{"id":154,"date":"2025-12-26T03:14:35","date_gmt":"2025-12-26T08:14:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/chapter\/chapter-6-unit-4-grammar-focus\/"},"modified":"2026-05-24T00:23:18","modified_gmt":"2026-05-24T04:23:18","slug":"chapter-6-unit-4-grammar-focus","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/chapter\/chapter-6-unit-4-grammar-focus\/","title":{"raw":"Unit 4 \u2014 Grammar Focus","rendered":"Unit 4 \u2014 Grammar Focus"},"content":{"raw":"<h2>Location, Existence, and Condition with \u091b \/ \u091b\u0928\u094d<\/h2>\r\nBy this point, you have already studied \u0939\u094b \/ \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d (<em>ho \/ hun<\/em>) as Nepali identity verbs.\r\n\r\n\u0939\u094b \/ \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d (<em>ho \/ hun<\/em>) are used to say who someone is or what something is.\r\n\r\nFor example:\r\n\r\n\u092f\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0964\r\n<em>yo kit\u0101b ho.<\/em>\r\nThis is a book.\r\n\r\n\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964\r\n<em>uh\u0101\u0303 \u015bik\u1e63ak hunuhuncha.<\/em>\r\nHe\/She is a teacher.\r\n\r\nThis section introduces another very important Nepali \u201cto be\u201d pattern: \u091b \/ \u091b\u0928\u094d (<em>cha \/ chan<\/em>).\r\n\r\nNepali uses \u091b \/ \u091b\u0928\u094d (<em>cha \/ chan<\/em>) when the meaning is not identity. These forms are used for:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>location<\/li>\r\n \t<li>existence<\/li>\r\n \t<li>availability<\/li>\r\n \t<li>condition or state<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nFor example:\r\n\r\n\u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932\u092e\u093e \u091b\u0964\r\n<em>kit\u0101b \u1e6debalm\u0101 cha.<\/em>\r\nThe book is on the table.\r\n\r\n\u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u091b\u0964\r\n<em>yah\u0101\u0303 p\u0101n\u012b cha.<\/em>\r\nThere is water here.\r\n\r\n\u092e\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u091b\u0964\r\n<em>mal\u0101\u012b \u1e6dh\u012bk cha.<\/em>\r\nI am fine.\r\n\r\nEnglish uses \u201cis\u201d or \u201care\u201d for many of these meanings. Nepali separates them more clearly.\r\n\r\nIdentity uses \u0939\u094b \/ \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d (<em>ho \/ hun<\/em>).\r\n\r\nLocation, existence, and condition use \u091b \/ \u091b\u0928\u094d (<em>cha \/ chan<\/em>).\r\n<h2>Simple Rule<\/h2>\r\nUse \u0939\u094b \/ \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d (<em>ho \/ hun<\/em>) when the meaning is \u201cX = Y.\u201d\r\n\r\nUse \u091b \/ \u091b\u0928\u094d (<em>cha \/ chan<\/em>) when you are talking about where something is, whether something exists, or what condition something is in.\r\n<h2>Common Mistake<\/h2>\r\nDo not use \u0939\u094b (<em>ho<\/em>) for location.\r\n\r\nIncorrect:\r\n\r\n\u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932\u092e\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964\r\n<em>kit\u0101b \u1e6debalm\u0101 ho.<\/em>\r\n\r\nCorrect:\r\n\r\n\u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932\u092e\u093e \u091b\u0964\r\n<em>kit\u0101b \u1e6debalm\u0101 cha.<\/em>\r\nThe book is on the table.\r\n<h2>Try It Now<\/h2>\r\nRead the sentences aloud.\r\n\r\n\u092f\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0964\r\n<em>yo kit\u0101b ho.<\/em>\r\nThis is a book.\r\n\r\n\u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932\u092e\u093e \u091b\u0964\r\n<em>kit\u0101b \u1e6debalm\u0101 cha.<\/em>\r\nThe book is on the table.\r\n\r\n\u092f\u094b \u0918\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0964\r\n<em>yo ghar ho.<\/em>\r\nThis is a house.\r\n\r\n\u0918\u0930 \u0928\u0947\u092a\u093e\u0932\u092e\u093e \u091b\u0964\r\n<em>ghar nep\u0101lm\u0101 cha.<\/em>\r\nThe house is in Nepal.\r\n<h2>Expressing Location in Nepali<\/h2>\r\nTo describe where someone or something is, Nepali uses \u091b (<em>cha<\/em>) and \u091b\u0928\u094d (<em>chan<\/em>).\r\n\r\nIn location sentences, \u091b \/ \u091b\u0928\u094d (<em>cha \/ chan<\/em>) connect the subject to a place.\r\n\r\nFor example:\r\n\r\n\u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932\u092e\u093e \u091b\u0964\r\n<em>kit\u0101b \u1e6debalm\u0101 cha.<\/em>\r\nThe book is on the table.\r\n\r\n\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u092e\u093e \u091b\u0928\u094d\u0964\r\n<em>widy\u0101rth\u012bhar\u016b kak\u1e63\u0101m\u0101 chan.<\/em>\r\nThe students are in the classroom.\r\n\r\nThis pattern is different from \u0939\u094b (<em>ho<\/em>), which is used only for identity or classification.\r\n\r\nNepali often marks location with \u2013\u092e\u093e (<em>\u2013m\u0101<\/em>). This can mean \u201cin,\u201d \u201con,\u201d or \u201cat,\u201d depending on the context.\r\n\r\nFor example:\r\n\r\n\u0918\u0930\u092e\u093e\r\n<em>gharm\u0101<\/em>\r\nat home \/ in the house\r\n\r\n\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u092e\u093e\r\n<em>kak\u1e63\u0101m\u0101<\/em>\r\nin the classroom\r\n\r\n\u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932\u092e\u093e\r\n<em>\u1e6debalm\u0101<\/em>\r\non the table\r\n<h2>Location of Objects in the Present Tense<\/h2>\r\nTo describe where an object is, use \u091b (<em>cha<\/em>) for one item and \u091b\u0928\u094d (<em>chan<\/em>) for more than one item.\r\n\r\nUse \u091b\u0948\u0928 (<em>chaina<\/em>) for \u201cis not\u201d or \u201cthere is not.\u201d\r\n\r\nUse \u091b\u0948\u0928\u0928\u094d (<em>chainan<\/em>) for \u201care not\u201d or \u201cthere are not.\u201d\r\n<h2>Basic Structure<\/h2>\r\nSingular:\r\n\r\n\u092f\u094b \/ \u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b + noun + place\u2013\u092e\u093e + \u091b \/ \u091b\u0948\u0928\r\n<em>yo \/ tyo + noun + place\u2013m\u0101 + cha \/ chaina<\/em>\r\n\r\nPlural:\r\n\r\n\u092f\u0940 \/ \u0924\u0940 + noun + place\u2013\u092e\u093e + \u091b\u0928\u094d \/ \u091b\u0948\u0928\u0928\u094d\r\n<em>y\u012b \/ t\u012b + noun + place\u2013m\u0101 + chan \/ chainan<\/em>\r\n\r\n[table id=427 \/]\r\n<h2>Try It Now<\/h2>\r\nRead the sentences aloud.\r\n\r\n\u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932\u092e\u093e \u091b\u0964\r\n<em>kit\u0101b \u1e6debalm\u0101 cha.<\/em>\r\nThe book is on the table.\r\n\r\n\u0915\u0932\u092e \u091d\u094b\u0932\u093e\u092e\u093e \u091b\u0964\r\n<em>kalam jhol\u0101m\u0101 cha.<\/em>\r\nThe pen is in the bag.\r\n\r\n\u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932\u092e\u093e \u091b\u0928\u094d\u0964\r\n<em>kit\u0101bhar\u016b \u1e6debalm\u0101 chan.<\/em>\r\nThe books are on the table.\r\n\r\n\u0915\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u092e\u093e \u091b\u0948\u0928\u0928\u094d\u0964\r\n<em>kurs\u012bhar\u016b kak\u1e63\u0101m\u0101 chainan.<\/em>\r\nThe chairs are not in the classroom.\r\n<h2>Location of People in the Present Tense<\/h2>\r\nWhen talking about people, Nepali also shows respect through the verb form.\r\n\r\nFor non-honorific subjects, use regular \u091b \/ \u091b\u0928\u094d (<em>cha \/ chan<\/em>) forms.\r\n\r\nFor respectful subjects such as \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 (<em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303<\/em>) and \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 (<em>uh\u0101\u0303<\/em>), use respectful forms such as \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b (<em>hunuhuncha<\/em>) and \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928 (<em>hunuhunna<\/em>).\r\n\r\nFor example:\r\n\r\n\u092e \u0918\u0930\u092e\u093e \u091b\u0941\u0964\r\n<em>ma gharm\u0101 chu.<\/em>\r\nI am at home.\r\n\r\n\u0909\u0928\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u092e\u093e \u091b\u0928\u094d\u0964\r\n<em>un\u012bhar\u016b kak\u1e63\u0101m\u0101 chan.<\/em>\r\nThey are in the classroom.\r\n\r\n\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0918\u0930\u092e\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964\r\n<em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 gharm\u0101 hunuhuncha.<\/em>\r\nYou are at home.\r\n\r\n\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u092e\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964\r\n<em>uh\u0101\u0303 kak\u1e63\u0101m\u0101 hunuhuncha.<\/em>\r\nHe\/She is in the classroom.\r\n\r\nThe tables below show common present-location forms with pronouns.\r\n\r\n[table id=158 \/]\r\n\r\n[table id=159 \/]\r\n<h2>Learner Tip<\/h2>\r\nUse \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b (<em>hunuhuncha<\/em>) with \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 (<em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303<\/em>) and \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 (<em>uh\u0101\u0303<\/em>) when speaking respectfully.\r\n\r\nThis is safer and more polite for beginners.\r\n<h2>Try It Now<\/h2>\r\nRead the pairs aloud.\r\n\r\n\u092e \u0918\u0930\u092e\u093e \u091b\u0941\u0964\r\n<em>ma gharm\u0101 chu.<\/em>\r\nI am at home.\r\n\r\n\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0918\u0930\u092e\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964\r\n<em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 gharm\u0101 hunuhuncha.<\/em>\r\nYou are at home.\r\n\r\n\u0909\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u092e\u093e \u091b\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0964\r\n<em>un\u012b kak\u1e63\u0101m\u0101 chin.<\/em>\r\nShe is in the classroom.\r\n\r\n\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u092e\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964\r\n<em>uh\u0101\u0303 kak\u1e63\u0101m\u0101 hunuhuncha.<\/em>\r\nHe\/She is in the classroom.\r\n<h2>Asking \u201cWhere?\u201d with \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901<\/h2>\r\nTo ask where someone or something is, use \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 (<em>kah\u0101\u0303<\/em>), meaning \u201cwhere.\u201d\r\n\r\nFor example:\r\n\r\n\u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u091b?\r\n<em>kit\u0101b kah\u0101\u0303 cha?<\/em>\r\nWhere is the book?\r\n\r\n\u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932\u092e\u093e \u091b\u0964\r\n<em>kit\u0101b \u1e6debalm\u0101 cha.<\/em>\r\nThe book is on the table.\r\n\r\n\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b?\r\n<em>uh\u0101\u0303 kah\u0101\u0303 hunuhuncha?<\/em>\r\nWhere is he\/she?\r\n\r\n\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0918\u0930\u092e\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964\r\n<em>uh\u0101\u0303 gharm\u0101 hunuhuncha.