{"id":970,"date":"2025-08-26T22:15:59","date_gmt":"2025-08-27T02:15:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/introductiontoresearch\/chapter\/theoretical-framework-of-nursing-practice-rnpedia\/"},"modified":"2025-08-27T13:59:19","modified_gmt":"2025-08-27T17:59:19","slug":"theoretical-framework-of-nursing-practice-rnpedia","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/introductiontoresearch\/chapter\/theoretical-framework-of-nursing-practice-rnpedia\/","title":{"raw":"Theoretical Framework of Nursing Practice - RNpedia","rendered":"Theoretical Framework of Nursing Practice &#8211; RNpedia"},"content":{"raw":"<a style=\"font-size: 1.424em;font-weight: bold\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rnpedia.com\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/introductiontoresearch\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2495\/2025\/08\/RNpedia-Logo.png\" alt=\"RNpedia\" width=\"440\" height=\"132\" \/><\/a>\r\n<div class=\"main-container\">\r\n<div id=\"page\" class=\"single\"><article class=\"article\">\r\n<div id=\"content_box\">\r\n<div id=\"post-484\" class=\"g post post-484 type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-fundamentals-in-nursing-notes has_thumb\">\r\n<div class=\"single_post\"><header>\r\n<h1 class=\"title single-title entry-title\">Theoretical Framework of Nursing Practice<\/h1>\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"post-single-content box mark-links entry-content\">\r\n<div class=\"single-prev-next\"><span style=\"font-size: 1.125em\">Nursing<\/span><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"thecontent clearfix\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>As by the INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL OF NURSES (ICN, 1973) as written by Virginia Henderson: The unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health. Its recovery, or to a peaceful death that the client would perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will or knowledge.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Help the client gain independence as rapidly as possible.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h5>Conceptual and Theoretical Models of Nursing Practice<b>\r\n<\/b><\/h5>\r\n<div>\r\n<table style=\"width: 703px;border-spacing: 0px;text-align: left\" border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">\r\n<div><\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n<div><strong>Theorist\r\n<\/strong><\/div>\r\n<\/div><\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">\r\n<div><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n<div><strong>Description<\/strong><\/div>\r\n<\/div><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\"><strong>\u00a0FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Developed the first theory of nursing.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Focused on changing and manipulating the <em>environment<\/em>\u00a0in order to put the patient in the best possible conditions for nature to act.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\"><strong>\u00a0HILDEGARD PEPLAU<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Introduced the Interpersonal Model.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>She defined nursing as a therapeutic, interpersonal process which strives to develop a <em>nurse-patient relationship<\/em> in which the nurse serves as a resource person, counselor and surrogate.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\"><strong>\u00a0FAYE ABDELLAH<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\u00a0Defined nursing as having a <em>problem-solving approach<\/em>, with key nursing problems related to health needs of people; developed list 21 nursing problem areas<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\"><strong>\u00a0IDA JEAN ORLANDO<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\u00a0Developed the three elements \u2013 client behavior, nurse reaction and nurse action \u2013 compose the nursing situation. She observed that the nurse provide direct assistance to meet an immediate need for help in order to avoid or to alleviate distress or helplessness.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\"><strong>\u00a0MYRA LEVINE<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\u00a0Described the <em>Four Conservation Principles.<\/em><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>conservation of energy<\/li>\r\n \t<li>conservation of structured integrity<\/li>\r\n \t<li>conservation of personal integrity<\/li>\r\n \t<li>conservation of social integrity<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\"><strong>\u00a0DOROTHY JOHNSON<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\u00a0Developed the <em>Behavioral System Model.<\/em><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Patient\u2019s behavior as a system that is a whole with interacting parts<\/li>\r\n \t<li>how the client adapts to illness<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Goal of nursing is to reduce so that the client can move more easily through recovery.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\"><strong>\u00a0MARTHA ROGERS<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\u00a0Conceptualized the <em>Science of Unitary Human Beings<\/em>. She asserted that human beings are more than different from the sum of their parts; the distinctive properties of the whole are significantly different from those of its parts.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\"><strong>\u00a0DOROTHEA OREM<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Emphasizes the client\u2019s <em>self care needs<\/em>; nursing care becomes necessary when client is unable to fulfill biological, psychological, developmental or social needs.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\"><strong>\u00a0IMOGENE KING<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Nursing process is defined as dynamic<em> interpersonal process <\/em>between nurse, client and health care system.