{"id":1916,"date":"2026-05-21T15:42:12","date_gmt":"2026-05-21T19:42:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=1916"},"modified":"2026-05-29T00:17:03","modified_gmt":"2026-05-29T04:17:03","slug":"chapter-3-unit-4-grammar-focus","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/chapter\/chapter-3-unit-4-grammar-focus\/","title":{"raw":"Unit 4 \u2014 Grammar Focus","rendered":"Unit 4 \u2014 Grammar Focus"},"content":{"raw":"<h2>Basic Word Order in Nepali<\/h2>\r\nNepali usually follows Subject\u2013Object\u2013Verb word order. This means the verb normally comes at the end of the sentence.\r\n\r\nA simple way to remember this is:\r\n\r\nSubject + Object + Verb\r\n\r\nIn English, we often say:\r\n\r\nI read a book.\r\n\r\nIn Nepali, the order is closer to:\r\n\r\nI book read.\r\n\r\nFor example:\r\n\r\n\u092e \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u092a\u0922\u094d\u091b\u0941\u0964\r\n<em>ma kit\u0101b pa\u1e0dhchu.<\/em>\r\nI read a book.\r\n\r\nIn this unit, you will practise three common sentence patterns:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Action sentences<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Identity sentences with \u0939\u094b \/ \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d (<em>ho \/ hun<\/em>)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Existence, location, and possession sentences with \u091b \/ \u091b\u0928\u094d (<em>cha \/ chan<\/em>)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[table id=94 \/]\r\n\r\n[table id=95 \/]\r\n\r\n[table id=96 \/]\r\n<h3>Try It Now<\/h3>\r\nRead the sentence aloud:\r\n\r\n\u092f\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0964\r\n<em>yo kit\u0101b ho.<\/em>\r\nThis is a book.\r\n\r\nNow replace \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c (<em>kit\u0101b<\/em>) with another word:\r\n\r\n\u092f\u094b \u0915\u0932\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0964\r\n<em>yo kalam ho.<\/em>\r\nThis is a pen.\r\n\r\n\u092f\u094b \u091d\u094b\u0932\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964\r\n<em>yo jhol\u0101 ho.<\/em>\r\nThis is a bag.\r\n<h2>Demonstratives: This, That, These, Those<\/h2>\r\nDemonstratives are \u201cpointing words.\u201d They help us point to people, places, and objects.\r\n\r\nIn Nepali, demonstratives show two things:\r\n\r\ndistance: near or far\r\nnumber: singular or plural\r\n\r\nThe main forms are:\r\n\r\n\u092f\u094b (<em>yo<\/em>) \u2014 this\r\n\u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b (<em>tyo<\/em>) \u2014 that\r\n\u092f\u0940 (<em>y\u012b<\/em>) \u2014 these\r\n\u0924\u0940 (<em>t\u012b<\/em>) \u2014 those\r\n<h3>1. Near and Far<\/h3>\r\nUse \u092f\u094b (<em>yo<\/em>) and \u092f\u0940 (<em>y\u012b<\/em>) for things close to the speaker.\r\n\r\nUse \u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b (<em>tyo<\/em>) and \u0924\u0940 (<em>t\u012b<\/em>) for things farther away.\r\n\r\n[table id=418 \/]\r\n<h3>Simple Rule<\/h3>\r\nNear + singular \u2192 \u092f\u094b (<em>yo<\/em>)\r\nFar + singular \u2192 \u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b (<em>tyo<\/em>)\r\nNear + plural \u2192 \u092f\u0940 (<em>y\u012b<\/em>)\r\nFar + plural \u2192 \u0924\u0940 (<em>t\u012b<\/em>)\r\n<h3>Try It Now<\/h3>\r\nPoint to something close to you and say:\r\n\r\n\u092f\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0964\r\n<em>yo kit\u0101b ho.<\/em>\r\nThis is a book.\r\n\r\nNow point to something farther away and say:\r\n\r\n\u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0964\r\n<em>tyo kit\u0101b ho.<\/em>\r\nThat is a book.\r\n<h2>Demonstratives Before Nouns<\/h2>\r\nIn Nepali, demonstratives usually come before the noun.\r\n\r\nFor example:\r\n\r\n\u092f\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c\r\n<em>yo kit\u0101b<\/em>\r\nthis book\r\n\r\n\u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b \u0918\u0930\r\n<em>tyo ghar<\/em>\r\nthat house\r\n\r\n\u092f\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c\u0939\u0930\u0942\r\n<em>y\u012b kit\u0101bhar\u016b<\/em>\r\nthese books\r\n\r\n\u0924\u0940 \u0918\u0930\u0939\u0930\u0942\r\n<em>t\u012b gharhar\u016b<\/em>\r\nthose houses\r\n\r\n[table id=419 \/]\r\n<h3>Try It Now<\/h3>\r\nComplete the phrase by changing the noun.\r\n\r\n\u092f\u094b __________ \u0939\u094b\u0964\r\n<em>yo __________ ho.<\/em>\r\nThis is a __________.\r\n\r\nYou can use:\r\n\r\n\u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c\r\n<em>kit\u0101b<\/em>\r\nbook\r\n\r\n\u0915\u0932\u092e\r\n<em>kalam<\/em>\r\npen\r\n\r\n\u091d\u094b\u0932\u093e\r\n<em>jhol\u0101<\/em>\r\nbag\r\n\r\n\u0918\u0930\r\n<em>ghar<\/em>\r\nhouse\r\n<h2>Demonstratives as Pronouns<\/h2>\r\nDemonstratives can also stand alone. This means they can replace a noun when the meaning is already clear.\r\n\r\nFor example:\r\n\r\n\u092f\u094b \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u094b?\r\n<em>yo ke ho?<\/em>\r\nWhat is this?\r\n\r\n\u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u094b?\r\n<em>tyo ke ho?<\/em>\r\nWhat is that?\r\n\r\n\u092f\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d?\r\n<em>y\u012b ke hun?<\/em>\r\nWhat are these?\r\n\r\n\u0924\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d?\r\n<em>t\u012b ke hun?<\/em>\r\nWhat are those?\r\n\r\n[table id=420 \/]\r\n<h3>Try It Now<\/h3>\r\nAsk and answer:\r\n\r\n\u092f\u094b \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u094b?\r\n<em>yo ke ho?<\/em>\r\nWhat is this?\r\n\r\n\u092f\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0964\r\n<em>yo kit\u0101b ho.<\/em>\r\nThis is a book.\r\n\r\nNow change \u092f\u094b (<em>yo<\/em>) to \u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b (<em>tyo<\/em>):\r\n\r\n\u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u094b?\r\n<em>tyo ke ho?<\/em>\r\nWhat is that?\r\n\r\n\u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b \u0915\u0932\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0964\r\n<em>tyo kalam ho.<\/em>\r\nThat is a pen.\r\n<h2>Singular and Plural Agreement<\/h2>\r\n<p data-start=\"99\" data-end=\"221\">In Nepali, singular demonstratives usually go with singular forms, and plural demonstratives usually go with plural forms.<\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"223\" data-end=\"273\">Use \u092f\u094b (<em data-start=\"231\" data-end=\"235\">yo<\/em>) and \u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b (<em data-start=\"247\" data-end=\"252\">tyo<\/em>) for singular nouns.<\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"275\" data-end=\"320\">Use \u092f\u0940 (<em data-start=\"283\" data-end=\"287\">y\u012b<\/em>) and \u0924\u0940 (<em data-start=\"297\" data-end=\"301\">t\u012b<\/em>) for plural nouns.<\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"322\" data-end=\"425\">Nepali also changes the verb depending on whether the sentence is about identity or location\/existence.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Use \u0939\u094b (<em data-start=\"435\" data-end=\"439\">ho<\/em>) with singular identity sentences.<\/strong>\r\n<p data-start=\"476\" data-end=\"523\">\u092f\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0964<br data-start=\"488\" data-end=\"491\" \/><em data-start=\"491\" data-end=\"505\">yo kit\u0101b ho.<\/em><br data-start=\"505\" data-end=\"508\" \/>This is a book.<\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"525\" data-end=\"573\">Use \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d (<em data-start=\"535\" data-end=\"540\">hun<\/em>) with plural identity sentences.<\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"575\" data-end=\"633\">\u092f\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0964<br data-start=\"592\" data-end=\"595\" \/><em data-start=\"595\" data-end=\"614\">y\u012b kit\u0101bhar\u016b hun.<\/em><br data-start=\"614\" data-end=\"617\" \/>These are books.<\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"575\" data-end=\"633\">[table id=422 \/]<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Simple Rule<\/h3>\r\n\u092f\u094b \/ \u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b + \u0939\u094b\r\n<em>yo \/ tyo + ho<\/em>\r\nthis \/ that is\r\n\r\n\u092f\u0940 \/ \u0924\u0940 + \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\r\n<em>y\u012b \/ t\u012b + hun<\/em>\r\nthese \/ those are\r\n<h3>Try It Now<\/h3>\r\nRead the pairs aloud:\r\n\r\n\u092f\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0964\r\n<em>yo kit\u0101b ho.<\/em>\r\nThis is a book.\r\n\r\n\u092f\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0964\r\n<em>y\u012b kit\u0101b hun.<\/em>\r\nThese are books.\r\n\r\n\u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b \u0915\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0964\r\n<em>tyo kurs\u012b ho.<\/em>\r\nThat is a chair.\r\n\r\n\u0924\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0964\r\n<em>t\u012b kurs\u012bhar\u016b hun.<\/em>\r\nThose are chairs.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p data-start=\"635\" data-end=\"695\"><strong>Use \u091b (<em data-start=\"642\" data-end=\"647\">cha<\/em>) with singular existence or location sentences.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"697\" data-end=\"741\">\u092f\u094b \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u091b\u0964<br data-start=\"707\" data-end=\"710\" \/><em data-start=\"710\" data-end=\"725\">yo yah\u0101\u0303 cha.<\/em><br data-start=\"725\" data-end=\"728\" \/>This is here.<\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"743\" data-end=\"804\">Use \u091b\u0928\u094d (<em data-start=\"752\" data-end=\"758\">chan<\/em>) with plural existence or location sentences.<\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"806\" data-end=\"855\">\u092f\u0940 \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u091b\u0928\u094d\u0964<br data-start=\"818\" data-end=\"821\" \/><em data-start=\"821\" data-end=\"837\">y\u012b yah\u0101\u0303 chan.<\/em><br data-start=\"837\" data-end=\"840\" \/>These are here.<\/p>\r\n[table id=421 \/]\r\n<h3>Simple Rule<\/h3>\r\n\u092f\u094b \/ \u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b + \u091b\r\n<em>yo \/ tyo + cha<\/em>\r\nthis \/ that is here or there\r\n\r\n\u092f\u0940 \/ \u0924\u0940 + \u091b\u0928\u094d\r\n<em>y\u012b \/ t\u012b + chan<\/em>\r\nthese \/ those are here or there\r\n\r\nUse \u091b (<em>cha<\/em>) when you are talking about one thing.\r\n\r\nUse \u091b\u0928\u094d (<em>chan<\/em>) when you are talking about more than one thing.\r\n<h3>Try It Now<\/h3>\r\nRead the pairs aloud:\r\n\r\n\u092f\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u091b\u0964\r\n<em>yo kit\u0101b yah\u0101\u0303 cha.<\/em>\r\nThis book is here.\r\n\r\n\u092f\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u091b\u0928\u094d\u0964\r\n<em>y\u012b kit\u0101bhar\u016b yah\u0101\u0303 chan.<\/em>\r\nThese books are here.\r\n\r\n\u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b \u0915\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0940 \u0924\u094d\u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u091b\u0964\r\n<em>tyo kurs\u012b tyah\u0101\u0303 cha.<\/em>\r\nThat chair is there.\r\n\r\n\u0924\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u0924\u094d\u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u091b\u0928\u094d\u0964\r\n<em>t\u012b kurs\u012bhar\u016b tyah\u0101\u0303 chan.<\/em>\r\nThose chairs are there.\r\n<h2>Demonstratives for People<\/h2>\r\nDemonstratives can also refer to people, but learners should be careful.\r\n\r\nFor respectful reference, use \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 (<em>uh\u0101\u0303<\/em>) for \u201che\u201d or \u201cshe.\u201d This is the safest and most polite form for beginners.\r\n\r\nFor example:\r\n\r\n\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964\r\n<em>uh\u0101\u0303 \u015bik\u1e63ak hunuhuncha.<\/em>\r\nHe\/She is a teacher.\r\n\r\n\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964\r\n<em>uh\u0101\u0303 widy\u0101rth\u012b hunuhuncha.<\/em>\r\nHe\/She is a student.\r\n\r\nIn everyday beginner Nepali, it is better to use \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 (<em>uh\u0101\u0303<\/em>) when speaking respectfully about another person.\r\n\r\n[table id=423 \/]\r\n<h3>Learner Tip<\/h3>\r\nFor objects, use \u092f\u094b (<em>yo<\/em>) and \u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b (<em>tyo<\/em>).\r\n\r\nFor people, use \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 (<em>uh\u0101\u0303<\/em>) when you want to be respectful.\r\n<h2>Useful Question Patterns with Demonstratives<\/h2>\r\nDemonstratives are very useful in questions. You can use them to ask what something is, whose something is, or which item someone means.\r\n<h3>Pattern 1: Identification<\/h3>\r\n\u092f\u094b \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u094b?\r\n<em>yo ke ho?<\/em>\r\nWhat is this?\r\n\r\n\u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u094b?\r\n<em>tyo ke ho?<\/em>\r\nWhat is that?\r\n\r\n[table id=424 \/]\r\n<h3>Pattern 2: Ownership<\/h3>\r\n\u092f\u094b \u0915\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0939\u094b?\r\n<em>yo kasko kit\u0101b ho?<\/em>\r\nWhose book is this?\r\n\r\n\u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b \u0915\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094b \u091d\u094b\u0932\u093e \u0939\u094b?\r\n<em>tyo kasko jhol\u0101 ho?<\/em>\r\nWhose bag is that?\r\n\r\n[table id=425 \/]\r\n<h3>Pattern 3: Choice<\/h3>\r\n\u092f\u094b \u0939\u094b \u0915\u093f \u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b?\r\n<em>yo ho ki tyo?<\/em>\r\nIs it this or that?\r\n\r\n[table id=426 \/]\r\n<h3>Try It Now<\/h3>\r\nPractise with a partner.\r\n\r\nA: \u092f\u094b \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u094b?\r\n<em>yo ke ho?<\/em>\r\nWhat is this?\r\n\r\nB: \u092f\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0964\r\n<em>yo kit\u0101b ho.<\/em>\r\nThis is a book.\r\n\r\nA: \u092f\u094b \u0915\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0939\u094b?\r\n<em>yo kasko kit\u0101b ho?<\/em>\r\nWhose book is this?\r\n\r\nB: \u092f\u094b \u092e\u0947\u0930\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0964\r\n<em>yo mero kit\u0101b ho.<\/em>\r\nThis is my book.\r\n<h2>Check Your Understanding<\/h2>\r\n[h5p id=\"164\"]\r\n<h2>Pronouns<\/h2>\r\nPronouns are words that replace nouns.\r\n\r\nFor example, instead of repeating a person\u2019s name, we can say \u201cI,\u201d \u201cyou,\u201d \u201che,\u201d \u201cshe,\u201d or \u201cwe.\u201d\r\n\r\nIn Nepali, pronouns show:\r\n\r\nperson: I, you, he\/she, we\r\nnumber: singular or plural\r\nrespect: familiar, polite, or honorific\r\n\r\nSome common pronouns are:\r\n\r\n\u092e (<em>ma<\/em>) \u2014 I\r\n\u0939\u093e\u092e\u0940 (<em>h\u0101m\u012b<\/em>) \u2014 we\r\n\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 (<em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303<\/em>) \u2014 you, polite\r\n\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 (<em>uh\u0101\u0303<\/em>) \u2014 he\/she, respectful\r\n<h2>First Person Pronouns: I and We<\/h2>\r\nUse \u092e (<em>ma<\/em>) for \u201cI.\u201d\r\n\r\nUse \u0939\u093e\u092e\u0940 (<em>h\u0101m\u012b<\/em>) for \u201cwe.\u201d\r\n\r\nThese forms do not change for politeness.\r\n\r\n[table id=99 \/]\r\n<h3>Try It Now<\/h3>\r\nRead aloud:\r\n\r\n\u092e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0901\u0964\r\n<em>ma widy\u0101rth\u012b hu\u0303.<\/em>\r\nI am a student.\r\n\r\n\u0939\u093e\u092e\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0939\u094c\u0902\u0964\r\n<em>h\u0101m\u012b widy\u0101rth\u012b hau\u0303.<\/em>\r\nWe are students.