{"id":192,"date":"2025-12-06T18:20:30","date_gmt":"2025-12-06T23:20:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/chapter\/chapter-8-unit-4-grammar-focus\/"},"modified":"2026-05-25T13:34:34","modified_gmt":"2026-05-25T17:34:34","slug":"chapter-8-unit-4-grammar-focus","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/chapter\/chapter-8-unit-4-grammar-focus\/","title":{"raw":"Unit 4 \u2014 Grammar Focus","rendered":"Unit 4 \u2014 Grammar Focus"},"content":{"raw":"<h2>Describing State or Condition with \u091b (<i>cha<\/i>)<\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Nepali uses \u091b (<i>cha<\/i>) and \u091b\u0928\u094d (<i>chan<\/i>) to describe state and condition\u2014that is, how a person or thing is in terms of quality, situation, comfort, health, mood, or overall condition.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">This pattern is used when you are not identifying something (\u201cwhat it is\u201d), but describing what it is like (\u201chow it is\u201d).<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">For example:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"72\">\u0906\u091c \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u0930\u093e\u092e\u094d\u0930\u094b \u091b\u0964<br data-start=\"17\" data-end=\"20\" \/><em data-start=\"20\" data-end=\"43\">\u0101ja mausam r\u0101mro cha.<\/em><br data-start=\"43\" data-end=\"46\" \/>The weather is good today.<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"74\" data-end=\"125\">\u0915\u094b\u0920\u093e \u0924\u093e\u0924\u094b \u091b\u0964<br data-start=\"86\" data-end=\"89\" \/><em data-start=\"89\" data-end=\"106\">ko\u1e6dh\u0101 t\u0101to cha.<\/em><br data-start=\"106\" data-end=\"109\" \/>The room is hot.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">In both cases, the adjective (\u0930\u093e\u092e\u094d\u0930\u094b <\/span><i style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">r\u0101mro<\/i><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">, \u0924\u093e\u0924\u094b <\/span><i style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">t\u0101to<\/i><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">) describes the <\/span><span class=\"s2\" style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"><b>condition<\/b><\/span><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> of the subject.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Nepali also uses this same structure for personal feelings and states, often with the experiencer marker \u2013\u0932\u093e\u0908 (<i>-l\u0101\u012b<\/i>). In this pattern, the person is marked as the experiencer of the condition.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">\u092e\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u091b\u0964<br data-start=\"11\" data-end=\"14\" \/><em data-start=\"14\" data-end=\"31\">mal\u0101\u012b \u1e6dh\u012bk cha.<\/em><br data-start=\"31\" data-end=\"34\" \/>I am fine. \/ I feel fine.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Literally, this means \u201cIt is fine for me,\u201d but it is the natural everyday way to express personal condition.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>Key idea:<\/b><b><\/b><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p2\">When describing weather, temperature, health, mood, comfort, or difficulty, Nepali typically uses:<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>[Experiencer + \u2013\u0932\u093e\u0908 (-<em>l\u0101\u012b<\/em>)] + [adjective] + \u091b\/\u091b\u0928\u094d (<em>cha\/chan<\/em>)<\/b><b><\/b><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p2\">Negatives use \u091b\u0948\u0928\/\u091b\u0948\u0928\u0928\u094d (<i>chaina\/chainan<\/i>).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2>Adjectives<\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">An adjective describes a noun (a person, place, or thing), such as \u201cgood book,\u201d \u201cbig house,\u201d or \u201cnew bag.\u201d<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">In Nepali, adjectives can appear in two main positions:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol start=\"1\">\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>Inside a noun phrase<\/b><span class=\"s1\"> (before the noun)<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>As a predicate<\/b><\/span> (describing the subject in a full sentence)<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">This difference is important because Nepali uses different copular verbs depending on structure:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">\u091b\/\u091b\u0928\u094d (<i>cha\/chan<\/i>) for states and conditions<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">\u0939\u094b\/\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d (<i>ho\/hun<\/i>) for identity and classification<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[table id=256 \/]\r\n\r\n[table id=257 \/]\r\n\r\n[table id=258 \/]\r\n\r\n<b>Key distinction<\/b>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>\u091b\/\u091b\u0928\u094d (<em>cha\/chan<\/em>)<\/b><\/span> \u2192 describes quality\/state<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>\u0939\u094b\/\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d (<em>ho\/hun<\/em>)<\/b><\/span> \u2192 identifies category\/identity<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"p3\">Example contrast:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">\u092f\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0930\u093e\u092e\u094d\u0930\u094b \u091b\u0964 (<i>yo kit\u0101b r\u0101mro cha.<\/i>) \u2192 This book is good.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">\u092f\u094b \u0930\u093e\u092e\u094d\u0930\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0964 (<i>yo r\u0101mro kit\u0101b ho.<\/i>) \u2192 This is a good book.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>Key idea:<\/b><b><\/b><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p2\">Adjectives can either modify a noun directly or describe it in a sentence, and this determines whether Nepali uses \u091b\/\u091b\u0928\u094d or \u0939\u094b\/\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2>Inflecting vs Invariable Adjectives<\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">In Nepali, adjectives do not all behave the same way. Some adjectives change form to agree with the noun they describe, while others remain unchanged regardless of gender or number.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">For clarity, we use two practical categories:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>A) Inflecting adjectives<\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Inflecting adjectives change their ending to match the noun\u2019s <span class=\"s1\"><b>gender and number<\/b><\/span>. Typically, this involves different forms for:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">masculine singular<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">feminine singular<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">plural nouns<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[table id=259 \/]\r\n\r\n[table id=260 \/]\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<div>Note: In casual spoken Nepali, speakers sometimes keep the -o form more widely (especially for objects). In this book, you learn the standard forms so you can recognize them in reading and use them in careful speech.<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n<h3>B) Invariable adjectives<\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Invariable adjectives do not change form. The adjective stays the same regardless of:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">gender (masculine\/feminine)<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">number (singular\/plural)<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Only the noun (and sometimes the verb) shows grammatical information.<\/p>\r\n[table id=261 \/]\r\n\r\n<b>Key idea<\/b>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Inflecting adjectives<\/b><\/span> \u2192 change form to match the noun<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Invariable adjectives<\/b><\/span> \u2192 stay the same in all contexts<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"p3\">Understanding this distinction helps you predict when adjective endings will change (such as -o \/ -\u012b \/ -\u0101) and when they will remain fixed.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2>Strengthening and Softening Adjectives<\/h2>\r\n<div>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Nepali adjectives can be modified to express different levels of intensity. This is done in two main ways: by adding intensifying words before the adjective, or by using an emphatic suffix.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3 class=\"p1\"><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">1) Using degree words before adjectives<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Words placed before adjectives can either <span class=\"s1\"><b>soften<\/b><\/span> or <span class=\"s1\"><b>strengthen<\/b><\/span> their meaning.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">\u0905\u0932\u093f (<i>ali<\/i>) \u2014 \u201ca little \/ somewhat\u201d (softens)<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">\u0927\u0947\u0930\u0948 (<i>dherai<\/i>) \u2014 \u201cvery \/ much\u201d (strengthens with adjectives)<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h4>\u0905\u0932\u093f (<em>ali<\/em>) \u2014 \u201ca little \/ somewhat\u201d<\/h4>\r\n<p class=\"p3\">\u0905\u0932\u093f (<i>ali<\/i>) is used to describe <span class=\"s2\"><b>degree or intensity<\/b><\/span>, so it modifies adjectives (and sometimes verbs). It softens the meaning of an adjective.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p3\">Examples:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">\u0905\u0932\u093f \u091a\u093f\u0938\u094b \u091b (<i>ali ciso cha<\/i>) \u2014 it is a little cold<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">\u0905\u0932\u093f \u092e\u0939\u0901\u0917\u094b \u091b (<i>ali maha\u1e45go cha<\/i>) \u2014 it is a bit expensive<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h4>\u0927\u0947\u0930\u0948 (<i>dherai<\/i>) \u2014 \u201cvery\u201d<\/h4>\r\n<div>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">In Nepali, \u0927\u0947\u0930\u0948 (<i>dherai<\/i>) can express either <span class=\"s1\"><b>intensity<\/b><\/span> or <span class=\"s1\"><b>quantity<\/b><\/span>, and its meaning depends on what it modifies.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">When \u0927\u0947\u0930\u0948 (<i>dherai<\/i>) comes before an <span class=\"s1\"><b>adjective<\/b><\/span>, it strengthens the meaning and works like English \u201cvery\u201d:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">\u0927\u0947\u0930\u0948 \u0930\u093e\u092e\u094d\u0930\u094b (<i>dherai r\u0101mro<\/i>) \u2014 very good<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">\u0927\u0947\u0930\u0948 \u091a\u093f\u0938\u094b (<i>dherai ciso<\/i>) \u2014 very cold<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n[table id=262 \/]\r\n<h3><b>2) Using the emphatic suffix \u2013\u0948 (<\/b><b>-<em>ai<\/em><\/b><b>)<\/b><\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Nepali can also intensify adjectives by adding the suffix \u2013\u0948 (<i>-ai<\/i>) directly to the adjective. This adds emphasis and makes the meaning stronger or more expressive.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Examples:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">\u0930\u093e\u092e\u094d\u0930\u094b (<i>r\u0101mro<\/i>) \u2192 \u0930\u093e\u092e\u094d\u0930\u0948 (<i>r\u0101mr\u0101i<\/i>) \u2014 really good \/ quite good<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">\u0920\u0942\u0932\u094b (<i>\u1e6dh\u016blo<\/i>) \u2192 \u0920\u0942\u0932\u0948 (<i>\u1e6dh\u016bl\u0101i<\/i>) \u2014 very big \/ quite big<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[table id=263 \/]\r\n<div>\r\n<h3 class=\"p1\">Using \u0915\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094b (<i>kasto<\/i>) to Ask About Quality or Condition<\/h3>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The question word \u0915\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094b (<i>kasto<\/i>) means \u201cwhat kind?