{"id":450,"date":"2023-03-11T18:19:12","date_gmt":"2023-03-11T23:19:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/landuseplanninginbc\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=450"},"modified":"2024-01-12T13:38:05","modified_gmt":"2024-01-12T18:38:05","slug":"urban-app_downtown_revitalisation","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/landuseplanninginbc\/chapter\/urban-app_downtown_revitalisation\/","title":{"raw":"Application.  Downtown Revitalisation","rendered":"Application.  Downtown Revitalisation"},"content":{"raw":"&nbsp;\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<h2 class=\"textbox__title\"><strong>Assigned task<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\nTo overcome barriers to revitalising the downtown area, the City of Prince George\u2019s Department of Planning, Development, and Infrastructure Services is considering a bundle of regulatory tools and financial incentives to aid in neighbourhood-level re-development efforts.\u00a0 As a long-range planner for the City of Prince George, you are responsible for recommending to City Council which financial and regulatory tools you feel will assist continued development in downtown Prince George.\u00a0 You may apply one or more specific tools to the entirety of the downtown, to a portion, or to a single lot, or a combination thereof.\u00a0 Provide reasons for either incorporating or rejecting initiatives within your staff memo to Council.\u00a0 In addition, provide an explanation as to how your recommendation addresses the need for: (1) new commercial developments; (2) affordable, medium-density housing; (3) fa\u00e7ade improvements, and (4) green buildings.\r\n\r\nFormat your assignment as an internal staff memo to Council (example available).\u00a0 Length should be 800 to 1,000 words.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nRevitalising the downtown core is a long-standing priority of the City of Prince George.[footnote]Llewellyn, Jason (1999). \u201cUnderstanding A City\u2019s Form and Function: The Development and Planning History of Prince George.\u201d MA Thesis, University of Northern BC, p. 133[\/footnote]\u00a0 In its current <a href=\"https:\/\/www.princegeorge.ca\/business-development\/zoning-land-use\/official-community-plan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Official Community Plan<\/a> (OCP) (Bylaw 8383, 2012), the City\u2019s vision includes a \u201cvibrant downtown.\u201d \u00a0This vision is supported by a set of land use objectives and policies (s. 8.3), including the following:\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">The heart of the city, the downtown functions as the civic and cultural centre of Prince George, containing key cultural, civic, and recreational amenities, offices, shopping, and accommodating significant housing. Buildings may be larger in scale, with a mix of towers and lower forms.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Revitalize downtown as the commercial, cultural, and civic heart of the community.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Strengthen the sense of place and identity downtown, incorporating natural and cultural elements.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Make the downtown more attractive to new residents and businesses.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Maintain downtown as the central business district and primary location for offices.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Support a diverse, socially integrated population.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nFor the purposes of this study, \u2018downtown\u2019 is defined formally by the Prince George Business Improvement Area, as depicted in Map 1.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nMap 1. \u00a0Downtown Business Improvement Area, City of Prince George\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_1112\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"651\"]<img class=\" wp-image-1112\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/landuseplanninginbc\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1865\/2023\/12\/PG-Map_Downtown-Improvement-Area-243x300.png\" alt=\"PG Map_Downtown Improvement Area\" width=\"651\" height=\"804\" \/> Source of base map: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.openstreetmap.org\/search?query=prince%20george%2C%20bc#map=15\/53.9155\/-122.7499\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">OpenStreetMap<\/a>. Licensed under the Open Data Commons Open Database License (ODbL).[\/caption]\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nMajor downtown revitalisation efforts have been undertaken in Prince George since the early 1960s with some success; however, the vast majority of revitalisation efforts have either not been implemented or only partially implemented.\u00a0 A brief chronology of downtown revitalisation initiatives includes the following plans.[footnote]Chronology adapted from Llewellyn (1999), Chapter 6.[\/footnote]\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>\u201cThe Miracle Plan\u201d (1964) \u2013 <\/strong>This was an ambitious development proposal that would see a dome being placed over a five-block area in downtown Prince George. \u00a0The dome was designed to provide protection from the elements during the City\u2019s harsh, long winters.\u00a0 While the proposal was derailed at preliminary stages, it nonetheless provided the impetus for a 1965 report, <em>Space Requirements: Central Business District<\/em>, which identified risks concerning reduced economic vitality in the downtown core, due in part to the newly established Parkwood Mall and Spruceland Shopping Centre.