{"id":4208,"date":"2023-08-16T12:46:33","date_gmt":"2023-08-16T16:46:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdeditionlittle\/?post_type=chapter&p=4208"},"modified":"2023-09-05T13:44:19","modified_gmt":"2023-09-05T17:44:19","slug":"chapter-18-resources-and-activities","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdeditionlittle\/chapter\/chapter-18-resources-and-activities\/","title":{"raw":"Chapter 18 Resources and Activities","rendered":"Chapter 18 Resources and Activities"},"content":{"raw":"
\r\n

Key Terms<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n

\r\n\r\nacting crowds:<\/strong>\u00a0Crowds of people who are focused on a specific action or goal.\r\n\r\nalternative movements:<\/strong>\u00a0Social movements that limit themselves to self-improvement changes in individuals.\r\n\r\nassembling perspective:<\/strong>\u00a0A theory that credits individuals in crowds as behaving as rational thinkers and views crowds as engaging in purposeful behaviour and collective action.\r\n\r\ncasual crowds:<\/strong>\u00a0People who share close proximity without really interacting.\r\n\r\ncollective action:<\/strong> Concerted behaviour in which a number of people come together on the basis of a shared interest to achieve some common objective.\r\n\r\ncollective behaviour:<\/strong>\u00a0A non-institutionalized activity in which several people voluntarily engage.\r\n\r\ncollective representations:<\/strong> The shared meanings, symbols, concepts, categories and images of a social group or society.\r\n\r\nconventional crowds:<\/strong>\u00a0People who come together for a regularly scheduled event.\r\n\r\ncrowd:<\/strong>\u00a0A fairly large number of people sharing close proximity.\r\n\r\ndesign patents:<\/strong>\u00a0Patents that are granted when someone has invented a new and original design for a manufactured product.\r\n\r\ndiagnostic framing:\u00a0<\/strong>When the social problem that concerns a social movement is stated in a clear, easily understood manner.\r\n\r\ndigital divide:<\/strong>\u00a0The increasing gap between the technological haves and have-nots.\r\n\r\nembodied energy:<\/strong>\u00a0The sum of energy required for a finished product including the resource extraction, transportation, manufacturing, distribution, marketing, and disposal.\r\n\r\nemergent norm theory:<\/strong>\u00a0A perspective that emphasizes the importance of social norms in crowd behaviour.\r\n\r\nevolutionary model of technological change:<\/strong>\u00a0A breakthrough in one form of technology that leads to a number of variations, from which a prototype emerges, followed by a period of slight adjustments to the technology, interrupted by a breakthrough.\r\n\r\nexpressive crowds:<\/strong>\u00a0Crowds that share opportunities to express emotions.\r\n\r\nflash mob:<\/strong>\u00a0A\u00a0large group of people who gather together in a spontaneous activity that lasts a limited amount of time.\r\n\r\nframe:<\/strong> A way or perspective in which experience is organized conceptually.\r\n\r\nframe alignment process:<\/strong>\u00a0Using bridging, amplification, extension, and transformation as an ongoing and intentional means of recruiting participants to a movement.\r\n\r\nglobal social movements:<\/strong>\u00a0 Networks of social movement actors who collaborate across state borders to address shared global concerns.\r\n\r\nlifeworld:<\/strong> The shared inter-subjective meanings and common understandings that form the backdrop of daily existence and communication.\r\n\r\nmass:<\/strong> A relatively large group with a common interest, even if the group members may not interact or be in close proximity.\r\n\r\nmodernity:<\/strong> The cultural form of capitalist societies characterized by constant change and transformation.\r\n\r\nmodernization:<\/strong>\u00a0The process that increases the amount of specialization and differentiation of structure in societies.\r\n\r\nmotivational framing:<\/strong> When the social problem that concerns a social movement is stated as a call to action.\r\n\r\nnew social movement theory:<\/strong> Theory that analyzes why the common features contemporary social movements are concerns with quality of life issues rather than traditional materialist issues.\r\n\r\nplanned obsolescence:<\/strong> When a technology company plans for a product to be obsolete or unable to be repaired.\r\n\r\nplant patents:<\/strong>\u00a0Patents that recognize the discovery of new plant types that can be asexually reproduced.\r\n\r\nprognostic framing:<\/strong> When social movements state a clear solution to their issue.\r\n\r\npublic:<\/strong> An unorganized, relatively diffuse group of people who interact and debate ideas.\r\n\r\nredemptive movements:<\/strong>\u00a0Movements that work to promote inner change or spiritual growth in individuals.\r\n\r\nreform movements:<\/strong> Movements that seek incremental change to the social structure.\r\n\r\nresistance movements:<\/strong> Movements that seek to prevent or undo change to the social structure.\r\n\r\nresource mobilization theory:<\/strong>\u00a0Theory that explains social movements\u2019 success in terms of their ability to acquire resources and mobilize individuals.\r\n\r\nrevolutionary movements:<\/strong>\u00a0Movements that seek to completely change every aspect of society.\r\n\r\nsocial change:<\/strong> Any significant alteration over time in behavior patterns, social relationships, institutions, cultural values and norms.\r\n\r\nsocial currents<\/strong>: Movements of collective feeling, public expression and social creation that are in the process of emerging and not yet caught in a definite mould.\r\n\r\nsocial movement:<\/strong> A purposeful, organized group that works toward a common social goal.\r\n\r\nsocial movement industry:<\/strong> A collection of social movement organizations that are striving toward similar goal.\r\n\r\nsocial movement organization:<\/strong>\u00a0A single social movement group.\r\n\r\nsocial movement sector:\u00a0<\/strong>The collection of social movements in a society.\r\n\r\ntechnological diffusion:<\/strong>\u00a0The spread of technology across borders.\r\n\r\ntechnological lineage<\/strong>: Lines of development of technological innovations which make advancements on previous iterations\r\n\r\ntechnology:<\/strong> An application of knowledge to solve problems in daily life.\r\n\r\nutility patents:<\/strong>\u00a0Patents that are granted for the invention or discovery of any new and useful process, product, or machine.\r\n\r\nvalue-added theory:\u00a0<\/strong>A\u00a0functionalist perspective theory that posits that several preconditions must be in place for collective behaviour to occur.\r\n\r\nWhite privilege<\/strong>: The benefits people receive simply by being part of the dominant group of racialized \"whites.\"\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n

