{"id":211,"date":"2025-12-07T01:49:21","date_gmt":"2025-12-07T06:49:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/chapter\/chapter-9-unit-4-grammar-focus\/"},"modified":"2026-05-25T20:47:49","modified_gmt":"2026-05-26T00:47:49","slug":"chapter-9-unit-4-grammar-focus","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/chapter\/chapter-9-unit-4-grammar-focus\/","title":{"raw":"Unit 4 \u2014 Grammar Focus","rendered":"Unit 4 \u2014 Grammar Focus"},"content":{"raw":"
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Commands and Requests<\/h2>\r\nIn Nepali, commands and requests change according to the relationship between the speaker and the listener.\r\n\r\nIn English, politeness is often added with words such as \u201cplease.\u201d In Nepali, politeness is usually shown directly through the verb ending. This means that the same basic command can sound direct, familiar, polite, or very respectful depending on the form used.\r\n\r\nFor example, the idea \u201csit\u201d can be expressed in different ways:\r\n\r\n\u092c\u0938\u094d\r\nbas<\/em>\r\nSit. Very direct.\r\n\r\n\u092c\u0938\r\nbasa<\/em>\r\nSit. Familiar \/ softer.\r\n\r\n\u092c\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d\r\nbasnuhos<\/em>\r\nPlease sit.\r\n\r\n\u092c\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0932\u093e\r\nbasnuhol\u0101<\/em>\r\nPlease sit. Very polite \/ deferential.\r\n\r\nTo use commands and requests correctly, think about two things:\r\n
    \r\n \t
  • the relationship between the speaker and listener<\/li>\r\n \t
  • the correct verb form for that level of politeness<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nFor beginners, the safest form is the polite \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 (tap\u0101\u012b\u0303<\/em>) level. This form is respectful and appropriate in many everyday situations, including classrooms, shops, travel, public places, and conversations with people you do not know well.\r\n\r\n[table id=280 \/]\r\n\r\n[table id=281 \/]\r\n\r\n[table id=282 \/]\r\n

    Simple Rule<\/h3>\r\nUse polite forms when speaking to strangers, teachers, elders, guests, or people in public settings.\r\n\r\nFor beginners, polite request forms such as \u0906\u0909\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d (\u0101unuhos<\/em>), \u092c\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d (basnuhos<\/em>), \u0916\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d (kh\u0101nuhos<\/em>), and \u092d\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d (bhannuhos<\/em>) are safe and respectful.\r\n

    Try It Now<\/h3>\r\nRead the polite request forms aloud.\r\n\r\n\u0906\u0909\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d\r\n\u0101unuhos<\/em>\r\nPlease come.\r\n\r\n\u092c\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d\r\nbasnuhos<\/em>\r\nPlease sit.\r\n\r\n\u0916\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d\r\nkh\u0101nuhos<\/em>\r\nPlease eat.\r\n\r\n\u092d\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d\r\nbhannuhos<\/em>\r\nPlease say. \/ Please tell.\r\n\r\n\u0917\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d\r\ngarnuhos<\/em>\r\nPlease do.\r\n

    Learner Tip<\/h3>\r\nThe word \u0915\u0943\u092a\u092f\u093e (k\u1e5bpay\u0101<\/em>) means \u201cplease,\u201d but it is not always necessary in Nepali. A polite verb form such as \u092c\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d (basnuhos<\/em>) is already polite.\r\n\r\n\u0915\u0943\u092a\u092f\u093e \u092c\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d\u0964\r\nk\u1e5bpay\u0101 basnuhos.<\/em>\r\nPlease sit.\r\n\r\nThis form is correct, but it sounds more formal than simply saying \u092c\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d (basnuhos<\/em>).\r\n

    Imperative Formation by Verb Class<\/h2>\r\nNepali verbs form commands in slightly different ways depending on the verb type.\r\n\r\nAt the polite and very polite levels, the pattern is usually simple:\r\n\r\ndictionary form ending in \u2013\u0928\u0941 (\u2013nu<\/em>) + polite ending\r\n\r\nFor example:\r\n\r\n\u092c\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0941 + \u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d \u2192 \u092c\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d\r\nbasnu + hos \u2192 basnuhos<\/em>\r\nPlease sit.\r\n\r\n\u0916\u093e\u0928\u0941 + \u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d \u2192 \u0916\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d\r\nkh\u0101nu + hos \u2192 kh\u0101nuhos<\/em>\r\nPlease eat.\r\n\r\nThe main differences appear in the lower and more casual command forms.\r\n