\r\n<h2>Second Person Pronouns: You<\/h2>\r\nNepali has different words for \u201cyou.\u201d These forms show the relationship between speakers.\r\n\r\nFor beginners, the safest and most respectful form is \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 (<em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303<\/em>).\r\n\r\n\u0924\u0901 (<em>ta\u0303<\/em>) is very informal and may sound rude. Beginners should avoid it.\r\n\r\n\u0924\u093f\u092e\u0940 (<em>tim\u012b<\/em>) is familiar. It may be used with friends, younger people, or close peers.\r\n\r\n\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 (<em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303<\/em>) is polite and respectful. This is the best default form for learners.\r\n\r\nFor plural \u201cyou,\u201d Nepali can add \u2013\u0939\u0930\u0942 (<em>\u2013har\u016b<\/em>):\r\n\r\n\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902\u0939\u0930\u0942\r\n<em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303har\u016b<\/em>\r\nyou, plural polite\r\n\r\n[table id=100 \/]\r\n<h3>Learner Tip<\/h3>\r\nWhen you are not sure which form to use, choose \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 (<em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303<\/em>).\r\n\r\nIt is polite, respectful, and appropriate in most public, classroom, and workplace situations.\r\n<h2>Third Person Pronouns: He, She, They<\/h2>\r\nFor respectful reference, Nepali commonly uses:\r\n\r\n\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\r\n<em>uh\u0101\u0303<\/em>\r\nhe\/she, respectful\r\n\r\nFor plural respectful reference, use:\r\n\r\n\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0939\u0930\u0942\r\n<em>uh\u0101\u0303har\u016b<\/em>\r\nthey, respectful\r\n\r\nFor beginners, this is the most useful rule:\r\n\r\nUse \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 (<em>uh\u0101\u0303<\/em>) when speaking respectfully about a person.\r\n\r\nFor example:\r\n\r\n\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964\r\n<em>uh\u0101\u0303 \u015bik\u1e63ak hunuhuncha.<\/em>\r\nHe\/She is a teacher.\r\n\r\n\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0921\u093e\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964\r\n<em>uh\u0101\u0303 \u1e0d\u0101k\u1e6dar hunuhuncha.<\/em>\r\nHe\/She is a doctor.\r\n\r\n[table id=101 \/]\r\n<h3>Try It Now<\/h3>\r\nChange the noun:\r\n\r\n\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 __________ \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964\r\n<em>uh\u0101\u0303 __________ hunuhuncha.<\/em>\r\nHe\/She is a __________.\r\n\r\nUse:\r\n\r\n\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\r\n<em>\u015bik\u1e63ak<\/em>\r\nteacher\r\n\r\n\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940\r\n<em>widy\u0101rth\u012b<\/em>\r\nstudent\r\n\r\n\u0921\u093e\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930\r\n<em>\u1e0d\u0101k\u1e6dar<\/em>\r\ndoctor\r\n<h2>Check Your Understanding<\/h2>\r\n[h5p id=\"596\"]\r\n\r\n[h5p id=\"597\"]\r\n<h2>Two \u201cTo Be\u201d Patterns in Nepali<\/h2>\r\nEnglish uses \u201cam,\u201d \u201cis,\u201d and \u201care\u201d for many different meanings.\r\n\r\nNepali does not use one single pattern for all of these meanings. Instead, Nepali uses different forms depending on the meaning of the sentence.\r\n\r\nThis is one of the most important ideas in beginner Nepali.\r\n\r\nThere are two main patterns:\r\n\r\nIdentity or classification: \u0939\u094b \/ \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d (<em>ho \/ hun<\/em>)\r\nExistence, location, condition, or possession: \u091b \/ \u091b\u0928\u094d (<em>cha \/ chan<\/em>)\r\n<h2>Pattern 1: Identity or Classification<\/h2>\r\nUse \u0939\u094b (<em>ho<\/em>) or \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d (<em>hun<\/em>) when you are saying what something is.\r\n\r\nThis pattern means:\r\n\r\nX = Y\r\n\r\nFor example:\r\n\r\n\u092f\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0964\r\n<em>yo kit\u0101b ho.<\/em>\r\nThis is a book.\r\n\r\n\u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b \u0918\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0964\r\n<em>tyo ghar ho.<\/em>\r\nThat is a house.\r\n\r\n\u092f\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0964\r\n<em>y\u012b kit\u0101b hun.<\/em>\r\nThese are books.\r\n<h3>Simple Rule<\/h3>\r\nSingular identity \u2192 \u0939\u094b (<em>ho<\/em>)\r\nPlural identity \u2192 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d (<em>hun<\/em>)\r\n<h3>Try It Now<\/h3>\r\nMake three identity sentences.\r\n\r\n\u092f\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0964\r\n<em>yo kit\u0101b ho.<\/em>\r\nThis is a book.\r\n\r\n\u092f\u094b \u0915\u0932\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0964\r\n<em>yo kalam ho.<\/em>\r\nThis is a pen.\r\n\r\n\u092f\u094b \u091d\u094b\u0932\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964\r\n<em>yo jhol\u0101 ho.<\/em>\r\nThis is a bag.\r\n<h2>Pattern 2: Location, Condition, Existence, and Possession<\/h2>\r\nUse \u091b (<em>cha<\/em>) or \u091b\u0928\u094d (<em>chan<\/em>) for location, condition, existence, and possession.\r\n\r\nFor example:\r\n\r\n\u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932\u092e\u093e \u091b\u0964\r\n<em>kit\u0101b \u1e6debalm\u0101 cha.<\/em>\r\nThe book is on the table.\r\n\r\n\u092e\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u091b\u0964\r\n<em>mal\u0101\u012b \u1e6dh\u012bk cha.<\/em>\r\nI am fine.\r\n\r\n\u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u091b\u0964\r\n<em>yah\u0101\u0303 kit\u0101b cha.<\/em>\r\nThere is a book here.\r\n\r\n\u092e\u0938\u0901\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u091b\u0964\r\n<em>masa\u1e45ga kit\u0101b cha.<\/em>\r\nI have a book.\r\n<h3>Simple Rule<\/h3>\r\nIdentity: use \u0939\u094b \/ \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d (<em>ho \/ hun<\/em>)\r\nLocation, condition, existence, possession: use \u091b \/ \u091b\u0928\u094d (<em>cha \/ chan<\/em>)\r\n<h3>Common Mistake<\/h3>\r\nDo not use \u0939\u094b (<em>ho<\/em>) for location.\r\n\r\nIncorrect:\r\n\r\n\u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932\u092e\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964\r\n<em>kit\u0101b \u1e6debalm\u0101 ho.<\/em>\r\n\r\nCorrect:\r\n\r\n\u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932\u092e\u093e \u091b\u0964\r\n<em>kit\u0101b \u1e6debalm\u0101 cha.<\/em>\r\nThe book is on the table.\r\n<h2>Using \u0939\u094b for Identifying Objects<\/h2>\r\nIn this unit, we focus on the identity pattern.\r\n\r\nUse \u0939\u094b (<em>ho<\/em>) to identify one object.\r\n\r\n\u092f\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0964\r\n<em>yo kit\u0101b ho.<\/em>\r\nThis is a book.\r\n\r\n\u092f\u094b \u0915\u0932\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0964\r\n<em>yo kalam ho.<\/em>\r\nThis is a pen.\r\n\r\n\u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b \u091d\u094b\u0932\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964\r\n<em>tyo jhol\u0101 ho.<\/em>\r\nThat is a bag.\r\n\r\nIn these sentences, \u0939\u094b (<em>ho<\/em>) links the object to its name or category.\r\n\r\nFor plural objects, use \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d (<em>hun<\/em>).\r\n\r\n\u092f\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0964\r\n<em>y\u012b kit\u0101b hun.<\/em>\r\nThese are books.\r\n\r\n\u0924\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0964\r\n<em>t\u012b kurs\u012bhar\u016b hun.<\/em>\r\nThose are chairs.\r\n<h3>Negative Identity Sentences<\/h3>\r\nUse \u0939\u094b\u0907\u0928 (<em>hoina<\/em>) for singular negative identity.\r\n\r\nUse \u0939\u094b\u0907\u0928\u0928\u094d (<em>hoinan<\/em>) for plural negative identity.\r\n\r\n\u092f\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0907\u0928\u0964\r\n<em>yo kit\u0101b hoina.<\/em>\r\nThis is not a book.\r\n\r\n\u092f\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0907\u0928\u0928\u094d\u0964\r\n<em>y\u012b kit\u0101b hoinan.<\/em>\r\nThese are not books.\r\n\r\n[table id=104 \/]\r\n\r\n[table id=105 \/]\r\n\r\n[table id=107 \/]\r\n<h3>Try It Now<\/h3>\r\nChange the sentence from affirmative to negative.\r\n\r\nAffirmative:\r\n\r\n\u092f\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0964\r\n<em>yo kit\u0101b ho.<\/em>\r\nThis is a book.\r\n\r\nNegative:\r\n\r\n\u092f\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0907\u0928\u0964\r\n<em>yo kit\u0101b hoina.<\/em>\r\nThis is not a book.\r\n\r\nNow try:\r\n\r\n\u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b \u091d\u094b\u0932\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964\r\n<em>tyo jhol\u0101 ho.<\/em>\r\nThat is a bag.\r\n\r\n\u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b \u091d\u094b\u0932\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0907\u0928\u0964\r\n<em>tyo jhol\u0101 hoina.<\/em>\r\nThat is not a bag.\r\n<h2>Asking and Answering Yes\/No Questions<\/h2>\r\nIn Nepali, yes\/no questions often keep the same word order as statements.\r\n\r\nThe difference is usually rising intonation.\r\n\r\nStatement:\r\n\r\n\u092f\u094b \u0928\u0947\u092a\u093e\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0964\r\n<em>yo nep\u0101l ho.<\/em>\r\nThis is Nepal.\r\n\r\nQuestion:\r\n\r\n\u092f\u094b \u0928\u0947\u092a\u093e\u0932 \u0939\u094b?\r\n<em>yo nep\u0101l ho?<\/em>\r\nIs this Nepal?\r\n\r\nIn speech, your voice rises at the end of the question.\r\n<h2>Intonation: Statement or Question<\/h2>\r\nIn Nepali, the written form may look almost the same for a statement and a question.\r\n\r\nThe difference is in how you say it.\r\n\r\nFalling intonation \u2192 statement\r\nRising intonation \u2192 question\r\n\r\n[table id=108 \/]\r\n<h3>Practice Tip<\/h3>\r\nSay this sentence twice:\r\n\r\n\u092f\u094b \u0928\u0947\u092a\u093e\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0964\r\n<em>yo nep\u0101l ho.<\/em>\r\nThis is Nepal.\r\n\r\nFirst, say it as a statement.\r\n\r\nThen, say it as a question:\r\n\r\n\u092f\u094b \u0928\u0947\u092a\u093e\u0932 \u0939\u094b?\r\n<em>yo nep\u0101l ho?<\/em>\r\nIs this Nepal?\r\n<h2>Optional Question Particle \u0915\u0947<\/h2>\r\nNepali can also use \u0915\u0947 (<em>ke<\/em>) at the beginning of a yes\/no question.\r\n\r\n\u0915\u0947 (<em>ke<\/em>) makes the sentence clearly into a question.\r\n\r\nFor example:\r\n\r\n\u0915\u0947 \u092f\u094b \u0928\u0947\u092a\u093e\u0932 \u0939\u094b?\r\n<em>ke yo nep\u0101l ho?<\/em>\r\nIs this Nepal?\r\n\r\n\u0915\u0947 \u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0939\u094b?\r\n<em>ke tyo kit\u0101b ho?<\/em>\r\nIs that a book?\r\n\r\nThe word order does not change after \u0915\u0947 (<em>ke<\/em>).\r\n\r\n[table id=109 \/]\r\n<h3>Try It Now<\/h3>\r\nTurn the statement into a question.\r\n\r\nStatement:\r\n\r\n\u092f\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0964\r\n<em>yo kit\u0101b ho.<\/em>\r\nThis is a book.\r\n\r\nQuestion with intonation:\r\n\r\n\u092f\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0939\u094b?\r\n<em>yo kit\u0101b ho?<\/em>\r\nIs this a book?\r\n\r\nQuestion with \u0915\u0947:\r\n\r\n\u0915\u0947 \u092f\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0939\u094b?\r\n<em>ke yo kit\u0101b ho?<\/em>\r\nIs this a book?\r\n<h2>Saying \u201cYes\u201d and \u201cNo\u201d<\/h2>\r\nIn Nepali, there are different ways to say \u201cyes\u201d and \u201cno.\u201d\r\n\r\nFor beginners, the safest forms are:\r\n\r\n\u0939\u094b\r\n<em>ho<\/em>\r\nyes\r\n\r\n\u0939\u094b\u0907\u0928\r\n<em>hoina<\/em>\r\nno\r\n\r\nIn casual conversation, you may also hear:\r\n\r\n\u0905\u0901\r\n<em>a\u0303<\/em>\r\nyes, informal\r\n\r\n\u0905\u0939\u0901\r\n<em>aha\u0303<\/em>\r\nno, informal\r\n\r\nFor classroom and public situations, use \u0939\u094b (<em>ho<\/em>) and \u0939\u094b\u0907\u0928 (<em>hoina<\/em>).\r\n\r\n[table id=110 \/]\r\n<h2>Answer Strategy<\/h2>\r\nIn Nepali, short answers often repeat the main verb from the question.\r\n\r\nQuestion:\r\n\r\n\u092f\u094b \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0921\u093e \u0939\u094b?\r\n<em>yo ky\u0101n\u0101\u1e0d\u0101 ho?<\/em>\r\nIs this Canada?\r\n\r\nAffirmative answer:\r\n\r\n\u0939\u094b, \u092f\u094b \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0921\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964\r\n<em>ho, yo ky\u0101n\u0101\u1e0d\u0101 ho.<\/em>\r\nYes, this is Canada.\r\n\r\nNegative answer:\r\n\r\n\u0939\u094b\u0907\u0928, \u092f\u094b \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964\r\n<em>hoina, yo amerik\u0101 ho.<\/em>\r\nNo, this is America.\r\n\r\n[table id=111 \/]\r\n<h3>Try It Now<\/h3>\r\nPractise with a partner.\r\n\r\nA: \u092f\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0939\u094b?\r\n<em>yo kit\u0101b ho?<\/em>\r\nIs this a book?\r\n\r\nB: \u0939\u094b, \u092f\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0964\r\n<em>ho, yo kit\u0101b ho.<\/em>\r\nYes, this is a book.\r\n\r\nA: \u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b \u0915\u0932\u092e \u0939\u094b?\r\n<em>tyo kalam ho?<\/em>\r\nIs that a pen?\r\n\r\nB: \u0939\u094b\u0907\u0928, \u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b \u0938\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0915\u0932\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0964\r\n<em>hoina, tyo sis\u0101kalam ho.<\/em>\r\nNo, that is a pencil.\r\n<h2>Check Your Understanding<\/h2>\r\n[h5p id=\"598\"]\r\n<h2>Nouns in Nepali<\/h2>\r\nNouns are words that name people, places, objects, and ideas.\r\n\r\nExamples:\r\n\r\n\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940\r\n<em>widy\u0101rth\u012b<\/em>\r\nstudent\r\n\r\n\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\r\n<em>\u015bik\u1e63ak<\/em>\r\nteacher\r\n\r\n\u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c\r\n<em>kit\u0101b<\/em>\r\nbook\r\n\r\n\u0915\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0940\r\n<em>kurs\u012b<\/em>\r\nchair\r\n\r\n\u0918\u0930\r\n<em>ghar<\/em>\r\nhouse\r\n\r\nIn Nepali, nouns often appear with demonstratives such as \u092f\u094b (<em>yo<\/em>) \u201cthis\u201d and \u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b (<em>tyo<\/em>) \u201cthat.\u201d\r\n\r\nFor example:\r\n\r\n\u092f\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0964\r\n<em>yo kit\u0101b ho.<\/em>\r\nThis is a book.\r\n\r\n\u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b \u0918\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0964\r\n<em>tyo ghar ho.<\/em>\r\nThat is a house.\r\n\r\nNouns can also appear with possessive words:\r\n\r\n\u092e\u0947\u0930\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c\r\n<em>mero kit\u0101b<\/em>\r\nmy book\r\n\r\n\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902\u0915\u094b \u091d\u094b\u0932\u093e\r\n<em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303ko jhol\u0101<\/em>\r\nyour bag, polite\r\n\r\n[table id=112 \/]\r\n<h2>Gender in Nepali Nouns<\/h2>\r\nMost Nepali nouns do not change form for masculine or feminine gender.\r\n\r\nFor example:\r\n\r\n\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940\r\n<em>widy\u0101rth\u012b<\/em>\r\nstudent\r\n\r\n\u0921\u093e\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930\r\n<em>\u1e0d\u0101k\u1e6dar<\/em>\r\ndoctor\r\n\r\n\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\r\n<em>\u015bik\u1e63ak<\/em>\r\nteacher\r\n\r\nThese words can refer to people of different genders depending on the context.\r\n\r\nHowever, some Nepali nouns are gendered by meaning, especially family words.