Section Summary<\/h1>\r\n18.1 Collective Behaviour<\/a><\/strong>\r\nCollective behaviour is non-institutionalized activity in which many\u00a0people voluntarily engage. There are four different forms of collective behaviour: crowd, mass, public, and social movement. There are three main theories of\u00a0collective behaviour. The first, the emergent-norm perspective, emphasizes the importance of social norms in crowd behaviour. The next, the value-added theory, is a functionalist perspective that states that several preconditions must be in place for collective behaviour to occur. Finally the assembling perspective focuses on collective action rather than collective behaviour, addressing the processes associated with crowd behaviour and the life cycle of various categories of gatherings.\r\n\r\n18.2 Social Movements<\/a><\/strong>\r\nSocial movements are purposeful, organized groups with the goal of pushing toward change, giving political voice to those without it, or gathering for some other common purpose. Social movements intersect with environmental changes, technological innovations, and other external factors to create social change. There are myriad catalysts that create social movements, and the reasons that people join are as varied as the participants themselves. Sociologists look at both the macro- and microanalytical reasons that social movements occur, take root, and ultimately succeed or fail.\r\n\r\n18.3 Social Change<\/a><\/strong>\r\nThere are numerous and varied causes of social change. A key cause of social change, as recognized by social scientists, is technological innovation. Technology is the application of science to address the problems of daily life. The fast pace of technological advancement means the advancements are continuous, but that not everyone has equal access. The gap created by this unequal access has been termed the digital divide. The knowledge gap refers to an effect of the \u201cdigital divide\u201d: the lack of knowledge or information that keeps those who were not exposed to technology from gaining marketable skills.\r\n

Questions<\/a><\/h1>\r\n
\r\n

Quiz: Social Movements and Social Change<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n

\r\n\r\n18.1 Collective Behaviour<\/a><\/strong>\r\n
    \r\n \t
  1. Which of the following organizations is not an example of a social movement?\r\n
      \r\n \t
    1. Canadian Football League<\/li>\r\n \t
    2. White nationalism<\/li>\r\n \t
    3. Greenpeace<\/li>\r\n \t
    4. National Action Committee on the Status of Women<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
    5. Durkheim conceptualized a continuum of social phenomena that varied from fixed to fluid including \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\r\n
        \r\n \t
      1. Casual, conventional, expressive and acting crowds.<\/li>\r\n \t
      2. Social structures, social functions, social strains.<\/li>\r\n \t
      3. Morphological features, institutions and social currents.<\/li>\r\n \t
      4. Masses, publics, social movements, crowds.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
      5. Which of the following is an example of collective behaviour?\r\n
          \r\n \t
        1. A soldier questioning orders<\/li>\r\n \t
        2. A group of people interested in hearing an author speak<\/li>\r\n \t
        3. A class going on a school field trip<\/li>\r\n \t
        4. Going shopping with a friend<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
        5. The protesters at the anti-Covid measures \"Freedom Convoy\" rally were \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\r\n
            \r\n \t
          1. A casual crowd.<\/li>\r\n \t
          2. A conventional crowd.<\/li>\r\n \t
          3. A mass.<\/li>\r\n \t
          4. An acting crowd.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
          5. According to emergent-norm theory, crowds are \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\r\n
              \r\n \t
            1. Irrational and impulsive.<\/li>\r\n \t
            2. Infiltrated by security agents who manipulate crowd behaviour.<\/li>\r\n \t
            3. Able to develop their own definition of the situation.<\/li>\r\n \t
            4. Prone to a series of developments beginning with structural conduciveness.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
            5. A boy throwing rocks during a demonstration might be an example of \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\r\n
                \r\n \t
              1. Structural conduciveness.<\/li>\r\n \t
              2. Structural strain.<\/li>\r\n \t
              3. Precipitating factors.<\/li>\r\n \t
              4. Mobilization for action.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n18.2 Social Movements<\/a><\/strong>\r\n
                  \r\n \t
                1. If sociologists divide social movements according to their competition for attention in a society, they are using the \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span> theory to understand social movements.\r\n
                    \r\n \t
                  1. Framing<\/li>\r\n \t
                  2. New social movement<\/li>\r\n \t
                  3. Resource mobilization<\/li>\r\n \t
                  4. Value-added<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
                  5. While PETA is a social movement organization, taken together, the animal rights social movement organizations PETA, ALF, and Greenpeace are a \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\r\n
                      \r\n \t
                    1. Social movement industry.<\/li>\r\n \t
                    2. Social movement sector.<\/li>\r\n \t
                    3. Global social movement.<\/li>\r\n \t
                    4. All of the above.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
                    5. Social movements are \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\r\n
                        \r\n \t
                      1. Free currents of social life in the process of emerging and not yet caught in a definite mould.<\/li>\r\n \t
                      2. Any collection of at least two people who interact with some frequency and who share some sense of\r\naligned identity.<\/li>\r\n \t
                      3. The collective action of individuals working together in an attempt to achieve goals.<\/li>\r\n \t
                      4. All of the above.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
                      5. When the League of Women Voters successfully achieved its goal of women being allowed to vote, they had to undergo frame \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span> to ensure continuing relevance.\r\n
                          \r\n \t
                        1. Alignment<\/li>\r\n \t
                        2. Amplification<\/li>\r\n \t
                        3. Bridging<\/li>\r\n \t
                        4. Transformation<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
                        5. New social movements principle focus is \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\r\n
                            \r\n \t
                          1. Postmaterialism.<\/li>\r\n \t
                          2. Subjectivity and identity.<\/li>\r\n \t
                          3. Quality of life issues.<\/li>\r\n \t
                          4. All of the above.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n18.3 Social Change<\/a><\/strong>\r\n
                              \r\n \t
                            1. Children in peripheral nations have little to no daily access to computers and the internet, while children in core nations are constantly exposed to this technology. This is an example of \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\r\n
                                \r\n \t
                              1. The digital divide.<\/li>\r\n \t
                              2. Human ecology.<\/li>\r\n \t
                              3. Modernization theory.<\/li>\r\n \t
                              4. Technological determinism.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
                              5. When sociologists think about technology as an agent of social change, which of the following is not an example?\r\n
                                  \r\n \t
                                1. Population growth<\/li>\r\n \t
                                2. Medical advances<\/li>\r\n \t
                                3. The internet<\/li>\r\n \t
                                4. Genetically engineered food<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
                                5. China is undergoing a shift in industry, increasing labour specialization and the amount of differentiation present in the social structure. This exemplifies \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\r\n
                                    \r\n \t
                                  1. Human ecology.<\/li>\r\n \t
                                  2. Dependency theory.<\/li>\r\n \t
                                  3. Modernization.<\/li>\r\n \t
                                  4. Critical perspective.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
                                  5. The fact that your cell phone is using outdated technology within a year or two of purchase is an example of \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\r\n
                                      \r\n \t
                                    1. Caveat emptor.<\/li>\r\n \t
                                    2. Conspicuous consumption.<\/li>\r\n \t
                                    3. Modernization.<\/li>\r\n \t
                                    4. Planned obsolescence.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t
                                    5. If the U.S. Patent Office were to issue a patent for a new type of tomato that tastes like a jellybean, it would be issuing a \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span> patent?\r\n
                                        \r\n \t
                                      1. Plant<\/li>\r\n \t
                                      2. Utility<\/li>\r\n \t
                                      3. Design<\/li>\r\n \t
                                      4. Abomination<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[Quiz answers at end of chapter]<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
                                        \r\n