<\/em>\r\nHe\/She is at home.\r\n\r\nThe verb form changes depending on number and respect level.\r\n\r\nUse \u091b (<em>cha<\/em>) for one object.\r\n\r\nUse \u091b\u0928\u094d (<em>chan<\/em>) for more than one object or non-honorific plural subjects.\r\n\r\nUse \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b (<em>hunuhuncha<\/em>) for respectful people.\r\n\r\n[table id=160 \/]\r\n\r\n[table id=161 \/]\r\n\r\n[table id=162 \/]\r\n<h2>Try It Now<\/h2>\r\nAsk and answer.\r\n\r\nA: \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u091b?\r\n<em>kit\u0101b kah\u0101\u0303 cha?<\/em>\r\nWhere is the book?\r\n\r\nB: \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932\u092e\u093e \u091b\u0964\r\n<em>kit\u0101b \u1e6debalm\u0101 cha.<\/em>\r\nThe book is on the table.\r\n\r\nA: \u0915\u0932\u092e \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u091b?\r\n<em>kalam kah\u0101\u0303 cha?<\/em>\r\nWhere is the pen?\r\n\r\nB: \u0915\u0932\u092e \u091d\u094b\u0932\u093e\u092e\u093e \u091b\u0964\r\n<em>kalam jhol\u0101m\u0101 cha.<\/em>\r\nThe pen is in the bag.\r\n\r\nA: \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b?\r\n<em>uh\u0101\u0303 kah\u0101\u0303 hunuhuncha?<\/em>\r\nWhere is he\/she?\r\n\r\nB: \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u092e\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964\r\n<em>uh\u0101\u0303 kak\u1e63\u0101m\u0101 hunuhuncha.<\/em>\r\nHe\/She is in the classroom.\r\n<h2>Postpositions in Nepali<\/h2>\r\nEnglish uses prepositions such as \u201cin,\u201d \u201con,\u201d and \u201cat\u201d before a noun.\r\n\r\nFor example:\r\n\r\nin the classroom\r\non the table\r\nat home\r\n\r\nNepali usually uses postpositions. Postpositions come after the noun.\r\n\r\nThe most common location marker is \u2013\u092e\u093e (<em>\u2013m\u0101<\/em>). It can mean \u201cin,\u201d \u201con,\u201d or \u201cat,\u201d depending on the sentence.\r\n\r\nExamples:\r\n\r\n\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e + \u092e\u093e = \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u092e\u093e\r\n<em>kak\u1e63\u0101 + m\u0101 = kak\u1e63\u0101m\u0101<\/em>\r\nin the classroom\r\n\r\n\u0918\u0930 + \u092e\u093e = \u0918\u0930\u092e\u093e\r\n<em>ghar + m\u0101 = gharm\u0101<\/em>\r\nat home \/ in the house\r\n\r\n\u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932 + \u092e\u093e = \u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932\u092e\u093e\r\n<em>\u1e6debal + m\u0101 = \u1e6debalm\u0101<\/em>\r\non the table\r\n\r\nAfter you form the location phrase, add the correct verb form.\r\n\r\nFor example:\r\n\r\n\u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932\u092e\u093e \u091b\u0964\r\n<em>kit\u0101b \u1e6debalm\u0101 cha.<\/em>\r\nThe book is on the table.\r\n\r\n[table id=164 \/]\r\n<h2>Simple Rule<\/h2>\r\nEnglish: in \/ on \/ at + noun\r\n\r\nNepali: noun + \u092e\u093e (<em>\u2013m\u0101<\/em>)\r\n<h2>Try It Now<\/h2>\r\nMake location phrases.\r\n\r\n\u0918\u0930 + \u092e\u093e = \u0918\u0930\u092e\u093e\r\n<em>ghar + m\u0101 = gharm\u0101<\/em>\r\nat home \/ in the house\r\n\r\n\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e + \u092e\u093e = \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u092e\u093e\r\n<em>kak\u1e63\u0101 + m\u0101 = kak\u1e63\u0101m\u0101<\/em>\r\nin the classroom\r\n\r\n\u091d\u094b\u0932\u093e + \u092e\u093e = \u091d\u094b\u0932\u093e\u092e\u093e\r\n<em>jhol\u0101 + m\u0101 = jhol\u0101m\u0101<\/em>\r\nin the bag\r\n\r\n\u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932 + \u092e\u093e = \u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932\u092e\u093e\r\n<em>\u1e6debal + m\u0101 = \u1e6debalm\u0101<\/em>\r\non the table\r\n<h2>Common Location Words<\/h2>\r\nNepali uses many useful location words to describe where something is.\r\n\r\nThese words help express meanings such as:\r\n\r\ninside\r\noutside\r\nunder\r\non top of\r\nin front of\r\nbehind\r\nnear\r\nfar\r\n\r\nThey are useful for finding objects, describing places, and giving directions.\r\n\r\n[table id=165 \/]\r\n\r\n[table id=166 \/]\r\n<h2>Try It Now<\/h2>\r\nRead the location phrases aloud.\r\n\r\n\u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932\u092e\u0941\u0928\u093f\r\n<em>\u1e6debalmuni<\/em>\r\nunder the table\r\n\r\n\u0918\u0930\u092d\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\r\n<em>gharbhitra<\/em>\r\ninside the house\r\n\r\n\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0941\u0932\u0905\u0917\u093e\u0921\u093f\r\n<em>skulag\u0101\u1e0di<\/em>\r\nin front of the school\r\n\r\n\u0922\u094b\u0915\u093e\u092a\u091b\u093e\u0921\u093f\r\n<em>\u1e0dhok\u0101pach\u0101\u1e0di<\/em>\r\nbehind the door\r\n\r\n\u091d\u094b\u0932\u093e\u092d\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\r\n<em>jhol\u0101bhitra<\/em>\r\ninside the bag\r\n<h2>Location Phrases with Specific Places<\/h2>\r\nWhen the reference noun is a specific place or institution, Nepali often uses \u2013\u0915\u094b (<em>\u2013ko<\/em>) before the location word.\r\n\r\nThis pattern shows a spatial relationship.\r\n\r\nThe basic structure is:\r\n\r\nPlace + \u0915\u094b + location word\r\n\r\nFor example:\r\n\r\n\u0915\u0932\u0947\u091c\u0915\u094b \u092d\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\r\n<em>kalejko bhitra<\/em>\r\ninside the college\r\n\r\n\u092d\u0935\u0928\u0915\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0930\r\n<em>bhawanko b\u0101hira<\/em>\r\noutside the building\r\n\r\n\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0941\u0932\u0915\u094b \u0905\u0917\u093e\u0921\u093f\r\n<em>skulko ag\u0101\u1e0di<\/em>\r\nin front of the school\r\n\r\n\u0918\u0930\u0915\u094b \u092a\u091b\u093e\u0921\u093f\r\n<em>gharko pach\u0101\u1e0di<\/em>\r\nbehind the house\r\n\r\nThese phrases are often used with \u091b \/ \u091b\u0928\u094d (<em>cha \/ chan<\/em>) to describe location.\r\n\r\n[table id=167 \/]\r\n\r\n[table id=168 \/]\r\n<h2>Try It Now<\/h2>\r\nMake location phrases.\r\n\r\n\u0915\u0932\u0947\u091c + \u0915\u094b + \u092d\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\r\n<em>kalej + ko + bhitra<\/em>\r\ninside the college\r\n\r\n\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0941\u0932 + \u0915\u094b + \u0905\u0917\u093e\u0921\u093f\r\n<em>skul + ko + ag\u0101\u1e0di<\/em>\r\nin front of the school\r\n\r\n\u0918\u0930 + \u0915\u094b + \u092a\u091b\u093e\u0921\u093f\r\n<em>ghar + ko + pach\u0101\u1e0di<\/em>\r\nbehind the house\r\n\r\n\u092d\u0935\u0928 + \u0915\u094b + \u092c\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0930\r\n<em>bhawan + ko + b\u0101hira<\/em>\r\noutside the building\r\n<h2>Past Location: Was \/ Were<\/h2>\r\nTo describe where someone or something was in the past, Nepali uses past forms of \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941 (<em>hunu<\/em>).\r\n\r\nIn location sentences, the place marker stays the same.\r\n\r\nOnly the verb changes to show past time.\r\n\r\nPresent:\r\n\r\n\u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932\u092e\u093e \u091b\u0964\r\n<em>kit\u0101b \u1e6debalm\u0101 cha.<\/em>\r\nThe book is on the table.\r\n\r\nPast:\r\n\r\n\u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932\u092e\u093e \u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0964\r\n<em>kit\u0101b \u1e6debalm\u0101 thiyo.<\/em>\r\nThe book was on the table.\r\n<h2>Basic Past Forms<\/h2>\r\n\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\r\n<em>thiyo<\/em>\r\nwas\r\n\r\n\u0925\u093f\u090f\r\n<em>thiye<\/em>\r\nwere\r\n\r\n\u0925\u093f\u090f\u0901\r\n<em>thi\u1ebd<\/em>\r\nI was\r\n\r\n\u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f\u094b\r\n<em>hunuhunthyo<\/em>\r\nwas\/were, respectful\r\n\r\nNegative forms include:\r\n\r\n\u0925\u093f\u090f\u0928\r\n<em>thiena<\/em>\r\nwas not\r\n\r\n\u0925\u093f\u090f\u0928\u0928\u094d\r\n<em>thienan<\/em>\r\nwere not\r\n\r\n\u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0925\u094d\u092f\u094b\r\n<em>hunuhunnathyo<\/em>\r\nwas\/were not, respectful\r\n<h2>Simple Rule<\/h2>\r\nPresent location uses \u091b \/ \u091b\u0928\u094d (<em>cha \/ chan<\/em>).\r\n\r\nPast location uses \u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b \/ \u0925\u093f\u090f (<em>thiyo \/ thiye<\/em>).\r\n\r\nRespectful past location uses \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f\u094b (<em>hunuhunthyo<\/em>).\r\n<h2>Try It Now<\/h2>\r\nCompare present and past.\r\n\r\n\u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932\u092e\u093e \u091b\u0964\r\n<em>kit\u0101b \u1e6debalm\u0101 cha.<\/em>\r\nThe book is on the table.\r\n\r\n\u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932\u092e\u093e \u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0964\r\n<em>kit\u0101b \u1e6debalm\u0101 thiyo.<\/em>\r\nThe book was on the table.\r\n\r\n\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u092e\u093e \u091b\u0928\u094d\u0964\r\n<em>widy\u0101rth\u012bhar\u016b kak\u1e63\u0101m\u0101 chan.<\/em>\r\nThe students are in the classroom.\r\n\r\n\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u092e\u093e \u0925\u093f\u090f\u0964\r\n<em>widy\u0101rth\u012bhar\u016b kak\u1e63\u0101m\u0101 thiye.<\/em>\r\nThe students were in the classroom.\r\n\r\n\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0918\u0930\u092e\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964\r\n<em>uh\u0101\u0303 gharm\u0101 hunuhuncha.<\/em>\r\nHe\/She is at home.\r\n\r\n\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0918\u0930\u092e\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0964\r\n<em>uh\u0101\u0303 gharm\u0101 hunuhunthyo.<\/em>\r\nHe\/She was at home.\r\n<h2>Past Location Forms with Pronouns<\/h2>\r\nPast location forms change according to the subject and level of respect.\r\n\r\nNon-honorific subjects use regular past forms such as \u0925\u093f\u090f\u0901 (<em>thi\u1ebd<\/em>), \u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b (<em>thiyo<\/em>), and \u0925\u093f\u090f (<em>thiye<\/em>).\r\n\r\nRespectful subjects such as \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 (<em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303<\/em>) and \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 (<em>uh\u0101\u0303<\/em>) use \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f\u094b (<em>hunuhunthyo<\/em>).\r\n\r\nThe tables below show common affirmative and negative past-location forms.\r\n\r\n[table id=169 \/]\r\n\r\n[table id=170 \/]\r\n\r\n[table id=171 \/]\r\n\r\n[table id=172 \/]\r\n\r\n[table id=173 \/]\r\n<h2>Try It Now<\/h2>\r\nRead the sentences aloud.