\r\n\r\nFor example:\r\n\r\n\u0906\u092e\u093e\r\n<em>\u0101m\u0101<\/em>\r\nmother\r\n\r\n\u0926\u093f\u0926\u0940\r\n<em>did\u012b<\/em>\r\nelder sister\r\n\r\n\u091b\u094b\u0930\u0940\r\n<em>chor\u012b<\/em>\r\ndaughter\r\n\r\n\u092c\u0941\u092c\u093e\r\n<em>bub\u0101<\/em>\r\nfather\r\n\r\n\u0926\u093e\u0907\r\n<em>d\u0101i<\/em>\r\nelder brother\r\n\r\n\u091b\u094b\u0930\u093e\r\n<em>chor\u0101<\/em>\r\nson\r\n<h3>Simple Rule<\/h3>\r\nMost Nepali nouns do not need gender agreement.\r\n\r\nLearn gendered nouns as vocabulary.\r\n<h2>Feminine Nouns<\/h2>\r\nMany feminine nouns are feminine because of their meaning.\r\n\r\nSome feminine nouns end in \u2013\u0940 (<em>\u2013\u012b<\/em>), such as:\r\n\r\n\u0915\u0947\u091f\u0940\r\n<em>ke\u1e6d\u012b<\/em>\r\ngirl\r\n\r\n\u0926\u093f\u0926\u0940\r\n<em>did\u012b<\/em>\r\nelder sister\r\n\r\n\u091b\u094b\u0930\u0940\r\n<em>chor\u012b<\/em>\r\ndaughter\r\n\r\n\u092c\u0939\u093f\u0928\u0940\r\n<em>bahin\u012b<\/em>\r\nyounger sister\r\n\r\nBut this is only a helpful pattern, not a fixed rule. For example, \u0906\u092e\u093e (<em>\u0101m\u0101<\/em>) \u201cmother\u201d does not end in \u2013\u0940 (<em>\u2013\u012b<\/em>).\r\n\r\n[table id=113 \/]\r\n<h2>Masculine Nouns<\/h2>\r\nSome nouns are masculine because of their meaning.\r\n\r\nFor example:\r\n\r\n\u092c\u0941\u092c\u093e\r\n<em>bub\u0101<\/em>\r\nfather\r\n\r\n\u0926\u093e\u0907\r\n<em>d\u0101i<\/em>\r\nelder brother\r\n\r\n\u091b\u094b\u0930\u093e\r\n<em>chor\u0101<\/em>\r\nson\r\n\r\nThese words refer to male persons by meaning. They do not need a special masculine marker.\r\n\r\n[table id=114 \/]\r\n<h3>Try It Now<\/h3>\r\nSort the words into feminine and masculine meaning.\r\n\r\n\u0906\u092e\u093e\r\n<em>\u0101m\u0101<\/em>\r\n\r\n\u0926\u093e\u0907\r\n<em>d\u0101i<\/em>\r\n\r\n\u0926\u093f\u0926\u0940\r\n<em>did\u012b<\/em>\r\n\r\n\u091b\u094b\u0930\u093e\r\n<em>chor\u0101<\/em>\r\n\r\n\u091b\u094b\u0930\u0940\r\n<em>chor\u012b<\/em>\r\n\r\n\u092c\u0941\u092c\u093e\r\n<em>bub\u0101<\/em>\r\n<h2>Plural Nouns<\/h2>\r\nThe most common way to make a noun plural in Nepali is to add \u2013\u0939\u0930\u0942 (<em>\u2013har\u016b<\/em>).\r\n\r\nFor example:\r\n\r\n\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940\r\n<em>widy\u0101rth\u012b<\/em>\r\nstudent\r\n\r\n\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942\r\n<em>widy\u0101rth\u012bhar\u016b<\/em>\r\nstudents\r\n\r\n\u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c\r\n<em>kit\u0101b<\/em>\r\nbook\r\n\r\n\u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c\u0939\u0930\u0942\r\n<em>kit\u0101bhar\u016b<\/em>\r\nbooks\r\n\r\n[table id=115 \/]\r\n<h3>Try It Now<\/h3>\r\nMake the nouns plural.\r\n\r\n\u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c\r\n<em>kit\u0101b<\/em>\r\nbook\r\n\r\n\u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c\u0939\u0930\u0942\r\n<em>kit\u0101bhar\u016b<\/em>\r\nbooks\r\n\r\n\u0915\u0932\u092e\r\n<em>kalam<\/em>\r\npen\r\n\r\n\u0915\u0932\u092e\u0939\u0930\u0942\r\n<em>kalamhar\u016b<\/em>\r\npens\r\n\r\n\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940\r\n<em>widy\u0101rth\u012b<\/em>\r\nstudent\r\n\r\n\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942\r\n<em>widy\u0101rth\u012bhar\u016b<\/em>\r\nstudents\r\n<h2>When \u2013\u0939\u0930\u0942 Is Not Needed<\/h2>\r\nNepali does not always need \u2013\u0939\u0930\u0942 (<em>\u2013har\u016b<\/em>) to show plural meaning.\r\n\r\nPlural meaning may already be clear from:\r\n\r\nplural demonstratives: \u092f\u0940 (<em>y\u012b<\/em>), \u0924\u0940 (<em>t\u012b<\/em>)\r\nnumbers\r\nplural verbs: \u091b\u0928\u094d (<em>chan<\/em>), \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d (<em>hun<\/em>)\r\n\r\nFor example:\r\n\r\n\u092f\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0964\r\n<em>y\u012b kit\u0101b hun.<\/em>\r\nThese are books.\r\n\r\nHere, \u092f\u0940 (<em>y\u012b<\/em>) and \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d (<em>hun<\/em>) already show plural meaning, so \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c (<em>kit\u0101b<\/em>) does not always need \u2013\u0939\u0930\u0942 (<em>\u2013har\u016b<\/em>).\r\n\r\n[table id=117 \/]\r\n<h3>Learner Tip<\/h3>\r\nUse \u2013\u0939\u0930\u0942 (<em>\u2013har\u016b<\/em>) when you want to make plurality clear.\r\n\r\nBut remember: Nepali can also show plural meaning through other words in the sentence.\r\n<h2>Articles in Nepali<\/h2>\r\nEnglish uses articles such as \u201ca,\u201d \u201can,\u201d and \u201cthe.\u201d\r\n\r\nNepali does not have articles in the same way.\r\n\r\nFor example:\r\n\r\n\u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c\r\n<em>kit\u0101b<\/em>\r\nbook \/ a book \/ the book\r\n\r\nThe exact meaning depends on context.\r\n\r\nWhen speakers want to be more specific, they often use demonstratives:\r\n\r\n\u092f\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c\r\n<em>yo kit\u0101b<\/em>\r\nthis book \/ the book\r\n\r\n\u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c\r\n<em>tyo kit\u0101b<\/em>\r\nthat book \/ the book\r\n\r\n[table id=118 \/]\r\n<h3>Simple Rule<\/h3>\r\n<p data-start=\"662\" data-end=\"702\">Nepali does not use \u201ca,\u201d \u201can,\u201d or \u201cthe.\u201d<\/p>\r\nUse context, \u092f\u094b (<em>yo<\/em>), or \u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b (<em>tyo<\/em>) to make meaning clear.\r\n<h2>Final Practice<\/h2>\r\nRead and translate the following sentences.\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>\u092f\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0964\r\n<em>yo kit\u0101b ho.<\/em><\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b \u091d\u094b\u0932\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0907\u0928\u0964\r\n<em>tyo jhol\u0101 hoina.<\/em><\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u092f\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0964\r\n<em>y\u012b kit\u0101b hun.<\/em><\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u0915\u0947 \u092f\u094b \u0915\u0932\u092e \u0939\u094b?\r\n<em>ke yo kalam ho?<\/em><\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u0939\u094b, \u092f\u094b \u0915\u0932\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0964\r\n<em>ho, yo kalam ho.<\/em><\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u0939\u094b\u0907\u0928, \u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b \u0938\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0915\u0932\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0964\r\n<em>hoina, tyo sis\u0101kalam ho.<\/em><\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964\r\n<em>uh\u0101\u0303 \u015bik\u1e63ak hunuhuncha.<\/em><\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932\u092e\u093e \u091b\u0964\r\n<em>kit\u0101b \u1e6debalm\u0101 cha.<\/em><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h2>Can You Do This Now?<\/h2>\r\nAt the end of this unit, you should be able to:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>identify basic Nepali word order<\/li>\r\n \t<li>use \u092f\u094b (<em>yo<\/em>), \u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b (<em>tyo<\/em>), \u092f\u0940 (<em>y\u012b<\/em>), and \u0924\u0940 (<em>t\u012b<\/em>)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>ask \u092f\u094b \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u094b? (<em>yo ke ho?<\/em>)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>answer with \u092f\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0939\u094b (<em>yo kit\u0101b ho<\/em>)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>use \u0939\u094b (<em>ho<\/em>) for singular identity<\/li>\r\n \t<li>use \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d (<em>hun<\/em>) for plural identity<\/li>\r\n \t<li>use \u0939\u094b\u0907\u0928 (<em>hoina<\/em>) and \u0939\u094b\u0907\u0928\u0928\u094d (<em>hoinan<\/em>) for negative identity<\/li>\r\n \t<li>recognize the difference between \u0939\u094b \/ \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d (<em>ho \/ hun<\/em>) and \u091b \/ \u091b\u0928\u094d (<em>cha \/ chan<\/em>)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>use \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 (<em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303<\/em>) and \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 (<em>uh\u0101\u0303<\/em>) respectfully<\/li>\r\n \t<li>recognize basic singular and plural noun forms<\/li>\r\n \t<li>understand that Nepali does not use \u201ca,\u201d \u201can,\u201d and \u201cthe\u201d in the same way as English\r\n<h3 data-section-id=\"6vpps2\" data-start=\"900\" data-end=\"926\"><\/h3>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","rendered":"<h2>Basic Word Order in Nepali<\/h2>\n<p>Nepali usually follows Subject\u2013Object\u2013Verb word order. This means the verb normally comes at the end of the sentence.<\/p>\n<p>A simple way to remember this is:<\/p>\n<p>Subject + Object + Verb<\/p>\n<p>In English, we often say:<\/p>\n<p>I read a book.<\/p>\n<p>In Nepali, the order is closer to:<\/p>\n<p>I book read.<\/p>\n<p>For example:<\/p>\n<p>\u092e \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u092a\u0922\u094d\u091b\u0941\u0964<br \/>\n<em>ma kit\u0101b pa\u1e0dhchu.<\/em><br \/>\nI read a book.<\/p>\n<p>In this unit, you will practise three common sentence patterns:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Action sentences<\/li>\n<li>Identity sentences with \u0939\u094b \/ \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d (<em>ho \/ hun<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li>Existence, location, and possession sentences with \u091b \/ \u091b\u0928\u094d (<em>cha \/ chan<\/em>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-94-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-94\">Table 3.4.1 \u2013 Word order with action verbs (S\u2013O\u2013V)<\/h2>\n<p><span id=\"tablepress-94-description\" class=\"tablepress-table-description tablepress-table-description-id-94\">The table below illustrates basic S\u2013O\u2013V word order with common action verbs. Notice that the subject (who does the action) comes first, the object (what is acted on) comes next, and the verb (the action) comes last. The \u201cLiteral\u201d column shows the Nepali order more directly so you can see how the verb stays at the end.<\/span><\/p>\n<table id=\"tablepress-94\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-94\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-94-name\" aria-describedby=\"tablepress-94-description\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">Literal (word-by-word)<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-4\">English<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092e \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u092a\u0922\u094d\u091b\u0941\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>ma kit\u0101b pa\u1e0dhchu.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">I book read<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">I read a book.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u091a\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092a\u093f\u0909\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>uh\u0101\u0303 ciy\u0101 piunuhuncha.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">he\/she (hon.) tea drinks<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">He\/She (hon.) drinks tea.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0939\u093e\u092e\u0940 \u0916\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0916\u093e\u0928\u094d\u091b\u094c\u0902\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>h\u0101m\u012b kh\u0101n\u0101 kh\u0101ncha\u0169.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">we food eat<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">We eat food.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-94 from cache --><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-95-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-95\">Table 3.4.2 \u2013 Word order in identity sentences (\u0939\u094b \/ \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d)<\/h2>\n<p><span id=\"tablepress-95-description\" class=\"tablepress-table-description tablepress-table-description-id-95\">The table below shows that the identity verb \u0939\u094b \/ \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d comes at the end.<\/span><\/p>\n<table id=\"tablepress-95\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-95\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-95-name\" aria-describedby=\"tablepress-95-description\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">Literal (word-by-word)<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-4\">English<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092f\u094b \u0915\u0932\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>yo kalam ho.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">this pen is<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">This is a pen.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092f\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>y\u012b kit\u0101bhar\u016b hun.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">these books are<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">These are books.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092f\u094b \u092e\u0947\u0930\u094b \u091d\u094b\u0932\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>yo mero jhol\u0101 ho.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">this my bag is<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">This is my bag.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u092c\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>t\u012b c\u0101b\u012bhar\u016b hun.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">those keys are<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">Those are keys.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-95 from cache --><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-96-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-96\">Table 3.4.2 \u2013 Word order with \u091b \/ \u091b\u0928\u094d<\/h2>\n<p><span id=\"tablepress-96-description\" class=\"tablepress-table-description tablepress-table-description-id-96\">The table below shows verb-final word order in each pattern.<\/span><\/p>\n<table id=\"tablepress-96\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-96\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-96-name\" aria-describedby=\"tablepress-96-description\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">Literal (word-by-word)<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-4\">English<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u092e\u093e  \u091b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>kit\u0101b kak\u1e63\u0101m\u0101  cha.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">book class-in exists<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">There is a book in the classroom.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932\u092e\u093e \u0926\u0941\u0908\u0935\u091f\u093e \u0915\u0932\u092e \u091b\u0928\u094d\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>\u1e6debalm\u0101 du\u012bwa\u1e6d\u0101 kalam chan.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">table-on two pen exist<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">There are two pens on the table.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092e\u0938\u0901\u0917 \u0915\u0932\u092e \u091b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>masa\u1e45ga kalam cha.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">me-with pen exists<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">I have a pen.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-96 from cache --><\/p>\n<h3>Try It Now<\/h3>\n<p>Read the sentence aloud:<\/p>\n<p>\u092f\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>yo kit\u0101b ho.