                                        Exercises<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n

                                        \r\n\r\n18.1 Collective Behaviour<\/a><\/strong>\r\n
                                          \r\n \t
                                        1. Discuss the differences between a mass and a crowd. What is an example of each? What sets them apart? What do they share in common?<\/li>\r\n \t
                                        2. Can you think of a time when your behaviour in a crowd was dictated by unplanned circumstances? How did you figure out what to do? Give an example of emergent-norm perspective, using your own experience.<\/li>\r\n \t
                                        3. Discuss the differences between an acting crowd and a collective crowd. Give examples of each.<\/li>\r\n \t
                                        4. Imagine you are at a rally protesting nuclear energy use. Walk us through the hypothetical rally using the value-added theory, imagining it meets all the stages.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n18.2 Social Movements<\/a><\/strong>\r\n
                                            \r\n \t
                                          1. Think about a social movement industry dealing with a cause that is important to you. How do the different social movement organizations of this industry seek to engage you? Which techniques do you respond to? Why?<\/li>\r\n \t
                                          2. Do you think social media is an important tool in creating social change? Why or why not? Defend your opinion.<\/li>\r\n \t
                                          3. Describe a social movement in the decline stage. What is its issue? Why has it reached this stage?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n18.3 Social Change<\/a><\/strong>\r\n
                                              \r\n \t
                                            1. Consider one of the classical\u00a0social movements of the 20th century, from the 1960s civil rights in the United States\u00a0to Gandhi\u2019s nonviolent protests in India. How would technology have changed it? Would change have come more quickly or more slowly? Defend your opinion.<\/li>\r\n \t
                                            2. Discuss the digital divide in the context of modernization. Is there a real concern that poorer communities are lacking in technology? Why or why not?<\/li>\r\n \t
                                            3. Do you think that the technologies that have defined modern society have been good or bad? Explain, using examples.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n