    1. C-Verb Imperatives<\/h3>\r\nC-verbs are verbs whose base ends in a consonant.\r\n\r\nFor many C-verbs, the low command is the bare base. This form can sound very direct or abrupt.\r\n\r\nA softer middle form often adds a short vowel sound, commonly heard as -a<\/em>. This makes the command sound smoother and more conversational.\r\n\r\nFor polite and respectful requests, use the dictionary form ending in \u2013\u0928\u0941 (\u2013nu<\/em>) plus a respectful ending.\r\n\r\nCommon polite endings include:\r\n\r\n\u2013\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d\r\n\u2013nuhos<\/em>\r\nstandard polite request\r\n\r\n\u2013\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0932\u093e\r\n\u2013nuhol\u0101<\/em>\r\nextra-polite or more deferential request\r\n\r\n[table id=283 \/]\r\n

    Try It Now<\/h4>\r\nCompare the forms.\r\n\r\n\u092c\u0938\u094d\r\nbas<\/em>\r\nSit. Very direct.\r\n\r\n\u092c\u0938\r\nbasa<\/em>\r\nSit. Familiar \/ softer.\r\n\r\n\u092c\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d\r\nbasnuhos<\/em>\r\nPlease sit.\r\n\r\n\u092c\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0932\u093e\r\nbasnuhol\u0101<\/em>\r\nPlease sit. Very polite \/ deferential.\r\n

    Common Mistake<\/h4>\r\nDo not use the direct low form with strangers, teachers, elders, or guests.\r\n\r\nFor example, \u092c\u0938\u094d (bas<\/em>) may sound too blunt in many situations. Use \u092c\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d (basnuhos<\/em>) instead.\r\n

    2. V-Verb Imperatives<\/h3>\r\nV-verbs are verbs whose base ends in a single vowel.\r\n\r\nThe low command is often the bare base. The middle form may add \u2013\u090a (\u2013\u016b<\/em>) to make the command sound more conversational or familiar.\r\n\r\nFor polite requests, use the dictionary form ending in \u2013\u0928\u0941 (\u2013nu<\/em>) plus the polite ending.\r\n\r\n[table id=284 \/]\r\n

    Try It Now<\/h4>\r\nRead the forms aloud.\r\n\r\n\u0916\u093e\r\nkh\u0101<\/em>\r\nEat. Direct.\r\n\r\n\u0916\u093e\u090a\r\nkh\u0101\u016b<\/em>\r\nEat. Familiar \/ softer.\r\n\r\n\u0916\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d\r\nkh\u0101nuhos<\/em>\r\nPlease eat.\r\n\r\n\u0916\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0932\u093e\r\nkh\u0101nuhol\u0101<\/em>\r\nPlease eat. Very polite \/ deferential.\r\n

    3. VV-Verb Imperatives<\/h3>\r\nVV-verbs have a vowel sequence in the base, such as \u0906\u0909\u2013 (\u0101u\u2013<\/em>) or \u092a\u093f\u0909\u2013 (piu\u2013<\/em>).\r\n\r\nAt the low level, the final -u<\/em> sound may be dropped in short command forms.\r\n\r\nFor example:\r\n\r\n\u0906\u0909\r\n\u0101u<\/em>\r\nto come\r\n\r\n\u0906\r\n\u0101<\/em>\r\nCome. Direct.\r\n\r\n\u092a\u093f\u0909\r\npiu<\/em>\r\nto drink\r\n\r\n\u092a\u0940\r\np\u012b<\/em>\r\nDrink. Direct.\r\n\r\nAt the middle level, speakers often use a friendlier form with \u2013\u090a (\u2013\u016b<\/em>).\r\n\r\nAt the polite level, VV-verbs follow the regular pattern:\r\n\r\ndictionary form + \u2013\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d (\u2013nuhos<\/em>)\r\n\r\n[table id=286 \/]\r\n