\u201d In everyday Nepali, it is commonly used to ask about the <span class=\"s1\"><b>quality or condition<\/b><\/span> of something\u2014such as whether it is good or bad, hot or cold, okay or not okay.<\/p>\r\n<b>Basic structure<\/b>\r\n<p class=\"p3\">After \u0915\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094b (<i>kasto<\/i>), Nepali uses:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">\u091b (<i>cha<\/i>) for singular or mass nouns<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">\u091b\u0928\u094d (<i>chan<\/i>) for plural nouns<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"p3\">With plural nouns, \u0915\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094b (<i>kasto<\/i>) changes to \u0915\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e (<i>kast\u0101<\/i>).<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p3\">Structure:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">\u0915\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094b + noun + \u091b (<i>cha<\/i>)<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">\u0915\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e + plural noun + \u091b\u0928\u094d (<i>chan<\/i>)<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[table id=267 \/]\r\n<h2>Understanding the Nepali Postposition \u2013<em>l\u0101i<\/em><\/h2>\r\nIn English, relationships like \u201cto\u201d and \u201cfor\u201d are often shown with prepositions (to me, for you). In Nepali, these meanings are commonly expressed with the postposition \u2013\u0932\u093e\u0908 (\u2013l\u0101i), which attaches directly to a noun or pronoun.\r\n\r\nIn basic grammar terms, \u2013\u0932\u093e\u0908 is used in two very frequent ways:\r\n\r\n(1) recipient\/goal (\u201cto\/for someone\u201d), and\r\n\r\n(2) experiencer, the person who feels or experiences a condition (such as being okay, cold, hungry, sick, etc.).\r\n\r\nThe experiencer use is especially important because it appears in everyday greetings and \u201cHow are you?\u201d questions.\r\n\r\n[table id=268 \/]\r\n<h2>1) \u2013\u0932\u093e\u0908 (<em>\u2013l\u0101i<\/em>) as a recipient marker (\u201cto\/for\u201d)<\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">In Nepali, \u2013\u0932\u093e\u0908 (<i>-l\u0101\u012b<\/i>) is commonly used to indicate the <span class=\"s1\"><b>recipient or target of an action<\/b><\/span>\u2014the person who receives something such as an object, information, help, or attention. In English, this often corresponds to \u201cto\u201d or \u201cfor\u201d (give to someone, tell someone, do something for someone).<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Nepali expresses this by attaching \u2013\u0932\u093e\u0908 (<i>-l\u0101\u012b<\/i>) directly to the person (or living being) who receives the action.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Examples:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"188\" data-end=\"235\">\u092e\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u092d\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d\u0964<br data-start=\"203\" data-end=\"206\" \/><em data-start=\"206\" data-end=\"224\">mal\u0101\u012b bhannuhos.<\/em><br data-start=\"224\" data-end=\"227\" \/>Tell me.<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"237\" data-end=\"294\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0938\u094b\u0927\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d\u0964<br data-start=\"256\" data-end=\"259\" \/><em data-start=\"259\" data-end=\"279\">uh\u0101\u0303l\u0101\u012b sodhnuhos.<\/em><br data-start=\"279\" data-end=\"282\" \/>Ask him\/her.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">This marker is not limited to physical objects. It is also used with speech, instructions, advice, and attention.<\/p>\r\n[table id=269 \/]\r\n<h2>2) \u2013\u0932\u093e\u0908 (<em>\u2013l\u0101i<\/em>) as an experiencer marker (feelings and states)<\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">In Nepali, many everyday feelings and states\u2014such as being okay, sick, cold, hot, worried, or comfortable\u2014are commonly expressed using an <span class=\"s1\"><b>experiencer pattern<\/b><\/span> with \u2013\u0932\u093e\u0908 (<i>-l\u0101\u012b<\/i>).<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">In this structure, the person is marked as the <span class=\"s1\"><b>experiencer<\/b><\/span> of a condition. The sentence is framed as a state that holds \u201cfor\/to\u201d that person, rather than describing the person as the direct subject of the adjective.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">This is why greetings and health check-ins often use the pattern:<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><b>[Person + \u2013\u0932\u093e\u0908 (-<em>l\u0101\u012b<\/em>)] + [condition] + \u091b\/\u091b\u0948\u0928 (<em>cha\/chaina<\/em>)<\/b><b><\/b><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Examples:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"87\" data-end=\"176\">\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094b \u091b?<br data-start=\"104\" data-end=\"107\" \/><em data-start=\"107\" data-end=\"129\">tap\u0101\u012b\u0303l\u0101\u012b kasto cha?<\/em><br data-start=\"129\" data-end=\"132\" \/>How are you?<br data-start=\"144\" data-end=\"147\" \/>Literally: How is it for you?<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"178\" data-end=\"254\">\u092e\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u091b\u0964<br data-start=\"189\" data-end=\"192\" \/><em data-start=\"192\" data-end=\"209\">mal\u0101\u012b \u1e6dh\u012bk cha.<\/em><br data-start=\"209\" data-end=\"212\" \/>I am fine.<br data-start=\"222\" data-end=\"225\" \/>Literally: It is fine for me.<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"256\" data-end=\"347\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u091b\u0964<br data-start=\"270\" data-end=\"273\" \/><em data-start=\"273\" data-end=\"292\">uh\u0101\u0303l\u0101\u012b \u1e6dh\u012bk cha.<\/em><br data-start=\"292\" data-end=\"295\" \/>He\/She is fine.<br data-start=\"310\" data-end=\"313\" \/>Literally: It is fine for him\/her.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p data-start=\"349\" data-end=\"371\">Better natural option:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"373\" data-end=\"431\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0938\u091e\u094d\u091a\u0948 \u091b\u0964<br data-start=\"389\" data-end=\"392\" \/><em data-start=\"392\" data-end=\"413\">uh\u0101\u0303l\u0101\u012b sa\u00f1cai cha.<\/em><br data-start=\"413\" data-end=\"416\" \/>He\/She is well.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><b style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Key idea<\/b><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">In English, we say:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li class=\"p1\">\u201cI am fine\u201d<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"p1\">\u201cI am cold\u201d<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"p1\">\u201cI am okay\u201d<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">In Nepali, this is often expressed more literally as:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">\u201cFor me, it is fine\/cold\/okay\u201d<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">So \u2013\u0932\u093e\u0908 (<i>-l\u0101\u012b<\/i>) marks <span class=\"s1\"><b>who experiences the state<\/b><\/span>, and \u091b (<i>cha<\/i>) expresses that the condition is true.<\/p>\r\n[table id=270 \/]\r\n<h2 class=\"p1\">Expressing feelings and physical states with \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0947\u0915\u094b \u091b (<i>l\u0101geko cha<\/i>)<\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">In Nepali, many common physical and mental states\u2014such as hunger, thirst, sleepiness, tiredness, and fear\u2014are often expressed using the verb \u0932\u093e\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0941 (<i>l\u0101gnu<\/i>), meaning \u201cto feel\u201d or \u201cto come on.\u201d<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">This is an <span class=\"s1\"><b>experiencer construction<\/b><\/span>. The person who feels the state is marked with \u2013\u0932\u093e\u0908 (<i>-l\u0101\u012b<\/i>), and the feeling itself is expressed as a noun. The verb then appears as \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0947\u0915\u094b (<i>l\u0101geko<\/i>) + \u091b\/\u091b\u0948\u0928 (<i>cha\/chaina<\/i>) to indicate whether the feeling is present.<\/p>\r\n<b>Basic structure<\/b>\r\n<p class=\"p4\"><b>[Person + \u2013\u0932\u093e\u0908 (-<em>l\u0101\u012b<\/em>)] + [feeling noun] + \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0947\u0915\u094b \u091b\/\u091b\u0948\u0928 (<em>l\u0101geko cha\/chaina<\/em>)<\/b><b><\/b><\/p>\r\n<b>Key idea<\/b>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Instead of saying \u201cI am hungry\u201d in a simple adjective form, Nepali expresses it more literally as: \u201cHunger has come to me \/ I am experiencing hunger.\u201d<\/p>\r\n[table id=271 \/]\r\n<h2 class=\"p1\">Past forms of \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941 (<i>hunu<\/i>): \u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b (<i>thiyo<\/i>) vs \u092d\u092f\u094b (<i>bhayo<\/i>)<\/h2>\r\n<div>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">In Nepali, the verb \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941 (<i>hunu<\/i>) has two very common past patterns. The difference is not just tense, but <span class=\"s1\"><b>meaning<\/b><\/span>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h3>1) \u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b-form (<em>thiyo<\/em>) \u2014 past state or condition<\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The \u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b-form (<i>thiyo<\/i>; including forms like <i>thi\u1ebd, thiyau, thie, th\u012b<\/i>) is used to describe a <span class=\"s1\"><b>state or condition in the past<\/b><\/span>. It expresses something that <i>was true for a period of time<\/i>.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s2\">Meaning focus: <\/span><b>\u201cwas \/ were\u201d (description, situation)<\/b><b><\/b><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u091a\u093f\u0938\u094b \u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0964<br data-start=\"71\" data-end=\"74\" \/><em data-start=\"74\" data-end=\"94\">mausam ciso thiyo.<\/em><br data-start=\"94\" data-end=\"97\" \/>The weather was cold.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">[table id=273 \/]<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>2) \u092d\u092f\u094b-form (<em>bhayo<\/em>) \u2014 change or event<\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The \u092d\u092f\u094b-form (<i>bhayo<\/i>; including forms like <i>bhae\u0303, bhayau, bhae, bha\u012b<\/i>) is used to express a <span class=\"s1\"><b>change, event, or result<\/b><\/span>. It highlights that something <i>became true or happened<\/i>.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s2\">Meaning focus: <\/span><b>\u201cbecame \/ happened \/ turned\u201d<\/b><b><\/b><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">\u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u091a\u093f\u0938\u094b \u092d\u092f\u094b\u0964<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><i>mausam ciso bhayo.<\/i><i><\/i><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The weather became cold.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">[table id=274 \/]<\/span>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n[table id=275 \/]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n[table id=276 \/]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<b>Key distinction<\/b>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b (<em>thiyo<\/em>)<\/b><\/span> \u2192 past state (what it was like)<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>\u092d\u092f\u094b (<em>bhayo<\/em>)<\/b><\/span> \u2192 change\/event (what happened)<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3>Past forms of \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941 (<em>hunu<\/em>) \u2014 conjugation overview<\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">In Nepali, the verb \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941 (<i>hunu<\/i>) has two common past patterns. The choice between them depends on meaning: whether you are describing a <span class=\"s1\"><b>state\/condition<\/b><\/span> or a <span class=\"s1\"><b>change\/event<\/b><\/span>. The forms also vary by person, number, and respect level.