                                              References<\/h1>\r\n18.0 Introduction to Social Movements and Social Change<\/a><\/strong>\r\n\r\nBaudelaire, C. (1863). The painter of modern life [PDF]<\/a>.\r\n\r\nDeleuze, G. & C. Parnet. (2007). Many politics. Dialogues II: Revised edition.<\/em> Columbia University Press.\r\n\r\nDurkheim, \u00c9. (1937 (1895).\u00a0 The rules of sociological method.<\/em> (Solovay, S. A., and J. Mueller, Trans.). University of Chicago Press.\r\n\r\nFoot, R. & Cooper, C. (2013). Baby boomers in Canada.<\/a> The Canadian Encyclopedia.<\/em> https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/baby-boom\r\n\r\nMarx, K. and Engels, F. (1977\/1848). The Communist manifesto (Selections)<\/i>.\u00a0 In David McLellan (Ed.), Karl Marx: Selected writings <\/em>(pp. 221\u2013247). Oxford University Press.\r\n\r\nRansby, B. (2018). Making all Black lives matter: Reimagining freedom in the twenty-first century<\/em>. University of California Press\r\n\r\nRech, N. (2019). #MeToo Movement in Canada.<\/a>\u00a0The Canadian Encyclopedia.<\/em> https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/metoo-movement-in-canada\r\n\r\nThompson, K. (2002). \u00c9mile Durkheim: Revised Edition.\u00a0 <\/em>Routledge.\r\n\r\nTrends24. (2022). About<\/a>. https:\/\/trends24.in\/about\r\n\r\n18.1 Collective Behaviour<\/a><\/strong>\r\nBlumer, H. (1969). Collective Behavior. In A.M. Lee (Ed.), Principles of Sociology\u00a0<\/em>(pp. 67\u2013121). Barnes and Noble.\r\n\r\nHabermas, J. (1974). The public sphere: An encyclopedia article (1964)<\/a>. New German Critique,<\/em> 3(Autumn), 49\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/487737\r\n\r\nLe Bon, G. (1960). The crowd: A study of the popular mind<\/em>. Viking Press. (Original work published 1895.)\r\n\r\nLofland, J. (1993). Collective behavior: The elementary forms. In Russel Curtis and Benigno Aguirre (Eds.),\u00a0Collective behavior and social movements\u00a0<\/em>(pp. 70\u201375). Allyn and Bacon.\r\n\r\nMcPhail, C. (1991). The myth of the madding crowd<\/em>. Aldine de Gruyter.\r\n\r\nMills, C. W. (1956). The Power Elite.<\/i> Oxford University Press.\r\n\r\nSmelser, N. J. (1963). Theory of collective behavior<\/em>. Free Press.\r\n\r\nTurner, R. and Killian, L. M. (1993). Collective behavior<\/em> (4th ed.). Prentice Hall.\r\n\r\nUnited States Select Committee on Intelligence. (2018). Open hearing: Social media influence in the 2016 U.S. election<\/a>. U.S. Government Publishing Office. https:\/\/www.intelligence.senate.gov\/hearings\/open-hearing-social-media-influence-2016-us-elections#\r\n\r\n18.2 Social Movements<\/a><\/strong>\r\nAberle, D. (1966). The Peyote religion among the Navaho<\/em>. Aldine.\r\n\r\nAlfred, T. (2013, January 27). Idle no more: The Indigenous Peoples' movement.<\/a>\u00a0Idlenomore.tumblr.com.<\/em> http:\/\/idlenomore.tumblr.com\/post\/41651870376\/taiaiake-alfred-idle-no-more-and-indigenous-nationhood\r\n\r\nBell, E. (2002). Prairie politics: why \"right\" in Alberta but \"left\" in Saskatchewan? In D. Baer (Ed.). <\/span>Political sociology: Canadian perspectives<\/em>. <\/span>Oxford University Press.\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\nBell, E. (2007). Separatism and quasi-separatism in Alberta. Prairie Forum, <\/i>32(2), 335\u2013355.<\/span>\r\n\r\nBenford, R., and Snow, D. (2000). Framing processes and social movements: An overview and assessment.<\/a> Annual Review of Sociology,<\/em> 26, 611\u2013639. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.soc.26.1.611\r\n\r\nBlumer, H. (1969). Collective behavior. \u00a0In A.M. Lee (Ed.), Principles of Sociology<\/em> (pp. 67\u2013121). Barnes and Noble.\r\n\r\nBrown, E. (2011, June 30). Strong and weak ties: Why your weak ties matter.<\/a>\u00a0Social Media Today.<\/em> <\/span>https:\/\/www.socialmediatoday.com\/content\/strong-and-weak-ties-why-your-weak-ties-matter<\/span>\r\n\r\nBrown, W. (2019). In the ruins of neoliberalism: The rise of antidemocratic politics in the West. <\/em>Columbia University Press.\r\n\r\nCarrington, D. (2018, Dec. 4). \"Our leaders are like children,\" school strike founder tells climate summit.<\/a> The Guardian.<\/em>\u00a0https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/environment\/2018\/dec\/04\/leaders-like-children-school-strike-founder-greta-thunberg-tells-un-climate-summit\r\n\r\nCarroll, W. & Ratner, R. (1996). Master frames and counter-hegemony: Political sensibilities in contemporary social movements.<\/a> Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology,\u00a0<\/em>33, 407\u2013435. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1755-618X.1996.tb00955.x\r\n\r\nCBC. (2013a,\u00a0January 5). \u00a09 questions about Idle No More.<\/a>\u00a0CBC News<\/em>. http:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/news\/canada\/9-questions-about-idle-no-more-1.1301843\r\n\r\nCBC. (2013b, January 23). Chief Theresa Spence to end hunger strike today.<\/a>\u00a0CBC News<\/em>. http:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/news\/politics\/chief-theresa-spence-to-end-hunger-strike-today-1.1341571\r\n\r\nCBC. (2013c, November 10) Idle no more anniversary sees divisions emerging.<\/a>\u00a0Huffington Post<\/em>. http:\/\/www.huffingtonpost.ca\/2013\/11\/10\/idle-no-more-anniversary_n_4250345.html?utm_hp_ref=idle-no-more.\r\n\r\nFoucault, M. (1994). The Subject and Power. In J. Faubion (Ed.), Power: Essential Works of Foucault, Volume 3 <\/em>(pp. 326\u2013348).\u00a0 New Press.\r\n\r\nGoffman, E. (1974). Frame analysis: An essay on the organization of experience<\/em>. Harvard University Press.\r\n\r\nGollom, M. (2013, January 8). Is idle no more the new occupy wall street?<\/a>\u00a0CBC News<\/em>. http:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/news\/canada\/is-idle-no-more-the-new-occupy-wall-street-1.1397642\r\n\r\nHabermas, J. (1981, September 21). New social movements<\/a>.<\/span> Telos,<\/span><\/em> 49, 33\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3817\/0981049033<\/span>\r\n\r\nKnowledge at Wharton Staff and Yildirim, P. (2020, August 17). How social media is shaping political campaigns.<\/a> Knowledge@Wharton. <\/span>https:\/\/knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu\/article\/how-social-media-is-shaping-political-<\/span>campaigns\/\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\nKraemer, D. (2021, November 5). <\/span>Greta Thunberg: Who is the climate campaigner and what are her aims?<\/a> BBC News. <\/em>https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-europe-49918719\r\n\r\nMcAdam, D., & Paulsen, R. (1993). Specifying the relationship between social ties and activism<\/a>.\u00a0American Journal of Sociology, 99<\/em>(3), 640\u2013667.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/230319\r\n
                                              \r\n
                                              McCarthy, J. D., & Zald, M. N. (1977). Resource mobilization and social movements: A partial theory<\/a>. American Journal of Sociology<\/i>, 82<\/i>(6), 1212\u20131241. http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2777934<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\nMelucci, A. (1989). Nomads of the present. <\/em>Temple University Press.\r\n\r\nMelucci, A. (1994). A strange kind of newness: What's \u201cnew\u201d in new social movements? In Enrique Larana, Hank Johnston, and Joseph Gusfield (Eds), New Social Movements\u00a0<\/em>(pp. 101\u2013130). Temple University Press.\r\n\r\nNAACP. (2011). 100 Years of History.<\/em><\/a> http:\/\/www.naacp.org\/pages\/naacp-history\r\n\r\nNonprofit Source. (2020). Social media giving statistics for nonprofits<\/a>. NP Source.<\/em> <\/span>https:\/\/nonprofitssource.com\/online-giving-statistics\/social-media\/<\/span>\r\n\r\nRoussin, D.,\u00a0 Gill, I. and Young, R. (2014, March 29). A big, bold plan: project aims to transform downtrodden Winnipeg neighbourhood.<\/a>\u00a0Winnipeg Free Press<\/em>. http:\/\/www.winnipegfreepress.com\/local\/a-big-bold-plan-253010241.html\r\n\r\nSilver, J. (2008, January). The inner cities of Saskatoon and Winnipeg: A new and distinctive form of development<\/em><\/a>\u00a0<\/em>[PDF]. Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives.\u00a0 http:\/\/www.policyalternatives.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/uploads\/publications\/Manitoba_Pubs\/2008\/Inner_Cities_of_Saskatoon_and_Winnipeg.pdf\r\n\r\nSlow Food. (2011). Slow food international: Good, clean, and fair food<\/em>.<\/a> http:\/\/www.slowfood.com\r\n\r\nSnow, D., Rochford Jr., B., Worden, S., and Benford, R. (1986). Frame alignment processes, micromobilization, and movement participation.<\/a>\u00a0American Sociological Review,<\/em> 51, 464\u2013481. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2095581\r\n\r\nSnow, D. and Benford, R. (1988). Ideology, frame resonance, and participant mobilization. International Social Movement Research,<\/em> 1, 197\u2013217.\r\n\r\nThunberg, G. (2019, September 23). If world leaders choose to fail us, my generation will never forgive them.<\/a> The Guardian. https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/commentisfree\/2019\/sep\/23\/world-leaders-generation-climate-breakdown-greta-thunberg\r\n\r\nTilly, C. (1978). From mobilization to revolution.<\/em> Mcgraw-Hill College.\r\n\r\nWalsh, C. (2020, February 21). MeToo founder discusses where we go from here.<\/a> The Harvard Gazette. <\/span>https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/story\/2020\/02\/me-too-founder-tarana-burke-discusses-where-<\/span>we-go-from-here\/<\/span>\r\n\r\nWestern Canada Concept. (n.d.). Western Canada Concept <\/em><\/a>[website]. http:\/\/www.westcan.org\/\r\n\r\nWinnipeg Boldness Project. (2014). Boldness.<\/a>\u00a0Winnipeg Boldness Project<\/em>.\u00a0 http:\/\/winnipegboldness.ca\/\r\n\r\nZald, M. & McCarthy, J. (1987). Social movement industries: Competition and conflict among SMOs. In Social Movements in an Organizational Society (pp. 161\u2013180)<\/em>. Transaction.\r\n\r\nZhang, L. (2021, February). Research on the evaluation of sports events based on the concept of green environmental protection<\/a>. IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science, 651(4), 042028. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1755-1315\/651\/4\/042028\r\n\r\n18.3 Social Change<\/a><\/strong>\r\n\r\nAnderson, P. and Tushman, M. (1990). Technological discontinuities and dominant designs: A cyclical model of technological change<\/a>. Administrative Science Quarterly, <\/em>35, 604\u2013633. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2393511\r\n\r\nBrown, W. (2019). In the ruins of neoliberalism: The rise of antidemocratic politics in the West. <\/em>Columbia University Press.\r\n\r\nClark, G. (1969). World prehistory: A new synthesis<\/span><\/em>.<\/em> Cambridge University Press.<\/span>\r\n\r\nFriedman, T. (2005). The world is flat: A brief history of the 21st century<\/em>. New York, NY: Farrar, Strauss, and Giroux.\r\n\r\nFriedman, T. (2009). Hot, flat, and crowded 2.0: Why we need a green revolution--and how it can renew America.<\/em> Farrar, Straus and Giroux.\r\n\r\nIrwin, P. (1975, July). An operational definition of societal modernization<\/a>. Economic Development and Cultural Change,<\/em> 23(4), 595\u2013613. https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/1153187\r\n\r\nKedrosky, P. (2011, June 15). Cars vs cell phone embodied energy<\/em><\/a>. http:\/\/paul.kedrosky.com\/archives\/2011\/06\/cars-vs-cell-phone-embodied-energy.html\r\n\r\nMcLuhan, M. (1964).<\/span> Understanding media: The extensions of man<\/span><\/em>.<\/em> McGraw<\/span>-<\/span>Hill.<\/span>\r\n\r\nMcLuhan, M. <\/span>and Fiore, Q. (1967). The medium is the massage<\/span><\/em>. <\/em>Bantam Books.<\/span>\r\n\r\nMercola, J. (2011, December 25). Finally\u2026 Solo farmer fights Monsanto and wins.<\/a> Mercola.com<\/em>. http:\/\/articles.mercola.com\/sites\/articles\/archive\/2011\/12\/25\/percy-schmeiser-farmer-who-beat-monsanto.aspx\r\n\r\nMonsanto. (n.d.). Percy Schmeiser<\/a>. http:\/\/www.monsanto.com\/newsviews\/Pages\/percy-schmeiser.aspx\r\n\r\nMiller, L. (2010, June 14). Fresh hell: What\u2019s behind the boom in dystopian fiction for young readers?<\/a>\u00a0The New Yorker<\/em>. http:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/arts\/critics\/atlarge\/2010\/06\/14\/100614crat_atlarge_miller.\r\n\r\nOECD. (2001). Understanding the digital divide.<\/a>\u00a0 <\/em>OECD. https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/digital\/ieconomy\/1888451.pdf\r\n\r\nSciadas, G. (2003). Monitoring the digital divide \u2026 and beyond.<\/a> InfoDev\/World Bank Group<\/em>. http:\/\/www.infodev.org\/en\/Publication.20.html\r\n\r\nThe Economist. (2009, March 23). Planned obsolescence<\/a>. The Economist Newspaper Limited<\/em>. http:\/\/www.economist.com\/node\/13354332\r\n\r\nU.S.\u00a0Patent and Trademark Office. (2011). General information concerning patents<\/a>. http:\/\/www.uspto.gov\/patents-getting-started\/general-information-concerning-patents\r\n\r\nWhite Jr., L. (1962). Medieval technology and social change.<\/em> Clarendon Press.\r\n\r\nWorld Bank. (2008). Global economic prospects 2008: Technology diffusion in the developing world.<\/a> World Bank<\/em>. http:\/\/siteresources.worldbank.org\/INTGEP2008\/Resources\/GEP_ove_001-016.pdf\r\n