<\/em><br \/>\nThis is a book.<\/p>\n<p>Now replace \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c (<em>kit\u0101b<\/em>) with another word:<\/p>\n<p>\u092f\u094b \u0915\u0932\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>yo kalam ho.<\/em><br \/>\nThis is a pen.<\/p>\n<p>\u092f\u094b \u091d\u094b\u0932\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>yo jhol\u0101 ho.<\/em><br \/>\nThis is a bag.<\/p>\n<h2>Demonstratives: This, That, These, Those<\/h2>\n<p>Demonstratives are \u201cpointing words.\u201d They help us point to people, places, and objects.<\/p>\n<p>In Nepali, demonstratives show two things:<\/p>\n<p>distance: near or far<br \/>\nnumber: singular or plural<\/p>\n<p>The main forms are:<\/p>\n<p>\u092f\u094b (<em>yo<\/em>) \u2014 this<br \/>\n\u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b (<em>tyo<\/em>) \u2014 that<br \/>\n\u092f\u0940 (<em>y\u012b<\/em>) \u2014 these<br \/>\n\u0924\u0940 (<em>t\u012b<\/em>) \u2014 those<\/p>\n<h3>1. Near and Far<\/h3>\n<p>Use \u092f\u094b (<em>yo<\/em>) and \u092f\u0940 (<em>y\u012b<\/em>) for things close to the speaker.<\/p>\n<p>Use \u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b (<em>tyo<\/em>) and \u0924\u0940 (<em>t\u012b<\/em>) for things farther away.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-418-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-418\">Table 3.4.3 \u2013 Demonstratives: near vs. far (singular\/plural)<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-418\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-418\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-418-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">English<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092f\u094b<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>yo<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">this (singular; near)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092f\u0940<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>y\u012b<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">these (plural; near)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>tyo<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">that (singular; far)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u0940<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>t\u012b<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">those (plural; far)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-418 from cache --><\/p>\n<h3>Simple Rule<\/h3>\n<p>Near + singular \u2192 \u092f\u094b (<em>yo<\/em>)<br \/>\nFar + singular \u2192 \u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b (<em>tyo<\/em>)<br \/>\nNear + plural \u2192 \u092f\u0940 (<em>y\u012b<\/em>)<br \/>\nFar + plural \u2192 \u0924\u0940 (<em>t\u012b<\/em>)<\/p>\n<h3>Try It Now<\/h3>\n<p>Point to something close to you and say:<\/p>\n<p>\u092f\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>yo kit\u0101b ho.<\/em><br \/>\nThis is a book.<\/p>\n<p>Now point to something farther away and say:<\/p>\n<p>\u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>tyo kit\u0101b ho.<\/em><br \/>\nThat is a book.<\/p>\n<h2>Demonstratives Before Nouns<\/h2>\n<p>In Nepali, demonstratives usually come before the noun.<\/p>\n<p>For example:<\/p>\n<p>\u092f\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c<br \/>\n<em>yo kit\u0101b<\/em><br \/>\nthis book<\/p>\n<p>\u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b \u0918\u0930<br \/>\n<em>tyo ghar<\/em><br \/>\nthat house<\/p>\n<p>\u092f\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c\u0939\u0930\u0942<br \/>\n<em>y\u012b kit\u0101bhar\u016b<\/em><br \/>\nthese books<\/p>\n<p>\u0924\u0940 \u0918\u0930\u0939\u0930\u0942<br \/>\n<em>t\u012b gharhar\u016b<\/em><br \/>\nthose houses<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-419-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-419\">Table 3.4.4 \u2013 Demonstratives Before a Noun<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-419\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-419\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-419-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">English<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092f\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>yo kit\u0101b<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">this book<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b \u0918\u0930<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>tyo ghar<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">that house<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092f\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>y\u012b kurs\u012bhar\u016b<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">these chairs<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>t\u012b widy\u0101rth\u012bhar\u016b<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">those students<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-419 from cache --><\/p>\n<h3>Try It Now<\/h3>\n<p>Complete the phrase by changing the noun.<\/p>\n<p>\u092f\u094b __________ \u0939\u094b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>yo __________ ho.<\/em><br \/>\nThis is a __________.<\/p>\n<p>You can use:<\/p>\n<p>\u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c<br \/>\n<em>kit\u0101b<\/em><br \/>\nbook<\/p>\n<p>\u0915\u0932\u092e<br \/>\n<em>kalam<\/em><br \/>\npen<\/p>\n<p>\u091d\u094b\u0932\u093e<br \/>\n<em>jhol\u0101<\/em><br \/>\nbag<\/p>\n<p>\u0918\u0930<br \/>\n<em>ghar<\/em><br \/>\nhouse<\/p>\n<h2>Demonstratives as Pronouns<\/h2>\n<p>Demonstratives can also stand alone. This means they can replace a noun when the meaning is already clear.<\/p>\n<p>For example:<\/p>\n<p>\u092f\u094b \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u094b?<br \/>\n<em>yo ke ho?<\/em><br \/>\nWhat is this?<\/p>\n<p>\u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u094b?<br \/>\n<em>tyo ke ho?<\/em><br \/>\nWhat is that?<\/p>\n<p>\u092f\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d?<br \/>\n<em>y\u012b ke hun?<\/em><br \/>\nWhat are these?<\/p>\n<p>\u0924\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d?<br \/>\n<em>t\u012b ke hun?<\/em><br \/>\nWhat are those?<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-420-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-420\">Table 3.4.5 \u2013 Demonstratives as Pronouns<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-420\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-420\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-420-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">English<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092f\u094b \u0930\u093e\u092e\u094d\u0930\u094b \u091b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>yo r\u0101mro cha.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">This is good.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b \u092e\u0947\u0930\u094b \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>tyo mero ho.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">That is mine.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092f\u0940 \u0938\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e \u091b\u0928\u094d\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>y\u012b sast\u0101 chan.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">These are cheap.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u0940 \u0928\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>t\u012b nay\u0101\u0303 kurs\u012bhar\u016b hun.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">Those are new chairs.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-420 from cache --><\/p>\n<h3>Try It Now<\/h3>\n<p>Ask and answer:<\/p>\n<p>\u092f\u094b \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u094b?<br \/>\n<em>yo ke ho?<\/em><br \/>\nWhat is this?<\/p>\n<p>\u092f\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>yo kit\u0101b ho.<\/em><br \/>\nThis is a book.<\/p>\n<p>Now change \u092f\u094b (<em>yo<\/em>) to \u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b (<em>tyo<\/em>):<\/p>\n<p>\u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u094b?<br \/>\n<em>tyo ke ho?<\/em><br \/>\nWhat is that?<\/p>\n<p>\u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b \u0915\u0932\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>tyo kalam ho.<\/em><br \/>\nThat is a pen.<\/p>\n<h2>Singular and Plural Agreement<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"99\" data-end=\"221\">In Nepali, singular demonstratives usually go with singular forms, and plural demonstratives usually go with plural forms.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"223\" data-end=\"273\">Use \u092f\u094b (<em data-start=\"231\" data-end=\"235\">yo<\/em>) and \u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b (<em data-start=\"247\" data-end=\"252\">tyo<\/em>) for singular nouns.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"275\" data-end=\"320\">Use \u092f\u0940 (<em data-start=\"283\" data-end=\"287\">y\u012b<\/em>) and \u0924\u0940 (<em data-start=\"297\" data-end=\"301\">t\u012b<\/em>) for plural nouns.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"322\" data-end=\"425\">Nepali also changes the verb depending on whether the sentence is about identity or location\/existence.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Use \u0939\u094b (<em data-start=\"435\" data-end=\"439\">ho<\/em>) with singular identity sentences.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"476\" data-end=\"523\">\u092f\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0964<br data-start=\"488\" data-end=\"491\" \/><em data-start=\"491\" data-end=\"505\">yo kit\u0101b ho.<\/em><br data-start=\"505\" data-end=\"508\" \/>This is a book.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"525\" data-end=\"573\">Use \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d (<em data-start=\"535\" data-end=\"540\">hun<\/em>) with plural identity sentences.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"575\" data-end=\"633\">\u092f\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0964<br data-start=\"592\" data-end=\"595\" \/><em data-start=\"595\" data-end=\"614\">y\u012b kit\u0101bhar\u016b hun.<\/em><br data-start=\"614\" data-end=\"617\" \/>These are books.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"575\" data-end=\"633\">\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-422-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-422\">Table 3.4.6 \u2013 Singular vs Plural With \u0939\u094b \/ \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d (Identity)<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-422\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-422\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-422-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">English<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092f\u094b \u092e\u0947\u0930\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>yo mero kit\u0101b ho.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">This is my book.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092f\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0930\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>y\u012b mer\u0101 kit\u0101b hun.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">These are my books.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b \u0918\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>tyo ghar ho.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">That is a house.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>t\u012b kurs\u012bhar\u016b hun.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">Those are chairs.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-422 from cache --><\/p>\n<h3>Simple Rule<\/h3>\n<p>\u092f\u094b \/ \u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b + \u0939\u094b<br \/>\n<em>yo \/ tyo + ho<\/em><br \/>\nthis \/ that is<\/p>\n<p>\u092f\u0940 \/ \u0924\u0940 + \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d<br \/>\n<em>y\u012b \/ t\u012b + hun<\/em><br \/>\nthese \/ those are<\/p>\n<h3>Try It Now<\/h3>\n<p>Read the pairs aloud:<\/p>\n<p>\u092f\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>yo kit\u0101b ho.<\/em><br \/>\nThis is a book.<\/p>\n<p>\u092f\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0964<br \/>\n<em>y\u012b kit\u0101b hun.<\/em><br \/>\nThese are books.<\/p>\n<p>\u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b \u0915\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>tyo kurs\u012b ho.<\/em><br \/>\nThat is a chair.<\/p>\n<p>\u0924\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0964<br \/>\n<em>t\u012b kurs\u012bhar\u016b hun.<\/em><br \/>\nThose are chairs.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"635\" data-end=\"695\"><strong>Use \u091b (<em data-start=\"642\" data-end=\"647\">cha<\/em>) with singular existence or location sentences.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"697\" data-end=\"741\">\u092f\u094b \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u091b\u0964<br data-start=\"707\" data-end=\"710\" \/><em data-start=\"710\" data-end=\"725\">yo yah\u0101\u0303 cha.<\/em><br data-start=\"725\" data-end=\"728\" \/>This is here.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"743\" data-end=\"804\">Use \u091b\u0928\u094d (<em data-start=\"752\" data-end=\"758\">chan<\/em>) with plural existence or location sentences.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"806\" data-end=\"855\">\u092f\u0940 \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u091b\u0928\u094d\u0964<br data-start=\"818\" data-end=\"821\" \/><em data-start=\"821\" data-end=\"837\">y\u012b yah\u0101\u0303 chan.<\/em><br data-start=\"837\" data-end=\"840\" \/>These are here.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-421-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-421\">Table 3.4.7 \u2013 Singular vs Plural With \u091b\/\u091b\u0928\u094d (Existence \/ location)<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-421\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-421\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-421-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">English<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092f\u094b \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u091b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>yo yah\u0101\u0303 cha.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">This is here.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092f\u0940 \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u091b\u0928\u094d\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>y\u012b yah\u0101\u0303 chan.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">These are here.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b \u0924\u094d\u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u091b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>tyo tyah\u0101\u0303 cha.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">That is there.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u0940 \u0924\u094d\u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u091b\u0928\u094d\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>t\u012b tyah\u0101\u0303 chan.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">Those are there.