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Now see the full conjugation patterns below.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\" style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">[table id=272 \/]<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Honorific Past<\/h1>\r\nThese two tables show two common honorific past patterns. The first table uses \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 (<em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303<\/em>) with \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f\u094b \/ \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0925\u094d\u092f\u094b to describe a past state. The second table uses \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 (<em>uh\u0101\u0303<\/em>) with \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b \/ \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u092d\u090f\u0928 to describe a past outcome (becoming a doctor).\r\n\r\n[table id=277 \/]\r\n\r\n[table id=278 \/]\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<h2>Describing State or Condition with \u091b (<i>cha<\/i>)<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\">Nepali uses \u091b (<i>cha<\/i>) and \u091b\u0928\u094d (<i>chan<\/i>) to describe state and condition\u2014that is, how a person or thing is in terms of quality, situation, comfort, health, mood, or overall condition.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">This pattern is used when you are not identifying something (\u201cwhat it is\u201d), but describing what it is like (\u201chow it is\u201d).<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">For example:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"72\">\u0906\u091c \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u0930\u093e\u092e\u094d\u0930\u094b \u091b\u0964<br data-start=\"17\" data-end=\"20\" \/><em data-start=\"20\" data-end=\"43\">\u0101ja mausam r\u0101mro cha.<\/em><br data-start=\"43\" data-end=\"46\" \/>The weather is good today.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"74\" data-end=\"125\">\u0915\u094b\u0920\u093e \u0924\u093e\u0924\u094b \u091b\u0964<br data-start=\"86\" data-end=\"89\" \/><em data-start=\"89\" data-end=\"106\">ko\u1e6dh\u0101 t\u0101to cha.<\/em><br data-start=\"106\" data-end=\"109\" \/>The room is hot.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">In both cases, the adjective (\u0930\u093e\u092e\u094d\u0930\u094b <\/span><i style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">r\u0101mro<\/i><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">, \u0924\u093e\u0924\u094b <\/span><i style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">t\u0101to<\/i><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">) describes the <\/span><span class=\"s2\" style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"><b>condition<\/b><\/span><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"> of the subject.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Nepali also uses this same structure for personal feelings and states, often with the experiencer marker \u2013\u0932\u093e\u0908 (<i>-l\u0101\u012b<\/i>). In this pattern, the person is marked as the experiencer of the condition.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">\u092e\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u091b\u0964<br data-start=\"11\" data-end=\"14\" \/><em data-start=\"14\" data-end=\"31\">mal\u0101\u012b \u1e6dh\u012bk cha.<\/em><br data-start=\"31\" data-end=\"34\" \/>I am fine. \/ I feel fine.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p1\">Literally, this means \u201cIt is fine for me,\u201d but it is the natural everyday way to express personal condition.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>Key idea:<\/b><b><\/b><\/p>\n<p class=\"p2\">When describing weather, temperature, health, mood, comfort, or difficulty, Nepali typically uses:<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>[Experiencer + \u2013\u0932\u093e\u0908 (-<em>l\u0101\u012b<\/em>)] + [adjective] + \u091b\/\u091b\u0928\u094d (<em>cha\/chan<\/em>)<\/b><b><\/b><\/p>\n<p class=\"p2\">Negatives use \u091b\u0948\u0928\/\u091b\u0948\u0928\u0928\u094d (<i>chaina\/chainan<\/i>).<\/p>\n<h2>Adjectives<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\">An adjective describes a noun (a person, place, or thing), such as \u201cgood book,\u201d \u201cbig house,\u201d or \u201cnew bag.\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">In Nepali, adjectives can appear in two main positions:<\/p>\n<ol start=\"1\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>Inside a noun phrase<\/b><span class=\"s1\"> (before the noun)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>As a predicate<\/b><\/span> (describing the subject in a full sentence)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p class=\"p1\">This difference is important because Nepali uses different copular verbs depending on structure:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">\u091b\/\u091b\u0928\u094d (<i>cha\/chan<\/i>) for states and conditions<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">\u0939\u094b\/\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d (<i>ho\/hun<\/i>) for identity and classification<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-256-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-256\">Table 8.4.1 \u2013 Adjectives in noun phrases (attributive use)<\/h2>\n<p><span id=\"tablepress-256-description\" class=\"tablepress-table-description tablepress-table-description-id-256\">When an adjective comes before a noun, it directly describes that noun:<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<table id=\"tablepress-256\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-256\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-256-name\" aria-describedby=\"tablepress-256-description\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">English<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0928\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u091d\u094b\u0932\u093e<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>nay\u0101\u0303 jhol\u0101<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">a new bag<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0920\u0942\u0932\u094b \u0918\u0930<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>\u1e6dh\u016blo ghar<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">a big house<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0938\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e \u091d\u094b\u0932\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0942<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>sast\u0101 jhol\u0101har\u016b<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">cheap bags<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-256 from cache --><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-257-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-257\">Table 8.4.2 \u2013 Adjective + noun as identity sentences<\/h2>\n<p><span id=\"tablepress-257-description\" class=\"tablepress-table-description tablepress-table-description-id-257\">When an adjective comes before a noun, the whole phrase often works like a noun label. For this reason, it commonly uses \u0939\u094b (ho) \/ \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d (hun).<\/span><\/p>\n<table id=\"tablepress-257\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-257\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-257-name\" aria-describedby=\"tablepress-257-description\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">English<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092f\u094b \u0928\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u091d\u094b\u0932\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>yo nay\u0101\u0303 jhol\u0101 ho.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">This is a new bag.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b \u0920\u0942\u0932\u094b \u0918\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>tyo \u1e6dh\u016blo ghar ho.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">That is a big house.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u0940 \u0938\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e \u091d\u094b\u0932\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>t\u012b sast\u0101 jhol\u0101har\u016b hun.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">Those are cheap bags.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-257 from cache --><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-258-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-258\">Table 8.4.3 \u2013 Adjectives as the predicate<\/h2>\n<p><span id=\"tablepress-258-description\" class=\"tablepress-table-description tablepress-table-description-id-258\">When the adjective describes the subject in a full sentence, Nepali uses \u091b\/\u091b\u0928\u094d (cha\/chan):<\/span><\/p>\n<table id=\"tablepress-258\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-258\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-258-name\" aria-describedby=\"tablepress-258-description\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">English<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092f\u094b \u0928\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u091b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>yo nay\u0101\u0303 cha.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">This is new.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092f\u094b \u091d\u094b\u0932\u093e \u092e\u0939\u0901\u0917\u094b \u091b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>yo jhol\u0101 maha\u1e45go cha.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">This bag is expensive.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092f\u094b \u0918\u0930 \u0938\u092b\u093e \u091b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>yo ghar saph\u0101 cha.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">This house is clean.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u0938\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091b\u0928\u094d\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>t\u012b kit\u0101bhar\u016b s\u0101n\u0101 chan.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">Those books are small.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-258 from cache --><\/p>\n<p><b>Key distinction<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>\u091b\/\u091b\u0928\u094d (<em>cha\/chan<\/em>)<\/b><\/span> \u2192 describes quality\/state<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>\u0939\u094b\/\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d (<em>ho\/hun<\/em>)<\/b><\/span> \u2192 identifies category\/identity<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p3\">Example contrast:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">\u092f\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0930\u093e\u092e\u094d\u0930\u094b \u091b\u0964 (<i>yo kit\u0101b r\u0101mro cha.<\/i>) \u2192 This book is good.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">\u092f\u094b \u0930\u093e\u092e\u094d\u0930\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0964 (<i>yo r\u0101mro kit\u0101b ho.<\/i>) \u2192 This is a good book.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>Key idea:<\/b><b><\/b><\/p>\n<p class=\"p2\">Adjectives can either modify a noun directly or describe it in a sentence, and this determines whether Nepali uses \u091b\/\u091b\u0928\u094d or \u0939\u094b\/\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d.<\/p>\n<h2>Inflecting vs Invariable Adjectives<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\">In Nepali, adjectives do not all behave the same way. Some adjectives change form to agree with the noun they describe, while others remain unchanged regardless of gender or number.