\r\n\r\n\u092e \u0918\u0930\u092e\u093e \u0925\u093f\u090f\u0901\u0964\r\n<em>ma gharm\u0101 thi\u1ebd.<\/em>\r\nI was at home.\r\n\r\n\u0909\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u092e\u093e \u0925\u093f\u0907\u0928\u094d\u0964\r\n<em>un\u012b kak\u1e63\u0101m\u0101 thiin.<\/em>\r\nShe was in the classroom.\r\n\r\n\u0909\u0928\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0941\u0932\u092e\u093e \u0925\u093f\u090f\u0964\r\n<em>un\u012bhar\u016b skulm\u0101 thiye.<\/em>\r\nThey were at school.\r\n\r\n\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0918\u0930\u092e\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0964\r\n<em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 gharm\u0101 hunuhunthyo.<\/em>\r\nYou were at home.\r\n\r\n\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0905\u092b\u093f\u0938\u092e\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0964\r\n<em>uh\u0101\u0303 aphism\u0101 hunuhunthyo.<\/em>\r\nHe\/She was at the office.\r\n<h2>Common Mistake<\/h2>\r\nDo not change \u2013\u092e\u093e (<em>\u2013m\u0101<\/em>) for past tense.\r\n\r\nThe location marker stays the same.\r\n\r\nPresent:\r\n\r\n\u0918\u0930\u092e\u093e\r\n<em>gharm\u0101<\/em>\r\nat home\r\n\r\nPast:\r\n\r\n\u0918\u0930\u092e\u093e\r\n<em>gharm\u0101<\/em>\r\nat home\r\n\r\nOnly the verb changes.\r\n\r\nPresent:\r\n\r\n\u092e \u0918\u0930\u092e\u093e \u091b\u0941\u0964\r\n<em>ma gharm\u0101 chu.<\/em>\r\nI am at home.\r\n\r\nPast:\r\n\r\n\u092e \u0918\u0930\u092e\u093e \u0925\u093f\u090f\u0901\u0964\r\n<em>ma gharm\u0101 thi\u1ebd.<\/em>\r\nI was at home.\r\n<div class=\"textbox\">\r\n<h2>Check Your Understanding<\/h2>\r\n[h5p id=\"602\"]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Can You Do This Now?<\/h2>\r\nAt the end of this section, you should be able to:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>recognize the difference between \u0939\u094b \/ \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d (<em>ho \/ hun<\/em>) and \u091b \/ \u091b\u0928\u094d (<em>cha \/ chan<\/em>)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>use \u091b (<em>cha<\/em>) for the location of one object<\/li>\r\n \t<li>use \u091b\u0928\u094d (<em>chan<\/em>) for the location of more than one object<\/li>\r\n \t<li>use \u091b\u0948\u0928 (<em>chaina<\/em>) and \u091b\u0948\u0928\u0928\u094d (<em>chainan<\/em>) for negative location sentences<\/li>\r\n \t<li>ask \u201cwhere?\u201d questions with \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 (<em>kah\u0101\u0303<\/em>)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>use \u2013\u092e\u093e (<em>\u2013m\u0101<\/em>) to express \u201cin,\u201d \u201con,\u201d or \u201cat\u201d<\/li>\r\n \t<li>form basic location phrases such as \u0918\u0930\u092e\u093e (<em>gharm\u0101<\/em>) and \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u092e\u093e (<em>kak\u1e63\u0101m\u0101<\/em>)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>use common location words such as \u092d\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 (<em>bhitra<\/em>), \u092c\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0930 (<em>b\u0101hira<\/em>), \u0905\u0917\u093e\u0921\u093f (<em>ag\u0101\u1e0di<\/em>), and \u092a\u091b\u093e\u0921\u093f (<em>pach\u0101\u1e0di<\/em>)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>use past location forms such as \u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b (<em>thiyo<\/em>), \u0925\u093f\u090f (<em>thiye<\/em>), \u0925\u093f\u090f\u0901 (<em>thi\u1ebd<\/em>), and \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f\u094b (<em>hunuhunthyo<\/em>)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<header class=\"textbox__header\"><\/header>","rendered":"<h2>Location, Existence, and Condition with \u091b \/ \u091b\u0928\u094d<\/h2>\n<p>By this point, you have already studied \u0939\u094b \/ \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d (<em>ho \/ hun<\/em>) as Nepali identity verbs.<\/p>\n<p>\u0939\u094b \/ \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d (<em>ho \/ hun<\/em>) are used to say who someone is or what something is.<\/p>\n<p>For example:<\/p>\n<p>\u092f\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>yo kit\u0101b ho.<\/em><br \/>\nThis is a book.<\/p>\n<p>\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>uh\u0101\u0303 \u015bik\u1e63ak hunuhuncha.<\/em><br \/>\nHe\/She is a teacher.<\/p>\n<p>This section introduces another very important Nepali \u201cto be\u201d pattern: \u091b \/ \u091b\u0928\u094d (<em>cha \/ chan<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p>Nepali uses \u091b \/ \u091b\u0928\u094d (<em>cha \/ chan<\/em>) when the meaning is not identity. These forms are used for:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>location<\/li>\n<li>existence<\/li>\n<li>availability<\/li>\n<li>condition or state<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>For example:<\/p>\n<p>\u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932\u092e\u093e \u091b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>kit\u0101b \u1e6debalm\u0101 cha.<\/em><br \/>\nThe book is on the table.<\/p>\n<p>\u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u091b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>yah\u0101\u0303 p\u0101n\u012b cha.<\/em><br \/>\nThere is water here.<\/p>\n<p>\u092e\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u091b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>mal\u0101\u012b \u1e6dh\u012bk cha.<\/em><br \/>\nI am fine.<\/p>\n<p>English uses \u201cis\u201d or \u201care\u201d for many of these meanings. Nepali separates them more clearly.<\/p>\n<p>Identity uses \u0939\u094b \/ \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d (<em>ho \/ hun<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p>Location, existence, and condition use \u091b \/ \u091b\u0928\u094d (<em>cha \/ chan<\/em>).<\/p>\n<h2>Simple Rule<\/h2>\n<p>Use \u0939\u094b \/ \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d (<em>ho \/ hun<\/em>) when the meaning is \u201cX = Y.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Use \u091b \/ \u091b\u0928\u094d (<em>cha \/ chan<\/em>) when you are talking about where something is, whether something exists, or what condition something is in.<\/p>\n<h2>Common Mistake<\/h2>\n<p>Do not use \u0939\u094b (<em>ho<\/em>) for location.<\/p>\n<p>Incorrect:<\/p>\n<p>\u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932\u092e\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>kit\u0101b \u1e6debalm\u0101 ho.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Correct:<\/p>\n<p>\u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932\u092e\u093e \u091b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>kit\u0101b \u1e6debalm\u0101 cha.<\/em><br \/>\nThe book is on the table.<\/p>\n<h2>Try It Now<\/h2>\n<p>Read the sentences aloud.<\/p>\n<p>\u092f\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>yo kit\u0101b ho.<\/em><br \/>\nThis is a book.<\/p>\n<p>\u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932\u092e\u093e \u091b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>kit\u0101b \u1e6debalm\u0101 cha.<\/em><br \/>\nThe book is on the table.<\/p>\n<p>\u092f\u094b \u0918\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>yo ghar ho.<\/em><br \/>\nThis is a house.<\/p>\n<p>\u0918\u0930 \u0928\u0947\u092a\u093e\u0932\u092e\u093e \u091b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>ghar nep\u0101lm\u0101 cha.<\/em><br \/>\nThe house is in Nepal.<\/p>\n<h2>Expressing Location in Nepali<\/h2>\n<p>To describe where someone or something is, Nepali uses \u091b (<em>cha<\/em>) and \u091b\u0928\u094d (<em>chan<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p>In location sentences, \u091b \/ \u091b\u0928\u094d (<em>cha \/ chan<\/em>) connect the subject to a place.<\/p>\n<p>For example:<\/p>\n<p>\u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932\u092e\u093e \u091b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>kit\u0101b \u1e6debalm\u0101 cha.<\/em><br \/>\nThe book is on the table.<\/p>\n<p>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u092e\u093e \u091b\u0928\u094d\u0964<br \/>\n<em>widy\u0101rth\u012bhar\u016b kak\u1e63\u0101m\u0101 chan.<\/em><br \/>\nThe students are in the classroom.<\/p>\n<p>This pattern is different from \u0939\u094b (<em>ho<\/em>), which is used only for identity or classification.<\/p>\n<p>Nepali often marks location with \u2013\u092e\u093e (<em>\u2013m\u0101<\/em>). This can mean \u201cin,\u201d \u201con,\u201d or \u201cat,\u201d depending on the context.<\/p>\n<p>For example:<\/p>\n<p>\u0918\u0930\u092e\u093e<br \/>\n<em>gharm\u0101<\/em><br \/>\nat home \/ in the house<\/p>\n<p>\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u092e\u093e<br \/>\n<em>kak\u1e63\u0101m\u0101<\/em><br \/>\nin the classroom<\/p>\n<p>\u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932\u092e\u093e<br \/>\n<em>\u1e6debalm\u0101<\/em><br \/>\non the table<\/p>\n<h2>Location of Objects in the Present Tense<\/h2>\n<p>To describe where an object is, use \u091b (<em>cha<\/em>) for one item and \u091b\u0928\u094d (<em>chan<\/em>) for more than one item.<\/p>\n<p>Use \u091b\u0948\u0928 (<em>chaina<\/em>) for \u201cis not\u201d or \u201cthere is not.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Use \u091b\u0948\u0928\u0928\u094d (<em>chainan<\/em>) for \u201care not\u201d or \u201cthere are not.\u201d<\/p>\n<h2>Basic Structure<\/h2>\n<p>Singular:<\/p>\n<p>\u092f\u094b \/ \u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b + noun + place\u2013\u092e\u093e + \u091b \/ \u091b\u0948\u0928<br \/>\n<em>yo \/ tyo + noun + place\u2013m\u0101 + cha \/ chaina<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Plural:<\/p>\n<p>\u092f\u0940 \/ \u0924\u0940 + noun + place\u2013\u092e\u093e + \u091b\u0928\u094d \/ \u091b\u0948\u0928\u0928\u094d<br \/>\n<em>y\u012b \/ t\u012b + noun + place\u2013m\u0101 + chan \/ chainan<\/em><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-427-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-427\">Table 6.4.1 \u2013 Present-tense location Sentences (objects)<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-427\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-427\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-427-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">English<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092f\u094b \u0915\u0932\u092e \u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932\u092e\u093e \u091b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>yo kalam \u1e6debalm\u0101 cha.