;14(1):259-264. doi:10.1007\/s11136-004-2393-3<\/li>\n
    60. Swift A, Heale R, Twycross A. What are sensitivity and specificity? Evidence Based Nursing<\/em>. 2020;23(1):2. doi:10.1136\/ebnurs-2019-103225<\/li>\n
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