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">For clarity, we use two practical categories:<\/p>\n<h3>A) Inflecting adjectives<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\">Inflecting adjectives change their ending to match the noun\u2019s <span class=\"s1\"><b>gender and number<\/b><\/span>. Typically, this involves different forms for:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">masculine singular<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">feminine singular<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">plural nouns<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-259-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-259\">Table 8.4.4 \u2013 Inflecting adjectives: agreement pattern<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-259\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-259\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-259-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Agreement<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Ending<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">Example adjective<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-4\">Example noun phrase<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">Masculine singular<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">-o (-\u094b)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0930\u093e\u092e\u094d\u0930\u094b (<em>r\u0101mro<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">\u0930\u093e\u092e\u094d\u0930\u094b \u0915\u0947\u091f\u094b (<em>r\u0101mro ke\u1e6do<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">Feminine singular<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">-i (-\u0940)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0930\u093e\u092e\u094d\u0930\u0940 (<em>r\u0101mr\u012b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">\u0930\u093e\u092e\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947\u091f\u0940 (<em>r\u0101mr\u012b ke\u1e6d\u012b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">Plural (M\/F)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">-\u0101 (-\u093e)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0930\u093e\u092e\u094d\u0930\u093e (<em>r\u0101mr\u0101<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">\u0930\u093e\u092e\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0947\u091f\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0942 \/ \u0915\u0947\u091f\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 (<em>r\u0101mr\u0101 ke\u1e6d\u0101har\u016b \/ ke\u1e6d\u012bhar\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-259 from cache --><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-260-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-260\">Table 8.4.5 \u2013 Common inflecting adjectives<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-260\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-260\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-260-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Masculine (-o)<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Feminine (-i)<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">Plural (-\u0101)<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-4\">Meaning<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0930\u093e\u092e\u094d\u0930\u094b \u0915\u0947\u091f\u094b (<em>r\u0101mro ke\u1e6do<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0930\u093e\u092e\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947\u091f\u0940 (<em>r\u0101mr\u012b ke\u1e6d\u012b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0930\u093e\u092e\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0947\u091f\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0942 \/ \u0915\u0947\u091f\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 (<em>r\u0101mr\u0101 ke\u1e6d\u0101har\u016b \/ ke\u1e6d\u012bhar\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">good<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0938\u093e\u0928\u094b \u0915\u0947\u091f\u094b (<em>s\u0101no ke\u1e6do<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0938\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u0947\u091f\u0940 (<em>s\u0101n\u012b ke\u1e6d\u012b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0938\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947\u091f\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0942 \/ \u0915\u0947\u091f\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 (<em>s\u0101n\u0101 ke\u1e6d\u0101har\u016b \/ ke\u1e6d\u012bhar\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">small<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0920\u0942\u0932\u094b \u0915\u0947\u091f\u094b (<em>\u1e6dh\u016blo ke\u1e6do<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0920\u0942\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0947\u091f\u0940 (<em>\u1e6dh\u016bl\u012b ke\u1e6d\u012b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0920\u0942\u0932\u093e \u0915\u0947\u091f\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0942 \/ \u0915\u0947\u091f\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 (<em>\u1e6dh\u016bl\u0101 ke\u1e6d\u0101har\u016b \/ ke\u1e6d\u012bhar\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">big<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0915\u093e\u0932\u094b \u0915\u0947\u091f\u094b (<em>k\u0101lo ke\u1e6do<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0947\u091f\u0940 (<em>k\u0101l\u012b ke\u1e6d\u012b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0915\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0915\u0947\u091f\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0942 \/ \u0915\u0947\u091f\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 (<em>k\u0101l\u0101 ke\u1e6d\u0101har\u016b \/ ke\u1e6d\u012bhar\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">black<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0905\u0917\u094d\u0932\u094b \u0915\u0947\u091f\u094b (<em>aglo ke\u1e6do<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0905\u0917\u094d\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0947\u091f\u0940 (<em>agl\u012b ke\u1e6d\u012b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0905\u0917\u094d\u0932\u093e \u0915\u0947\u091f\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0942 \/ \u0915\u0947\u091f\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 (<em>agl\u0101 ke\u1e6d\u0101har\u016b \/ ke\u1e6d\u012bhar\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">tall<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-260 from cache --><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div>Note: In casual spoken Nepali, speakers sometimes keep the -o form more widely (especially for objects). In this book, you learn the standard forms so you can recognize them in reading and use them in careful speech.<\/div>\n<div>\n<h3>B) Invariable adjectives<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\">Invariable adjectives do not change form. The adjective stays the same regardless of:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">gender (masculine\/feminine)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">number (singular\/plural)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p1\">Only the noun (and sometimes the verb) shows grammatical information.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-261-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-261\">Table 8.4.6 \u2013 Invariable adjectives<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-261\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-261\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-261-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Adjective<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Masculine (sg.)<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">Feminine (sg.)<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-4\">Plural<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-5\">Meaning<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0938\u092b\u093e <br \/>\n(<em>saph\u0101<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0938\u092b\u093e \u0915\u0947\u091f\u094b <br \/>\n(<em>saph\u0101 ke\u1e6do<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0938\u092b\u093e \u0915\u0947\u091f\u0940 <br \/>\n(<em>saph\u0101 ke\u1e6d\u012b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">\u0938\u092b\u093e \u0915\u0947\u091f\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0942 \/ \u0938\u092b\u093e \u0915\u0947\u091f\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 <br \/>\n(<em>saph\u0101 ke\u1e6d\u0101har\u016b \/ saph\u0101 ke\u1e6d\u012bhar\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-5\">clean<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0917\u0930\u093f\u092c <br \/>\n(<em>garib<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0917\u0930\u093f\u092c \u0915\u0947\u091f\u094b <br \/>\n(<em>garib ke\u1e6do<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0917\u0930\u093f\u092c \u0915\u0947\u091f\u0940 <br \/>\n(<em>garib ke\u1e6d\u012b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">\u0917\u0930\u093f\u092c \u0915\u0947\u091f\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0942 \/ \u0917\u0930\u093f\u092c \u0915\u0947\u091f\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 <br \/>\n(<em>garib ke\u1e6d\u0101har\u016b \/ garib ke\u1e6d\u012bhar\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-5\">poor<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0927\u0928\u0940 <br \/>\n(<em>dhan\u012b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0927\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u0947\u091f\u094b <br \/>\n(<em>dhan\u012b ke\u1e6do<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0927\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u0947\u091f\u0940 <br \/>\n(<em>dhan\u012b ke\u1e6d\u012b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">\u0927\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u0947\u091f\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0942 \/ \u0927\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u0947\u091f\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 <br \/>\n(<em>dhan\u012b ke\u1e6d\u0101har\u016b \/ dhan\u012b ke\u1e6d\u012bhar\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-5\">rich<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0928\u092f\u093e\u0901 <br \/>\n(<em>nay\u0101\u0303<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0928\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u0947\u091f\u094b <br \/>\n(<em>nay\u0101\u0303 ke\u1e6do<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0928\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u0947\u091f\u0940 <br \/>\n(<em>nay\u0101\u0303 ke\u1e6d\u012b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">\u0928\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u0947\u091f\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0942 \/ \u0928\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u0947\u091f\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 <br \/>\n(<em>nay\u0101\u0303 ke\u1e6d\u0101har\u016b \/ nay\u0101\u0303 ke\u1e6d\u012bhar\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-5\">new<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-261 from cache --><\/p>\n<p><b>Key idea<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Inflecting adjectives<\/b><\/span> \u2192 change form to match the noun<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Invariable adjectives<\/b><\/span> \u2192 stay the same in all contexts<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p3\">Understanding this distinction helps you predict when adjective endings will change (such as -o \/ -\u012b \/ -\u0101) and when they will remain fixed.<\/p>\n<h2>Strengthening and Softening Adjectives<\/h2>\n<div>\n<p class=\"p1\">Nepali adjectives can be modified to express different levels of intensity. This is done in two main ways: by adding intensifying words before the adjective, or by using an emphatic suffix.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"p1\"><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">1) Using degree words before adjectives<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"p1\">Words placed before adjectives can either <span class=\"s1\"><b>soften<\/b><\/span> or <span class=\"s1\"><b>strengthen<\/b><\/span> their meaning.