{"id":173,"date":"2025-12-02T21:41:31","date_gmt":"2025-12-03T02:41:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/chapter\/chapter-7-unit-4-grammar-focus\/"},"modified":"2026-05-24T01:52:58","modified_gmt":"2026-05-24T05:52:58","slug":"chapter-7-unit-4-grammar-focus","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/chapter\/chapter-7-unit-4-grammar-focus\/","title":{"raw":"Unit 4 \u2014 Grammar Focus","rendered":"Unit 4 \u2014 Grammar Focus"},"content":{"raw":"

Using \u091b \/ \u091b\u0928\u094d for Existence and Possession<\/h2>\r\nIn Nepali, \u091b (cha<\/em>) and \u091b\u0928\u094d (chan<\/em>) are used to talk about existence, availability, and everyday possession.\r\n\r\nYou have already seen \u091b \/ \u091b\u0928\u094d (cha \/ chan<\/em>) in location sentences.\r\n\r\nFor example:\r\n\r\n\u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932\u092e\u093e \u091b\u0964\r\nkit\u0101b \u1e6debalm\u0101 cha.<\/em>\r\nThe book is on the table.\r\n\r\nIn this section, you will see two more common uses:\r\n\r\nexistence: \u201cthere is \/ there are\u201d\r\n\r\npossession: \u201csomeone has something\u201d\r\n\r\nIn both patterns, the verb agrees with the thing that exists or the thing that is possessed.\r\n

Simple Rule<\/h2>\r\nUse \u091b (cha<\/em>) with one item or an uncountable\/mass noun.\r\n\r\nUse \u091b\u0928\u094d (chan<\/em>) with more than one item.\r\n\r\nFor example:\r\n\r\n\u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u091b\u0964\r\nyah\u0101\u0303 kit\u0101b cha.<\/em>\r\nThere is a book here.\r\n\r\n\u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u091b\u0928\u094d\u0964\r\nyah\u0101\u0303 kit\u0101bhar\u016b chan.<\/em>\r\nThere are books here.\r\n\r\n\u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u091b\u0964\r\nyah\u0101\u0303 p\u0101n\u012b cha.<\/em>\r\nThere is water here.\r\n\r\nThe verb agrees with \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c (kit\u0101b<\/em>), \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c\u0939\u0930\u0942 (kit\u0101bhar\u016b<\/em>), or \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 (p\u0101n\u012b<\/em>), not with the place.\r\n

Expressing Existence: \u201cThere Is \/ There Are\u201d<\/h2>\r\nTo say that something exists or is present in a place, Nepali uses this basic pattern:\r\n\r\nLocation + noun + \u091b \/ \u091b\u0928\u094d\r\nLocation + noun + cha \/ chan<\/em>\r\n\r\nThe location can be a word such as:\r\n\r\n\u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901\r\nyah\u0101\u0303<\/em>\r\nhere\r\n\r\n\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901\r\ntyah\u0101\u0303<\/em>\r\nthere\r\n\r\nor a place marked with \u2013\u092e\u093e (\u2013m\u0101<\/em>), such as:\r\n\r\n\u0918\u0930\u092e\u093e\r\ngharm\u0101<\/em>\r\nat home \/ in the house\r\n\r\n\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u092e\u093e\r\nkak\u1e63\u0101m\u0101<\/em>\r\nin the classroom\r\n\r\n\u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932\u092e\u093e\r\n\u1e6debalm\u0101<\/em>\r\non the table\r\n\r\nFor example:\r\n\r\n\u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u091b\u0964\r\nyah\u0101\u0303 kit\u0101b cha.<\/em>\r\nThere is a book here.\r\n\r\n\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u092e\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u091b\u0928\u094d\u0964\r\nkak\u1e63\u0101m\u0101 widy\u0101rth\u012bhar\u016b chan.<\/em>\r\nThere are students in the classroom.\r\n\r\n\u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932\u092e\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u091b\u0964\r\n\u1e6debalm\u0101 p\u0101n\u012b cha.<\/em>\r\nThere is water on the table.\r\n\r\n[table id=407 \/]\r\n\r\n[table id=409 \/]\r\n\r\n[table id=410 \/]\r\n

Try It Now<\/h2>\r\nRead the sentences aloud.\r\n\r\n\u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u0932\u092e \u091b\u0964\r\nyah\u0101\u0303 kalam cha.<\/em>\r\nThere is a pen here.\r\n\r\n\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u091d\u094b\u0932\u093e \u091b\u0964\r\ntyah\u0101\u0303 jhol\u0101 cha.<\/em>\r\nThere is a bag there.\r\n\r\n\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u092e\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u091b\u0928\u094d\u0964\r\nkak\u1e63\u0101m\u0101 widy\u0101rth\u012bhar\u016b chan.<\/em>\r\nThere are students in the classroom.\r\n\r\n\u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932\u092e\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u091b\u0928\u094d\u0964\r\n\u1e6debalm\u0101 kit\u0101bhar\u016b chan.<\/em>\r\nThere are books on the table.\r\n