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-421 from cache --><\/p>\n<h3>Simple Rule<\/h3>\n<p>\u092f\u094b \/ \u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b + \u091b<br \/>\n<em>yo \/ tyo + cha<\/em><br \/>\nthis \/ that is here or there<\/p>\n<p>\u092f\u0940 \/ \u0924\u0940 + \u091b\u0928\u094d<br \/>\n<em>y\u012b \/ t\u012b + chan<\/em><br \/>\nthese \/ those are here or there<\/p>\n<p>Use \u091b (<em>cha<\/em>) when you are talking about one thing.<\/p>\n<p>Use \u091b\u0928\u094d (<em>chan<\/em>) when you are talking about more than one thing.<\/p>\n<h3>Try It Now<\/h3>\n<p>Read the pairs aloud:<\/p>\n<p>\u092f\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u091b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>yo kit\u0101b yah\u0101\u0303 cha.<\/em><br \/>\nThis book is here.<\/p>\n<p>\u092f\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u091b\u0928\u094d\u0964<br \/>\n<em>y\u012b kit\u0101bhar\u016b yah\u0101\u0303 chan.<\/em><br \/>\nThese books are here.<\/p>\n<p>\u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b \u0915\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0940 \u0924\u094d\u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u091b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>tyo kurs\u012b tyah\u0101\u0303 cha.<\/em><br \/>\nThat chair is there.<\/p>\n<p>\u0924\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u0924\u094d\u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u091b\u0928\u094d\u0964<br \/>\n<em>t\u012b kurs\u012bhar\u016b tyah\u0101\u0303 chan.<\/em><br \/>\nThose chairs are there.<\/p>\n<h2>Demonstratives for People<\/h2>\n<p>Demonstratives can also refer to people, but learners should be careful.<\/p>\n<p>For respectful reference, use \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 (<em>uh\u0101\u0303<\/em>) for \u201che\u201d or \u201cshe.\u201d This is the safest and most polite form for beginners.<\/p>\n<p>For example:<\/p>\n<p>\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>uh\u0101\u0303 \u015bik\u1e63ak hunuhuncha.<\/em><br \/>\nHe\/She is a teacher.<\/p>\n<p>\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>uh\u0101\u0303 widy\u0101rth\u012b hunuhuncha.<\/em><br \/>\nHe\/She is a student.<\/p>\n<p>In everyday beginner Nepali, it is better to use \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 (<em>uh\u0101\u0303<\/em>) when speaking respectfully about another person.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-423-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-423\">Table 3.4.8 \u2013 Demonstratives for People<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-423\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-423\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-423-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">English<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092f\u093f\u0928\u0940<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>yin\u012b<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">this person \/ these people (non-honorific, near)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u093f\u0928\u0940<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>tin\u012b<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">that person \/ those people (non-honorific, far)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>uh\u0101\u0303<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">he\/she (honorific)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-423 from cache --><\/p>\n<h3>Learner Tip<\/h3>\n<p>For objects, use \u092f\u094b (<em>yo<\/em>) and \u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b (<em>tyo<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p>For people, use \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 (<em>uh\u0101\u0303<\/em>) when you want to be respectful.<\/p>\n<h2>Useful Question Patterns with Demonstratives<\/h2>\n<p>Demonstratives are very useful in questions. You can use them to ask what something is, whose something is, or which item someone means.<\/p>\n<h3>Pattern 1: Identification<\/h3>\n<p>\u092f\u094b \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u094b?<br \/>\n<em>yo ke ho?<\/em><br \/>\nWhat is this?<\/p>\n<p>\u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u094b?<br \/>\n<em>tyo ke ho?<\/em><br \/>\nWhat is that?<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-424-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-424\">Table 3.4.9 \u2013 Object Identification Questions<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-424\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-424\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-424-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">English<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092f\u094b \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u094b?<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>yo ke ho?<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">What is this?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u094b?<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>tyo ke ho?<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">What is that?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-424 from cache --><\/p>\n<h3>Pattern 2: Ownership<\/h3>\n<p>\u092f\u094b \u0915\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0939\u094b?<br \/>\n<em>yo kasko kit\u0101b ho?<\/em><br \/>\nWhose book is this?<\/p>\n<p>\u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b \u0915\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094b \u091d\u094b\u0932\u093e \u0939\u094b?<br \/>\n<em>tyo kasko jhol\u0101 ho?<\/em><br \/>\nWhose bag is that?<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-425-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-425\">Table 3.4.10 \u2013 Ownership Questions<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-425\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-425\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-425-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">English<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092f\u094b \u0915\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0939\u094b?<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>yo kasko kit\u0101b ho?<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">Whose book is this?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b \u0915\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094b \u091d\u094b\u0932\u093e \u0939\u094b?<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>tyo kasko jhol\u0101 ho?<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">Whose bag is that?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-425 from cache --><\/p>\n<h3>Pattern 3: Choice<\/h3>\n<p>\u092f\u094b \u0939\u094b \u0915\u093f \u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b?<br \/>\n<em>yo ho ki tyo?<\/em><br \/>\nIs it this or that?<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-426-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-426\">Table 3.4.11 \u2013 Choosing \/ Comparing<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-426\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-426\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-426-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">English<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092f\u094b \u0930\u093e\u092e\u094d\u0930\u094b \u091b \u0915\u093f \u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b?<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>yo r\u0101mro cha ki tyo?<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">Is this good, or that?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092f\u094b \u0920\u0942\u0932\u094b \u091b \u0915\u093f \u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b?<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>yo \u1e6dh\u016blo cha ki tyo?<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">Is this big, or that?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092f\u094b \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902\u0915\u094b \u0939\u094b \u0915\u093f \u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b?<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>yo tap\u0101\u012b\u0303ko ho ki tyo?<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">Is this yours, or that?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092f\u094b \u092e\u0947\u0930\u094b \u0939\u094b \u0915\u093f \u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b?<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>yo mero ho ki tyo?<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">Is this mine, or that?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092f\u094b \u0915\u092b\u0940 \u0939\u094b \u0915\u093f \u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b?<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>yo kaph\u012b ho ki tyo?<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">Is this coffee, or that?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-426 from cache --><\/p>\n<h3>Try It Now<\/h3>\n<p>Practise with a partner.<\/p>\n<p>A: \u092f\u094b \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u094b?<br \/>\n<em>yo ke ho?<\/em><br \/>\nWhat is this?<\/p>\n<p>B: \u092f\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>yo kit\u0101b ho.<\/em><br \/>\nThis is a book.<\/p>\n<p>A: \u092f\u094b \u0915\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0939\u094b?<br \/>\n<em>yo kasko kit\u0101b ho?<\/em><br \/>\nWhose book is this?<\/p>\n<p>B: \u092f\u094b \u092e\u0947\u0930\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>yo mero kit\u0101b ho.<\/em><br \/>\nThis is my book.<\/p>\n<h2>Check Your Understanding<\/h2>\n<div id=\"h5p-164\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-164\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"164\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Drag the Words \u2014 Demonstratives (yo \/ tyo \/ y\u012b \/ t\u012b)\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Pronouns<\/h2>\n<p>Pronouns are words that replace nouns.<\/p>\n<p>For example, instead of repeating a person\u2019s name, we can say \u201cI,\u201d \u201cyou,\u201d \u201che,\u201d \u201cshe,\u201d or \u201cwe.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>In Nepali, pronouns show:<\/p>\n<p>person: I, you, he\/she, we<br \/>\nnumber: singular or plural<br \/>\nrespect: familiar, polite, or honorific<\/p>\n<p>Some common pronouns are:<\/p>\n<p>\u092e (<em>ma<\/em>) \u2014 I<br \/>\n\u0939\u093e\u092e\u0940 (<em>h\u0101m\u012b<\/em>) \u2014 we<br \/>\n\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 (<em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303<\/em>) \u2014 you, polite<br \/>\n\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 (<em>uh\u0101\u0303<\/em>) \u2014 he\/she, respectful<\/p>\n<h2>First Person Pronouns: I and We<\/h2>\n<p>Use \u092e (<em>ma<\/em>) for \u201cI.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Use \u0939\u093e\u092e\u0940 (<em>h\u0101m\u012b<\/em>) for \u201cwe.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>These forms do not change for politeness.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-99-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-99\">Table 3.4.12 \u2013 First-person pronouns (I, we)<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-99\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-99\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-99-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">Meaning<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092e<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>ma<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">I<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0939\u093e\u092e\u0940<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>h\u0101m\u012b<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">we<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-99 from cache --><\/p>\n<h3>Try It Now<\/h3>\n<p>Read aloud:<\/p>\n<p>\u092e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0901\u0964<br \/>\n<em>ma widy\u0101rth\u012b hu\u0303.<\/em><br \/>\nI am a student.<\/p>\n<p>\u0939\u093e\u092e\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0939\u094c\u0902\u0964<br \/>\n<em>h\u0101m\u012b widy\u0101rth\u012b hau\u0303.<\/em><br \/>\nWe are students.<\/p>\n<h2>Second Person Pronouns: You<\/h2>\n<p>Nepali has different words for \u201cyou.\u201d These forms show the relationship between speakers.<\/p>\n<p>For beginners, the safest and most respectful form is \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 (<em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p>\u0924\u0901 (<em>ta\u0303<\/em>) is very informal and may sound rude. Beginners should avoid it.<\/p>\n<p>\u0924\u093f\u092e\u0940 (<em>tim\u012b<\/em>) is familiar. It may be used with friends, younger people, or close peers.<\/p>\n<p>\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 (<em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303<\/em>) is polite and respectful. This is the best default form for learners.<\/p>\n<p>For plural \u201cyou,\u201d Nepali can add \u2013\u0939\u0930\u0942 (<em>\u2013har\u016b<\/em>):<\/p>\n<p>\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902\u0939\u0930\u0942<br \/>\n<em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303har\u016b<\/em><br \/>\nyou, plural polite<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-100-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-100\">Table 3.4.13 \u2013 Second person pronouns (you)<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-100\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-100\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-100-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Level<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Nepali (sg.)<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">Nepali (pl.)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">low<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0924\u0901 (<em>ta\u0303<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">-<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">mid<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0924\u093f\u092e\u0940 (<em>tim\u012b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0924\u093f\u092e\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 (<em>tim\u012bhar\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">high<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 (<em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902\u0939\u0930\u0942 (<em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303har\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-100 from cache --><\/p>\n<h3>Learner Tip<\/h3>\n<p>When you are not sure which form to use, choose \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 (<em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p>It is polite, respectful, and appropriate in most public, classroom, and workplace situations.<\/p>\n<h2>Third Person Pronouns: He, She, They<\/h2>\n<p>For respectful reference, Nepali commonly uses:<\/p>\n<p>\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901<br \/>\n<em>uh\u0101\u0303<\/em><br \/>\nhe\/she, respectful<\/p>\n<p>For plural respectful reference, use:<\/p>\n<p>\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0939\u0930\u0942<br \/>\n<em>uh\u0101\u0303har\u016b<\/em><br \/>\nthey, respectful<\/p>\n<p>For beginners, this is the most useful rule:<\/p>\n<p>Use \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 (<em>uh\u0101\u0303<\/em>) when speaking respectfully about a person.<\/p>\n<p>For example:<\/p>\n<p>\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>uh\u0101\u0303 \u015bik\u1e63ak hunuhuncha.<\/em><br \/>\nHe\/She is a teacher.