\u00a0 Despite the report\u2019s recommendations to stringently centralise retail activities, subsequent development would occur to the contrary (i.e., Hart Highway Shopping Centre, Pine Centre Mall, Westgate Commercial).\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>\u201cThe Centrum Plan\u201d (1966)\u00a0 - <\/strong>Significant features of this plan, which was developed for an estimated population of 140,000, include the transformation of 3rd avenue into a covered shopping boulevard, an elevated monorail from Parkwood Mall to downtown, a convention centre, and zoning for high-rise residential and office buildings.\u00a0 While the majority of this plan went unrealised, the Centrum Plan significantly influenced the present-day locations of the Bob Harkins Public Library, the Civic Centre, and the Two Rivers Art Gallery.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>\u201cThe Cadillac Fairview Town Centre Plan\u201d (1980) \u2013 <\/strong>From a number of redevelopment proposals, the City selected the Town Centre Plan as best suited to achieve the objectives outlined in the four-volume <em>Central Business District Study<\/em> (1980).\u00a0 The Town Centre Plan proposed converting four downtown blocks into a covered, two-storey shopping mall complex, complete with a new town centre.\u00a0 Due to significant public opposition, the plan was eventually abandoned in favour of an expansion of nearby Parkwood Mall.\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<strong>\u201cThe City of Prince George Downtown Revitalization Plan\u201d (1992) \u2013 <\/strong>This plan represented the combined multi-year efforts of numerous stakeholders operating under the umbrella of the <em>Prince George Region Development Corporation<\/em>.\u00a0 Whereas previous plans had been limited chiefly to economic considerations, an important component of the Prince George Downtown Revitalization Plan (PGDRP) was its recognition of the importance of environmental and social values in downtown redevelopment.\u00a0 While the PGDRP successfully guided the development of the courthouse plaza in 1996, a number of other initiatives recommended in the strategy were vehemently opposed and eventually defeated by downtown business owners.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>\u201cDowntown Prince George Concept Plan\u201d (2009) \u2013 <\/strong>This planning exercise created a design-based vision for Prince George circa 2035, based on incorporation of eight \u201cSmart Growth\u201d principles.\u00a0 The <em>Mayor\u2019s Task Force for a Better Downtown<\/em> was responsible for implementing elements of the concept plan.\u00a0 With a change in City Council, the <em>Mayor\u2019s Task Force for a Better Downtown<\/em> was re-branded as <em>Downtown Partnership <\/em>and functioned as an advisory committee to oversee the development of downtown.\u00a0 It is no longer active.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nDespite the vast inputs of human and financial resources, downtown Prince George has seen limited improvement since the early 1960s.\u00a0 In 1965, the central business district contained 78% of all retail space available in the City; in 2010, only 42% of retail and office space was within the downtown boundaries; only 1% of the residential housing stocks was within the City\u2019s core.[footnote]Neilson-Welch Consulting Inc. and Leftside Partners Inc (2010). <em>Revitalization Tax Exemption Program Downtown Prince George<\/em>. City of Prince George, p. 3.[\/footnote]\r\n\r\nIn their 2010 report, Neilson-Welch Consulting Inc. identifies several barriers to downtown revitalisation in Prince George, including:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>market conditions<\/strong>, where high construction costs, soft market demand, low population projections, and insufficient lease values make private development of downtown properties an unfeasible venture;<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>residential prices<\/strong>, where the costs of developing a single-family dwelling outside of the urban core are not significantly higher than in the central business district;<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>peripheral commercial development, <\/strong>where large-scale commercial and office development occurring outside the downtown area have served as anchors for new residential subdivisions;<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>public perception, <\/strong>where the visibility of essential social services \u2013 and their clientele \u2013 create perceptions of downtown Prince George as unsafe and undesirable; and,<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>air quality,<\/strong> where downtown Prince George, due to topographic characteristics, is subject to a disproportionate concentration of airborne contaminants from nearby industry.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nSince 2010, the downtown area has benefited from new business and residential developments.\u00a0 These developments were supported by local government regulatory tools and financial incentives, including revitalization tax exemptions for downtown development and for multi-family homes.\u00a0 Additional financial and regulatory tools available to local governments include.