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">This pen is on the table.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b \u091a\u093e\u092c\u0940 \u091d\u094b\u0932\u093e\u092e\u093e \u091b\u0948\u0928\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>tyo c\u0101b\u012b jhol\u0101m\u0101 chaina.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">That key is not in the bag.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092f\u0940 \u091d\u094b\u0932\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u0915\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u091b\u0928\u094d\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>y\u012b jhol\u0101har\u016b kurs\u012bm\u0101 chan.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">These bags are on the chair.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u092c\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u091b\u0948\u0928\u0928\u094d\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>t\u012b c\u0101b\u012bhar\u016b yah\u0101\u0303 chainan.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">Those keys are not here.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-427 from cache --><\/p>\n<h2>Try It Now<\/h2>\n<p>Read the sentences aloud.<\/p>\n<p>\u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932\u092e\u093e \u091b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>kit\u0101b \u1e6debalm\u0101 cha.<\/em><br \/>\nThe book is on the table.<\/p>\n<p>\u0915\u0932\u092e \u091d\u094b\u0932\u093e\u092e\u093e \u091b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>kalam jhol\u0101m\u0101 cha.<\/em><br \/>\nThe pen is in the bag.<\/p>\n<p>\u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932\u092e\u093e \u091b\u0928\u094d\u0964<br \/>\n<em>kit\u0101bhar\u016b \u1e6debalm\u0101 chan.<\/em><br \/>\nThe books are on the table.<\/p>\n<p>\u0915\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u092e\u093e \u091b\u0948\u0928\u0928\u094d\u0964<br \/>\n<em>kurs\u012bhar\u016b kak\u1e63\u0101m\u0101 chainan.<\/em><br \/>\nThe chairs are not in the classroom.<\/p>\n<h2>Location of People in the Present Tense<\/h2>\n<p>When talking about people, Nepali also shows respect through the verb form.<\/p>\n<p>For non-honorific subjects, use regular \u091b \/ \u091b\u0928\u094d (<em>cha \/ chan<\/em>) forms.<\/p>\n<p>For respectful subjects such as \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 (<em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303<\/em>) and \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 (<em>uh\u0101\u0303<\/em>), use respectful forms such as \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b (<em>hunuhuncha<\/em>) and \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928 (<em>hunuhunna<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p>For example:<\/p>\n<p>\u092e \u0918\u0930\u092e\u093e \u091b\u0941\u0964<br \/>\n<em>ma gharm\u0101 chu.<\/em><br \/>\nI am at home.<\/p>\n<p>\u0909\u0928\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u092e\u093e \u091b\u0928\u094d\u0964<br \/>\n<em>un\u012bhar\u016b kak\u1e63\u0101m\u0101 chan.<\/em><br \/>\nThey are in the classroom.<\/p>\n<p>\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0918\u0930\u092e\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 gharm\u0101 hunuhuncha.<\/em><br \/>\nYou are at home.<\/p>\n<p>\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u092e\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>uh\u0101\u0303 kak\u1e63\u0101m\u0101 hunuhuncha.<\/em><br \/>\nHe\/She is in the classroom.<\/p>\n<p>The tables below show common present-location forms with pronouns.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-158-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-158\">Table 6.4.2 \u2013 Present-tense location forms (non-honorific)<\/h2>\n<p><span id=\"tablepress-158-description\" class=\"tablepress-table-description tablepress-table-description-id-158\"><\/span><\/p>\n<table id=\"tablepress-158\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-158\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-158-name\" aria-describedby=\"tablepress-158-description\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Subject<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Affirmative<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">Negative<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092e (<em>ma<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u091b\u0941 (<em>chu<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u091b\u0948\u0928 (<em>chaina<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0939\u093e\u092e\u0940 (<em>h\u0101m\u012b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u091b\u094c\u0902 (<em>cha\u0169<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u091b\u0948\u0928\u094c\u0902 (<em>chaina\u0169<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u093f\u092e\u0940 (<em>tim\u012b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u091b\u094c (<em>chau<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u091b\u0948\u0928\u094c (<em>chainau<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u090a \/ \u092f\u094b \/ \u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b (<em>\u016b \/ yo \/ tyo<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u091b (<em>cha<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u091b\u0948\u0928 (<em>chaina<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0928\u0940 \/ \u092f\u093f\u0928\u0940 \/ \u0924\u093f\u0928\u0940 (<em>un\u012b \/ yin\u012b \/ tin\u012b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u091b\u0928\u094d (<em>chan<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u091b\u0948\u0928\u0928\u094d (<em>chainan<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-7\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0928\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 (<em>un\u012bhar\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u091b\u0928\u094d (<em>chan<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u091b\u0948\u0928\u0928\u094d (<em>chainan<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-158 from cache --><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-159-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-159\">Table 6.4.3 \u2013 Present-tense location forms (honorific\/polite)<\/h2>\n<p><span id=\"tablepress-159-description\" class=\"tablepress-table-description tablepress-table-description-id-159\"><\/span><\/p>\n<table id=\"tablepress-159\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-159\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-159-name\" aria-describedby=\"tablepress-159-description\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Subject<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Affirmative<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">Negative<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 (<em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b (<em>hunuhuncha<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928 (<em>hunuhunna<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 (<em>uh\u0101\u0303<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b (<em>hunuhuncha<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928 (<em>hunuhunna<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0939\u0930\u0942 (<em>uh\u0101\u0303har\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b (<em>hunuhuncha<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928 (<em>hunuhunna<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-159 from cache --><\/p>\n<h2>Learner Tip<\/h2>\n<p>Use \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b (<em>hunuhuncha<\/em>) with \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 (<em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303<\/em>) and \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 (<em>uh\u0101\u0303<\/em>) when speaking respectfully.<\/p>\n<p>This is safer and more polite for beginners.<\/p>\n<h2>Try It Now<\/h2>\n<p>Read the pairs aloud.<\/p>\n<p>\u092e \u0918\u0930\u092e\u093e \u091b\u0941\u0964<br \/>\n<em>ma gharm\u0101 chu.<\/em><br \/>\nI am at home.<\/p>\n<p>\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0918\u0930\u092e\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 gharm\u0101 hunuhuncha.<\/em><br \/>\nYou are at home.<\/p>\n<p>\u0909\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u092e\u093e \u091b\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0964<br \/>\n<em>un\u012b kak\u1e63\u0101m\u0101 chin.<\/em><br \/>\nShe is in the classroom.<\/p>\n<p>\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u092e\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>uh\u0101\u0303 kak\u1e63\u0101m\u0101 hunuhuncha.<\/em><br \/>\nHe\/She is in the classroom.<\/p>\n<h2>Asking \u201cWhere?\u201d with \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901<\/h2>\n<p>To ask where someone or something is, use \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 (<em>kah\u0101\u0303<\/em>), meaning \u201cwhere.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>For example:<\/p>\n<p>\u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u091b?<br \/>\n<em>kit\u0101b kah\u0101\u0303 cha?<\/em><br \/>\nWhere is the book?<\/p>\n<p>\u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932\u092e\u093e \u091b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>kit\u0101b \u1e6debalm\u0101 cha.<\/em><br \/>\nThe book is on the table.<\/p>\n<p>\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b?<br \/>\n<em>uh\u0101\u0303 kah\u0101\u0303 hunuhuncha?<\/em><br \/>\nWhere is he\/she?<\/p>\n<p>\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0918\u0930\u092e\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>uh\u0101\u0303 gharm\u0101 hunuhuncha.<\/em><br \/>\nHe\/She is at home.<\/p>\n<p>The verb form changes depending on number and respect level.<\/p>\n<p>Use \u091b (<em>cha<\/em>) for one object.<\/p>\n<p>Use \u091b\u0928\u094d (<em>chan<\/em>) for more than one object or non-honorific plural subjects.<\/p>\n<p>Use \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b (<em>hunuhuncha<\/em>) for respectful people.