    Try It Now<\/h4>\r\nCompare the forms.\r\n\r\n\u0906\r\n\u0101<\/em>\r\nCome. Direct.\r\n\r\n\u0906\u090a\r\n\u0101\u016b<\/em>\r\nCome. Familiar \/ softer.\r\n\r\n\u0906\u0909\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d\r\n\u0101unuhos<\/em>\r\nPlease come.\r\n\r\n\u092a\u093f\u0909\r\npiu<\/em>\r\nto drink\r\n\r\n\u092a\u093f\u0909\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d\r\npiunuhos<\/em>\r\nPlease drink.\r\n

    Irregular Imperative Bases<\/h2>\r\nSome very common Nepali verbs have special short command forms. These forms do not follow the regular pattern at the low and middle levels.\r\n\r\nIt is best to learn them as fixed forms.\r\n\r\nThe good news is that the polite forms are usually regular. For polite requests, use the dictionary form ending in \u2013\u0928\u0941 (\u2013nu<\/em>) plus \u2013\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d (\u2013hos<\/em>).\r\n\r\n[table id=287 \/]\r\n

    Spoken Nepali Note<\/h3>\r\nIn everyday spoken Nepali, polite forms are often shortened.\r\n\r\nFor example:\r\n\r\n\u0916\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d\r\nkh\u0101nuhos<\/em>\r\nPlease eat.\r\n\r\n\u0916\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0938\u094d\r\nkh\u0101nus<\/em>\r\nPlease eat.\r\n\r\n\u092c\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d\r\nbasnuhos<\/em>\r\nPlease sit.\r\n\r\n\u092c\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0938\u094d\r\nbasnus<\/em>\r\nPlease sit.\r\n\r\nBoth full and shortened forms are common. In this book, the full forms are introduced first because they are clearer for learners.\r\n

    Try It Now<\/h3>\r\nRead the full form and the common spoken form.\r\n\r\n\u0906\u0909\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d\r\n\u0101unuhos<\/em>\r\n\r\n\u0906\u0909\u0928\u0941\u0938\u094d\r\n\u0101unus<\/em>\r\n\r\n\u092c\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d\r\nbasnuhos<\/em>\r\n\r\n\u092c\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0938\u094d\r\nbasnus<\/em>\r\n\r\n\u092d\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d\r\nbhannuhos<\/em>\r\n\r\n\u092d\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0938\u094d\r\nbhannus<\/em>\r\n

    Simple Past Tense<\/h2>\r\nThe simple past tense is used to talk about completed actions, events, and situations.\r\n\r\nIt often matches English simple past forms such as:\r\n
      \r\n \t
    • I went.<\/li>\r\n \t
    • She came.<\/li>\r\n \t
    • They ate.<\/li>\r\n \t
    • It was.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nNepali also uses the simple past for recent updates. In English, we might use the present perfect, but Nepali often uses a simple past form.\r\n\r\nFor example:\r\n\r\n\u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0906\u092f\u094b\u0964\r\np\u0101n\u012b \u0101yo.<\/em>\r\nIt started raining. \/ It has started raining.\r\n\r\n\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0906\u0909\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b?\r\nuh\u0101\u0303 \u0101unubhayo?<\/em>\r\nDid he\/she arrive? \/ Has he\/she arrived?\r\n

      Simple Rule<\/h3>\r\nNepali simple past shows that something happened or was completed.\r\n\r\nIt can also be used for recent news or recent changes.\r\n

      How Simple Past Forms Are Built<\/h2>\r\nSimple past forms are built from two parts:\r\n\r\npast stem + past ending\r\n\r\nThe stem gives the main meaning of the verb.\r\n\r\nThe ending shows who did the action.\r\n\r\nOnce you know the past stem of a verb, you can add different endings for different subjects.\r\n\r\n[table id=288 \/]\r\n

      Try It Now<\/h3>\r\nLook at the pattern.\r\n\r\n\u092a\u0922\u094d\u0928\u0941\r\npa\u1e0dhnu<\/em>\r\nto read\r\n\r\n\u092a\u0922\u094d\u2013\r\npa\u1e0dh\u2013<\/em>\r\nread stem\r\n\r\n\u092a\u0922\u0947\u0902\r\npa\u1e0dhe\u0303<\/em>\r\nI read.\r\n\r\n\u092a\u0922\u094d\u092f\u094b\r\npa\u1e0dhyo<\/em>\r\nHe\/She read.\r\n\r\n\u092a\u0922\u0947\r\npa\u1e0dhe<\/em>\r\nThey read.\r\n