<\/p>\n<p>\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0921\u093e\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>uh\u0101\u0303 \u1e0d\u0101k\u1e6dar hunuhuncha.<\/em><br \/>\nHe\/She is a doctor.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-101-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-101\">Table 3.4.14 \u2013 Third person pronouns (he, she, they)<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-101\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-101\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-101-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Level<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Nepali (sg.)<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">Nepali (pl.)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">low<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u090a (<em>\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0909\u0928\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 (<em>un\u012bhar\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">mid<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0909\u0928\u0940 \/ \u092f\u093f\u0928\u0940 \/ \u0924\u093f\u0928\u0940 (<em>un\u012b \/ yin\u012b \/ tin\u012b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0909\u0928\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 \/ \u092f\u093f\u0928\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 \/ \u0924\u093f\u0928\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 (<em>un\u012bhar\u016b \/ yin\u012bhar\u016b \/ tin\u012bhar\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">high<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 (<em>uh\u0101\u0303<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0939\u0930\u0942 (<em>uh\u0101\u0303har\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-101 from cache --><\/p>\n<h3>Try It Now<\/h3>\n<p>Change the noun:<\/p>\n<p>\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 __________ \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>uh\u0101\u0303 __________ hunuhuncha.<\/em><br \/>\nHe\/She is a __________.<\/p>\n<p>Use:<\/p>\n<p>\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915<br \/>\n<em>\u015bik\u1e63ak<\/em><br \/>\nteacher<\/p>\n<p>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940<br \/>\n<em>widy\u0101rth\u012b<\/em><br \/>\nstudent<\/p>\n<p>\u0921\u093e\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930<br \/>\n<em>\u1e0d\u0101k\u1e6dar<\/em><br \/>\ndoctor<\/p>\n<h2>Check Your Understanding<\/h2>\n<div id=\"h5p-596\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-596\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"596\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Identifying Nepali Honorific Levels\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"h5p-597\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-597\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"597\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Quick Quiz: Choosing the Right Pronoun\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Two \u201cTo Be\u201d Patterns in Nepali<\/h2>\n<p>English uses \u201cam,\u201d \u201cis,\u201d and \u201care\u201d for many different meanings.<\/p>\n<p>Nepali does not use one single pattern for all of these meanings. Instead, Nepali uses different forms depending on the meaning of the sentence.<\/p>\n<p>This is one of the most important ideas in beginner Nepali.<\/p>\n<p>There are two main patterns:<\/p>\n<p>Identity or classification: \u0939\u094b \/ \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d (<em>ho \/ hun<\/em>)<br \/>\nExistence, location, condition, or possession: \u091b \/ \u091b\u0928\u094d (<em>cha \/ chan<\/em>)<\/p>\n<h2>Pattern 1: Identity or Classification<\/h2>\n<p>Use \u0939\u094b (<em>ho<\/em>) or \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d (<em>hun<\/em>) when you are saying what something is.<\/p>\n<p>This pattern means:<\/p>\n<p>X = Y<\/p>\n<p>For example:<\/p>\n<p>\u092f\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>yo kit\u0101b ho.<\/em><br \/>\nThis is a book.<\/p>\n<p>\u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b \u0918\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>tyo ghar ho.<\/em><br \/>\nThat is a house.<\/p>\n<p>\u092f\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0964<br \/>\n<em>y\u012b kit\u0101b hun.<\/em><br \/>\nThese are books.<\/p>\n<h3>Simple Rule<\/h3>\n<p>Singular identity \u2192 \u0939\u094b (<em>ho<\/em>)<br \/>\nPlural identity \u2192 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d (<em>hun<\/em>)<\/p>\n<h3>Try It Now<\/h3>\n<p>Make three identity sentences.<\/p>\n<p>\u092f\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>yo kit\u0101b ho.<\/em><br \/>\nThis is a book.<\/p>\n<p>\u092f\u094b \u0915\u0932\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>yo kalam ho.<\/em><br \/>\nThis is a pen.<\/p>\n<p>\u092f\u094b \u091d\u094b\u0932\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>yo jhol\u0101 ho.<\/em><br \/>\nThis is a bag.<\/p>\n<h2>Pattern 2: Location, Condition, Existence, and Possession<\/h2>\n<p>Use \u091b (<em>cha<\/em>) or \u091b\u0928\u094d (<em>chan<\/em>) for location, condition, existence, and possession.<\/p>\n<p>For example:<\/p>\n<p>\u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932\u092e\u093e \u091b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>kit\u0101b \u1e6debalm\u0101 cha.<\/em><br \/>\nThe book is on the table.<\/p>\n<p>\u092e\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u091b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>mal\u0101\u012b \u1e6dh\u012bk cha.<\/em><br \/>\nI am fine.<\/p>\n<p>\u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u091b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>yah\u0101\u0303 kit\u0101b cha.<\/em><br \/>\nThere is a book here.<\/p>\n<p>\u092e\u0938\u0901\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u091b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>masa\u1e45ga kit\u0101b cha.<\/em><br \/>\nI have a book.<\/p>\n<h3>Simple Rule<\/h3>\n<p>Identity: use \u0939\u094b \/ \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d (<em>ho \/ hun<\/em>)<br \/>\nLocation, condition, existence, possession: use \u091b \/ \u091b\u0928\u094d (<em>cha \/ chan<\/em>)<\/p>\n<h3>Common Mistake<\/h3>\n<p>Do not use \u0939\u094b (<em>ho<\/em>) for location.<\/p>\n<p>Incorrect:<\/p>\n<p>\u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932\u092e\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>kit\u0101b \u1e6debalm\u0101 ho.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Correct:<\/p>\n<p>\u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932\u092e\u093e \u091b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>kit\u0101b \u1e6debalm\u0101 cha.<\/em><br \/>\nThe book is on the table.<\/p>\n<h2>Using \u0939\u094b for Identifying Objects<\/h2>\n<p>In this unit, we focus on the identity pattern.<\/p>\n<p>Use \u0939\u094b (<em>ho<\/em>) to identify one object.<\/p>\n<p>\u092f\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>yo kit\u0101b ho.<\/em><br \/>\nThis is a book.<\/p>\n<p>\u092f\u094b \u0915\u0932\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>yo kalam ho.<\/em><br \/>\nThis is a pen.<\/p>\n<p>\u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b \u091d\u094b\u0932\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>tyo jhol\u0101 ho.<\/em><br \/>\nThat is a bag.<\/p>\n<p>In these sentences, \u0939\u094b (<em>ho<\/em>) links the object to its name or category.<\/p>\n<p>For plural objects, use \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d (<em>hun<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p>\u092f\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0964<br \/>\n<em>y\u012b kit\u0101b hun.<\/em><br \/>\nThese are books.<\/p>\n<p>\u0924\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0964<br \/>\n<em>t\u012b kurs\u012bhar\u016b hun.<\/em><br \/>\nThose are chairs.<\/p>\n<h3>Negative Identity Sentences<\/h3>\n<p>Use \u0939\u094b\u0907\u0928 (<em>hoina<\/em>) for singular negative identity.<\/p>\n<p>Use \u0939\u094b\u0907\u0928\u0928\u094d (<em>hoinan<\/em>) for plural negative identity.<\/p>\n<p>\u092f\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0907\u0928\u0964<br \/>\n<em>yo kit\u0101b hoina.<\/em><br \/>\nThis is not a book.<\/p>\n<p>\u092f\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0907\u0928\u0928\u094d\u0964<br \/>\n<em>y\u012b kit\u0101b hoinan.<\/em><br \/>\nThese are not books.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-104-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-104\">Table 3.4.15 \u2013 Identity sentences: affirmative (\u0939\u094b\/\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\/\u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b)<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-104\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-104\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-104-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">English<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092f\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>yo kit\u0101b ho.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">This is a book.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092f\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>y\u012b widy\u0101rth\u012b hun.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">These are students.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0901\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>ma widy\u0101rth\u012b hu\u0303.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">I am a student.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u091c\u094b\u0928 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>jon \u015bik\u1e63ak ho.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">John is a teacher.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0921\u093e\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>uh\u0101\u0303 \u1e0d\u0101k\u1e6dar hunuhuncha.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">He\/she (hon.) is a doctor.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-104 from cache --><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-105-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-105\">Table 3.4.16 \u2013 Identity sentences: negative (\u0939\u094b\u0907\u0928\/\u0939\u094b\u0907\u0928\u0928\u094d\/\u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928)<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-105\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-105\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-105-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">English<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0907\u0928\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>tyo kit\u0101b hoina.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">That is not a book.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0928\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0907\u0928\u0928\u094d\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>un\u012bhar\u016b widy\u0101rth\u012b hoinan.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">They are not students.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>uh\u0101\u0303 pr\u0101dhy\u0101pak hunuhunna.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">He\/She (hon.) is not a professor.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-105 from cache --><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-107-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-107\">Table 3.4.17 \u2013 WH-questions (\u0915\u0947 \u0939\u094b? \/ \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d?)<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-107\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-107\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-107-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">English<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092f\u094b \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u094b?<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>yo ke ho?<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">What is this?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u094b?<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>tyo ke ho?<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">What is that?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092f\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d?<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>y\u012b ke hun?<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">What are these?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d?<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>t\u012b ke hun?<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">What are those?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-107 from cache --><\/p>\n<h3>Try It Now<\/h3>\n<p>Change the sentence from affirmative to negative.<\/p>\n<p>Affirmative:<\/p>\n<p>\u092f\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>yo kit\u0101b ho.<\/em><br \/>\nThis is a book.<\/p>\n<p>Negative:<\/p>\n<p>\u092f\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0907\u0928\u0964<br \/>\n<em>yo kit\u0101b hoina.<\/em><br \/>\nThis is not a book.<\/p>\n<p>Now try:<\/p>\n<p>\u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b \u091d\u094b\u0932\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>tyo jhol\u0101 ho.<\/em><br \/>\nThat is a bag.<\/p>\n<p>\u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b \u091d\u094b\u0932\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0907\u0928\u0964<br \/>\n<em>tyo jhol\u0101 hoina.<\/em><br \/>\nThat is not a bag.<\/p>\n<h2>Asking and Answering Yes\/No Questions<\/h2>\n<p>In Nepali, yes\/no questions often keep the same word order as statements.<\/p>\n<p>The difference is usually rising intonation.<\/p>\n<p>Statement:<\/p>\n<p>\u092f\u094b \u0928\u0947\u092a\u093e\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>yo nep\u0101l ho.<\/em><br \/>\nThis is Nepal.<\/p>\n<p>Question:<\/p>\n<p>\u092f\u094b \u0928\u0947\u092a\u093e\u0932 \u0939\u094b?<br \/>\n<em>yo nep\u0101l ho?<\/em><br \/>\nIs this Nepal?<\/p>\n<p>In speech, your voice rises at the end of the question.<\/p>\n<h2>Intonation: Statement or Question<\/h2>\n<p>In Nepali, the written form may look almost the same for a statement and a question.<\/p>\n<p>The difference is in how you say it.<\/p>\n<p>Falling intonation \u2192 statement<br \/>\nRising intonation \u2192 question<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-108-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-108\">Table 3.4.18 \u2013 Intonation: statement vs. yes\/no question<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-108\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-108\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-108-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">English<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092f\u094b \u0928\u0947\u092a\u093e\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>yo nep\u0101l ho.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">This is Nepal.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092f\u094b \u0928\u0947\u092a\u093e\u0932 \u0939\u094b?<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>yo nep\u0101l ho?<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">Is this Nepal?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-108 from cache --><\/p>\n<h3>Practice Tip<\/h3>\n<p>Say this sentence twice:<\/p>\n<p>\u092f\u094b \u0928\u0947\u092a\u093e\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>yo nep\u0101l ho.<\/em><br \/>\nThis is Nepal.