                                              <\/a>Solutions to Section Quiz<\/h1>\r\n1 A, | 2 C, | 3 B, | 4 D, | 5 C, | 6 C, | 7 C, | 8 A, | 9 C, | 10 D, | 11 D, | 12 A, | 13 A, | 14 C, | 15 D, | 16 A, [Return to Quiz]<\/a>","rendered":"
                                              \n
                                              \n

                                              Key Terms<\/p>\n<\/header>\n

                                              \n

                                              acting crowds:<\/strong>\u00a0Crowds of people who are focused on a specific action or goal.<\/p>\n

                                              alternative movements:<\/strong>\u00a0Social movements that limit themselves to self-improvement changes in individuals.<\/p>\n

                                              assembling perspective:<\/strong>\u00a0A theory that credits individuals in crowds as behaving as rational thinkers and views crowds as engaging in purposeful behaviour and collective action.<\/p>\n

                                              casual crowds:<\/strong>\u00a0People who share close proximity without really interacting.<\/p>\n

                                              collective action:<\/strong> Concerted behaviour in which a number of people come together on the basis of a shared interest to achieve some common objective.<\/p>\n

                                              collective behaviour:<\/strong>\u00a0A non-institutionalized activity in which several people voluntarily engage.<\/p>\n

                                              collective representations:<\/strong> The shared meanings, symbols, concepts, categories and images of a social group or society.<\/p>\n

                                              conventional crowds:<\/strong>\u00a0People who come together for a regularly scheduled event.<\/p>\n

                                              crowd:<\/strong>\u00a0A fairly large number of people sharing close proximity.<\/p>\n

                                              design patents:<\/strong>\u00a0Patents that are granted when someone has invented a new and original design for a manufactured product.<\/p>\n

                                              diagnostic framing:\u00a0<\/strong>When the social problem that concerns a social movement is stated in a clear, easily understood manner.<\/p>\n

                                              digital divide:<\/strong>\u00a0The increasing gap between the technological haves and have-nots.<\/p>\n

                                              embodied energy:<\/strong>\u00a0The sum of energy required for a finished product including the resource extraction, transportation, manufacturing, distribution, marketing, and disposal.<\/p>\n

                                              emergent norm theory:<\/strong>\u00a0A perspective that emphasizes the importance of social norms in crowd behaviour.<\/p>\n

                                              evolutionary model of technological change:<\/strong>\u00a0A breakthrough in one form of technology that leads to a number of variations, from which a prototype emerges, followed by a period of slight adjustments to the technology, interrupted by a breakthrough.<\/p>\n

                                              expressive crowds:<\/strong>\u00a0Crowds that share opportunities to express emotions.<\/p>\n

                                              flash mob:<\/strong>\u00a0A\u00a0large group of people who gather together in a spontaneous activity that lasts a limited amount of time.<\/p>\n

                                              frame:<\/strong> A way or perspective in which experience is organized conceptually.<\/p>\n

                                              frame alignment process:<\/strong>\u00a0Using bridging, amplification, extension, and transformation as an ongoing and intentional means of recruiting participants to a movement.<\/p>\n

                                              global social movements:<\/strong>\u00a0 Networks of social movement actors who collaborate across state borders to address shared global concerns.<\/p>\n

                                              lifeworld:<\/strong> The shared inter-subjective meanings and common understandings that form the backdrop of daily existence and communication.<\/p>\n

                                              mass:<\/strong> A relatively large group with a common interest, even if the group members may not interact or be in close proximity.<\/p>\n

                                              modernity:<\/strong> The cultural form of capitalist societies characterized by constant change and transformation.<\/p>\n

                                              modernization:<\/strong>\u00a0The process that increases the amount of specialization and differentiation of structure in societies.<\/p>\n

                                              motivational framing:<\/strong> When the social problem that concerns a social movement is stated as a call to action.<\/p>\n

                                              new social movement theory:<\/strong> Theory that analyzes why the common features contemporary social movements are concerns with quality of life issues rather than traditional materialist issues.<\/p>\n

                                              planned obsolescence:<\/strong> When a technology company plans for a product to be obsolete or unable to be repaired.<\/p>\n

                                              plant patents:<\/strong>\u00a0Patents that recognize the discovery of new plant types that can be asexually reproduced.<\/p>\n

                                              prognostic framing:<\/strong> When social movements state a clear solution to their issue.<\/p>\n