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">\u0905\u0932\u093f (<i>ali<\/i>) \u2014 \u201ca little \/ somewhat\u201d (softens)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">\u0927\u0947\u0930\u0948 (<i>dherai<\/i>) \u2014 \u201cvery \/ much\u201d (strengthens with adjectives)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>\u0905\u0932\u093f (<em>ali<\/em>) \u2014 \u201ca little \/ somewhat\u201d<\/h4>\n<p class=\"p3\">\u0905\u0932\u093f (<i>ali<\/i>) is used to describe <span class=\"s2\"><b>degree or intensity<\/b><\/span>, so it modifies adjectives (and sometimes verbs). It softens the meaning of an adjective.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p3\">Examples:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">\u0905\u0932\u093f \u091a\u093f\u0938\u094b \u091b (<i>ali ciso cha<\/i>) \u2014 it is a little cold<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">\u0905\u0932\u093f \u092e\u0939\u0901\u0917\u094b \u091b (<i>ali maha\u1e45go cha<\/i>) \u2014 it is a bit expensive<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>\u0927\u0947\u0930\u0948 (<i>dherai<\/i>) \u2014 \u201cvery\u201d<\/h4>\n<div>\n<p class=\"p1\">In Nepali, \u0927\u0947\u0930\u0948 (<i>dherai<\/i>) can express either <span class=\"s1\"><b>intensity<\/b><\/span> or <span class=\"s1\"><b>quantity<\/b><\/span>, and its meaning depends on what it modifies.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">When \u0927\u0947\u0930\u0948 (<i>dherai<\/i>) comes before an <span class=\"s1\"><b>adjective<\/b><\/span>, it strengthens the meaning and works like English \u201cvery\u201d:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">\u0927\u0947\u0930\u0948 \u0930\u093e\u092e\u094d\u0930\u094b (<i>dherai r\u0101mro<\/i>) \u2014 very good<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">\u0927\u0947\u0930\u0948 \u091a\u093f\u0938\u094b (<i>dherai ciso<\/i>) \u2014 very cold<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-262-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-262\">Table 8.4.7 \u2013 Degree words with adjectives (\u0905\u0932\u093f \/ \u0927\u0947\u0930\u0948)<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-262\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-262\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-262-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Word<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Function<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">Example<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-4\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-5\">Meaning<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0905\u0932\u093f<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">a little \/ somewhat<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0905\u0932\u093f \u091a\u093f\u0938\u094b \u091b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\"><em>ali ciso cha.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-5\">It\u2019s a little cold.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0905\u0932\u093f<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">a bit (softening)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u091d\u094b\u0932\u093e \u0905\u0932\u093f \u092e\u0939\u0901\u0917\u094b \u091b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\"><em>jhol\u0101 ali maha\u1e45go cha.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-5\">The bag is a bit expensive.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0927\u0947\u0930\u0948<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">very (with adjectives)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u0927\u0947\u0930\u0948 \u0930\u093e\u092e\u094d\u0930\u094b \u091b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\"><em>mausam dherai r\u0101mro cha.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-5\">The weather is very good.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0927\u0947\u0930\u0948<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">very (with adjectives)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0927\u0947\u0930\u0948 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0938\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\"><em>uh\u0101\u0303 dherai byasta hunuhuncha.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-5\">He\/She is very busy.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-262 from cache --><\/p>\n<h3><b>2) Using the emphatic suffix \u2013\u0948 (<\/b><b>&#8211;<em>ai<\/em><\/b><b>)<\/b><\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\">Nepali can also intensify adjectives by adding the suffix \u2013\u0948 (<i>-ai<\/i>) directly to the adjective. This adds emphasis and makes the meaning stronger or more expressive.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Examples:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">\u0930\u093e\u092e\u094d\u0930\u094b (<i>r\u0101mro<\/i>) \u2192 \u0930\u093e\u092e\u094d\u0930\u0948 (<i>r\u0101mr\u0101i<\/i>) \u2014 really good \/ quite good<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">\u0920\u0942\u0932\u094b (<i>\u1e6dh\u016blo<\/i>) \u2192 \u0920\u0942\u0932\u0948 (<i>\u1e6dh\u016bl\u0101i<\/i>) \u2014 very big \/ quite big<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-263-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-263\">Table 8.4.8 \u2013 Emphasis with -\u0948 (-ai)<\/h2>\n<p><span id=\"tablepress-263-description\" class=\"tablepress-table-description tablepress-table-description-id-263\">A second way to emphasize an adjective is to use -\u0948 (-ai). For many adjectives ending in -\u094b (-o), the ending commonly changes to -\u0948 (-ai) in emphatic speech.<\/span><\/p>\n<table id=\"tablepress-263\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-263\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-263-name\" aria-describedby=\"tablepress-263-description\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Base adjective<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">Emphatic (-\u0948 ai)<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-4\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0926\u0941\u092c\u094d\u0932\u094b<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>dublo<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0926\u0941\u092c\u094d\u0932\u0948<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\"><em>dublai<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092e\u094b\u091f\u094b<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>mo\u1e6do<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u092e\u094b\u091f\u0948<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\"><em>mo\u1e6dai<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0905\u0917\u094d\u0932\u094b<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>aglo<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0905\u0917\u094d\u0932\u0948<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\"><em>aglai<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0938\u093e\u0928\u094b<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>s\u0101no<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0938\u093e\u0928\u0948<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\"><em>s\u0101nai<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0920\u0942\u0932\u094b<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>\u1e6dh\u016blo<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0920\u0942\u0932\u0948<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\"><em>\u1e6dh\u016blai<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-263 from cache --><\/p>\n<div>\n<h3 class=\"p1\">Using \u0915\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094b (<i>kasto<\/i>) to Ask About Quality or Condition<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"p1\">The question word \u0915\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094b (<i>kasto<\/i>) means \u201cwhat kind?\u201d In everyday Nepali, it is commonly used to ask about the <span class=\"s1\"><b>quality or condition<\/b><\/span> of something\u2014such as whether it is good or bad, hot or cold, okay or not okay.<\/p>\n<p><b>Basic structure<\/b><\/p>\n<p class=\"p3\">After \u0915\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094b (<i>kasto<\/i>), Nepali uses:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">\u091b (<i>cha<\/i>) for singular or mass nouns<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">\u091b\u0928\u094d (<i>chan<\/i>) for plural nouns<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p3\">With plural nouns, \u0915\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094b (<i>kasto<\/i>) changes to \u0915\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e (<i>kast\u0101<\/i>).<\/p>\n<p class=\"p3\">Structure:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">\u0915\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094b + noun + \u091b (<i>cha<\/i>)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">\u0915\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e + plural noun + \u091b\u0928\u094d (<i>chan<\/i>)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-267-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-267\">Table 8.4.9 \u2013 kasto questions and answers (quality\/condition)<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-267\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-267\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-267-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">English<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u0915\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094b \u091b?<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>mausam kasto cha?<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">How is the weather?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u0930\u093e\u092e\u094d\u0930\u094b \u091b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>mausam r\u0101mro cha.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">The weather is good.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0915\u094b\u0920\u093e \u0915\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094b \u091b?<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>ko\u1e6dh\u0101 kasto cha?<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">How is the room?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0915\u094b\u0920\u093e \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094b \u091b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>ko\u1e6dh\u0101 ny\u0101no cha.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">The room is warm.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094b \u091b?<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303l\u0101\u012b kasto cha?<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">How are you? (polite)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-7\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092e\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u091b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>mal\u0101\u012b \u1e6dh\u012bk cha.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">I feel fine.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-267 from cache --><\/p>\n<h2>Understanding the Nepali Postposition \u2013<em>l\u0101i<\/em><\/h2>\n<p>In English, relationships like \u201cto\u201d and \u201cfor\u201d are often shown with prepositions (to me, for you). In Nepali, these meanings are commonly expressed with the postposition \u2013\u0932\u093e\u0908 (\u2013l\u0101i), which attaches directly to a noun or pronoun.<\/p>\n<p>In basic grammar terms, \u2013\u0932\u093e\u0908 is used in two very frequent ways:<\/p>\n<p>(1) recipient\/goal (\u201cto\/for someone\u201d), and<\/p>\n<p>(2) experiencer, the person who feels or experiences a condition (such as being okay, cold, hungry, sick, etc.).<\/p>\n<p>The experiencer use is especially important because it appears in everyday greetings and \u201cHow are you?\u201d questions.