Expressing Possession: \u201cHave \/ Has\u201d<\/h2>\r\nNepali often expresses possession by saying that something exists with a person.\r\n\r\nEnglish says:\r\n\r\nI have a book.\r\n\r\nNepali often says something closer to:\r\n\r\nWith me, there is a book.\r\n\r\nThe possessor is marked with a \u201cwith\u201d postposition.\r\n\r\nThe most common everyday form is:\r\n\r\n\u0938\u0901\u0917\r\nsa\u1e45ga<\/em>\r\nwith\r\n\r\nAnother correct form is:\r\n\r\n\u0938\u093f\u0924\r\nsita<\/em>\r\nwith\r\n\r\n\u0938\u093f\u0924 (sita<\/em>) is also correct, but it may sound slightly more formal or traditional in some contexts.\r\n\r\nFor beginner learners, \u0938\u0901\u0917 (sa\u1e45ga<\/em>) is the most useful form for everyday speech.\r\n

Basic Possession Pattern<\/h2>\r\nPerson + \u0938\u0901\u0917 + noun + \u091b \/ \u091b\u0928\u094d\r\nPerson + sa\u1e45ga + noun + cha \/ chan<\/em>\r\n\r\nFor example:\r\n\r\n\u092e\u0938\u0901\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u091b\u0964\r\nmasa\u1e45ga kit\u0101b cha.<\/em>\r\nI have a book.\r\n\r\n\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902\u0938\u0901\u0917 \u091d\u094b\u0932\u093e \u091b\u0964\r\ntap\u0101\u012b\u0303sa\u1e45ga jhol\u0101 cha.<\/em>\r\nYou have a bag.\r\n\r\n\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0938\u0901\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u091b\u0928\u094d\u0964\r\nuh\u0101\u0303sa\u1e45ga kit\u0101bhar\u016b chan.<\/em>\r\nHe\/She has books.\r\n\r\nThe verb agrees with the thing possessed, not with the person.\r\n\r\n\u092e\u0938\u0901\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u091b\u0964\r\nmasa\u1e45ga kit\u0101b cha.<\/em>\r\nI have a book.\r\n\r\n\u092e\u0938\u0901\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u091b\u0928\u094d\u0964\r\nmasa\u1e45ga kit\u0101bhar\u016b chan.<\/em>\r\nI have books.\r\n\r\nIn the first sentence, \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c (kit\u0101b<\/em>) is singular, so the verb is \u091b (cha<\/em>).\r\n\r\nIn the second sentence, \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c\u0939\u0930\u0942 (kit\u0101bhar\u016b<\/em>) is plural, so the verb is \u091b\u0928\u094d (chan<\/em>).\r\n\r\n[table id=411 \/]\r\n\r\n[table id=414 \/]\r\n\r\n[table id=415 \/]\r\n

Simple Rule<\/h2>\r\nOne thing possessed \u2192 \u091b (cha<\/em>)\r\n\r\nMore than one thing possessed \u2192 \u091b\u0928\u094d (chan<\/em>)\r\n\r\nNo thing possessed \u2192 \u091b\u0948\u0928 (chaina<\/em>)\r\n\r\nFor example:\r\n\r\n\u092e\u0938\u0901\u0917 \u0915\u0932\u092e \u091b\u0964\r\nmasa\u1e45ga kalam cha.<\/em>\r\nI have a pen.\r\n\r\n\u092e\u0938\u0901\u0917 \u0915\u0932\u092e\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u091b\u0928\u094d\u0964\r\nmasa\u1e45ga kalamhar\u016b chan.<\/em>\r\nI have pens.\r\n\r\n\u092e\u0938\u0901\u0917 \u0915\u0932\u092e \u091b\u0948\u0928\u0964\r\nmasa\u1e45ga kalam chaina.<\/em>\r\nI do not have a pen.\r\n

Try It Now<\/h2>\r\nRead the sentences aloud.\r\n\r\n\u092e\u0938\u0901\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u091b\u0964\r\nmasa\u1e45ga kit\u0101b cha.<\/em>\r\nI have a book.\r\n\r\n\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902\u0938\u0901\u0917 \u0915\u0932\u092e \u091b\u0964\r\ntap\u0101\u012b\u0303sa\u1e45ga kalam cha.<\/em>\r\nYou have a pen.\r\n\r\n\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0938\u0901\u0917 \u091d\u094b\u0932\u093e \u091b\u0964\r\nuh\u0101\u0303sa\u1e45ga jhol\u0101 cha.<\/em>\r\nHe\/She has a bag.\r\n\r\n\u092e\u0938\u0901\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u091b\u0928\u094d\u0964\r\nmasa\u1e45ga kit\u0101bhar\u016b chan.<\/em>\r\nI have books.\r\n\r\n\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902\u0938\u0901\u0917 \u092a\u0948\u0938\u093e \u091b?\r\ntap\u0101\u012b\u0303sa\u1e45ga pais\u0101 cha?<\/em>\r\nDo you have money?\r\n

