{"id":484,"date":"2019-06-13T15:02:10","date_gmt":"2019-06-13T19:02:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/jengle\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=484"},"modified":"2021-11-04T18:05:52","modified_gmt":"2021-11-04T22:05:52","slug":"introduction-to-neuromotor-disorders-2","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/jengle\/chapter\/introduction-to-neuromotor-disorders-2\/","title":{"raw":"Introduction to neuromotor disorders","rendered":"Introduction to neuromotor disorders"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Learning Objectives<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Describe the different features of motor dysfunction in children with neuromotor disorders.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Be aware of basic seizure safety protocols.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2><strong>Introduction to neuromotor disorders<\/strong><\/h2>\r\nA neuromotor disorder is a developmental or acquired condition that typically affects movement, gross motor ability, posture, and fine motor ability. Neuromotor disorders are caused by damage to the central nervous system.\u00a0\u00a0This could be due to problems with development or injury to the developing motor pathways in the cortex, basal ganglia, thalamus, cerebellum, brainstem, or spinal cord. The most c<span style=\"font-size: 1em\">ommon neuromotor disorders in childhood include cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, and spina bifida.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">The impairment may be static (not getting worse) or progressive. Children may present with a combination of problems including weakness, problems with muscle tone, muscle contractures, sensory impairments, cognitive difficulties, and other medical conditions. <\/span><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">There is a great amount of variability between the different disorders, and also great variability in the presenting characteristics among individuals with a given diagnosis.<\/span>\r\n\r\nThe NIH-funded Taskforce on Childhood Motor Disorders[footnote]Sanger, T.D.,Delgado, M.R., Gaebler-Spira, D.,Hallett, M., &amp; Mink, J.W., (2003). Classification and Definition of Disorders Causing Hypertonia in Childhood, Pediatrics, 111(1), e89-e97.[\/footnote] provided definitions related to terminology associated with childhood movement disorders:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Hypertonia - increased resistance of the muscle to movement. It may be caused by spasticity, dystonia, rigidity, or a combination of the two.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Spasticity - resistance of the muscle is variable depending on the velocity of movement.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Rigidity - frequently occurs in Parkinson's Disease in adults, but rarely occurs in children.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Dystonia - a\u00a0movement disorder in which involuntary muscle contractions cause twisting and repetitive movements, abnormal postures, or both.\u00a0Dystonia frequently co-occurs with athetosis, problems with manual dexterity, problems with oromotor function, and abnormalities of eye movement.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div>\r\n<h2><strong>Seizure safety<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Epilepsy is common in children with neuromotor disorders, particularly those with cerebral palsy where the rate is about 40% [footnote]Christensen, D., Van Naarden Braun, K., Doernberg, N. S., et. al. (2014). Prevalence of cerebral palsy, co-occurring autism spectrum disorders, and motor functioning \u2013 Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, USA, 2008. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 56(1), 59\u201365.[\/footnote] Thus, it is important that you are <\/span><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">aware of basic seizure safety protocols (see Resources for Further Education below).\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Key Takeaways<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Neuromotor disorders are caused by damage to the central nervous system.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Neuromotor disorders typically impact muscle tone.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Neuromotor disorders often co-occur with other medical conditions and learning challenges. Seizures disorders are common.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Resources for Further Learning<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\nMovement disorders\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/learninghub.phsa.ca\/Courses\/4968\">Sunny Hill Movement Disorders e-learning course<\/a> (free &amp; available to the general public)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nEpilepsy\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=wy3DK3WPoKg\">Epilepsy and Seizures 101 by Dr. Linda Huh<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"http:\/\/epilepsyontario.org\/about-epilepsy\/types-of-seizures\/\">Types of seizure disorders with video examples<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.bcepilepsy.com\/resources\/information-sheets\">What to do if a child has a seizure: Seizure Types &amp; First Aid from BC Epilepsy Society<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=FuUTqt6kJCE\">Seizure first aid video<\/a> from Epilepsy Toronto.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Learning Objectives<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<ul>\n<li>Describe the different features of motor dysfunction in children with neuromotor disorders.<\/li>\n<li>Be aware of basic seizure safety protocols.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2><strong>Introduction to neuromotor disorders<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>A neuromotor disorder is a developmental or acquired condition that typically affects movement, gross motor ability, posture, and fine motor ability. Neuromotor disorders are caused by damage to the central nervous system.\u00a0\u00a0This could be due to problems with development or injury to the developing motor pathways in the cortex, basal ganglia, thalamus, cerebellum, brainstem, or spinal cord. The most c<span style=\"font-size: 1em\">ommon neuromotor disorders in childhood include cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, and spina bifida.