<\/p>\n<p>First, say it as a statement.<\/p>\n<p>Then, say it as a question:<\/p>\n<p>\u092f\u094b \u0928\u0947\u092a\u093e\u0932 \u0939\u094b?<br \/>\n<em>yo nep\u0101l ho?<\/em><br \/>\nIs this Nepal?<\/p>\n<h2>Optional Question Particle \u0915\u0947<\/h2>\n<p>Nepali can also use \u0915\u0947 (<em>ke<\/em>) at the beginning of a yes\/no question.<\/p>\n<p>\u0915\u0947 (<em>ke<\/em>) makes the sentence clearly into a question.<\/p>\n<p>For example:<\/p>\n<p>\u0915\u0947 \u092f\u094b \u0928\u0947\u092a\u093e\u0932 \u0939\u094b?<br \/>\n<em>ke yo nep\u0101l ho?<\/em><br \/>\nIs this Nepal?<\/p>\n<p>\u0915\u0947 \u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0939\u094b?<br \/>\n<em>ke tyo kit\u0101b ho?<\/em><br \/>\nIs that a book?<\/p>\n<p>The word order does not change after \u0915\u0947 (<em>ke<\/em>).<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-109-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-109\">Table 3.4.19 \u2013 Yes\/no questions with \u0915\u0947 (optional question particle)<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-109\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-109\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-109-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Form<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-4\">English<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">with intonation only<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u092f\u094b \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0921\u093e \u0939\u094b?<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\"><em>yo ky\u0101n\u0101\u1e0d\u0101 ho?<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">Is this Canada?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">with \u0915\u0947<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0915\u0947 \u092f\u094b \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0921\u093e \u0939\u094b?<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\"><em>ke yo ky\u0101n\u0101\u1e0d\u0101 ho?<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">Is this Canada?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-109 from cache --><\/p>\n<h3>Try It Now<\/h3>\n<p>Turn the statement into a question.<\/p>\n<p>Statement:<\/p>\n<p>\u092f\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>yo kit\u0101b ho.<\/em><br \/>\nThis is a book.<\/p>\n<p>Question with intonation:<\/p>\n<p>\u092f\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0939\u094b?<br \/>\n<em>yo kit\u0101b ho?<\/em><br \/>\nIs this a book?<\/p>\n<p>Question with \u0915\u0947:<\/p>\n<p>\u0915\u0947 \u092f\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0939\u094b?<br \/>\n<em>ke yo kit\u0101b ho?<\/em><br \/>\nIs this a book?<\/p>\n<h2>Saying \u201cYes\u201d and \u201cNo\u201d<\/h2>\n<p>In Nepali, there are different ways to say \u201cyes\u201d and \u201cno.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>For beginners, the safest forms are:<\/p>\n<p>\u0939\u094b<br \/>\n<em>ho<\/em><br \/>\nyes<\/p>\n<p>\u0939\u094b\u0907\u0928<br \/>\n<em>hoina<\/em><br \/>\nno<\/p>\n<p>In casual conversation, you may also hear:<\/p>\n<p>\u0905\u0901<br \/>\n<em>a\u0303<\/em><br \/>\nyes, informal<\/p>\n<p>\u0905\u0939\u0901<br \/>\n<em>aha\u0303<\/em><br \/>\nno, informal<\/p>\n<p>For classroom and public situations, use \u0939\u094b (<em>ho<\/em>) and \u0939\u094b\u0907\u0928 (<em>hoina<\/em>).<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-110-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-110\">Table 3.4.20 \u2013 Saying \u201cyes\u201d and \u201cno\u201d (common responses)<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-110\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-110\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-110-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Response type<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-4\">Meaning<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-5\">Note<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">Yes<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0905\u0901<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\"><em>\u00e3<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">yes<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-5\">friendly\/informal<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">Yes<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0939\u094b<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\"><em>ho<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">yes<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-5\">neutral\/polite<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">No<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0905\u0939\u0901<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\"><em>ah\u00e3<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">no<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-5\">friendly\/informal<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">No<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0939\u094b\u0907\u0928<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\"><em>hoina<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">no \/ is not<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-5\">neutral\/polite<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-110 from cache --><\/p>\n<h2>Answer Strategy<\/h2>\n<p>In Nepali, short answers often repeat the main verb from the question.<\/p>\n<p>Question:<\/p>\n<p>\u092f\u094b \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0921\u093e \u0939\u094b?<br \/>\n<em>yo ky\u0101n\u0101\u1e0d\u0101 ho?<\/em><br \/>\nIs this Canada?<\/p>\n<p>Affirmative answer:<\/p>\n<p>\u0939\u094b, \u092f\u094b \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0921\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>ho, yo ky\u0101n\u0101\u1e0d\u0101 ho.<\/em><br \/>\nYes, this is Canada.<\/p>\n<p>Negative answer:<\/p>\n<p>\u0939\u094b\u0907\u0928, \u092f\u094b \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>hoina, yo amerik\u0101 ho.<\/em><br \/>\nNo, this is America.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-111-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-111\">Table 3.4.21 \u2013 Answer strategy: repeating the copula<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-111\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-111\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-111-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Question (English)<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Question (Nepali)<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">Affirmative Answer<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-4\">Negative Answer<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">Is this Canada?<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u092f\u094b \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0921\u093e \u0939\u094b? <br \/>\n(<em>yo ky\u0101n\u0101\u1e0d\u0101 ho?<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0939\u094b, \u092f\u094b \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0921\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964<br \/>\n(<em>ho, yo ky\u0101n\u0101\u1e0d\u0101 ho.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">\u0939\u094b\u0907\u0928, \u092f\u094b \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964<br \/>\n(<em>hoina, yo amerik\u0101 ho.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">Are you a teacher?<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b?<br \/>\n(<em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 \u015bik\u1e63ak hunuhuncha?<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0939\u094b, \u092e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0939\u0941\u0901\u0964 <br \/>\n(<em>ho, ma \u015bik\u1e63ak hu\u0303.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">\u0939\u094b\u0907\u0928, \u092e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0907\u0928\u0964<br \/>\n(<em>hoina, ma \u015bik\u1e63ak hoina.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-111 from cache --><\/p>\n<h3>Try It Now<\/h3>\n<p>Practise with a partner.<\/p>\n<p>A: \u092f\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0939\u094b?<br \/>\n<em>yo kit\u0101b ho?<\/em><br \/>\nIs this a book?<\/p>\n<p>B: \u0939\u094b, \u092f\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>ho, yo kit\u0101b ho.<\/em><br \/>\nYes, this is a book.<\/p>\n<p>A: \u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b \u0915\u0932\u092e \u0939\u094b?<br \/>\n<em>tyo kalam ho?<\/em><br \/>\nIs that a pen?<\/p>\n<p>B: \u0939\u094b\u0907\u0928, \u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b \u0938\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0915\u0932\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>hoina, tyo sis\u0101kalam ho.<\/em><br \/>\nNo, that is a pencil.<\/p>\n<h2>Check Your Understanding<\/h2>\n<div id=\"h5p-598\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-598\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"598\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Is\/Are in Nepali\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Nouns in Nepali<\/h2>\n<p>Nouns are words that name people, places, objects, and ideas.<\/p>\n<p>Examples:<\/p>\n<p>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940<br \/>\n<em>widy\u0101rth\u012b<\/em><br \/>\nstudent<\/p>\n<p>\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915<br \/>\n<em>\u015bik\u1e63ak<\/em><br \/>\nteacher<\/p>\n<p>\u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c<br \/>\n<em>kit\u0101b<\/em><br \/>\nbook<\/p>\n<p>\u0915\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0940<br \/>\n<em>kurs\u012b<\/em><br \/>\nchair<\/p>\n<p>\u0918\u0930<br \/>\n<em>ghar<\/em><br \/>\nhouse<\/p>\n<p>In Nepali, nouns often appear with demonstratives such as \u092f\u094b (<em>yo<\/em>) \u201cthis\u201d and \u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b (<em>tyo<\/em>) \u201cthat.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>For example:<\/p>\n<p>\u092f\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>yo kit\u0101b ho.<\/em><br \/>\nThis is a book.<\/p>\n<p>\u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b \u0918\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>tyo ghar ho.<\/em><br \/>\nThat is a house.<\/p>\n<p>Nouns can also appear with possessive words:<\/p>\n<p>\u092e\u0947\u0930\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c<br \/>\n<em>mero kit\u0101b<\/em><br \/>\nmy book<\/p>\n<p>\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902\u0915\u094b \u091d\u094b\u0932\u093e<br \/>\n<em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303ko jhol\u0101<\/em><br \/>\nyour bag, polite<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-112-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-112\">Table 3.4.22 \u2013 Common nouns (people, places, objects)<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-112\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-112\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-112-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">Meaning<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>widy\u0101rth\u012b<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">student<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>\u015bik\u1e63ak<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">teacher<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>kak\u1e63\u0101<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">classroom \/ class<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u091d\u094b\u0932\u093e<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>jhol\u0101<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">bag<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>kit\u0101b<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">book<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-112 from cache --><\/p>\n<h2>Gender in Nepali Nouns<\/h2>\n<p>Most Nepali nouns do not change form for masculine or feminine gender.<\/p>\n<p>For example:<\/p>\n<p>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940<br \/>\n<em>widy\u0101rth\u012b<\/em><br \/>\nstudent<\/p>\n<p>\u0921\u093e\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930<br \/>\n<em>\u1e0d\u0101k\u1e6dar<\/em><br \/>\ndoctor<\/p>\n<p>\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915<br \/>\n<em>\u015bik\u1e63ak<\/em><br \/>\nteacher<\/p>\n<p>These words can refer to people of different genders depending on the context.<\/p>\n<p>However, some Nepali nouns are gendered by meaning, especially family words.<\/p>\n<p>For example:<\/p>\n<p>\u0906\u092e\u093e<br \/>\n<em>\u0101m\u0101<\/em><br \/>\nmother<\/p>\n<p>\u0926\u093f\u0926\u0940<br \/>\n<em>did\u012b<\/em><br \/>\nelder sister<\/p>\n<p>\u091b\u094b\u0930\u0940<br \/>\n<em>chor\u012b<\/em><br \/>\ndaughter<\/p>\n<p>\u092c\u0941\u092c\u093e<br \/>\n<em>bub\u0101<\/em><br \/>\nfather<\/p>\n<p>\u0926\u093e\u0907<br \/>\n<em>d\u0101i<\/em><br \/>\nelder brother<\/p>\n<p>\u091b\u094b\u0930\u093e<br \/>\n<em>chor\u0101<\/em><br \/>\nson<\/p>\n<h3>Simple Rule<\/h3>\n<p>Most Nepali nouns do not need gender agreement.<\/p>\n<p>Learn gendered nouns as vocabulary.<\/p>\n<h2>Feminine Nouns<\/h2>\n<p>Many feminine nouns are feminine because of their meaning.<\/p>\n<p>Some feminine nouns end in \u2013\u0940 (<em>\u2013\u012b<\/em>), such as:<\/p>\n<p>\u0915\u0947\u091f\u0940<br \/>\n<em>ke\u1e6d\u012b<\/em><br \/>\ngirl<\/p>\n<p>\u0926\u093f\u0926\u0940<br \/>\n<em>did\u012b<\/em><br \/>\nelder sister<\/p>\n<p>\u091b\u094b\u0930\u0940<br \/>\n<em>chor\u012b<\/em><br \/>\ndaughter<\/p>\n<p>\u092c\u0939\u093f\u0928\u0940<br \/>\n<em>bahin\u012b<\/em><br \/>\nyounger sister<\/p>\n<p>But this is only a helpful pattern, not a fixed rule. For example, \u0906\u092e\u093e (<em>\u0101m\u0101<\/em>) \u201cmother\u201d does not end in \u2013\u0940 (<em>\u2013\u012b<\/em>).<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-113-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-113\">Table 3.4.23 \u2013 Feminine Nouns<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-113\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-113\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-113-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">Meaning<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0915\u0947\u091f\u0940<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>ke\u1e6d\u012b<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">girl<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0906\u092e\u093e<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>\u0101m\u0101<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">mother<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0926\u093f\u0926\u0940<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>did\u012b<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">elder sister<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092c\u0939\u093f\u0928\u0940<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>bahin\u012b<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">younger sister<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u091b\u094b\u0930\u0940<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>chor\u012b<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">daughter<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-7\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>r\u0101n\u012b<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">queen<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-8\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0926\u0947\u0935\u0940<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>dev\u012b<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">goddess<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-113 from cache --><\/p>\n<h2>Masculine Nouns<\/h2>\n<p>Some nouns are masculine because of their meaning.