Possession with \u091b\u0948\u0928<\/h2>\r\nTo say that someone does not have something, use \u091b\u0948\u0928 (chaina<\/em>) for singular or uncountable nouns.\r\n\r\nFor example:\r\n\r\n\u092e\u0938\u0901\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u091b\u0948\u0928\u0964\r\nmasa\u1e45ga kit\u0101b chaina.<\/em>\r\nI do not have a book.\r\n\r\n\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902\u0938\u0901\u0917 \u092a\u0948\u0938\u093e \u091b\u0948\u0928\u0964\r\ntap\u0101\u012b\u0303sa\u1e45ga pais\u0101 chaina.<\/em>\r\nYou do not have money.\r\n\r\n\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0938\u0901\u0917 \u091d\u094b\u0932\u093e \u091b\u0948\u0928\u0964\r\nuh\u0101\u0303sa\u1e45ga jhol\u0101 chaina.<\/em>\r\nHe\/She does not have a bag.\r\n\r\nFor plural nouns, use \u091b\u0948\u0928\u0928\u094d (chainan<\/em>).\r\n\r\n\u092e\u0938\u0901\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u091b\u0948\u0928\u0928\u094d\u0964\r\nmasa\u1e45ga kit\u0101bhar\u016b chainan.<\/em>\r\nI do not have books.\r\n

Asking \u201cHow Many?\u201d with \u0915\u0924\u093f<\/h2>\r\nTo ask \u201chow many?\u201d in Nepali, use \u0915\u0924\u093f (kati<\/em>).\r\n\r\nNepali often uses classifiers with numbers and \u201chow many?\u201d questions.\r\n\r\nTwo very common classifiers are:\r\n\r\n\u0935\u091f\u093e\r\nwa\u1e6d\u0101<\/em>\r\nclassifier for general objects\r\n\r\n\u091c\u0928\u093e\r\njan\u0101<\/em>\r\nclassifier for people\r\n\r\nUse \u0935\u091f\u093e (wa\u1e6d\u0101<\/em>) with objects.\r\n\r\nUse \u091c\u0928\u093e (jan\u0101<\/em>) with people.\r\n\r\nFor example:\r\n\r\n\u0915\u0924\u093f \u0935\u091f\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u091b\u0928\u094d?\r\nkati wa\u1e6d\u0101 kit\u0101b chan?<\/em>\r\nHow many books are there?\r\n\r\n\u0915\u0924\u093f \u091c\u0928\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u091b\u0928\u094d?\r\nkati jan\u0101 widy\u0101rth\u012b chan?<\/em>\r\nHow many students are there?\r\n\r\n\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902\u0938\u0901\u0917 \u0915\u0924\u093f \u0935\u091f\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u091b\u0928\u094d?\r\ntap\u0101\u012b\u0303sa\u1e45ga kati wa\u1e6d\u0101 kit\u0101b chan?<\/em>\r\nHow many books do you have?\r\n\r\n\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902\u0938\u0901\u0917 \u0915\u0924\u093f \u091c\u0928\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0925\u0940 \u091b\u0928\u094d?\r\ntap\u0101\u012b\u0303sa\u1e45ga kati jan\u0101 s\u0101th\u012b chan?<\/em>\r\nHow many friends do you have?\r\n\r\n[table id=416 \/]\r\n\r\n[table id=417 \/]\r\n

Try It Now<\/h2>\r\nAsk and answer.\r\n\r\nA: \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u092e\u093e \u0915\u0924\u093f \u091c\u0928\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u091b\u0928\u094d?\r\nkak\u1e63\u0101m\u0101 kati jan\u0101 widy\u0101rth\u012b chan?<\/em>\r\nHow many students are in the classroom?\r\n\r\nB: \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u092e\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u091c\u0928\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u091b\u0928\u094d\u0964\r\nkak\u1e63\u0101m\u0101 p\u0101\u0303c jan\u0101 widy\u0101rth\u012b chan.<\/em>\r\nThere are five students in the classroom.\r\n\r\nA: \u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932\u092e\u093e \u0915\u0924\u093f \u0935\u091f\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u091b\u0928\u094d?\r\n\u1e6debalm\u0101 kati wa\u1e6d\u0101 kit\u0101b chan?<\/em>\r\nHow many books are on the table?\r\n\r\nB: \u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932\u092e\u093e \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0935\u091f\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u091b\u0928\u094d\u0964\r\n\u1e6debalm\u0101 t\u012bn wa\u1e6d\u0101 kit\u0101b chan.<\/em>\r\nThere are three books on the table.\r\n\r\nA: \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902\u0938\u0901\u0917 \u0915\u0924\u093f \u0935\u091f\u093e \u0915\u0932\u092e \u091b\u0928\u094d?\r\ntap\u0101\u012b\u0303sa\u1e45ga kati wa\u1e6d\u0101 kalam chan?<\/em>\r\nHow many pens do you have?\r\n\r\nB: \u092e\u0938\u0901\u0917 \u0926\u0941\u0908 \u0935\u091f\u093e \u0915\u0932\u092e \u091b\u0928\u094d\u0964\r\nmasa\u1e45ga du\u012b wa\u1e6d\u0101 kalam chan.<\/em>\r\nI have two pens.\r\n