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-160-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-160\">Table 6.4.4 \u2013 Location Questions<\/h2>\n<p><span id=\"tablepress-160-description\" class=\"tablepress-table-description tablepress-table-description-id-160\"><\/span><\/p>\n<table id=\"tablepress-160\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-160\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-160-name\" aria-describedby=\"tablepress-160-description\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">English<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092e\u0947\u0930\u094b \u0915\u0932\u092e \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u091b?<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>mero kalam kah\u0101\u0303 cha?<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">Where is my pen?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u091a\u093e\u092c\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u091b\u0928\u094d?<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>c\u0101b\u012bhar\u016b kah\u0101\u0303 chan?<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">Where are the keys?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u091b?<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>mob\u0101il yah\u0101\u0303 cha?<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">Is the mobile here?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b?<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 kah\u0101\u0303 hunuhuncha?<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">Where are you? (polite)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b?<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>uh\u0101\u0303 kah\u0101\u0303 hunuhuncha?<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">Where is he\/she? (honorific)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-160 from cache --><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-161-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-161\">Table 6.4.5 \u2013 Present location statements (affirmative)<\/h2>\n<p><span id=\"tablepress-161-description\" class=\"tablepress-table-description tablepress-table-description-id-161\"><\/span><\/p>\n<table id=\"tablepress-161\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-161\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-161-name\" aria-describedby=\"tablepress-161-description\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">English<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092e\u0947\u0930\u094b \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u091d\u094b\u0932\u093e\u092e\u093e \u091b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>mero k\u0101r\u1e0d jhol\u0101m\u0101 cha.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">My card is in the bag.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u091a\u093e\u092c\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932\u092e\u093e \u091b\u0928\u094d\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>c\u0101b\u012bhar\u016b \u1e6debalm\u0101 chan.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">The keys are on the table.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092e \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u092e\u093e \u091b\u0941\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>ma kak\u1e63\u0101m\u0101 chu.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">I am in class.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0905\u092b\u093f\u0938\u092e\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 aphism\u0101 hunuhuncha.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">You are in the office. (polite)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-161 from cache --><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-162-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-162\">Table 6.4.6 \u2013 Present location statements (negative)<\/h2>\n<p><span id=\"tablepress-162-description\" class=\"tablepress-table-description tablepress-table-description-id-162\"><\/span><\/p>\n<table id=\"tablepress-162\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-162\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-162-name\" aria-describedby=\"tablepress-162-description\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">English<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092e\u0947\u0930\u094b \u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u091b\u0948\u0928\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>mero mob\u0101il yah\u0101\u0303 chaina.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">My phone is not here.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u091a\u093e\u092c\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932\u092e\u093e \u091b\u0948\u0928\u0928\u094d\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>c\u0101b\u012bhar\u016b \u1e6debalm\u0101 chainan.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">The keys are not on the table.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u092e\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 kak\u1e63\u0101m\u0101 hunuhunna.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">You are not in class. (polite)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0924\u094d\u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>uh\u0101\u0303 tyah\u0101\u0303 hunuhunna.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">He\/She is not there. (hon.)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-162 from cache --><\/p>\n<h2>Try It Now<\/h2>\n<p>Ask and answer.<\/p>\n<p>A: \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u091b?<br \/>\n<em>kit\u0101b kah\u0101\u0303 cha?<\/em><br \/>\nWhere is the book?<\/p>\n<p>B: \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932\u092e\u093e \u091b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>kit\u0101b \u1e6debalm\u0101 cha.<\/em><br \/>\nThe book is on the table.<\/p>\n<p>A: \u0915\u0932\u092e \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u091b?<br \/>\n<em>kalam kah\u0101\u0303 cha?<\/em><br \/>\nWhere is the pen?<\/p>\n<p>B: \u0915\u0932\u092e \u091d\u094b\u0932\u093e\u092e\u093e \u091b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>kalam jhol\u0101m\u0101 cha.<\/em><br \/>\nThe pen is in the bag.<\/p>\n<p>A: \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b?<br \/>\n<em>uh\u0101\u0303 kah\u0101\u0303 hunuhuncha?<\/em><br \/>\nWhere is he\/she?<\/p>\n<p>B: \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u092e\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>uh\u0101\u0303 kak\u1e63\u0101m\u0101 hunuhuncha.<\/em><br \/>\nHe\/She is in the classroom.<\/p>\n<h2>Postpositions in Nepali<\/h2>\n<p>English uses prepositions such as \u201cin,\u201d \u201con,\u201d and \u201cat\u201d before a noun.<\/p>\n<p>For example:<\/p>\n<p>in the classroom<br \/>\non the table<br \/>\nat home<\/p>\n<p>Nepali usually uses postpositions. Postpositions come after the noun.<\/p>\n<p>The most common location marker is \u2013\u092e\u093e (<em>\u2013m\u0101<\/em>). It can mean \u201cin,\u201d \u201con,\u201d or \u201cat,\u201d depending on the sentence.<\/p>\n<p>Examples:<\/p>\n<p>\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e + \u092e\u093e = \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u092e\u093e<br \/>\n<em>kak\u1e63\u0101 + m\u0101 = kak\u1e63\u0101m\u0101<\/em><br \/>\nin the classroom<\/p>\n<p>\u0918\u0930 + \u092e\u093e = \u0918\u0930\u092e\u093e<br \/>\n<em>ghar + m\u0101 = gharm\u0101<\/em><br \/>\nat home \/ in the house<\/p>\n<p>\u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932 + \u092e\u093e = \u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932\u092e\u093e<br \/>\n<em>\u1e6debal + m\u0101 = \u1e6debalm\u0101<\/em><br \/>\non the table<\/p>\n<p>After you form the location phrase, add the correct verb form.<\/p>\n<p>For example:<\/p>\n<p>\u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932\u092e\u093e \u091b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>kit\u0101b \u1e6debalm\u0101 cha.<\/em><br \/>\nThe book is on the table.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-164-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-164\">Table 6.4.7 \u2013 Example sentences (location with \u2013\u092e\u093e)<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-164\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-164\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-164-name\" aria-describedby=\"tablepress-164-description\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">English<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092e\u0947\u0930\u094b \u0915\u0932\u092e \u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932\u092e\u093e \u091b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>mero kalam \u1e6debalm\u0101 cha.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">My pen is on the table.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092e \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u092e\u093e \u091b\u0941\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>ma kak\u1e63\u0101m\u0101 chu.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">I am in class.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0905\u092b\u093f\u0938\u092e\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 aphism\u0101 hunuhuncha.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">You are in the office. (polite)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u093e\u0932\u092f\u092e\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>uh\u0101\u0303 pustak\u0101layam\u0101 hunuhuncha.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">He\/She is in the library. (hon.)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span id=\"tablepress-164-description\" class=\"tablepress-table-description tablepress-table-description-id-164\"><\/span><br \/>\n<!-- #tablepress-164 from cache --><\/p>\n<h2>Simple Rule<\/h2>\n<p>English: in \/ on \/ at + noun<\/p>\n<p>Nepali: noun + \u092e\u093e (<em>\u2013m\u0101<\/em>)<\/p>\n<h2>Try It Now<\/h2>\n<p>Make location phrases.<\/p>\n<p>\u0918\u0930 + \u092e\u093e = \u0918\u0930\u092e\u093e<br \/>\n<em>ghar + m\u0101 = gharm\u0101<\/em><br \/>\nat home \/ in the house<\/p>\n<p>\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e + \u092e\u093e = \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u092e\u093e<br \/>\n<em>kak\u1e63\u0101 + m\u0101 = kak\u1e63\u0101m\u0101<\/em><br \/>\nin the classroom<\/p>\n<p>\u091d\u094b\u0932\u093e + \u092e\u093e = \u091d\u094b\u0932\u093e\u092e\u093e<br \/>\n<em>jhol\u0101 + m\u0101 = jhol\u0101m\u0101<\/em><br \/>\nin the bag<\/p>\n<p>\u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932 + \u092e\u093e = \u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932\u092e\u093e<br \/>\n<em>\u1e6debal + m\u0101 = \u1e6debalm\u0101<\/em><br \/>\non the table<\/p>\n<h2>Common Location Words<\/h2>\n<p>Nepali uses many useful location words to describe where something is.