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Development Cost Charges (DCCs)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Streamlined Development Approvals<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Density bonusing<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Residential infill development<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Development Permit Areas (DPAs)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Community Amenity Contributions (CACs)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<h2 class=\"textbox__title\"><strong>Learning Modules\r\n<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/landuseplanninginbc\/chapter\/regulatory_tools\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Regulatory Tools for Managing Growth and Fostering Development<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/landuseplanninginbc\/chapter\/downtown_princegeorge\/\">Downtown Property Developments in the City of Prince George, 2011-2021<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;","rendered":"<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<h2 class=\"textbox__title\"><strong>Assigned task<\/strong><\/h2>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p>To overcome barriers to revitalising the downtown area, the City of Prince George\u2019s Department of Planning, Development, and Infrastructure Services is considering a bundle of regulatory tools and financial incentives to aid in neighbourhood-level re-development efforts.\u00a0 As a long-range planner for the City of Prince George, you are responsible for recommending to City Council which financial and regulatory tools you feel will assist continued development in downtown Prince George.\u00a0 You may apply one or more specific tools to the entirety of the downtown, to a portion, or to a single lot, or a combination thereof.\u00a0 Provide reasons for either incorporating or rejecting initiatives within your staff memo to Council.\u00a0 In addition, provide an explanation as to how your recommendation addresses the need for: (1) new commercial developments; (2) affordable, medium-density housing; (3) fa\u00e7ade improvements, and (4) green buildings.<\/p>\n<p>Format your assignment as an internal staff memo to Council (example available).\u00a0 Length should be 800 to 1,000 words.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Revitalising the downtown core is a long-standing priority of the City of Prince George.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Llewellyn, Jason (1999). \u201cUnderstanding A City\u2019s Form and Function: The Development and Planning History of Prince George.\u201d MA Thesis, University of Northern BC, p. 133\" id=\"return-footnote-450-1\" href=\"#footnote-450-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0 In its current <a href=\"https:\/\/www.princegeorge.ca\/business-development\/zoning-land-use\/official-community-plan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Official Community Plan<\/a> (OCP) (Bylaw 8383, 2012), the City\u2019s vision includes a \u201cvibrant downtown.\u201d \u00a0This vision is supported by a set of land use objectives and policies (s. 8.3), including the following:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">The heart of the city, the downtown functions as the civic and cultural centre of Prince George, containing key cultural, civic, and recreational amenities, offices, shopping, and accommodating significant housing. Buildings may be larger in scale, with a mix of towers and lower forms.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n<ul>\n<li>Revitalize downtown as the commercial, cultural, and civic heart of the community.<\/li>\n<li>Strengthen the sense of place and identity downtown, incorporating natural and cultural elements.<\/li>\n<li>Make the downtown more attractive to new residents and businesses.<\/li>\n<li>Maintain downtown as the central business district and primary location for offices.<\/li>\n<li>Support a diverse, socially integrated population.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>For the purposes of this study, \u2018downtown\u2019 is defined formally by the Prince George Business Improvement Area, as depicted in Map 1.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Map 1. \u00a0Downtown Business Improvement Area, City of Prince George<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1112\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1112\" style=\"width: 651px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1112\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/landuseplanninginbc\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1865\/2023\/12\/PG-Map_Downtown-Improvement-Area-243x300.png\" alt=\"PG Map_Downtown Improvement Area\" width=\"651\" height=\"804\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/landuseplanninginbc\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1865\/2023\/12\/PG-Map_Downtown-Improvement-Area-243x300.png 243w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/landuseplanninginbc\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1865\/2023\/12\/PG-Map_Downtown-Improvement-Area-828x1024.png 828w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/landuseplanninginbc\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1865\/2023\/12\/PG-Map_Downtown-Improvement-Area-768x950.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/landuseplanninginbc\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1865\/2023\/12\/PG-Map_Downtown-Improvement-Area-65x80.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/landuseplanninginbc\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1865\/2023\/12\/PG-Map_Downtown-Improvement-Area-225x278.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/landuseplanninginbc\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1865\/2023\/12\/PG-Map_Downtown-Improvement-Area-350x433.