Common Mistake<\/h2>\r\nDo not make the verb agree with the possessor.\r\n\r\nThe verb agrees with the thing possessed.\r\n\r\nCorrect:\r\n\r\n\u092e\u0938\u0901\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u091b\u0964\r\nmasa\u1e45ga kit\u0101b cha.<\/em>\r\nI have a book.\r\n\r\nCorrect:\r\n\r\n\u092e\u0938\u0901\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u091b\u0928\u094d\u0964\r\nmasa\u1e45ga kit\u0101bhar\u016b chan.<\/em>\r\nI have books.\r\n\r\nThe subject meaning comes from the possessed item, not from \u092e (ma<\/em>).\r\n

Can You Do This Now?<\/h2>\r\nAt the end of this section, you should be able to:\r\n
    \r\n \t
  • use \u091b (cha<\/em>) and \u091b\u0928\u094d (chan<\/em>) for \u201cthere is\u201d and \u201cthere are\u201d<\/li>\r\n \t
  • say where something exists using \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 (yah\u0101\u0303<\/em>), \u0924\u094d\u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 (tyah\u0101\u0303<\/em>), and \u2013\u092e\u093e (\u2013m\u0101<\/em>)<\/li>\r\n \t
  • use \u092e\u0938\u0901\u0917 (masa\u1e45ga<\/em>), \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902\u0938\u0901\u0917 (tap\u0101\u012b\u0303sa\u1e45ga<\/em>), and \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0938\u0901\u0917 (uh\u0101\u0303sa\u1e45ga<\/em>) for possession<\/li>\r\n \t
  • say simple sentences such as \u092e\u0938\u0901\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u091b (masa\u1e45ga kit\u0101b cha<\/em>)<\/li>\r\n \t
  • make negative possession sentences with \u091b\u0948\u0928 (chaina<\/em>)<\/li>\r\n \t
  • ask \u201chow many?\u201d questions with \u0915\u0924\u093f (kati<\/em>)<\/li>\r\n \t
  • use \u0935\u091f\u093e (wa\u1e6d\u0101<\/em>) for objects and \u091c\u0928\u093e (jan\u0101<\/em>) for people<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","rendered":"

    Using \u091b \/ \u091b\u0928\u094d for Existence and Possession<\/h2>\n

    In Nepali, \u091b (cha<\/em>) and \u091b\u0928\u094d (chan<\/em>) are used to talk about existence, availability, and everyday possession.<\/p>\n

    You have already seen \u091b \/ \u091b\u0928\u094d (cha \/ chan<\/em>) in location sentences.<\/p>\n

    For example:<\/p>\n

    \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932\u092e\u093e \u091b\u0964
    \nkit\u0101b \u1e6debalm\u0101 cha.<\/em>
    \nThe book is on the table.<\/p>\n

    In this section, you will see two more common uses:<\/p>\n

    existence: \u201cthere is \/ there are\u201d<\/p>\n

    possession: \u201csomeone has something\u201d<\/p>\n

    In both patterns, the verb agrees with the thing that exists or the thing that is possessed.<\/p>\n

    Simple Rule<\/h2>\n

    Use \u091b (cha<\/em>) with one item or an uncountable\/mass noun.<\/p>\n

    Use \u091b\u0928\u094d (chan<\/em>) with more than one item.<\/p>\n

    For example:<\/p>\n

    \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u091b\u0964
    \nyah\u0101\u0303 kit\u0101b cha.<\/em>
    \nThere is a book here.<\/p>\n

    \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u091b\u0928\u094d\u0964
    \nyah\u0101\u0303 kit\u0101bhar\u016b chan.<\/em>
    \nThere are books here.<\/p>\n

    \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u091b\u0964
    \nyah\u0101\u0303 p\u0101n\u012b cha.<\/em>
    \nThere is water here.<\/p>\n

    The verb agrees with \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c (kit\u0101b<\/em>), \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c\u0939\u0930\u0942 (kit\u0101bhar\u016b<\/em>), or \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 (p\u0101n\u012b<\/em>), not with the place.<\/p>\n

    Expressing Existence: \u201cThere Is \/ There Are\u201d<\/h2>\n

    To say that something exists or is present in a place, Nepali uses this basic pattern:<\/p>\n

    Location + noun + \u091b \/ \u091b\u0928\u094d
    \nLocation + noun + cha \/ chan<\/em><\/p>\n

    The location can be a word such as:<\/p>\n

    \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901
    \nyah\u0101\u0303<\/em>
    \nhere<\/p>\n

    \u0924\u094d\u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901
    \ntyah\u0101\u0303<\/em>
    \nthere<\/p>\n

    or a place marked with \u2013\u092e\u093e (\u2013m\u0101<\/em>), such as:<\/p>\n

    \u0918\u0930\u092e\u093e
    \ngharm\u0101<\/em>
    \nat home \/ in the house<\/p>\n

    \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u092e\u093e
    \nkak\u1e63\u0101m\u0101<\/em>
    \nin the classroom<\/p>\n

    \u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932\u092e\u093e
    \n\u1e6debalm\u0101<\/em>
    \non the table<\/p>\n