      Past Tense Verb Bases<\/h2>\r\n

      A. Regular Past Bases<\/h3>\r\nFor many Nepali verbs, the past stem is easy to form.\r\n\r\nStart with the dictionary form ending in \u2013\u0928\u0941 (\u2013nu<\/em>).\r\n\r\nRemove \u2013\u0928\u0941 (\u2013nu<\/em>).\r\n\r\nUse the remaining base as the past stem.\r\n\r\nThen add the correct past ending.\r\n\r\nFor example:\r\n\r\n\u0932\u0947\u0916\u094d\u0928\u0941\r\nlekhnu<\/em>\r\nto write\r\n\r\n\u0932\u0947\u0916\u094d\u2013\r\nlekh\u2013<\/em>\r\nwrite stem\r\n\r\n\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0947\u0902\r\nlekhe\u0303<\/em>\r\nI wrote.\r\n\r\n[table id=289 \/]\r\n

      Try It Now<\/h4>\r\nFind the stem.\r\n\r\n\u092a\u0922\u094d\u0928\u0941\r\npa\u1e0dhnu<\/em>\r\nto read\r\n\r\n\u092a\u0922\u094d\u2013\r\npa\u1e0dh\u2013<\/em>\r\n\r\n\u0932\u0947\u0916\u094d\u0928\u0941\r\nlekhnu<\/em>\r\nto write\r\n\r\n\u0932\u0947\u0916\u094d\u2013\r\nlekh\u2013<\/em>\r\n\r\n\u0916\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0928\u0941\r\nkholnu<\/em>\r\nto open\r\n\r\n\u0916\u094b\u0932\u094d\u2013\r\nkhol\u2013<\/em>\r\n

      VV-Verbs in the Past<\/h3>\r\nSome verbs have a vowel + u<\/em> sound in the present base.\r\n\r\nExamples include:\r\n\r\n\u0906\u0909\u0928\u0941\r\n\u0101unu<\/em>\r\nto come\r\n\r\n\u092a\u093f\u0909\u0928\u0941\r\npiunu<\/em>\r\nto drink\r\n\r\n\u092a\u0915\u093e\u0909\u0928\u0941\r\npak\u0101unu<\/em>\r\nto cook\r\n\r\nIn the simple past, the -u<\/em> part often disappears before the past ending is added.\r\n\r\n[table id=290 \/]\r\n

      Try It Now<\/h4>\r\nCompare the forms.\r\n\r\n\u0906\u0909\u0928\u0941\r\n\u0101unu<\/em>\r\nto come\r\n\r\n\u0906\u090f\u0901\r\n\u0101e\u0303<\/em>\r\nI came.\r\n\r\n\u092a\u093f\u0909\u0928\u0941\r\npiunu<\/em>\r\nto drink\r\n\r\n\u092a\u093f\u090f\u0901\r\npie\u0303<\/em>\r\nI drank.\r\n\r\n\u092a\u0915\u093e\u0909\u0928\u0941\r\npak\u0101unu<\/em>\r\nto cook\r\n\r\n\u092a\u0915\u093e\u090f\u0901\r\npak\u0101e\u0303<\/em>\r\nI cooked.\r\n

      B. Irregular Past Bases<\/h3>\r\nSome very common verbs have irregular past stems.\r\n\r\nThese verbs do not follow the simple \u201cremove \u2013\u0928\u0941\u201d rule in a regular way.\r\n\r\nBecause they are common, it is best to memorize them.\r\n\r\n[table id=291 \/]\r\n

      Learner Tip<\/h4>\r\nDo not worry if irregular forms feel difficult at first. Learn them through common sentences and repeated practice.\r\n\r\nFor example:\r\n\r\n\u092e \u0917\u090f\u0901\u0964\r\nma gae\u0303.<\/em>\r\nI went.\r\n\r\n\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0906\u0909\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b\u0964\r\nuh\u0101\u0303 \u0101unubhayo.<\/em>\r\nHe\/She came.\r\n\r\n\u092e\u0948\u0932\u0947 \u0917\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964\r\nmaile gare\u0303.<\/em>\r\nI did.\r\n