<\/p>\n<p>These words help express meanings such as:<\/p>\n<p>inside<br \/>\noutside<br \/>\nunder<br \/>\non top of<br \/>\nin front of<br \/>\nbehind<br \/>\nnear<br \/>\nfar<\/p>\n<p>They are useful for finding objects, describing places, and giving directions.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-165-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-165\">Table 6.4.8 \u2013 Common location words<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-165\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-165\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-165-name\" aria-describedby=\"tablepress-165-description\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">English<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092d\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>bhitra<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">inside<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092c\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0930<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>b\u0101hira<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">outside<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092e\u093e\u0925\u093f<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>m\u0101thi<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">on top of \/ above<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092e\u0941\u0928\u093f<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>muni<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">under<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0905\u0917\u093e\u0921\u093f<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>ag\u0101\u1e0di<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">in front of<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-7\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092a\u091b\u093e\u0921\u093f<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>pach\u0101\u1e0di<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">behind<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-8\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0928\u091c\u093f\u0915<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>najik<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">near<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-9\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u091f\u093e\u0922\u093e<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>\u1e6d\u0101\u1e0dh\u0101<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">far<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-10\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092c\u0940\u091a\u092e\u093e<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>b\u012bcm\u0101<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">between \/ in the middle<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span id=\"tablepress-165-description\" class=\"tablepress-table-description tablepress-table-description-id-165\"><\/span><br \/>\n<!-- #tablepress-165 from cache --><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-166-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-166\">Table 6.4.9 \u2013 Location phrases<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-166\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-166\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-166-name\" aria-describedby=\"tablepress-166-description\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">English<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0915\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0940\u092e\u0941\u0928\u093f<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>kurs\u012bmuni<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">under the chair<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932\u092e\u093e\u0925\u093f<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>\u1e6debalm\u0101thi<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">on the table<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u091d\u094b\u0932\u093e\u092d\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>jhol\u0101bhitra<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">inside the bag<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span id=\"tablepress-166-description\" class=\"tablepress-table-description tablepress-table-description-id-166\">These phrases are commonly written as a single unit by attaching the location word directly to the noun.<\/span><br \/>\n<!-- #tablepress-166 from cache --><\/p>\n<h2>Try It Now<\/h2>\n<p>Read the location phrases aloud.<\/p>\n<p>\u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932\u092e\u0941\u0928\u093f<br \/>\n<em>\u1e6debalmuni<\/em><br \/>\nunder the table<\/p>\n<p>\u0918\u0930\u092d\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930<br \/>\n<em>gharbhitra<\/em><br \/>\ninside the house<\/p>\n<p>\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0941\u0932\u0905\u0917\u093e\u0921\u093f<br \/>\n<em>skulag\u0101\u1e0di<\/em><br \/>\nin front of the school<\/p>\n<p>\u0922\u094b\u0915\u093e\u092a\u091b\u093e\u0921\u093f<br \/>\n<em>\u1e0dhok\u0101pach\u0101\u1e0di<\/em><br \/>\nbehind the door<\/p>\n<p>\u091d\u094b\u0932\u093e\u092d\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930<br \/>\n<em>jhol\u0101bhitra<\/em><br \/>\ninside the bag<\/p>\n<h2>Location Phrases with Specific Places<\/h2>\n<p>When the reference noun is a specific place or institution, Nepali often uses \u2013\u0915\u094b (<em>\u2013ko<\/em>) before the location word.<\/p>\n<p>This pattern shows a spatial relationship.<\/p>\n<p>The basic structure is:<\/p>\n<p>Place + \u0915\u094b + location word<\/p>\n<p>For example:<\/p>\n<p>\u0915\u0932\u0947\u091c\u0915\u094b \u092d\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930<br \/>\n<em>kalejko bhitra<\/em><br \/>\ninside the college<\/p>\n<p>\u092d\u0935\u0928\u0915\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0930<br \/>\n<em>bhawanko b\u0101hira<\/em><br \/>\noutside the building<\/p>\n<p>\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0941\u0932\u0915\u094b \u0905\u0917\u093e\u0921\u093f<br \/>\n<em>skulko ag\u0101\u1e0di<\/em><br \/>\nin front of the school<\/p>\n<p>\u0918\u0930\u0915\u094b \u092a\u091b\u093e\u0921\u093f<br \/>\n<em>gharko pach\u0101\u1e0di<\/em><br \/>\nbehind the house<\/p>\n<p>These phrases are often used with \u091b \/ \u091b\u0928\u094d (<em>cha \/ chan<\/em>) to describe location.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-167-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-167\">Table 6.4.10 \u2013 Using \u2013\u0915\u094b (\u2013ko) with specific places<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-167\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-167\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-167-name\" aria-describedby=\"tablepress-167-description\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">English<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0915\u094b \u0905\u0917\u093e\u0921\u093f<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>k\u0101ry\u0101layako ag\u0101\u1e0di<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">in front of the office<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0941\u0932\u0915\u094b \u092a\u091b\u093e\u0921\u093f<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>skulko pach\u0101\u1e0di<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">behind the school<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span id=\"tablepress-167-description\" class=\"tablepress-table-description tablepress-table-description-id-167\"><\/span><br \/>\n<!-- #tablepress-167 from cache --><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-168-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-168\">Table 6.4.11 \u2013 Using location words in full sentences<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-168\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-168\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-168-name\" aria-describedby=\"tablepress-168-description\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">English<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u091a\u093e\u092c\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0940\u092e\u0941\u0928\u093f \u091b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>c\u0101b\u012b kurs\u012bmuni cha.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">The key is under the chair.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932\u092e\u093e\u0925\u093f \u091b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>mob\u0101il \u1e6debalm\u0101thi cha.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">The phone is on the table.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0928 \u0915\u0932\u0947\u091c\u0915\u094b \u092d\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u091b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>ky\u0101n\u1e6din kalejko bhitra cha.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">The cafeteria is inside the college.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092c\u093e\u0925\u0930\u0941\u092e \u092d\u0935\u0928\u0915\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0930 \u091b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>b\u0101thrum bhawanko b\u0101hira cha.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">The washroom is outside the building.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0915\u094b \u0905\u0917\u093e\u0921\u093f \u091b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>pustak\u0101laya k\u0101ry\u0101layako ag\u0101\u1e0di cha.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">The library is in front of the office.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-7\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0919 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0941\u0932\u0915\u094b \u092a\u091b\u093e\u0921\u093f \u091b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>p\u0101rki\u1e45 skulko pach\u0101\u1e0di cha.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">The parking lot is behind the school.