    For example:<\/p>\n

    \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u091b\u0964
    \nyah\u0101\u0303 kit\u0101b cha.<\/em>
    \nThere is a book here.<\/p>\n

    \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u092e\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u091b\u0928\u094d\u0964
    \nkak\u1e63\u0101m\u0101 widy\u0101rth\u012bhar\u016b chan.<\/em>
    \nThere are students in the classroom.<\/p>\n

    \u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932\u092e\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u091b\u0964
    \n\u1e6debalm\u0101 p\u0101n\u012b cha.<\/em>
    \nThere is water on the table.<\/p>\n

    Table 7.4.1 \u2013 Existence questions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    Nepali<\/th>\nTransliteration<\/th>\nEnglish<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
    \u0915\u0947 \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0940 \u091b?<\/td>\nke yah\u0101\u0303 kurs\u012b cha?<\/em><\/td>\nIs there a chair here?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \u0924\u094d\u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u091b\u0928\u094d?<\/td>\ntyah\u0101\u0303 widy\u0101rth\u012b chan?<\/em><\/td>\nAre there students there?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Table 7.4.2 \u2013 Existence statements (affirmative)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    Nepali<\/th>\nTransliteration<\/th>\nEnglish<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
    \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u090f\u0915\u0935\u091f\u093e \u0915\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0940 \u091b\u0964<\/td>\nyah\u0101\u0303 ekwa\u1e6d\u0101 kurs\u012b cha.<\/em><\/td>\nThere is one chair here.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \u0924\u094d\u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0926\u0941\u0908 \u091c\u0928\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u091b\u0928\u094d\u0964<\/td>\ntyah\u0101\u0303 du\u012b jan\u0101 widy\u0101rth\u012b chan.<\/em><\/td>\nThere are two students there.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Table 7.4.3 \u2013 Existence statements (negative)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    Nepali<\/th>\nTransliteration<\/th>\nEnglish<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
    \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0940 \u091b\u0948\u0928\u0964<\/td>\nyah\u0101\u0303 kurs\u012b chaina.<\/em><\/td>\nThere is no chair here.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \u0924\u094d\u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u091b\u0948\u0928\u0928\u094d\u0964<\/td>\ntyah\u0101\u0303 widy\u0101rth\u012b chainan.<\/em><\/td>\nThere are no students there.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Try It Now<\/h2>\n

    Read the sentences aloud.<\/p>\n

    \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u0932\u092e \u091b\u0964
    \nyah\u0101\u0303 kalam cha.<\/em>
    \nThere is a pen here.<\/p>\n

    \u0924\u094d\u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u091d\u094b\u0932\u093e \u091b\u0964
    \ntyah\u0101\u0303 jhol\u0101 cha.<\/em>
    \nThere is a bag there.<\/p>\n

    \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u092e\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u091b\u0928\u094d\u0964
    \nkak\u1e63\u0101m\u0101 widy\u0101rth\u012bhar\u016b chan.<\/em>
    \nThere are students in the classroom.<\/p>\n

    \u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932\u092e\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u091b\u0928\u094d\u0964
    \n\u1e6debalm\u0101 kit\u0101bhar\u016b chan.<\/em>
    \nThere are books on the table.<\/p>\n

    Expressing Possession: \u201cHave \/ Has\u201d<\/h2>\n

    Nepali often expresses possession by saying that something exists with a person.<\/p>\n

    English says:<\/p>\n

    I have a book.<\/p>\n

    Nepali often says something closer to:<\/p>\n

    With me, there is a book.<\/p>\n

    The possessor is marked with a \u201cwith\u201d postposition.<\/p>\n

    The most common everyday form is:<\/p>\n

    \u0938\u0901\u0917
    \nsa\u1e45ga<\/em>
    \nwith<\/p>\n

    Another correct form is:<\/p>\n

    \u0938\u093f\u0924
    \nsita<\/em>
    \nwith<\/p>\n

    \u0938\u093f\u0924 (sita<\/em>) is also correct, but it may sound slightly more formal or traditional in some contexts.<\/p>\n

    For beginner learners, \u0938\u0901\u0917 (sa\u1e45ga<\/em>) is the most useful form for everyday speech.<\/p>\n

    Basic Possession Pattern<\/h2>\n

    Person + \u0938\u0901\u0917 + noun + \u091b \/ \u091b\u0928\u094d
    \nPerson + sa\u1e45ga + noun + cha \/ chan<\/em><\/p>\n

    For example:<\/p>\n

    \u092e\u0938\u0901\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u091b\u0964
    \nmasa\u1e45ga kit\u0101b cha.<\/em>
    \nI have a book.<\/p>\n

    \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902\u0938\u0901\u0917 \u091d\u094b\u0932\u093e \u091b\u0964
    \ntap\u0101\u012b\u0303sa\u1e45ga jhol\u0101 cha.<\/em>
    \nYou have a bag.<\/p>\n

    \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0938\u0901\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u091b\u0928\u094d\u0964
    \nuh\u0101\u0303sa\u1e45ga kit\u0101bhar\u016b chan.<\/em>
    \nHe\/She has books.<\/p>\n