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\"><strong>\u00a0BETTY NEUMAN<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><em>Stress reduction<\/em> is a goal of system model of nursing practice. Nursing actions are in primary, secondary or tertiary level of prevention<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\"><strong>\u00a0SISTER CALLISTA ROY<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\u00a0Presented the <em>Adaptation Model<\/em>. She viewed each person as <em>a unified bio-psychosocial system<\/em> in constant interaction with a changing environment. The goal of nursing is to help the person adapt to changes in physiological needs, self-concept, role function and interdependent relations during health and illness.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\"><strong>\u00a0LYDIA HALL<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\u00a0Introduced the notion that nursing centers around three components: <em>person (core), pathologic state and treatment (cure) and body(care)<\/em>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\"><strong>\r\n<\/strong><strong>JEAN WATSON<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Conceptualized the <em>Human Caring Model.<\/em> She emphasized that nursing is the application of the art and human science through transpersonal caring transactions to help persons achieve mind-body-soul harmony, which generates self-knowledge, self-control, self-care and self-healing.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\"><strong>\r\n<\/strong><strong>ROSEMARIE RIZZO PARSE<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Introduced the<em> Theory of Human Becoming<\/em>. She emphasized free choice of personal meaning in relating to value priorities, co-creating of rhythmical patterns, in exchange with the environment and contranscending in many dimensions as possibilities unfold.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\"><strong>\u00a0MADELEINE LENINGER<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Developed the<em> Transcultural Nursing Model<\/em>. She advocated that nursing is a humanistic and scientific mode of helping a client through specific cultural caring processes (cultural values, beliefs and practices) to improve or maintain a health condition<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/article><\/div>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<p><a style=\"font-size: 1.424em;font-weight: bold\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rnpedia.com\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/introductiontoresearch\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2495\/2025\/08\/RNpedia-Logo.png\" alt=\"RNpedia\" width=\"440\" height=\"132\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"main-container\">\n<div id=\"page\" class=\"single\">\n<article class=\"article\">\n<div id=\"content_box\">\n<div id=\"post-484\" class=\"g post post-484 type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-fundamentals-in-nursing-notes has_thumb\">\n<div class=\"single_post\">\n<header>\n<h1 class=\"title single-title entry-title\">Theoretical Framework of Nursing Practice<\/h1>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"post-single-content box mark-links entry-content\">\n<div class=\"single-prev-next\"><span style=\"font-size: 1.125em\">Nursing<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"thecontent clearfix\">\n<ul>\n<li>As by the INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL OF NURSES (ICN, 1973) as written by Virginia Henderson: The unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health. Its recovery, or to a peaceful death that the client would perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will or knowledge.<\/li>\n<li>Help the client gain independence as rapidly as possible.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>Conceptual and Theoretical Models of Nursing Practice<b><br \/>\n<\/b><\/h5>\n<div>\n<table style=\"width: 703px;border-spacing: 0px;text-align: left\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\">\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<div><strong>Theorist<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">\n<div><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/div>\n<div>\n<div><strong>Description<\/strong><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\"><strong>\u00a0FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE<\/strong><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Developed the first theory of nursing.<\/li>\n<li>Focused on changing and manipulating the <em>environment<\/em>\u00a0in order to put the patient in the best possible conditions for nature to act.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\"><strong>\u00a0HILDEGARD PEPLAU<\/strong><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Introduced the Interpersonal Model.<\/li>\n<li>She defined nursing as a therapeutic, interpersonal process which strives to develop a <em>nurse-patient relationship<\/em> in which the nurse serves as a resource person, counselor and surrogate.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\"><strong>\u00a0FAYE ABDELLAH<\/strong><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0Defined nursing as having a <em>problem-solving approach<\/em>, with key nursing problems related to health needs of people; developed list 21 nursing problem areas<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\"><strong>\u00a0IDA JEAN ORLANDO<\/strong><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0Developed the three elements \u2013 client behavior, nurse reaction and nurse action \u2013 compose the nursing situation. She observed that the nurse provide direct assistance to meet an immediate need for help in order to avoid or to alleviate distress or helplessness.