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-8\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092c\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u092a \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901\u092c\u093e\u091f \u0928\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u091b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>bas s\u1e6dap yah\u0101\u0303b\u0101\u1e6da najik cha.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">The bus stop is near from here.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-9\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092e\u0947\u0930\u094b \u0918\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901\u092c\u093e\u091f \u091f\u093e\u0922\u093e \u091b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>mero ghar yah\u0101\u0303b\u0101\u1e6da \u1e6d\u0101\u1e0dh\u0101 cha.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">My house is far from here.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-10\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092a\u0938\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0941\u0932 \u0930 \u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0915\u094b \u092c\u0940\u091a\u092e\u093e \u091b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>pasal skul ra pustak\u0101layako b\u012bcm\u0101 cha.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">The shop is between the school and the library.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span id=\"tablepress-168-description\" class=\"tablepress-table-description tablepress-table-description-id-168\"><\/span><br \/>\n<!-- #tablepress-168 from cache --><\/p>\n<h2>Try It Now<\/h2>\n<p>Make location phrases.<\/p>\n<p>\u0915\u0932\u0947\u091c + \u0915\u094b + \u092d\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930<br \/>\n<em>kalej + ko + bhitra<\/em><br \/>\ninside the college<\/p>\n<p>\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0941\u0932 + \u0915\u094b + \u0905\u0917\u093e\u0921\u093f<br \/>\n<em>skul + ko + ag\u0101\u1e0di<\/em><br \/>\nin front of the school<\/p>\n<p>\u0918\u0930 + \u0915\u094b + \u092a\u091b\u093e\u0921\u093f<br \/>\n<em>ghar + ko + pach\u0101\u1e0di<\/em><br \/>\nbehind the house<\/p>\n<p>\u092d\u0935\u0928 + \u0915\u094b + \u092c\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0930<br \/>\n<em>bhawan + ko + b\u0101hira<\/em><br \/>\noutside the building<\/p>\n<h2>Past Location: Was \/ Were<\/h2>\n<p>To describe where someone or something was in the past, Nepali uses past forms of \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941 (<em>hunu<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p>In location sentences, the place marker stays the same.<\/p>\n<p>Only the verb changes to show past time.<\/p>\n<p>Present:<\/p>\n<p>\u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932\u092e\u093e \u091b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>kit\u0101b \u1e6debalm\u0101 cha.<\/em><br \/>\nThe book is on the table.<\/p>\n<p>Past:<\/p>\n<p>\u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932\u092e\u093e \u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>kit\u0101b \u1e6debalm\u0101 thiyo.<\/em><br \/>\nThe book was on the table.<\/p>\n<h2>Basic Past Forms<\/h2>\n<p>\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b<br \/>\n<em>thiyo<\/em><br \/>\nwas<\/p>\n<p>\u0925\u093f\u090f<br \/>\n<em>thiye<\/em><br \/>\nwere<\/p>\n<p>\u0925\u093f\u090f\u0901<br \/>\n<em>thi\u1ebd<\/em><br \/>\nI was<\/p>\n<p>\u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f\u094b<br \/>\n<em>hunuhunthyo<\/em><br \/>\nwas\/were, respectful<\/p>\n<p>Negative forms include:<\/p>\n<p>\u0925\u093f\u090f\u0928<br \/>\n<em>thiena<\/em><br \/>\nwas not<\/p>\n<p>\u0925\u093f\u090f\u0928\u0928\u094d<br \/>\n<em>thienan<\/em><br \/>\nwere not<\/p>\n<p>\u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0925\u094d\u092f\u094b<br \/>\n<em>hunuhunnathyo<\/em><br \/>\nwas\/were not, respectful<\/p>\n<h2>Simple Rule<\/h2>\n<p>Present location uses \u091b \/ \u091b\u0928\u094d (<em>cha \/ chan<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p>Past location uses \u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b \/ \u0925\u093f\u090f (<em>thiyo \/ thiye<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p>Respectful past location uses \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f\u094b (<em>hunuhunthyo<\/em>).<\/p>\n<h2>Try It Now<\/h2>\n<p>Compare present and past.<\/p>\n<p>\u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932\u092e\u093e \u091b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>kit\u0101b \u1e6debalm\u0101 cha.<\/em><br \/>\nThe book is on the table.<\/p>\n<p>\u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932\u092e\u093e \u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>kit\u0101b \u1e6debalm\u0101 thiyo.<\/em><br \/>\nThe book was on the table.<\/p>\n<p>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u092e\u093e \u091b\u0928\u094d\u0964<br \/>\n<em>widy\u0101rth\u012bhar\u016b kak\u1e63\u0101m\u0101 chan.<\/em><br \/>\nThe students are in the classroom.<\/p>\n<p>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u092e\u093e \u0925\u093f\u090f\u0964<br \/>\n<em>widy\u0101rth\u012bhar\u016b kak\u1e63\u0101m\u0101 thiye.<\/em><br \/>\nThe students were in the classroom.<\/p>\n<p>\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0918\u0930\u092e\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>uh\u0101\u0303 gharm\u0101 hunuhuncha.<\/em><br \/>\nHe\/She is at home.<\/p>\n<p>\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0918\u0930\u092e\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>uh\u0101\u0303 gharm\u0101 hunuhunthyo.<\/em><br \/>\nHe\/She was at home.<\/p>\n<h2>Past Location Forms with Pronouns<\/h2>\n<p>Past location forms change according to the subject and level of respect.<\/p>\n<p>Non-honorific subjects use regular past forms such as \u0925\u093f\u090f\u0901 (<em>thi\u1ebd<\/em>), \u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b (<em>thiyo<\/em>), and \u0925\u093f\u090f (<em>thiye<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p>Respectful subjects such as \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 (<em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303<\/em>) and \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 (<em>uh\u0101\u0303<\/em>) use \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f\u094b (<em>hunuhunthyo<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p>The tables below show common affirmative and negative past-location forms.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-169-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-169\">Table 6.4.12 \u2013 Past location forms (non-honorific)<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-169\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-169\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-169-name\" aria-describedby=\"tablepress-169-description\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Subject<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Affirmative<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">Negative<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092e (<em>ma<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0925\u093f\u090f\u0901 (<em>thi\u1ebd<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0925\u093f\u0907\u0928\u0901 (<em>thiin\u00e3<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0939\u093e\u092e\u0940 (<em>h\u0101m\u012b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094c\u0902 (<em>thiya\u0169<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0925\u093f\u090f\u0928\u094c\u0902 (<em>thiena\u0169<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u093f\u092e\u0940 (<em>tim\u012b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094c (<em>thiyau<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0925\u093f\u090f\u0928\u094c (<em>thienau<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u090a \/ \u092f\u094b \/ \u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b (<em>\u016b \/ yo \/ tyo<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b (<em>thiyo<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0925\u093f\u090f\u0928 (<em>thiena<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0928\u0940 \/ \u092f\u093f\u0928\u0940 \/ \u0924\u093f\u0928\u0940 (<em>un\u012b \/ yin\u012b \/ tin\u012b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0925\u093f\u090f (<em>thiye<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0925\u093f\u090f\u0928\u0928\u094d (<em>thienan<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-7\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0928\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 (<em>un\u012bhar\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0925\u093f\u090f (<em>thiye<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0925\u093f\u090f\u0928\u0928\u094d (<em>thienan<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span id=\"tablepress-169-description\" class=\"tablepress-table-description tablepress-table-description-id-169\"><\/span><br \/>\n<!-- #tablepress-169 from cache --><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-170-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-170\">Table 6.4.13 \u2013 Past location forms (honorific\/polite)<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-170\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-170\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-170-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Subject<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Affirmative<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">Negative<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 (<em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f\u094b (<em>hunuhunthyo<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0925\u094d\u092f\u094b (<em>hunuhunnathyo<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 (<em>uh\u0101\u0303<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f\u094b (<em>hunuhunthyo<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0925\u094d\u092f\u094b (<em>hunuhunnathyo<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0939\u0930\u0942 (<em>uh\u0101\u0303har\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f\u094b (<em>hunuhunthyo<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0925\u094d\u092f\u094b (<em>hunuhunnathyo<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-170 from cache --><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-171-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-171\">Table 6.4.14 \u2013 Past location questions<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-171\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-171\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-171-name\" aria-describedby=\"tablepress-171-description\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">English<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092e\u0947\u0930\u094b \u0915\u0932\u092e \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b?