                                              public:<\/strong> An unorganized, relatively diffuse group of people who interact and debate ideas.<\/p>\n

                                              redemptive movements:<\/strong>\u00a0Movements that work to promote inner change or spiritual growth in individuals.<\/p>\n

                                              reform movements:<\/strong> Movements that seek incremental change to the social structure.<\/p>\n

                                              resistance movements:<\/strong> Movements that seek to prevent or undo change to the social structure.<\/p>\n

                                              resource mobilization theory:<\/strong>\u00a0Theory that explains social movements\u2019 success in terms of their ability to acquire resources and mobilize individuals.<\/p>\n

                                              revolutionary movements:<\/strong>\u00a0Movements that seek to completely change every aspect of society.<\/p>\n

                                              social change:<\/strong> Any significant alteration over time in behavior patterns, social relationships, institutions, cultural values and norms.<\/p>\n

                                              social currents<\/strong>: Movements of collective feeling, public expression and social creation that are in the process of emerging and not yet caught in a definite mould.<\/p>\n

                                              social movement:<\/strong> A purposeful, organized group that works toward a common social goal.<\/p>\n

                                              social movement industry:<\/strong> A collection of social movement organizations that are striving toward similar goal.<\/p>\n

                                              social movement organization:<\/strong>\u00a0A single social movement group.<\/p>\n

                                              social movement sector:\u00a0<\/strong>The collection of social movements in a society.<\/p>\n

                                              technological diffusion:<\/strong>\u00a0The spread of technology across borders.<\/p>\n

                                              technological lineage<\/strong>: Lines of development of technological innovations which make advancements on previous iterations<\/p>\n

                                              technology:<\/strong> An application of knowledge to solve problems in daily life.<\/p>\n

                                              utility patents:<\/strong>\u00a0Patents that are granted for the invention or discovery of any new and useful process, product, or machine.<\/p>\n

                                              value-added theory:\u00a0<\/strong>A\u00a0functionalist perspective theory that posits that several preconditions must be in place for collective behaviour to occur.<\/p>\n

                                              White privilege<\/strong>: The benefits people receive simply by being part of the dominant group of racialized “whites.”<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

                                              Section Summary<\/h1>\n

                                              18.1 Collective Behaviour<\/a><\/strong>
                                              \nCollective behaviour is non-institutionalized activity in which many\u00a0people voluntarily engage. There are four different forms of collective behaviour: crowd, mass, public, and social movement. There are three main theories of\u00a0collective behaviour. The first, the emergent-norm perspective, emphasizes the importance of social norms in crowd behaviour. The next, the value-added theory, is a functionalist perspective that states that several preconditions must be in place for collective behaviour to occur. Finally the assembling perspective focuses on collective action rather than collective behaviour, addressing the processes associated with crowd behaviour and the life cycle of various categories of gatherings.<\/p>\n

                                              18.2 Social Movements<\/a><\/strong>
                                              \nSocial movements are purposeful, organized groups with the goal of pushing toward change, giving political voice to those without it, or gathering for some other common purpose. Social movements intersect with environmental changes, technological innovations, and other external factors to create social change. There are myriad catalysts that create social movements, and the reasons that people join are as varied as the participants themselves. Sociologists look at both the macro- and microanalytical reasons that social movements occur, take root, and ultimately succeed or fail.<\/p>\n

                                              18.3 Social Change<\/a><\/strong>
                                              \nThere are numerous and varied causes of social change. A key cause of social change, as recognized by social scientists, is technological innovation. Technology is the application of science to address the problems of daily life. The fast pace of technological advancement means the advancements are continuous, but that not everyone has equal access. The gap created by this unequal access has been termed the digital divide. The knowledge gap refers to an effect of the \u201cdigital divide\u201d: the lack of knowledge or information that keeps those who were not exposed to technology from gaining marketable skills.<\/p>\n

                                              Questions<\/a><\/h1>\n
                                              \n
                                              \n

                                              Quiz: Social Movements and Social Change<\/p>\n<\/header>\n

                                              \n

                                              18.1 Collective Behaviour<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                \n
                                              1. Which of the following organizations is not an example of a social movement?\n
                                                  \n
                                                1. Canadian Football League<\/li>\n
                                                2. White nationalism<\/li>\n
                                                3. Greenpeace<\/li>\n
                                                4. National Action Committee on the Status of Women<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                5. Durkheim conceptualized a continuum of social phenomena that varied from fixed to fluid including \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\n
                                                    \n
                                                  1. Casual, conventional, expressive and acting crowds.<\/li>\n
                                                  2. Social structures, social functions, social strains.<\/li>\n
                                                  3. Morphological features, institutions and social currents.<\/li>\n
                                                  4. Masses, publics, social movements, crowds.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                  5. Which of the following is an example of collective behaviour?\n
                                                      \n
                                                    1. A soldier questioning orders<\/li>\n
                                                    2. A group of people interested in hearing an author speak<\/li>\n
                                                    3. A class going on a school field trip<\/li>\n
                                                    4. Going shopping with a friend<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                    5. The protesters at the anti-Covid measures “Freedom Convoy” rally were \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\n
                                                        \n
                                                      1. A casual crowd.<\/li>\n
                                                      2. A conventional crowd.<\/li>\n
                                                      3. A mass.<\/li>\n
                                                      4. An acting crowd.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                      5. According to emergent-norm theory, crowds are \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\n
                                                          \n
                                                        1. Irrational and impulsive.<\/li>\n
                                                        2. Infiltrated by security agents who manipulate crowd behaviour.<\/li>\n
                                                        3. Able to develop their own definition of the situation.<\/li>\n
                                                        4. Prone to a series of developments beginning with structural conduciveness.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                        5. A boy throwing rocks during a demonstration might be an example of \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\n
                                                            \n
                                                          1. Structural conduciveness.<\/li>\n
                                                          2. Structural strain.<\/li>\n
                                                          3. Precipitating factors.<\/li>\n
                                                          4. Mobilization for action.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                            18.2 Social Movements<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                              \n
                                                            1. If sociologists divide social movements according to their competition for attention in a society, they are using the \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span> theory to understand social movements.\n
                                                                \n
                                                              1. Framing<\/li>\n
                                                              2. New social movement<\/li>\n
                                                              3. Resource mobilization<\/li>\n
                                                              4. Value-added<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                              5. While PETA is a social movement organization, taken together, the animal rights social movement organizations PETA, ALF, and Greenpeace are a \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\n
                                                                  \n
                                                                1. Social movement industry.<\/li>\n
                                                                2. Social movement sector.<\/li>\n
                                                                3. Global social movement.<\/li>\n
                                                                4. All of the above.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                5. Social movements are \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\n
                                                                    \n
                                                                  1. Free currents of social life in the process of emerging and not yet caught in a definite mould.<\/li>\n
                                                                  2. Any collection of at least two people who interact with some frequency and who share some sense of
                                                                    \naligned identity.<\/li>\n
                                                                  3. The collective action of individuals working together in an attempt to achieve goals.<\/li>\n
                                                                  4. All of the above.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                  5. When the League of Women Voters successfully achieved its goal of women being allowed to vote, they had to undergo frame \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span> to ensure continuing relevance.\n
                                                                      \n
                                                                    1. Alignment<\/li>\n
                                                                    2. Amplification<\/li>\n
                                                                    3. Bridging<\/li>\n
                                                                    4. Transformation<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                    5. New social movements principle focus is \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\n
                                                                        \n
                                                                      1. Postmaterialism.<\/li>\n
                                                                      2. Subjectivity and identity.<\/li>\n
                                                                      3. Quality of life issues.<\/li>\n
                                                                      4. All of the above.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                        18.3 Social Change<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                          \n
                                                                        1. Children in peripheral nations have little to no daily access to computers and the internet, while children in core nations are constantly exposed to this technology. This is an example of \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\n
                                                                            \n
                                                                          1. The digital divide.<\/li>\n
                                                                          2. Human ecology.<\/li>\n
                                                                          3. Modernization theory.<\/li>\n
                                                                          4. Technological determinism.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                          5. When sociologists think about technology as an agent of social change, which of the following is not an example?\n
                                                                              \n
                                                                            1. Population growth<\/li>\n
                                                                            2. Medical advances<\/li>\n
                                                                            3. The internet<\/li>\n
                                                                            4. Genetically engineered food<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                            5. China is undergoing a shift in industry, increasing labour specialization and the amount of differentiation present in the social structure. This exemplifies \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\n
                                                                                \n
                                                                              1. Human ecology.<\/li>\n
                                                                              2. Dependency theory.<\/li>\n
                                                                              3. Modernization.<\/li>\n
                                                                              4. Critical perspective.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                              5. The fact that your cell phone is using outdated technology within a year or two of purchase is an example of \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>.\n
                                                                                  \n
                                                                                1. Caveat emptor.<\/li>\n
                                                                                2. Conspicuous consumption.<\/li>\n
                                                                                3. Modernization.<\/li>\n
                                                                                4. Planned obsolescence.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
                                                                                5. If the U.S. Patent Office were to issue a patent for a new type of tomato that tastes like a jellybean, it would be issuing a \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span> patent?\n
                                                                                    \n
                                                                                  1. Plant<\/li>\n
                                                                                  2. Utility<\/li>\n
                                                                                  3. Design<\/li>\n
                                                                                  4. Abomination<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                    [Quiz answers at end of chapter]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