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-268-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-268\">Table 8.4.10 \u2013 Common \u2013\u0932\u093e\u0908 (-l\u0101i) forms<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-268\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-268\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-268-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Base form<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">With \u2013\u0932\u093e\u0908<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-4\">Approximate meaning<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092e<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u092e\u0932\u093e\u0908<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\"><em>mal\u0101\u012b<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">to\/for me<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902\u0932\u093e\u0908<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\"><em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303l\u0101\u012b<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">to\/for you (polite)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0932\u093e\u0908<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\"><em>uh\u0101\u0303l\u0101\u012b<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">to\/for him\/her (respectful)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u091c\u094b<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u091c\u094b\u0932\u093e\u0908<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\"><em>jol\u0101\u012b<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">to\/for Jo<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-268 from cache --><\/p>\n<h2>1) \u2013\u0932\u093e\u0908 (<em>\u2013l\u0101i<\/em>) as a recipient marker (\u201cto\/for\u201d)<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\">In Nepali, \u2013\u0932\u093e\u0908 (<i>-l\u0101\u012b<\/i>) is commonly used to indicate the <span class=\"s1\"><b>recipient or target of an action<\/b><\/span>\u2014the person who receives something such as an object, information, help, or attention. In English, this often corresponds to \u201cto\u201d or \u201cfor\u201d (give to someone, tell someone, do something for someone).<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Nepali expresses this by attaching \u2013\u0932\u093e\u0908 (<i>-l\u0101\u012b<\/i>) directly to the person (or living being) who receives the action.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Examples:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"188\" data-end=\"235\">\u092e\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u092d\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d\u0964<br data-start=\"203\" data-end=\"206\" \/><em data-start=\"206\" data-end=\"224\">mal\u0101\u012b bhannuhos.<\/em><br data-start=\"224\" data-end=\"227\" \/>Tell me.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"237\" data-end=\"294\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0938\u094b\u0927\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d\u0964<br data-start=\"256\" data-end=\"259\" \/><em data-start=\"259\" data-end=\"279\">uh\u0101\u0303l\u0101\u012b sodhnuhos.<\/em><br data-start=\"279\" data-end=\"282\" \/>Ask him\/her.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p1\">This marker is not limited to physical objects. It is also used with speech, instructions, advice, and attention.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-269-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-269\">Table 8.4.11 \u2013\u0932\u093e\u0908 (\u2013l\u0101i) as recipient (\u201cto\/for\u201d)<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-269\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-269\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-269-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">English<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u091c\u094b\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u0932\u092e \u0926\u093f\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>jol\u0101\u012b kalam dinuhos.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">Give the pen to Jo.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092e\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u092d\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>mal\u0101\u012b bhannuhos.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">Tell me.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-269 from cache --><\/p>\n<h2>2) \u2013\u0932\u093e\u0908 (<em>\u2013l\u0101i<\/em>) as an experiencer marker (feelings and states)<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\">In Nepali, many everyday feelings and states\u2014such as being okay, sick, cold, hot, worried, or comfortable\u2014are commonly expressed using an <span class=\"s1\"><b>experiencer pattern<\/b><\/span> with \u2013\u0932\u093e\u0908 (<i>-l\u0101\u012b<\/i>).<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">In this structure, the person is marked as the <span class=\"s1\"><b>experiencer<\/b><\/span> of a condition. The sentence is framed as a state that holds \u201cfor\/to\u201d that person, rather than describing the person as the direct subject of the adjective.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">This is why greetings and health check-ins often use the pattern:<\/p>\n<p class=\"p3\"><b>[Person + \u2013\u0932\u093e\u0908 (-<em>l\u0101\u012b<\/em>)] + [condition] + \u091b\/\u091b\u0948\u0928 (<em>cha\/chaina<\/em>)<\/b><b><\/b><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Examples:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"87\" data-end=\"176\">\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094b \u091b?<br data-start=\"104\" data-end=\"107\" \/><em data-start=\"107\" data-end=\"129\">tap\u0101\u012b\u0303l\u0101\u012b kasto cha?<\/em><br data-start=\"129\" data-end=\"132\" \/>How are you?<br data-start=\"144\" data-end=\"147\" \/>Literally: How is it for you?<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"178\" data-end=\"254\">\u092e\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u091b\u0964<br data-start=\"189\" data-end=\"192\" \/><em data-start=\"192\" data-end=\"209\">mal\u0101\u012b \u1e6dh\u012bk cha.<\/em><br data-start=\"209\" data-end=\"212\" \/>I am fine.<br data-start=\"222\" data-end=\"225\" \/>Literally: It is fine for me.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"256\" data-end=\"347\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u091b\u0964<br data-start=\"270\" data-end=\"273\" \/><em data-start=\"273\" data-end=\"292\">uh\u0101\u0303l\u0101\u012b \u1e6dh\u012bk cha.<\/em><br data-start=\"292\" data-end=\"295\" \/>He\/She is fine.<br data-start=\"310\" data-end=\"313\" \/>Literally: It is fine for him\/her.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"349\" data-end=\"371\">Better natural option:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"373\" data-end=\"431\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0938\u091e\u094d\u091a\u0948 \u091b\u0964<br data-start=\"389\" data-end=\"392\" \/><em data-start=\"392\" data-end=\"413\">uh\u0101\u0303l\u0101\u012b sa\u00f1cai cha.<\/em><br data-start=\"413\" data-end=\"416\" \/>He\/She is well.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p1\"><b style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">Key idea<\/b><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">In English, we say:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"p1\">\u201cI am fine\u201d<\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\">\u201cI am cold\u201d<\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\">\u201cI am okay\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p1\">In Nepali, this is often expressed more literally as:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">\u201cFor me, it is fine\/cold\/okay\u201d<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p1\">So \u2013\u0932\u093e\u0908 (<i>-l\u0101\u012b<\/i>) marks <span class=\"s1\"><b>who experiences the state<\/b><\/span>, and \u091b (<i>cha<\/i>) expresses that the condition is true.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-270-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-270\">Table 8.4.12 \u2013\u0932\u093e\u0908 (\u2013l\u0101i) as experiencer (states\/feelings)<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-270\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-270\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-270-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">Literal sense<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-4\">Natural English<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094b \u091b?<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303l\u0101\u012b kasto cha?<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">How is it for you?<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">How are you? (polite)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092e\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u091b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>mal\u0101\u012b \u1e6dh\u012bk cha.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">It is fine for me.<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">I\u2019m fine.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0930\u093e\u092e\u094d\u0930\u094b \u091b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>uh\u0101\u0303l\u0101\u012b r\u0101mro cha.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">It is good for him\/her.<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">He\/She is doing well.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-270 from cache --><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"p1\">Expressing feelings and physical states with \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0947\u0915\u094b \u091b (<i>l\u0101geko cha<\/i>)<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\">In Nepali, many common physical and mental states\u2014such as hunger, thirst, sleepiness, tiredness, and fear\u2014are often expressed using the verb \u0932\u093e\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0941 (<i>l\u0101gnu<\/i>), meaning \u201cto feel\u201d or \u201cto come on.\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">This is an <span class=\"s1\"><b>experiencer construction<\/b><\/span>. The person who feels the state is marked with \u2013\u0932\u093e\u0908 (<i>-l\u0101\u012b<\/i>), and the feeling itself is expressed as a noun. The verb then appears as \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0947\u0915\u094b (<i>l\u0101geko<\/i>) + \u091b\/\u091b\u0948\u0928 (<i>cha\/chaina<\/i>) to indicate whether the feeling is present.<\/p>\n<p><b>Basic structure<\/b><\/p>\n<p class=\"p4\"><b>[Person + \u2013\u0932\u093e\u0908 (-<em>l\u0101\u012b<\/em>)] + [feeling noun] + \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0947\u0915\u094b \u091b\/\u091b\u0948\u0928 (<em>l\u0101geko cha\/chaina<\/em>)<\/b><b><\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Key idea<\/b><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Instead of saying \u201cI am hungry\u201d in a simple adjective form, Nepali expresses it more literally as: \u201cHunger has come to me \/ I am experiencing hunger.\u201d<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-271-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-271\">Table 8.4.13 \u2013 l\u0101geko cha: feelings and physical states<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-271\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-271\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-271-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">English<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092e\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0925\u0915\u093e\u0907 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0947\u0915\u094b \u091b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>mal\u0101\u012b thak\u0101i l\u0101geko cha.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">I feel tired.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u092d\u094b\u0915 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0947\u0915\u094b \u091b?<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303l\u0101\u012b bhok l\u0101geko cha?<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">Are you hungry? (polite)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0928\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0947\u0915\u094b \u091b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>uh\u0101\u0303l\u0101\u012b nidr\u0101 l\u0101geko cha.