<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>mero kalam kah\u0101\u0303 thiyo?<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">Where was my pen?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u091a\u093e\u092c\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0925\u093f\u090f?<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>c\u0101b\u012bhar\u016b kah\u0101\u0303 thie?<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">Where were the keys?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f\u094b?<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 kah\u0101\u0303 hunuhunthyo?<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">Where were you? (polite)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f\u094b?<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>uh\u0101\u0303 kah\u0101\u0303 hunuhunthyo?<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">Where was he\/she? (hon.)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span id=\"tablepress-171-description\" class=\"tablepress-table-description tablepress-table-description-id-171\">Past location questions use \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 (kah\u0101\u0303) in the same way as present-time questions. Only the verb changes to the past form.<\/span><br \/>\n<!-- #tablepress-171 from cache --><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-172-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-172\">Table 6.4.15 \u2013 Past location statements (affirmative)<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-172\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-172\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-172-name\" aria-describedby=\"tablepress-172-description\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">English<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092e\u0947\u0930\u094b \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u091d\u094b\u0932\u093e\u092e\u093e \u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>mero k\u0101r\u1e0d jhol\u0101m\u0101 thiyo.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">My card was in the bag.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u091a\u093e\u092c\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932\u092e\u093e \u0925\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>c\u0101b\u012bhar\u016b \u1e6debalm\u0101 thie.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">The keys were on the table.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092e \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u092e\u093e \u0925\u093f\u090f\u0901\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>ma kak\u1e63\u0101m\u0101 thi\u1ebd.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">I was in class.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0924\u094d\u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>uh\u0101\u0303 tyah\u0101\u0303 hunuhunthyo.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">He\/She was there. (hon.)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span id=\"tablepress-172-description\" class=\"tablepress-table-description tablepress-table-description-id-172\">In affirmative past-time sentences, the location phrase (often with \u2013\u092e\u093e \u2013m\u0101 or other location words) stays the same. The verb changes to \u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b \/ \u0925\u093f\u090f (thiyo \/ thiye) or \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f\u094b (hunuhunthyo).<\/span><br \/>\n<!-- #tablepress-172 from cache --><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-173-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-173\">Table 6.4.16 \u2013 Past location statements (negative)<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-173\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-173\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-173-name\" aria-describedby=\"tablepress-173-description\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">English<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092e\u0947\u0930\u094b \u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0925\u093f\u090f\u0928\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>mero mob\u0101il yah\u0101\u0303 thiena.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">My phone was not here.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u091a\u093e\u092c\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932\u092e\u093e \u0925\u093f\u090f\u0928\u0928\u094d\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>c\u0101b\u012bhar\u016b \u1e6debalm\u0101 thienan.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">The keys were not on the table.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u092e\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0925\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 kak\u1e63\u0101m\u0101 hunuhunnathyo.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">You were not in class. (polite)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0924\u094d\u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0925\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>uh\u0101\u0303 tyah\u0101\u0303 hunuhunnathyo.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">He\/She was not there. (hon.)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span id=\"tablepress-173-description\" class=\"tablepress-table-description tablepress-table-description-id-173\">To make past-time location negative, Nepali uses the negative past forms (e.g., \u0925\u093f\u090f\u0928, \u0925\u093f\u090f\u0928\u0928\u094d) or the honorific negative \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0925\u094d\u092f\u094b (hunuhunnathyo).<\/span><br \/>\n<!-- #tablepress-173 from cache --><\/p>\n<h2>Try It Now<\/h2>\n<p>Read the sentences aloud.<\/p>\n<p>\u092e \u0918\u0930\u092e\u093e \u0925\u093f\u090f\u0901\u0964<br \/>\n<em>ma gharm\u0101 thi\u1ebd.<\/em><br \/>\nI was at home.<\/p>\n<p>\u0909\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u092e\u093e \u0925\u093f\u0907\u0928\u094d\u0964<br \/>\n<em>un\u012b kak\u1e63\u0101m\u0101 thiin.<\/em><br \/>\nShe was in the classroom.<\/p>\n<p>\u0909\u0928\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0941\u0932\u092e\u093e \u0925\u093f\u090f\u0964<br \/>\n<em>un\u012bhar\u016b skulm\u0101 thiye.<\/em><br \/>\nThey were at school.<\/p>\n<p>\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0918\u0930\u092e\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 gharm\u0101 hunuhunthyo.<\/em><br \/>\nYou were at home.<\/p>\n<p>\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0905\u092b\u093f\u0938\u092e\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>uh\u0101\u0303 aphism\u0101 hunuhunthyo.<\/em><br \/>\nHe\/She was at the office.<\/p>\n<h2>Common Mistake<\/h2>\n<p>Do not change \u2013\u092e\u093e (<em>\u2013m\u0101<\/em>) for past tense.<\/p>\n<p>The location marker stays the same.<\/p>\n<p>Present:<\/p>\n<p>\u0918\u0930\u092e\u093e<br \/>\n<em>gharm\u0101<\/em><br \/>\nat home<\/p>\n<p>Past:<\/p>\n<p>\u0918\u0930\u092e\u093e<br \/>\n<em>gharm\u0101<\/em><br \/>\nat home<\/p>\n<p>Only the verb changes.<\/p>\n<p>Present:<\/p>\n<p>\u092e \u0918\u0930\u092e\u093e \u091b\u0941\u0964<br \/>\n<em>ma gharm\u0101 chu.<\/em><br \/>\nI am at home.<\/p>\n<p>Past:<\/p>\n<p>\u092e \u0918\u0930\u092e\u093e \u0925\u093f\u090f\u0901\u0964<br \/>\n<em>ma gharm\u0101 thi\u1ebd.<\/em><br \/>\nI was at home.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<h2>Check Your Understanding<\/h2>\n<div id=\"h5p-602\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-602\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"602\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Check your understanding: Location (Chapter 6)\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Can You Do This Now?<\/h2>\n<p>At the end of this section, you should be able to:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>recognize the difference between \u0939\u094b \/ \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d (<em>ho \/ hun<\/em>) and \u091b \/ \u091b\u0928\u094d (<em>cha \/ chan<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li>use \u091b (<em>cha<\/em>) for the location of one object<\/li>\n<li>use \u091b\u0928\u094d (<em>chan<\/em>) for the location of more than one object<\/li>\n<li>use \u091b\u0948\u0928 (<em>chaina<\/em>) and \u091b\u0948\u0928\u0928\u094d (<em>chainan<\/em>) for negative location sentences<\/li>\n<li>ask \u201cwhere?\u201d questions with \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 (<em>kah\u0101\u0303<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li>use \u2013\u092e\u093e (<em>\u2013m\u0101<\/em>) to express \u201cin,\u201d \u201con,\u201d or \u201cat\u201d<\/li>\n<li>form basic location phrases such as \u0918\u0930\u092e\u093e (<em>gharm\u0101<\/em>) and \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u092e\u093e (<em>kak\u1e63\u0101m\u0101<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li>use common location words such as \u092d\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 (<em>bhitra<\/em>), \u092c\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0930 (<em>b\u0101hira<\/em>), \u0905\u0917\u093e\u0921\u093f (<em>ag\u0101\u1e0di<\/em>), and \u092a\u091b\u093e\u0921\u093f (<em>pach\u0101\u1e0di<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li>use past location forms such as \u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b (<em>thiyo<\/em>), \u0925\u093f\u090f (<em>thiye<\/em>), \u0925\u093f\u090f\u0901 (<em>thi\u1ebd<\/em>), and \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f\u094b (<em>hunuhunthyo<\/em>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<header class=\"textbox__header\"><\/header>\n","protected":false},"author":1076,"menu_order":4,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"Unit 4 \u2014 Grammar 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