                                                                                    \n
                                                                                    \n

                                                                                    Exercises<\/p>\n<\/header>\n

                                                                                    \n

                                                                                    18.1 Collective Behaviour<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                                      \n
                                                                                    1. Discuss the differences between a mass and a crowd. What is an example of each? What sets them apart? What do they share in common?<\/li>\n
                                                                                    2. Can you think of a time when your behaviour in a crowd was dictated by unplanned circumstances? How did you figure out what to do? Give an example of emergent-norm perspective, using your own experience.<\/li>\n
                                                                                    3. Discuss the differences between an acting crowd and a collective crowd. Give examples of each.<\/li>\n
                                                                                    4. Imagine you are at a rally protesting nuclear energy use. Walk us through the hypothetical rally using the value-added theory, imagining it meets all the stages.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                      18.2 Social Movements<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                                        \n
                                                                                      1. Think about a social movement industry dealing with a cause that is important to you. How do the different social movement organizations of this industry seek to engage you? Which techniques do you respond to? Why?<\/li>\n
                                                                                      2. Do you think social media is an important tool in creating social change? Why or why not? Defend your opinion.<\/li>\n
                                                                                      3. Describe a social movement in the decline stage. What is its issue? Why has it reached this stage?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                        18.3 Social Change<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                                          \n
                                                                                        1. Consider one of the classical\u00a0social movements of the 20th century, from the 1960s civil rights in the United States\u00a0to Gandhi\u2019s nonviolent protests in India. How would technology have changed it? Would change have come more quickly or more slowly? Defend your opinion.<\/li>\n
                                                                                        2. Discuss the digital divide in the context of modernization. Is there a real concern that poorer communities are lacking in technology? Why or why not?<\/li>\n
                                                                                        3. Do you think that the technologies that have defined modern society have been good or bad? Explain, using examples.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

                                                                                          References<\/h1>\n

                                                                                          18.0 Introduction to Social Movements and Social Change<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

                                                                                          Baudelaire, C. (1863). The painter of modern life [PDF]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

                                                                                          Deleuze, G. & C. Parnet. (2007). Many politics. Dialogues II: Revised edition.<\/em> Columbia University Press.<\/p>\n

                                                                                          Durkheim, \u00c9. (1937 (1895).\u00a0 The rules of sociological method.<\/em> (Solovay, S. A., and J. Mueller, Trans.). University of Chicago Press.<\/p>\n

                                                                                          Foot, R. & Cooper, C. (2013). Baby boomers in Canada.<\/a> The Canadian Encyclopedia.<\/em> https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/baby-boom<\/p>\n

                                                                                          Marx, K. and Engels, F. (1977\/1848). The Communist manifesto (Selections)<\/i>.\u00a0 In David McLellan (Ed.), Karl Marx: Selected writings <\/em>(pp. 221\u2013247). Oxford University Press.<\/p>\n

                                                                                          Ransby, B. (2018). Making all Black lives matter: Reimagining freedom in the twenty-first century<\/em>. University of California Press<\/p>\n

                                                                                          Rech, N. (2019). #MeToo Movement in Canada.<\/a>\u00a0The Canadian Encyclopedia.<\/em> https:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/metoo-movement-in-canada<\/p>\n

                                                                                          Thompson, K. (2002). \u00c9mile Durkheim: Revised Edition.\u00a0 <\/em>Routledge.<\/p>\n

                                                                                          Trends24. (2022). About<\/a>. https:\/\/trends24.in\/about<\/p>\n

                                                                                          18.1 Collective Behaviour<\/a><\/strong>
                                                                                          \nBlumer, H. (1969). Collective Behavior. In A.M. Lee (Ed.), Principles of Sociology\u00a0<\/em>(pp. 67\u2013121). Barnes and Noble.<\/p>\n

                                                                                          Habermas, J. (1974). The public sphere: An encyclopedia article (1964)<\/a>. New German Critique,<\/em> 3(Autumn), 49\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/487737<\/p>\n

                                                                                          Le Bon, G. (1960). The crowd: A study of the popular mind<\/em>. Viking Press. (Original work published 1895.)<\/p>\n

                                                                                          Lofland, J. (1993). Collective behavior: The elementary forms. In Russel Curtis and Benigno Aguirre (Eds.),\u00a0Collective behavior and social movements\u00a0<\/em>(pp. 70\u201375). Allyn and Bacon.<\/p>\n

                                                                                          McPhail, C. (1991). The myth of the madding crowd<\/em>. Aldine de Gruyter.<\/p>\n