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\"><strong>\u00a0MYRA LEVINE<\/strong><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0Described the <em>Four Conservation Principles.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n<ol>\n<li>conservation of energy<\/li>\n<li>conservation of structured integrity<\/li>\n<li>conservation of personal integrity<\/li>\n<li>conservation of social integrity<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\"><strong>\u00a0DOROTHY JOHNSON<\/strong><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0Developed the <em>Behavioral System Model.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n<ol>\n<li>Patient\u2019s behavior as a system that is a whole with interacting parts<\/li>\n<li>how the client adapts to illness<\/li>\n<li>Goal of nursing is to reduce so that the client can move more easily through recovery.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\"><strong>\u00a0MARTHA ROGERS<\/strong><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0Conceptualized the <em>Science of Unitary Human Beings<\/em>. She asserted that human beings are more than different from the sum of their parts; the distinctive properties of the whole are significantly different from those of its parts.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\"><strong>\u00a0DOROTHEA OREM<\/strong><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Emphasizes the client\u2019s <em>self care needs<\/em>; nursing care becomes necessary when client is unable to fulfill biological, psychological, developmental or social needs.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\"><strong>\u00a0IMOGENE KING<\/strong><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Nursing process is defined as dynamic<em> interpersonal process <\/em>between nurse, client and health care system.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\"><strong>\u00a0BETTY NEUMAN<\/strong><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">\n<ul>\n<li><em>Stress reduction<\/em> is a goal of system model of nursing practice. Nursing actions are in primary, secondary or tertiary level of prevention<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\"><strong>\u00a0SISTER CALLISTA ROY<\/strong><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0Presented the <em>Adaptation Model<\/em>. She viewed each person as <em>a unified bio-psychosocial system<\/em> in constant interaction with a changing environment. The goal of nursing is to help the person adapt to changes in physiological needs, self-concept, role function and interdependent relations during health and illness.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\"><strong>\u00a0LYDIA HALL<\/strong><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0Introduced the notion that nursing centers around three components: <em>person (core), pathologic state and treatment (cure) and body(care)<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\"><strong><br \/>\n<\/strong><strong>JEAN WATSON<\/strong><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Conceptualized the <em>Human Caring Model.<\/em> She emphasized that nursing is the application of the art and human science through transpersonal caring transactions to help persons achieve mind-body-soul harmony, which generates self-knowledge, self-control, self-care and self-healing.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\"><strong><br \/>\n<\/strong><strong>ROSEMARIE RIZZO PARSE<\/strong><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Introduced the<em> Theory of Human Becoming<\/em>. She emphasized free choice of personal meaning in relating to value priorities, co-creating of rhythmical patterns, in exchange with the environment and contranscending in many dimensions as possibilities unfold.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\"><strong>\u00a0MADELEINE LENINGER<\/strong><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Developed the<em> Transcultural Nursing Model<\/em>. She advocated that nursing is a humanistic and scientific mode of helping a client through specific cultural caring processes (cultural values, beliefs and practices) to improve or maintain a health condition<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":2509,"menu_order":4,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-970","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":49,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/introductiontoresearch\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/970","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/introductiontoresearch\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/introductiontoresearch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/introductiontoresearch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2509"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/introductiontoresearch\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/970\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1024,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/introductiontoresearch\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/970\/revisions\/1024"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/introductiontoresearch\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/49"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/introductiontoresearch\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/970\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/introductiontoresearch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=970"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/introductiontoresearch\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=970"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/introductiontoresearch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=970"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/introductiontoresearch\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=970"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}