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">The impairment may be static (not getting worse) or progressive. Children may present with a combination of problems including weakness, problems with muscle tone, muscle contractures, sensory impairments, cognitive difficulties, and other medical conditions. <\/span><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">There is a great amount of variability between the different disorders, and also great variability in the presenting characteristics among individuals with a given diagnosis.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>The NIH-funded Taskforce on Childhood Motor Disorders<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Sanger, T.D.,Delgado, M.R., Gaebler-Spira, D.,Hallett, M., &amp; Mink, J.W., (2003). Classification and Definition of Disorders Causing Hypertonia in Childhood, Pediatrics, 111(1), e89-e97.\" id=\"return-footnote-484-1\" href=\"#footnote-484-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a> provided definitions related to terminology associated with childhood movement disorders:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Hypertonia &#8211; increased resistance of the muscle to movement. It may be caused by spasticity, dystonia, rigidity, or a combination of the two.<\/li>\n<li>Spasticity &#8211; resistance of the muscle is variable depending on the velocity of movement.<\/li>\n<li>Rigidity &#8211; frequently occurs in Parkinson&#8217;s Disease in adults, but rarely occurs in children.<\/li>\n<li>Dystonia &#8211; a\u00a0movement disorder in which involuntary muscle contractions cause twisting and repetitive movements, abnormal postures, or both.\u00a0Dystonia frequently co-occurs with athetosis, problems with manual dexterity, problems with oromotor function, and abnormalities of eye movement.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div>\n<h2><strong>Seizure safety<\/strong><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Epilepsy is common in children with neuromotor disorders, particularly those with cerebral palsy where the rate is about 40% <a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Christensen, D., Van Naarden Braun, K., Doernberg, N. S., et. al. (2014). Prevalence of cerebral palsy, co-occurring autism spectrum disorders, and motor functioning \u2013 Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, USA, 2008. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 56(1), 59\u201365.\" id=\"return-footnote-484-2\" href=\"#footnote-484-2\" aria-label=\"Footnote 2\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[2]<\/sup><\/a> Thus, it is important that you are <\/span><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">aware of basic seizure safety protocols (see Resources for Further Education below).\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Key Takeaways<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<ul>\n<li>Neuromotor disorders are caused by damage to the central nervous system.<\/li>\n<li>Neuromotor disorders typically impact muscle tone.<\/li>\n<li>Neuromotor disorders often co-occur with other medical conditions and learning challenges. Seizures disorders are common.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Resources for Further Learning<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p>Movement disorders<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/learninghub.phsa.ca\/Courses\/4968\">Sunny Hill Movement Disorders e-learning course<\/a> (free &amp; available to the general public)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Epilepsy<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=wy3DK3WPoKg\">Epilepsy and Seizures 101 by Dr. Linda Huh<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/epilepsyontario.org\/about-epilepsy\/types-of-seizures\/\">Types of seizure disorders with video examples<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.bcepilepsy.com\/resources\/information-sheets\">What to do if a child has a seizure: Seizure Types &amp; First Aid from BC Epilepsy Society<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=FuUTqt6kJCE\">Seizure first aid video<\/a> from Epilepsy Toronto.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-484-1\">Sanger, T.D.,Delgado, M.R., Gaebler-Spira, D.,Hallett, M., &amp; Mink, J.W., (2003). Classification and Definition of Disorders Causing Hypertonia in Childhood, Pediatrics, 111(1), e89-e97. <a href=\"#return-footnote-484-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-484-2\">Christensen, D., Van Naarden Braun, K., Doernberg, N. S., et. al. (2014). Prevalence of cerebral palsy, co-occurring autism spectrum disorders, and motor functioning \u2013 Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, USA, 2008. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 56(1), 59\u201365. <a href=\"#return-footnote-484-2\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 2\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":620,"menu_order":1,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-484","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":3,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/jengle\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/484","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/jengle\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/jengle\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/jengle\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/620"}],"version-history":[{"count":24,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/jengle\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/484\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":819,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/jengle\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/484\/revisions\/819"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/jengle\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/3"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/jengle\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/484\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/jengle\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=484"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/jengle\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=484"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/jengle\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=484"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/jengle\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=484"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}