    The verb agrees with the thing possessed, not with the person.<\/p>\n

    \u092e\u0938\u0901\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u091b\u0964
    \nmasa\u1e45ga kit\u0101b cha.<\/em>
    \nI have a book.<\/p>\n

    \u092e\u0938\u0901\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u091b\u0928\u094d\u0964
    \nmasa\u1e45ga kit\u0101bhar\u016b chan.<\/em>
    \nI have books.<\/p>\n

    In the first sentence, \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c (kit\u0101b<\/em>) is singular, so the verb is \u091b (cha<\/em>).<\/p>\n

    In the second sentence, \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c\u0939\u0930\u0942 (kit\u0101bhar\u016b<\/em>) is plural, so the verb is \u091b\u0928\u094d (chan<\/em>).<\/p>\n

    Table 7.4.4 \u2013 Possession questions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    Nepali<\/th>\nTransliteration<\/th>\nEnglish<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
    \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902\u0938\u0901\u0917 \u0915\u0932\u092e \u091b?<\/td>\ntap\u0101\u012b\u0303sa\u1e45ga kalam cha?<\/em><\/td>\nDo you have a pen?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0932\u092e \u091b?<\/td>\ntap\u0101\u012b\u0303sita kalam cha?<\/em><\/td>\nDo you have a pen?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Table 7.4.5 \u2013 Possession statements (affirmative)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    Nepali<\/th>\nTransliteration<\/th>\nEnglish<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
    \u0939\u094b, \u092e\u0938\u0901\u0917 \u0915\u0932\u092e \u091b\u0964<\/td>\nho, masa\u1e45ga kalam cha.<\/em><\/td>\n Yes, I have a pen.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \u0939\u094b, \u092e\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u091b\u0964<\/td>\nho, masita kit\u0101b cha.<\/em><\/td>\n Yes, I have a book.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \u0939\u094b, \u092e\u0938\u0901\u0917 \u0926\u0941\u0908\u0935\u091f\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u091b\u0928\u094d\u0964<\/td>\nho, masa\u1e45ga du\u012bwa\u1e6d\u0101 kit\u0101b chan.<\/em><\/td>\nYes, I have two books.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Table 7.4.6 \u2013 Possession statements (negative)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    Nepali<\/th>\nTransliteration<\/th>\nEnglish<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
    \u0939\u094b\u0907\u0928, \u092e\u0938\u0901\u0917 \u0915\u0932\u092e \u091b\u0948\u0928\u0964<\/td>\nhoina, masa\u1e45ga kalam chaina.<\/em><\/td>\nNo, I don\u2019t have a pen.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \u0939\u094b\u0907\u0928, \u092e\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u091b\u0948\u0928\u0964<\/td>\nhoina, masita kit\u0101b chaina.<\/em><\/td>\nNo, I don\u2019t have a book.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \u0939\u094b\u0907\u0928, \u092e\u0938\u0901\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u091b\u0948\u0928\u0928\u094d\u0964<\/td>\nhoina, masa\u1e45ga kit\u0101bhar\u016b chainan.<\/em><\/td>\nNo, I don\u2019t have books.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Simple Rule<\/h2>\n

    One thing possessed \u2192 \u091b (cha<\/em>)<\/p>\n

    More than one thing possessed \u2192 \u091b\u0928\u094d (chan<\/em>)<\/p>\n

    No thing possessed \u2192 \u091b\u0948\u0928 (chaina<\/em>)<\/p>\n

    For example:<\/p>\n

    \u092e\u0938\u0901\u0917 \u0915\u0932\u092e \u091b\u0964
    \nmasa\u1e45ga kalam cha.<\/em>
    \nI have a pen.<\/p>\n

    \u092e\u0938\u0901\u0917 \u0915\u0932\u092e\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u091b\u0928\u094d\u0964
    \nmasa\u1e45ga kalamhar\u016b chan.<\/em>
    \nI have pens.<\/p>\n

    \u092e\u0938\u0901\u0917 \u0915\u0932\u092e \u091b\u0948\u0928\u0964
    \nmasa\u1e45ga kalam chaina.<\/em>
    \nI do not have a pen.<\/p>\n

    Try It Now<\/h2>\n

    Read the sentences aloud.<\/p>\n

    \u092e\u0938\u0901\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u091b\u0964
    \nmasa\u1e45ga kit\u0101b cha.<\/em>
    \nI have a book.<\/p>\n

    \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902\u0938\u0901\u0917 \u0915\u0932\u092e \u091b\u0964
    \ntap\u0101\u012b\u0303sa\u1e45ga kalam cha.<\/em>
    \nYou have a pen.<\/p>\n

    \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0938\u0901\u0917 \u091d\u094b\u0932\u093e \u091b\u0964
    \nuh\u0101\u0303sa\u1e45ga jhol\u0101 cha.<\/em>
    \nHe\/She has a bag.<\/p>\n

    \u092e\u0938\u0901\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u091b\u0928\u094d\u0964
    \nmasa\u1e45ga kit\u0101bhar\u016b chan.<\/em>
    \nI have books.<\/p>\n