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/landuseplanninginbc\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1865\/2023\/12\/PG-Map_Downtown-Improvement-Area.png 882w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 651px) 100vw, 651px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1112\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Source of base map: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.openstreetmap.org\/search?query=prince%20george%2C%20bc#map=15\/53.9155\/-122.7499\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">OpenStreetMap<\/a>. Licensed under the Open Data Commons Open Database License (ODbL).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Major downtown revitalisation efforts have been undertaken in Prince George since the early 1960s with some success; however, the vast majority of revitalisation efforts have either not been implemented or only partially implemented.\u00a0 A brief chronology of downtown revitalisation initiatives includes the following plans.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Chronology adapted from Llewellyn (1999), Chapter 6.\" id=\"return-footnote-450-2\" href=\"#footnote-450-2\" aria-label=\"Footnote 2\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[2]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u201cThe Miracle Plan\u201d (1964) \u2013 <\/strong>This was an ambitious development proposal that would see a dome being placed over a five-block area in downtown Prince George. \u00a0The dome was designed to provide protection from the elements during the City\u2019s harsh, long winters.\u00a0 While the proposal was derailed at preliminary stages, it nonetheless provided the impetus for a 1965 report, <em>Space Requirements: Central Business District<\/em>, which identified risks concerning reduced economic vitality in the downtown core, due in part to the newly established Parkwood Mall and Spruceland Shopping Centre.\u00a0 Despite the report\u2019s recommendations to stringently centralise retail activities, subsequent development would occur to the contrary (i.e., Hart Highway Shopping Centre, Pine Centre Mall, Westgate Commercial).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u201cThe Centrum Plan\u201d (1966)\u00a0 &#8211; <\/strong>Significant features of this plan, which was developed for an estimated population of 140,000, include the transformation of 3rd avenue into a covered shopping boulevard, an elevated monorail from Parkwood Mall to downtown, a convention centre, and zoning for high-rise residential and office buildings.\u00a0 While the majority of this plan went unrealised, the Centrum Plan significantly influenced the present-day locations of the Bob Harkins Public Library, the Civic Centre, and the Two Rivers Art Gallery.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u201cThe Cadillac Fairview Town Centre Plan\u201d (1980) \u2013 <\/strong>From a number of redevelopment proposals, the City selected the Town Centre Plan as best suited to achieve the objectives outlined in the four-volume <em>Central Business District Study<\/em> (1980).\u00a0 The Town Centre Plan proposed converting four downtown blocks into a covered, two-storey shopping mall complex, complete with a new town centre.\u00a0 Due to significant public opposition, the plan was eventually abandoned in favour of an expansion of nearby Parkwood Mall.\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u201cThe City of Prince George Downtown Revitalization Plan\u201d (1992) \u2013 <\/strong>This plan represented the combined multi-year efforts of numerous stakeholders operating under the umbrella of the <em>Prince George Region Development Corporation<\/em>.\u00a0 Whereas previous plans had been limited chiefly to economic considerations, an important component of the Prince George Downtown Revitalization Plan (PGDRP) was its recognition of the importance of environmental and social values in downtown redevelopment.\u00a0 While the PGDRP successfully guided the development of the courthouse plaza in 1996, a number of other initiatives recommended in the strategy were vehemently opposed and eventually defeated by downtown business owners.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u201cDowntown Prince George Concept Plan\u201d (2009) \u2013 <\/strong>This planning exercise created a design-based vision for Prince George circa 2035, based on incorporation of eight \u201cSmart Growth\u201d principles.\u00a0 The <em>Mayor\u2019s Task Force for a Better Downtown<\/em> was responsible for implementing elements of the concept plan.\u00a0 With a change in City Council, the <em>Mayor\u2019s Task Force for a Better Downtown<\/em> was re-branded as <em>Downtown Partnership <\/em>and functioned as an advisory committee to oversee the development of downtown.\u00a0 It is no longer active.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Despite the vast inputs of human and financial resources, downtown Prince George has seen limited improvement since the early 1960s.\u00a0 In 1965, the central business district contained 78% of all retail space available in the City; in 2010, only 42% of retail and office space was within the downtown boundaries; only 1% of the residential housing stocks was within the City\u2019s core.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Neilson-Welch Consulting Inc. and Leftside Partners Inc (2010). Revitalization Tax Exemption Program Downtown Prince George. City of Prince George, p. 3.