<\/p>\n<p>For example:<\/p>\n<p>\u092c\u0941\u092c\u093e<br \/>\n<em>bub\u0101<\/em><br \/>\nfather<\/p>\n<p>\u0926\u093e\u0907<br \/>\n<em>d\u0101i<\/em><br \/>\nelder brother<\/p>\n<p>\u091b\u094b\u0930\u093e<br \/>\n<em>chor\u0101<\/em><br \/>\nson<\/p>\n<p>These words refer to male persons by meaning. They do not need a special masculine marker.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-114-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-114\">Table 3.4.24 \u2013 Masculine nouns<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-114\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-114\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-114-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">Meaning<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0915\u0947\u091f\u094b<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>ke\u1e6do<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">boy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0926\u093e\u0907<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>d\u0101i<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">elder brother<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092d\u093e\u0907<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>bh\u0101i<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">younger brother<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u091b\u094b\u0930\u093e<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>chor\u0101<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">son<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0930\u093e\u091c\u093e<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>r\u0101j\u0101<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">king<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-7\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0926\u0947\u0935<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>dewa<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">god<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-114 from cache --><\/p>\n<h3>Try It Now<\/h3>\n<p>Sort the words into feminine and masculine meaning.<\/p>\n<p>\u0906\u092e\u093e<br \/>\n<em>\u0101m\u0101<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u0926\u093e\u0907<br \/>\n<em>d\u0101i<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u0926\u093f\u0926\u0940<br \/>\n<em>did\u012b<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u091b\u094b\u0930\u093e<br \/>\n<em>chor\u0101<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u091b\u094b\u0930\u0940<br \/>\n<em>chor\u012b<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u092c\u0941\u092c\u093e<br \/>\n<em>bub\u0101<\/em><\/p>\n<h2>Plural Nouns<\/h2>\n<p>The most common way to make a noun plural in Nepali is to add \u2013\u0939\u0930\u0942 (<em>\u2013har\u016b<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p>For example:<\/p>\n<p>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940<br \/>\n<em>widy\u0101rth\u012b<\/em><br \/>\nstudent<\/p>\n<p>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942<br \/>\n<em>widy\u0101rth\u012bhar\u016b<\/em><br \/>\nstudents<\/p>\n<p>\u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c<br \/>\n<em>kit\u0101b<\/em><br \/>\nbook<\/p>\n<p>\u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c\u0939\u0930\u0942<br \/>\n<em>kit\u0101bhar\u016b<\/em><br \/>\nbooks<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-115-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-115\">Table 3.4.25 \u2013 Singular and plural nouns<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-115\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-115\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-115-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Singular<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">Meaning<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-4\">Plural<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-5\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-6\">Meaning<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0915\u0947\u091f\u0940<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>ke\u1e6d\u012b<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">girl<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">\u0915\u0947\u091f\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-5\"><em>ke\u1e6d\u012bhar\u016b<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-6\">girls<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>\u015bik\u1e63ak<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">teacher<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">\u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u0939\u0930\u0942<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-5\"><em>\u015bik\u1e63akhar\u016b<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-6\">teachers<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>widy\u0101rth\u012b<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">student<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-5\"><em>widy\u0101rth\u012bhar\u016b<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-6\">students<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>kit\u0101b<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">book<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">\u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c\u0939\u0930\u0942<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-5\"><em>kit\u0101bhar\u016b<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-6\">books<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0947<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>m\u0101nche<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">person<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0947\u0939\u0930\u0942<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-5\"><em>m\u0101nchehar\u016b<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-6\">people<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-115 from cache --><\/p>\n<h3>Try It Now<\/h3>\n<p>Make the nouns plural.<\/p>\n<p>\u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c<br \/>\n<em>kit\u0101b<\/em><br \/>\nbook<\/p>\n<p>\u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c\u0939\u0930\u0942<br \/>\n<em>kit\u0101bhar\u016b<\/em><br \/>\nbooks<\/p>\n<p>\u0915\u0932\u092e<br \/>\n<em>kalam<\/em><br \/>\npen<\/p>\n<p>\u0915\u0932\u092e\u0939\u0930\u0942<br \/>\n<em>kalamhar\u016b<\/em><br \/>\npens<\/p>\n<p>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940<br \/>\n<em>widy\u0101rth\u012b<\/em><br \/>\nstudent<\/p>\n<p>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942<br \/>\n<em>widy\u0101rth\u012bhar\u016b<\/em><br \/>\nstudents<\/p>\n<h2>When \u2013\u0939\u0930\u0942 Is Not Needed<\/h2>\n<p>Nepali does not always need \u2013\u0939\u0930\u0942 (<em>\u2013har\u016b<\/em>) to show plural meaning.<\/p>\n<p>Plural meaning may already be clear from:<\/p>\n<p>plural demonstratives: \u092f\u0940 (<em>y\u012b<\/em>), \u0924\u0940 (<em>t\u012b<\/em>)<br \/>\nnumbers<br \/>\nplural verbs: \u091b\u0928\u094d (<em>chan<\/em>), \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d (<em>hun<\/em>)<\/p>\n<p>For example:<\/p>\n<p>\u092f\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0964<br \/>\n<em>y\u012b kit\u0101b hun.<\/em><br \/>\nThese are books.<\/p>\n<p>Here, \u092f\u0940 (<em>y\u012b<\/em>) and \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d (<em>hun<\/em>) already show plural meaning, so \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c (<em>kit\u0101b<\/em>) does not always need \u2013\u0939\u0930\u0942 (<em>\u2013har\u016b<\/em>).<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-117-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-117\">Table 3.4.26 \u2013 Plural nouns without \u2013\u0939\u0930\u0942 when plurality is clear<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-117\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-117\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-117-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">English<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092f\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>y\u012b widy\u0101rth\u012b hun.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">These are students.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>t\u012b \u015bik\u1e63ak hun.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">Those are teachers.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092f\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>y\u012b kit\u0101b hun.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">These are books.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-117 from cache --><\/p>\n<h3>Learner Tip<\/h3>\n<p>Use \u2013\u0939\u0930\u0942 (<em>\u2013har\u016b<\/em>) when you want to make plurality clear.<\/p>\n<p>But remember: Nepali can also show plural meaning through other words in the sentence.<\/p>\n<h2>Articles in Nepali<\/h2>\n<p>English uses articles such as \u201ca,\u201d \u201can,\u201d and \u201cthe.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Nepali does not have articles in the same way.<\/p>\n<p>For example:<\/p>\n<p>\u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c<br \/>\n<em>kit\u0101b<\/em><br \/>\nbook \/ a book \/ the book<\/p>\n<p>The exact meaning depends on context.<\/p>\n<p>When speakers want to be more specific, they often use demonstratives:<\/p>\n<p>\u092f\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c<br \/>\n<em>yo kit\u0101b<\/em><br \/>\nthis book \/ the book<\/p>\n<p>\u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c<br \/>\n<em>tyo kit\u0101b<\/em><br \/>\nthat book \/ the book<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-118-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-118\">Table 3.4.27 \u2013 No articles in Nepali<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-118\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-118\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-118-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">English<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u090a \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>\u016b widy\u0101rth\u012b ho.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">He\/She is a student. \/ He\/She is the student.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092f\u094b \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>yo kak\u1e63\u0101 ho.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">This is a classroom. \/ This is the classroom.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-118 from cache --><\/p>\n<h3>Simple Rule<\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"662\" data-end=\"702\">Nepali does not use \u201ca,\u201d \u201can,\u201d or \u201cthe.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Use context, \u092f\u094b (<em>yo<\/em>), or \u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b (<em>tyo<\/em>) to make meaning clear.<\/p>\n<h2>Final Practice<\/h2>\n<p>Read and translate the following sentences.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u092f\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>yo kit\u0101b ho.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>\u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b \u091d\u094b\u0932\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0907\u0928\u0964<br \/>\n<em>tyo jhol\u0101 hoina.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>\u092f\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0964<br \/>\n<em>y\u012b kit\u0101b hun.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>\u0915\u0947 \u092f\u094b \u0915\u0932\u092e \u0939\u094b?<br \/>\n<em>ke yo kalam ho?<\/em><\/li>\n<li>\u0939\u094b, \u092f\u094b \u0915\u0932\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>ho, yo kalam ho.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>\u0939\u094b\u0907\u0928, \u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b \u0938\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0915\u0932\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>hoina, tyo sis\u0101kalam ho.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>uh\u0101\u0303 \u015bik\u1e63ak hunuhuncha.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>\u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932\u092e\u093e \u091b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>kit\u0101b \u1e6debalm\u0101 cha.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>Can You Do This Now?<\/h2>\n<p>At the end of this unit, you should be able to:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>identify basic Nepali word order<\/li>\n<li>use \u092f\u094b (<em>yo<\/em>), \u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b (<em>tyo<\/em>), \u092f\u0940 (<em>y\u012b<\/em>), and \u0924\u0940 (<em>t\u012b<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li>ask \u092f\u094b \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u094b? (<em>yo ke ho?<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li>answer with \u092f\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0939\u094b (<em>yo kit\u0101b ho<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li>use \u0939\u094b (<em>ho<\/em>) for singular identity<\/li>\n<li>use \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d (<em>hun<\/em>) for plural identity<\/li>\n<li>use \u0939\u094b\u0907\u0928 (<em>hoina<\/em>) and \u0939\u094b\u0907\u0928\u0928\u094d (<em>hoinan<\/em>) for negative identity<\/li>\n<li>recognize the difference between \u0939\u094b \/ \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d (<em>ho \/ hun<\/em>) and \u091b \/ \u091b\u0928\u094d (<em>cha \/ chan<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li>use \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 (<em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303<\/em>) and \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 (<em>uh\u0101\u0303<\/em>) respectfully<\/li>\n<li>recognize basic singular and plural noun forms<\/li>\n<li>understand that Nepali does not use \u201ca,\u201d \u201can,\u201d and \u201cthe\u201d in the same way as English<br \/>\n<h3 data-section-id=\"6vpps2\" data-start=\"900\" data-end=\"926\"><\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"author":2466,"menu_order":4,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"Unit 4 \u2014 Grammar Focus","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":"cc-by-nc-sa"},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[57],"class_list":["post-1916","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","license-cc-by-nc-sa"],"part":88,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1916","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2466"}],"version-history":[{"count":15,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1916\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2743,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1916\/revisions\/2743"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/88"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1916\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1916"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=1916"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=1916"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=1916"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}