    \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902\u0938\u0901\u0917 \u092a\u0948\u0938\u093e \u091b?
    \ntap\u0101\u012b\u0303sa\u1e45ga pais\u0101 cha?<\/em>
    \nDo you have money?<\/p>\n

    Possession with \u091b\u0948\u0928<\/h2>\n

    To say that someone does not have something, use \u091b\u0948\u0928 (chaina<\/em>) for singular or uncountable nouns.<\/p>\n

    For example:<\/p>\n

    \u092e\u0938\u0901\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u091b\u0948\u0928\u0964
    \nmasa\u1e45ga kit\u0101b chaina.<\/em>
    \nI do not have a book.<\/p>\n

    \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902\u0938\u0901\u0917 \u092a\u0948\u0938\u093e \u091b\u0948\u0928\u0964
    \ntap\u0101\u012b\u0303sa\u1e45ga pais\u0101 chaina.<\/em>
    \nYou do not have money.<\/p>\n

    \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0938\u0901\u0917 \u091d\u094b\u0932\u093e \u091b\u0948\u0928\u0964
    \nuh\u0101\u0303sa\u1e45ga jhol\u0101 chaina.<\/em>
    \nHe\/She does not have a bag.<\/p>\n

    For plural nouns, use \u091b\u0948\u0928\u0928\u094d (chainan<\/em>).<\/p>\n

    \u092e\u0938\u0901\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u091b\u0948\u0928\u0928\u094d\u0964
    \nmasa\u1e45ga kit\u0101bhar\u016b chainan.<\/em>
    \nI do not have books.<\/p>\n

    Asking \u201cHow Many?\u201d with \u0915\u0924\u093f<\/h2>\n

    To ask \u201chow many?\u201d in Nepali, use \u0915\u0924\u093f (kati<\/em>).<\/p>\n

    Nepali often uses classifiers with numbers and \u201chow many?\u201d questions.<\/p>\n

    Two very common classifiers are:<\/p>\n

    \u0935\u091f\u093e
    \nwa\u1e6d\u0101<\/em>
    \nclassifier for general objects<\/p>\n

    \u091c\u0928\u093e
    \njan\u0101<\/em>
    \nclassifier for people<\/p>\n

    Use \u0935\u091f\u093e (wa\u1e6d\u0101<\/em>) with objects.<\/p>\n

    Use \u091c\u0928\u093e (jan\u0101<\/em>) with people.<\/p>\n

    For example:<\/p>\n

    \u0915\u0924\u093f \u0935\u091f\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u091b\u0928\u094d?
    \nkati wa\u1e6d\u0101 kit\u0101b chan?<\/em>
    \nHow many books are there?<\/p>\n

    \u0915\u0924\u093f \u091c\u0928\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u091b\u0928\u094d?
    \nkati jan\u0101 widy\u0101rth\u012b chan?<\/em>
    \nHow many students are there?<\/p>\n

    \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902\u0938\u0901\u0917 \u0915\u0924\u093f \u0935\u091f\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u091b\u0928\u094d?
    \ntap\u0101\u012b\u0303sa\u1e45ga kati wa\u1e6d\u0101 kit\u0101b chan?<\/em>
    \nHow many books do you have?<\/p>\n

    \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902\u0938\u0901\u0917 \u0915\u0924\u093f \u091c\u0928\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0925\u0940 \u091b\u0928\u094d?
    \ntap\u0101\u012b\u0303sa\u1e45ga kati jan\u0101 s\u0101th\u012b chan?<\/em>
    \nHow many friends do you have?<\/p>\n

    Table 7.4.7 \u2013 Questions classifier<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    Nepali<\/th>\nTransliteration<\/th>\nEnglish<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
    \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u0924\u093f \u0935\u091f\u093e \u0915\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0940 \u091b\u0928\u094d?<\/td>\nyah\u0101\u0303 kati wa\u1e6d\u0101 kurs\u012b chan?<\/em><\/td>\nHow many chairs are there here?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \u0906\u091c \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u092e\u093e \u0915\u0924\u093f \u091c\u0928\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u091b\u0928\u094d?<\/td>\n\u0101ja kak\u1e63\u0101m\u0101 kati jan\u0101 widy\u0101rth\u012b chan?<\/em><\/td>\nHow many students are in class today?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902\u0938\u0901\u0917 \u0915\u0924\u093f \u0935\u091f\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u091b\u0928\u094d?<\/td>\ntap\u0101\u012b\u0303sa\u1e45ga kati wa\u1e6d\u0101 kit\u0101bhar\u016b chan?<\/em><\/td>\nHow many books do you have?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Table 7.4.8 \u2013 Numeral + classifier + noun patterns<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    Nepali<\/th>\nTransliteration<\/th>\nEnglish<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
    \u0926\u0941\u0908\u0935\u091f\u093e \u0915\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0940<\/td>\ndu\u012bwa\u1e6d\u0101 kurs\u012b<\/em><\/td>\ntwo chairs<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \u0906\u0920 \u091c\u0928\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940<\/td>\n\u0101\u1e6dh jan\u0101 widy\u0101rth\u012b<\/em><\/td>\neight students<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \u092e\u0938\u0901\u0917 \u0926\u0941\u0908\u0935\u091f\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u091b\u0928\u094d\u0964<\/td>\nmasa\u1e45ga du\u012bwa\u1e6d\u0101 kit\u0101b chan.<\/em><\/td>\nI have two books.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