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">He\/She feels sleepy.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092e\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u092d\u094b\u0915 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0947\u0915\u094b \u091b\u0948\u0928\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>m\u0101y\u0101l\u0101\u012b bhok l\u0101geko chaina.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">Maya is not hungry.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-271 from cache --><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"p1\">Past forms of \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941 (<i>hunu<\/i>): \u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b (<i>thiyo<\/i>) vs \u092d\u092f\u094b (<i>bhayo<\/i>)<\/h2>\n<div>\n<p class=\"p1\">In Nepali, the verb \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941 (<i>hunu<\/i>) has two very common past patterns. The difference is not just tense, but <span class=\"s1\"><b>meaning<\/b><\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h3>1) \u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b-form (<em>thiyo<\/em>) \u2014 past state or condition<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\">The \u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b-form (<i>thiyo<\/i>; including forms like <i>thi\u1ebd, thiyau, thie, th\u012b<\/i>) is used to describe a <span class=\"s1\"><b>state or condition in the past<\/b><\/span>. It expresses something that <i>was true for a period of time<\/i>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s2\">Meaning focus: <\/span><b>\u201cwas \/ were\u201d (description, situation)<\/b><b><\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">\u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u091a\u093f\u0938\u094b \u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0964<br data-start=\"71\" data-end=\"74\" \/><em data-start=\"74\" data-end=\"94\">mausam ciso thiyo.<\/em><br data-start=\"94\" data-end=\"97\" \/>The weather was cold.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-273-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-273\">Table 8.4.14 \u2013 \u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b-form: past states\/conditions (examples)<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-273\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-273\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-273-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">English<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092e \u0918\u0930\u092e\u093e \u0925\u093f\u090f\u0901\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>ma gharm\u0101 thi\u1ebd.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">I was at home.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092e \u0918\u0930\u092e\u093e \u0925\u093f\u0907\u0928\u0901\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>ma gharm\u0101 thiina\u0303.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">I was not at home.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0915\u0947 \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0918\u0930\u092e\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f\u094b?<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>ke tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 gharm\u0101 hunuhunthyo?<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">Were you at home?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0939\u093f\u091c\u094b \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u0916\u0930\u093e\u092c \u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>hijo mausam khar\u0101b thiyo.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">Yesterday the weather was bad.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0939\u093f\u091c\u094b \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u0916\u0930\u093e\u092c \u0925\u093f\u090f\u0928\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>hijo mausam khar\u0101b thiena.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">Yesterday the weather was not bad.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-7\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0915\u0947 \u0939\u093f\u091c\u094b \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u0916\u0930\u093e\u092c \u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b?<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>ke hijo mausam khar\u0101b thiyo?<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">Was the weather bad yesterday?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-273 from cache --><\/span><\/p>\n<h3>2) \u092d\u092f\u094b-form (<em>bhayo<\/em>) \u2014 change or event<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\">The \u092d\u092f\u094b-form (<i>bhayo<\/i>; including forms like <i>bhae\u0303, bhayau, bhae, bha\u012b<\/i>) is used to express a <span class=\"s1\"><b>change, event, or result<\/b><\/span>. It highlights that something <i>became true or happened<\/i>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s2\">Meaning focus: <\/span><b>\u201cbecame \/ happened \/ turned\u201d<\/b><b><\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">\u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u091a\u093f\u0938\u094b \u092d\u092f\u094b\u0964<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><i>mausam ciso bhayo.<\/i><i><\/i><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">The weather became cold.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-274-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-274\">Table 8.4.15 \u2013 \u092d\u092f\u094b-form: past change\/outcome (examples)<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-274\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-274\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-274-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">English<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u090a \u0927\u0928\u0940 \u092d\u092f\u094b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>\u016b dhan\u012b bhayo.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">He became rich.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u090a \u0927\u0928\u0940 \u092d\u090f\u0928\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>\u016b dhan\u012b bhaena.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">He did not become rich.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0915\u0947 \u090a \u0927\u0928\u0940 \u092d\u092f\u094b?<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>ke \u016b dhan\u012b bhayo?<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">Did he become rich?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0916\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093f\u0938\u094b \u092d\u092f\u094b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>kh\u0101n\u0101 ciso bhayo.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">The food became cold.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0916\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093f\u0938\u094b \u092d\u090f\u0928\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>kh\u0101n\u0101 ciso bhaena.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">The food did not become cold.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-7\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0915\u0947 \u0916\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093f\u0938\u094b \u092d\u092f\u094b?<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>ke kh\u0101n\u0101 ciso bhayo?<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">Did the food become cold?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-274 from cache --><\/span><\/p>\n<div>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-275-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-275\">Table 8.4.16 \u2013 Meaning contrast: \u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b vs \u092d\u092f\u094b (paired examples)<\/h2>\n<p><span id=\"tablepress-275-description\" class=\"tablepress-table-description tablepress-table-description-id-275\">The following pairs of statements illustrate the difference in the meaning of the two forms:<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<table id=\"tablepress-275\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-275\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-275-name\" aria-describedby=\"tablepress-275-description\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">State (\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b)<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Change\/Event (\u092d\u092f\u094b)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u092c\u0928\u094d\u0926 \u0925\u093f\u090f\u0964 (<em>bai\u1e45kahar\u016b banda thie.<\/em>) <br \/> The banks were closed.<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u092c\u0928\u094d\u0926 \u092d\u090f\u0964 (<em>bai\u1e45kahar\u016b banda bhae.<\/em>) <br \/> The banks got closed.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0918\u0930 \u0938\u092b\u093e \u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0964 (<em>ghar saph\u0101 thiyo.<\/em>) <br \/> The house was clean.<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0918\u0930 \u0938\u092b\u093e \u092d\u092f\u094b\u0964 (<em>ghar saph\u0101 bhayo.<\/em>) <br \/> The house became clean.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u091a\u093f\u0938\u094b \u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0964 (<em>mausam ciso thiyo.<\/em>) <br \/> The weather was cold.<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u091a\u093f\u0938\u094b \u092d\u092f\u094b\u0964 (<em>mausam ciso bhayo.<\/em>) <br \/> The weather turned cold.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-275 from cache --><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-276-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-276\">Table 8.4.17 \u2013 Past pattern: \u201cwas\u2026, but later became\u2026\u201d (\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u2026 \u0924\u0930 \u092a\u091b\u093f \u092d\u092f\u094b)<\/h2>\n<p><span id=\"tablepress-276-description\" class=\"tablepress-table-description tablepress-table-description-id-276\">The table below illustrates a common past pattern in Nepali: first a past state with \u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b, then a later change with \u092d\u092f\u094b (or \u092d\u090f\u0928). The phrase \u0924\u0930 \u092a\u091b\u093f (\u201cbut later\u201d) shows the change.<\/p>\n<p><\/span><\/p>\n<table id=\"tablepress-276\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-276\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-276-name\" aria-describedby=\"tablepress-276-description\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">Meaning<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b, \u0924\u0930 \u092a\u091b\u093f \u0916\u0930\u093e\u092c \u092d\u092f\u094b\u0964 <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>mausam \u1e6dh\u012bk thiyo, tara pachi khar\u0101b bhayo.<\/em>  <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">The weather was fine, but later it became bad.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u093f\u0938\u094b \u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b, \u0924\u0930 \u092a\u091b\u093f \u0924\u093e\u0924\u094b \u092d\u092f\u094b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"> <em>p\u0101n\u012b ciso thiyo, tara pachi t\u0101to bhayo.<\/em>  <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">The water was cold, but later it became hot.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u090a \u0915\u092e\u091c\u094b\u0930 \u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b, \u0924\u0930 \u092a\u091b\u093f \u092c\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b \u092d\u092f\u094b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"> <em>\u016b kamjor thiyo, tara pachi baliyo bhayo.<\/em>  <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">He was weak, but later he became strong.