                                                                                          Mills, C. W. (1956). The Power Elite.<\/i> Oxford University Press.<\/p>\n

                                                                                          Smelser, N. J. (1963). Theory of collective behavior<\/em>. Free Press.<\/p>\n

                                                                                          Turner, R. and Killian, L. M. (1993). Collective behavior<\/em> (4th ed.). Prentice Hall.<\/p>\n

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                                                                                          18.2 Social Movements<\/a><\/strong>
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                                                                                          Alfred, T. (2013, January 27). Idle no more: The Indigenous Peoples’ movement.<\/a>\u00a0Idlenomore.tumblr.com.<\/em> http:\/\/idlenomore.tumblr.com\/post\/41651870376\/taiaiake-alfred-idle-no-more-and-indigenous-nationhood<\/p>\n

                                                                                          Bell, E. (2002). Prairie politics: why “right” in Alberta but “left” in Saskatchewan? In D. Baer (Ed.). <\/span>Political sociology: Canadian perspectives<\/em>. <\/span>Oxford University Press.
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                                                                                          Bell, E. (2007). Separatism and quasi-separatism in Alberta. Prairie Forum, <\/i>32(2), 335\u2013355.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                                                          Benford, R., and Snow, D. (2000). Framing processes and social movements: An overview and assessment.<\/a> Annual Review of Sociology,<\/em> 26, 611\u2013639. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.soc.26.1.611<\/p>\n

                                                                                          Blumer, H. (1969). Collective behavior. \u00a0In A.M. Lee (Ed.), Principles of Sociology<\/em> (pp. 67\u2013121). Barnes and Noble.<\/p>\n

                                                                                          Brown, E. (2011, June 30). Strong and weak ties: Why your weak ties matter.<\/a>\u00a0Social Media Today.<\/em> <\/span>https:\/\/www.socialmediatoday.com\/content\/strong-and-weak-ties-why-your-weak-ties-matter<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                                                          Brown, W. (2019). In the ruins of neoliberalism: The rise of antidemocratic politics in the West. <\/em>Columbia University Press.<\/p>\n

                                                                                          Carrington, D. (2018, Dec. 4). “Our leaders are like children,” school strike founder tells climate summit.<\/a> The Guardian.<\/em>\u00a0https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/environment\/2018\/dec\/04\/leaders-like-children-school-strike-founder-greta-thunberg-tells-un-climate-summit<\/p>\n

                                                                                          Carroll, W. & Ratner, R. (1996). Master frames and counter-hegemony: Political sensibilities in contemporary social movements.<\/a> Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology,\u00a0<\/em>33, 407\u2013435. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1755-618X.1996.tb00955.x<\/p>\n

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                                                                                          CBC. (2013b, January 23). Chief Theresa Spence to end hunger strike today.<\/a>\u00a0CBC News<\/em>. http:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/news\/politics\/chief-theresa-spence-to-end-hunger-strike-today-1.1341571<\/p>\n

                                                                                          CBC. (2013c, November 10) Idle no more anniversary sees divisions emerging.<\/a>\u00a0Huffington Post<\/em>. http:\/\/www.huffingtonpost.ca\/2013\/11\/10\/idle-no-more-anniversary_n_4250345.html?utm_hp_ref=idle-no-more.<\/p>\n

                                                                                          Foucault, M. (1994). The Subject and Power. In J. Faubion (Ed.), Power: Essential Works of Foucault, Volume 3 <\/em>(pp. 326\u2013348).\u00a0 New Press.<\/p>\n

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                                                                                          Knowledge at Wharton Staff and Yildirim, P. (2020, August 17). How social media is shaping political campaigns.<\/a> Knowledge@Wharton. <\/span>https:\/\/knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu\/article\/how-social-media-is-shaping-political-<\/span>campaigns\/
                                                                                          \n<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                                                          Kraemer, D. (2021, November 5). <\/span>Greta Thunberg: Who is the climate campaigner and what are her aims?<\/a> BBC News. <\/em>https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-europe-49918719<\/p>\n

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                                                                                          Melucci, A. (1994). A strange kind of newness: What’s \u201cnew\u201d in new social movements? In Enrique Larana, Hank Johnston, and Joseph Gusfield (Eds), New Social Movements\u00a0<\/em>(pp. 101\u2013130). Temple University Press.<\/p>\n

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                                                                                          18.3 Social Change<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

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                                                                                          Monsanto. (n.d.). Percy Schmeiser<\/a>. http:\/\/www.monsanto.com\/newsviews\/Pages\/percy-schmeiser.aspx<\/p>\n

                                                                                          Miller, L. (2010, June 14). Fresh hell: What\u2019s behind the boom in dystopian fiction for young readers?<\/a>\u00a0The New Yorker<\/em>. http:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/arts\/critics\/atlarge\/2010\/06\/14\/100614crat_atlarge_miller.<\/p>\n

                                                                                          OECD. (2001). Understanding the digital divide.<\/a>\u00a0 <\/em>OECD. https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/digital\/ieconomy\/1888451.pdf<\/p>\n

                                                                                          Sciadas, G. (2003). Monitoring the digital divide \u2026 and beyond.<\/a> InfoDev\/World Bank Group<\/em>. http:\/\/www.infodev.org\/en\/Publication.20.html<\/p>\n

                                                                                          The Economist. (2009, March 23). Planned obsolescence<\/a>. The Economist Newspaper Limited<\/em>. http:\/\/www.economist.com\/node\/13354332<\/p>\n

                                                                                          U.S.\u00a0Patent and Trademark Office. (2011). General information concerning patents<\/a>. http:\/\/www.uspto.gov\/patents-getting-started\/general-information-concerning-patents<\/p>\n

                                                                                          White Jr., L. (1962). Medieval technology and social change.<\/em> Clarendon Press.<\/p>\n

                                                                                          World Bank. (2008). Global economic prospects 2008: Technology diffusion in the developing world.<\/a> World Bank<\/em>. http:\/\/siteresources.worldbank.org\/INTGEP2008\/Resources\/GEP_ove_001-016.pdf<\/p>\n

                                                                                          <\/a>Solutions to Section Quiz<\/h1>\n

                                                                                          1 A, | 2 C, | 3 B, | 4 D, | 5 C, | 6 C, | 7 C, | 8 A, | 9 C, | 10 D, | 11 D, | 12 A, | 13 A, | 14 C, | 15 D, | 16 A, [Return to Quiz]<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":940,"menu_order":4,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":["william-little","ron-mcgivern"],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[67,60],"license":[],"class_list":["post-4208","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","contributor-ron-mcgivern","contributor-william-little"],"part":4200,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdeditionlittle\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/4208","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdeditionlittle\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdeditionlittle\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdeditionlittle\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/940"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdeditionlittle\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/4208\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4607,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdeditionlittle\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/4208\/revisions\/4607"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdeditionlittle\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/4200"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdeditionlittle\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/4208\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdeditionlittle\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4208"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdeditionlittle\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=4208"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdeditionlittle\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=4208"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/introductiontosociology3rdeditionlittle\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=4208"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}