    A numeral + classifier + noun functions as a single, tight noun phrase in Nepali. Because the classifier already signals plurality, the plural suffix \u2013\u0939\u0930\u0942 is often optional and usually avoided in careful, learner-friendly sentences.<\/span>
    \n<\/p>\n

    Try It Now<\/h2>\n

    Ask and answer.<\/p>\n

    A: \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u092e\u093e \u0915\u0924\u093f \u091c\u0928\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u091b\u0928\u094d?
    \nkak\u1e63\u0101m\u0101 kati jan\u0101 widy\u0101rth\u012b chan?<\/em>
    \nHow many students are in the classroom?<\/p>\n

    B: \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u092e\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u091c\u0928\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u091b\u0928\u094d\u0964
    \nkak\u1e63\u0101m\u0101 p\u0101\u0303c jan\u0101 widy\u0101rth\u012b chan.<\/em>
    \nThere are five students in the classroom.<\/p>\n

    A: \u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932\u092e\u093e \u0915\u0924\u093f \u0935\u091f\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u091b\u0928\u094d?
    \n\u1e6debalm\u0101 kati wa\u1e6d\u0101 kit\u0101b chan?<\/em>
    \nHow many books are on the table?<\/p>\n

    B: \u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932\u092e\u093e \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0935\u091f\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u091b\u0928\u094d\u0964
    \n\u1e6debalm\u0101 t\u012bn wa\u1e6d\u0101 kit\u0101b chan.<\/em>
    \nThere are three books on the table.<\/p>\n

    A: \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902\u0938\u0901\u0917 \u0915\u0924\u093f \u0935\u091f\u093e \u0915\u0932\u092e \u091b\u0928\u094d?
    \ntap\u0101\u012b\u0303sa\u1e45ga kati wa\u1e6d\u0101 kalam chan?<\/em>
    \nHow many pens do you have?<\/p>\n

    B: \u092e\u0938\u0901\u0917 \u0926\u0941\u0908 \u0935\u091f\u093e \u0915\u0932\u092e \u091b\u0928\u094d\u0964
    \nmasa\u1e45ga du\u012b wa\u1e6d\u0101 kalam chan.<\/em>
    \nI have two pens.<\/p>\n

    Common Mistake<\/h2>\n

    Do not make the verb agree with the possessor.<\/p>\n

    The verb agrees with the thing possessed.<\/p>\n

    Correct:<\/p>\n

    \u092e\u0938\u0901\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u091b\u0964
    \nmasa\u1e45ga kit\u0101b cha.<\/em>
    \nI have a book.<\/p>\n

    Correct:<\/p>\n

    \u092e\u0938\u0901\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u091b\u0928\u094d\u0964
    \nmasa\u1e45ga kit\u0101bhar\u016b chan.<\/em>
    \nI have books.<\/p>\n

    The subject meaning comes from the possessed item, not from \u092e (ma<\/em>).<\/p>\n

    Can You Do This Now?<\/h2>\n

    At the end of this section, you should be able to:<\/p>\n

      \n
    • use \u091b (cha<\/em>) and \u091b\u0928\u094d (chan<\/em>) for \u201cthere is\u201d and \u201cthere are\u201d<\/li>\n
    • say where something exists using \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 (yah\u0101\u0303<\/em>), \u0924\u094d\u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 (tyah\u0101\u0303<\/em>), and \u2013\u092e\u093e (\u2013m\u0101<\/em>)<\/li>\n
    • use \u092e\u0938\u0901\u0917 (masa\u1e45ga<\/em>), \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902\u0938\u0901\u0917 (tap\u0101\u012b\u0303sa\u1e45ga<\/em>), and \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0938\u0901\u0917 (uh\u0101\u0303sa\u1e45ga<\/em>) for possession<\/li>\n
    • say simple sentences such as \u092e\u0938\u0901\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u091b (masa\u1e45ga kit\u0101b cha<\/em>)<\/li>\n
    • make negative possession sentences with \u091b\u0948\u0928 (chaina<\/em>)<\/li>\n
    • ask \u201chow many?\u201d questions with \u0915\u0924\u093f (kati<\/em>)<\/li>\n
    • use \u0935\u091f\u093e (wa\u1e6d\u0101<\/em>) for objects and \u091c\u0928\u093e (jan\u0101<\/em>) for people<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"author":1076,"menu_order":4,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"Unit 4 \u2014 Grammar Focus","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":"cc-by-nc-sa"},"chapter-type":[49],"contributor":[],"license":[57],"class_list":["post-173","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","chapter-type-numberless","license-cc-by-nc-sa"],"part":164,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/173","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1076"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/173\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2500,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/173\/revisions\/2500"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/164"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/173\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=173"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=173"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=173"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=173"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}