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u092b\u093e \u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b, \u0924\u0930 \u092a\u091b\u093f \u092b\u094b\u0939\u094b\u0930 \u092d\u092f\u094b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"> <em>kak\u1e63\u0101 saph\u0101 thiyo, tara pachi phohor bhayo.<\/em>  <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">The classroom was clean, but later it became dirty.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-276 from cache --><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><b>Key distinction<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b (<em>thiyo<\/em>)<\/b><\/span> \u2192 past state (what it was like)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>\u092d\u092f\u094b (<em>bhayo<\/em>)<\/b><\/span> \u2192 change\/event (what happened)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Past forms of \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941 (<em>hunu<\/em>) \u2014 conjugation overview<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\">In Nepali, the verb \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941 (<i>hunu<\/i>) has two common past patterns. The choice between them depends on meaning: whether you are describing a <span class=\"s1\"><b>state\/condition<\/b><\/span> or a <span class=\"s1\"><b>change\/event<\/b><\/span>. The forms also vary by person, number, and respect level.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Now see the full conjugation patterns below.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\" style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-272-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-272\">Table 8.4.18 \u2013 Past forms of hunu: \u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b vs \u092d\u092f\u094b (conjugation)<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-272\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-272\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-272-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Pronoun(s)<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b-form<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">Negative<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-4\">\u092d\u092f\u094b-form<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-5\">Negative<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092e<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0925\u093f\u090f\u0901 (<em>thie\u0303<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0925\u093f\u0907\u0928\u0901 (<em>thiina\u0303<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">\u092d\u090f\u0901 (<em>bhae\u0303<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-5\">\u092d\u0907\u0928\u0901 (<em>bha\u2019ina\u0303<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0939\u093e\u092e\u0940<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094c\u0901 (<em>thiyau\u0303<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0925\u093f\u090f\u0928\u094c\u0902 (<em>thienau\u0303<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">\u092d\u092f\u094c\u0902 (<em>bhayau\u0303<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-5\">\u092d\u090f\u0928\u094c\u0902 (<em>bhaenau\u0303<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u093f\u092e\u0940<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094c (<em>thiyau<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0925\u093f\u090f\u0928\u094c (<em>thienau<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">\u092d\u092f\u094c (<em>bhayau<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-5\">\u092d\u090f\u0928\u094c (<em>bhaenau<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b (<em>hunubhayo<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u092d\u090f\u0928 (<em>hunubhaena<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">\u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b (<em>hunubhayo<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-5\">\u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u092d\u090f\u0928 (<em>hunubhaena<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u090a \/ \u092f\u094b \/ \u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b (m.)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b (<em>thiyo<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0925\u093f\u090f\u0928 (<em>thiena<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">\u092d\u092f\u094b (<em>bhayo<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-5\">\u092d\u090f\u0928 (<em>bhaena<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-7\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u090a \/ \u092f\u094b \/ \u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b (f.)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0925\u093f\u0908 (<em>th\u012b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0925\u093f\u0907\u0928 (<em>thiina<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">\u092d\u0908 (<em>bha\u012b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-5\">\u092d\u0907\u0928 (<em>bhaina<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-8\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0928\u0940 \/ \u092f\u093f\u0928\u0940 \/ \u0924\u093f\u0928\u0940 (m.)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0925\u093f\u090f (<em>thie<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0925\u093f\u090f\u0928\u0928\u094d (<em>thienan<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">\u092d\u090f (<em>bhae<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-5\">\u092d\u090f\u0928\u0928\u094d (<em>bhaenan<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-9\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0928\u0940 \/ \u092f\u093f\u0928\u0940 \/ \u0924\u093f\u0928\u0940 (f.)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0925\u093f\u0907\u0928\u094d (<em>thiin<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0925\u093f\u0907\u0928\u0928\u094d (<em>thiinan<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">\u092d\u0907\u0928\u094d (<em>bhain<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-5\">\u092d\u0907\u0928\u0928\u094d (<em>bhainan<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-10\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f\u094b (<em>hunuhunthyo<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0925\u094d\u092f\u094b (<em>hunuhunnathyo<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">\u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b (<em>hunubhayo<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-5\">\u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u092d\u090f\u0928 (<em>hunubhaena<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-11\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092f\u0940 \/ \u0924\u0940 \/ \u0909\u0928\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0925\u093f\u090f (<em>thie<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0925\u093f\u090f\u0928\u0928\u094d (<em>thienan<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">\u092d\u090f (<em>bhae<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-5\">\u092d\u090f\u0928\u0928\u094d (<em>bhaenan<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-12\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0939\u0930\u0942<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f\u094b (<em>hunuhunthyo<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0925\u094d\u092f\u094b (<em>hunuhunnathyo<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">\u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b (<em>hunubhayo<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-5\">\u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u092d\u090f\u0928 (<em>hunubhaena<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-272 from cache --><\/span><\/p>\n<h1>Honorific Past<\/h1>\n<p>These two tables show two common honorific past patterns. The first table uses \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 (<em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303<\/em>) with \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f\u094b \/ \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0925\u094d\u092f\u094b to describe a past state. The second table uses \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 (<em>uh\u0101\u0303<\/em>) with \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b \/ \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u092d\u090f\u0928 to describe a past outcome (becoming a doctor).<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-277-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-277\">Table 8.4.19 \u2013 Honorific past state<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-277\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-277\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-277-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">English<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0939\u093f\u091c\u094b \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 hijo yah\u0101\u0303 hunuhunthyo.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">You were here yesterday.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0939\u093f\u091c\u094b \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0925\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 hijo yah\u0101\u0303 hunuhunnathyo.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">You were not here yesterday.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0915\u0947 \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0939\u093f\u091c\u094b \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f\u094b?<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>ke tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 hijo yah\u0101\u0303 hunuhunthyo?<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">Were you here yesterday?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-277 from cache --><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-278-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-278\">Table 8.4.20 \u2013 Honorific past outcome<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-278\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-278\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-278-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">English<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0921\u093e\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>uh\u0101\u0303 \u1e0d\u0101k\u1e6dar hunubhayo.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">He\/She became a doctor.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0921\u093e\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u092d\u090f\u0928\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>uh\u0101\u0303 \u1e0d\u0101k\u1e6dar hunubhaena.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">He\/She did not become a doctor.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0921\u093e\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b?<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>ke uh\u0101\u0303 \u1e0d\u0101k\u1e6dar hunubhayo?<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">Did he\/she become a doctor?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-278 from cache --><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":1076,"menu_order":4,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"Unit 4 \u2014 Grammar Focus","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":"cc-by-nc-sa"},"chapter-type":[49],"contributor":[],"license":[57],"class_list":["post-192","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","chapter-type-numberless","license-cc-by-nc-sa"],"part":183,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/192","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1076"}],"version-history":[{"count":15,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/192\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2586,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/192\/revisions\/2586"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/183"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/192\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=192"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=192"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=192"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=192"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}