\" id=\"return-footnote-450-3\" href=\"#footnote-450-3\" aria-label=\"Footnote 3\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[3]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>In their 2010 report, Neilson-Welch Consulting Inc. identifies several barriers to downtown revitalisation in Prince George, including:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>market conditions<\/strong>, where high construction costs, soft market demand, low population projections, and insufficient lease values make private development of downtown properties an unfeasible venture;<\/li>\n<li><strong>residential prices<\/strong>, where the costs of developing a single-family dwelling outside of the urban core are not significantly higher than in the central business district;<\/li>\n<li><strong>peripheral commercial development, <\/strong>where large-scale commercial and office development occurring outside the downtown area have served as anchors for new residential subdivisions;<\/li>\n<li><strong>public perception, <\/strong>where the visibility of essential social services \u2013 and their clientele \u2013 create perceptions of downtown Prince George as unsafe and undesirable; and,<\/li>\n<li><strong>air quality,<\/strong> where downtown Prince George, due to topographic characteristics, is subject to a disproportionate concentration of airborne contaminants from nearby industry.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Since 2010, the downtown area has benefited from new business and residential developments.\u00a0 These developments were supported by local government regulatory tools and financial incentives, including revitalization tax exemptions for downtown development and for multi-family homes.\u00a0 Additional financial and regulatory tools available to local governments include.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Development Cost Charges (DCCs)<\/li>\n<li>Streamlined Development Approvals<\/li>\n<li>Density bonusing<\/li>\n<li>Residential infill development<\/li>\n<li>Development Permit Areas (DPAs)<\/li>\n<li>Community Amenity Contributions (CACs)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<h2 class=\"textbox__title\"><strong>Learning Modules<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/h2>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/landuseplanninginbc\/chapter\/regulatory_tools\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Regulatory Tools for Managing Growth and Fostering Development<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/landuseplanninginbc\/chapter\/downtown_princegeorge\/\">Downtown Property Developments in the City of Prince George, 2011-2021<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"media-attributions clear\" prefix:cc=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/ns#\" prefix:dc=\"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/\"><h2>Media Attributions<\/h2><ul><li >Map 1.  Downtown Business Improvement Area, City of Prince George       <\/li><\/ul><\/div><hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-450-1\">Llewellyn, Jason (1999). \u201cUnderstanding A City\u2019s Form and Function: The Development and Planning History of Prince George.\u201d MA Thesis, University of Northern BC, p. 133 <a href=\"#return-footnote-450-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-450-2\">Chronology adapted from Llewellyn (1999), Chapter 6. <a href=\"#return-footnote-450-2\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 2\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-450-3\">Neilson-Welch Consulting Inc. and Leftside Partners Inc (2010). <em>Revitalization Tax Exemption Program Downtown Prince George<\/em>. City of Prince George, p. 3. <a href=\"#return-footnote-450-3\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 3\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":1858,"menu_order":3,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"Urban.Application.Downtown Revitalisation","pb_subtitle":"URBAN PLANNING CASE STUDY","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":"cc-by-nc-sa"},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[57],"class_list":["post-450","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","license-cc-by-nc-sa"],"part":3,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/landuseplanninginbc\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/450","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/landuseplanninginbc\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/landuseplanninginbc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/landuseplanninginbc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1858"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/landuseplanninginbc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=450"}],"version-history":[{"count":16,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/landuseplanninginbc\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/450\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1271,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/landuseplanninginbc\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/450\/revisions\/1271"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/landuseplanninginbc\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/3"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/landuseplanninginbc\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/450\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/landuseplanninginbc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=450"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/landuseplanninginbc\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=450"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/landuseplanninginbc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=450"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/landuseplanninginbc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=450"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}