Chapter 5. The Skeletal System
6.2 Bone Classification — Anatomy and Physiology
6.2 Bone Classification
Learning Objectives
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
- Classify bones according to their shapes
- Describe the function of each category of bones
The 206 bones that compose the adult skeleton are divided into five categories based on their shapes (Figure 1). Their shapes and their functions are related such that each categorical shape of bone has a distinct function.
Long Bones
A long bone is one that is cylindrical in shape, being longer than it is wide. Keep in mind, however, that the term describes the shape of a bone, not its size. Long bones are found in the arms (humerus, ulna, radius) and legs (femur, tibia, fibula), as well as in the fingers (metacarpals, phalanges) and toes (metatarsals, phalanges). Long bones function as levers; they move when muscles contract.
Short Bones
A short bone is one that is cube-like in shape, being approximately equal in length, width, and thickness. The only short bones in the human skeleton are in the carpals of the wrists and the tarsals of the ankles. Short bones provide stability and support as well as some limited motion.
Flat Bones
The term “flat bone” is somewhat of a misnomer because, although a flat bone is typically thin, it is also often curved. Examples include the cranial (skull) bones, the scapulae (shoulder blades), the sternum (breastbone), and the ribs. Flat bones serve as points of attachment for muscles and often protect internal organs.
Irregular Bones
An irregular bone is one that does not have any easily characterized shape and therefore does not fit any other classification. These bones tend to have more complex shapes, like the vertebrae that support the spinal cord and protect it from compressive forces. Many facial bones, particularly the ones containing sinuses, are classified as irregular bones.
Sesamoid Bones
A sesamoid bone is a small, round bone that, as the name suggests, is shaped like a sesame seed. These bones form in tendons (the sheaths of tissue that connect bones to muscles) where a great deal of pressure is generated in a joint. The sesamoid bones protect tendons by helping them overcome compressive forces. Sesamoid bones vary in number and placement from person to person but are typically found in tendons associated with the feet, hands, and knees. The patellae (singular = patella) are the only sesamoid bones found in common with every person. Table 1 reviews bone classifications with their associated features, functions, and examples.
| Bone Classifications (Table 1) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Bone classification | Features | Function(s) | Examples |
| Long | Cylinder-like shape, longer than it is wide | Leverage | Femur, tibia, fibula, metatarsals, humerus, ulna, radius, metacarpals, phalanges |
| Short | Cube-like shape, approximately equal in length, width, and thickness | Provide stability, support, while allowing for some motion | Carpals, tarsals |
| Flat | Thin and curved | Points of attachment for muscles; protectors of internal organs | Sternum, ribs, scapulae, cranial bones |
| Irregular | Complex shape | Protect internal organs | Vertebrae, facial bones |
| Sesamoid | Small and round; embedded in tendons | Protect tendons from compressive forces | Patellae |
Chapter Review
Bones can be classified according to their shapes. Long bones, such as the femur, are longer than they are wide. Short bones, such as the carpals, are approximately equal in length, width, and thickness. Flat bones are thin, but are often curved, such as the ribs. Irregular bones such as those of the face have no characteristic shape. Sesamoid bones, such as the patellae, are small and round, and are located in tendons.
Review Questions
1. Most of the bones of the arms and hands are long bones; however, the bones in the wrist are categorized as ________.
- flat bones
- short bones
- sesamoid bones
- irregular bones
2. Sesamoid bones are found embedded in ________.
- joints
- muscles
- ligaments
- tendons
3. Bones that surround the spinal cord are classified as ________ bones.
- irregular
- sesamoid
- flat
- short
4. Which category of bone is among the most numerous in the skeleton?
- long bone
- sesamoid bone
- short bone
- flat bone
5. Long bones enable body movement by acting as a ________.
- counterweight
- resistive force
- lever
- fulcrum
Critical Thinking Questions
1. What are the structural and functional differences between a tarsal and a metatarsal?
Structurally, a tarsal is a short bone, meaning its length, width, and thickness are about equal, while a metatarsal is a long bone whose length is greater than its width. Functionally, the tarsal provides limited motion, while the metatarsal acts as a lever.
2. What are the structural and functional differences between the femur and the patella?
Structurally, the femur is a long bone, meaning its length is greater than its width, while the patella, a sesamoid bone, is small and round. Functionally, the femur acts as a lever, while the patella protects the patellar tendon from compressive forces.
Glossary
- flat bone
- thin and curved bone; serves as a point of attachment for muscles and protects internal organs
- irregular bone
- bone of complex shape; protects internal organs from compressive forces
- long bone
- cylinder-shaped bone that is longer than it is wide; functions as a lever
- sesamoid bone
- small, round bone embedded in a tendon; protects the tendon from compressive forces
- short bone
- cube-shaped bone that is approximately equal in length, width, and thickness; provides limited motion
Solutions
Answers for Review Questions
- B
- D
- A
- A
- C
Answers for Critical Thinking Questions
- When you are sitting at a campfire, your sense of smell adapts to the smell of smoke. Only if that smell were to suddenly and dramatically intensify would you be likely to notice and respond. In contrast, the smell of even a trace of smoke would be new and highly unusual in your residence hall, and would be perceived as danger.
- Growth can occur by increasing the number of existing cells, increasing the size of existing cells, or increasing the amount of non-cellular material around cells.
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