      Past Tense Verb Endings<\/h2>\r\nIn Nepali, past-tense endings change according to the subject.\r\n\r\nThe ending can show:\r\n
        \r\n \t
      • person<\/li>\r\n \t
      • number<\/li>\r\n \t
      • honorific level<\/li>\r\n \t
      • sometimes gender in third-person forms<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nBecause the same endings appear with many verbs, it is useful to learn them as a pattern.\r\n\r\n[table id=292 \/]\r\n\r\n[table id=293 \/]\r\n\r\n[table id=294 \/]\r\n

        Try It Now<\/h3>\r\nRead the past-tense sentences aloud.\r\n\r\n\u092e\u0948\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u092a\u0922\u0947\u0902\u0964\r\nmaile kit\u0101b pa\u1e0dhe\u0303.<\/em>\r\nI read a book.\r\n\r\n\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u092a\u0922\u094d\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b\u0964\r\nuh\u0101\u0303le kit\u0101b pa\u1e0dhnubhayo.<\/em>\r\nHe\/She read a book.\r\n\r\n\u092e \u0917\u090f\u0901\u0964\r\nma gae\u0303.<\/em>\r\nI went.\r\n\r\n\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b\u0964\r\nuh\u0101\u0303 j\u0101nubhayo.<\/em>\r\nHe\/She went.\r\n

        The Simple Past Forms of \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941<\/h2>\r\nThe verb \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941 (hunu<\/em>) \u201cto be\u201d has important past forms.\r\n\r\nNepali uses two main past series:\r\n\r\n\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b-series\r\nthiyo-series<\/em>\r\n\r\n\u092d\u092f\u094b-series\r\nbhayo-series<\/em>\r\n\r\nThe \u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b-series is often used for past location, condition, or state.\r\n\r\nFor example:\r\n\r\n\u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932\u092e\u093e \u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0964\r\nkit\u0101b \u1e6debalm\u0101 thiyo.<\/em>\r\nThe book was on the table.\r\n\r\n\u092e \u0918\u0930\u092e\u093e \u0925\u093f\u090f\u0901\u0964\r\nma gharm\u0101 thi\u1ebd.<\/em>\r\nI was at home.\r\n\r\nThe \u092d\u092f\u094b-series often shows becoming, happening, completion, or change of state.\r\n\r\nFor example:\r\n\r\n\u0930\u093e\u0924 \u092d\u092f\u094b\u0964\r\nr\u0101t bhayo.<\/em>\r\nIt became night.\r\n\r\n\u0915\u093e\u092e \u092d\u092f\u094b\u0964\r\nk\u0101m bhayo.<\/em>\r\nThe work was done. \/ The work happened.\r\n\r\nFor respectful subjects such as \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 (tap\u0101\u012b\u0303<\/em>), \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 (uh\u0101\u0303<\/em>), and \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0939\u0930\u0942 (uh\u0101\u0303har\u016b<\/em>), Nepali usually uses honorific forms.\r\n\r\n\u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b\r\nhunubhayo<\/em>\r\nwas \/ became \/ happened, respectful\r\n\r\n\u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u092d\u090f\u0928\r\nhunubhaena<\/em>\r\nwas not \/ did not become \/ did not happen, respectful\r\n\r\n[table id=295 \/]\r\n

        Simple Rule<\/h3>\r\nUse the \u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b-series for past location, condition, or state.\r\n\r\nUse the \u092d\u092f\u094b-series for becoming, happening, completion, or change of state.\r\n\r\nUse honorific forms such as \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b (hunubhayo<\/em>) with respectful subjects.\r\n

        Transitive and Intransitive Verbs<\/h2>\r\nNepali verbs can be grouped into two broad types:\r\n
          \r\n \t
        • transitive verbs<\/li>\r\n \t
        • intransitive verbs<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nThis difference is important in the simple past because many transitive past sentences mark the subject with \u2013\u0932\u0947 (\u2013le<\/em>).\r\n

          Transitive Verbs<\/h3>\r\nA transitive verb takes a direct object. The action is done to something or someone.\r\n\r\nExamples:\r\n
            \r\n \t
          • read a book<\/li>\r\n \t
          • write a letter<\/li>\r\n \t
          • eat rice<\/li>\r\n \t
          • open the door<\/li>\r\n \t
          • make food<\/li>\r\n \t
          • give money<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nIn Nepali simple past sentences with transitive verbs, the doer is commonly marked with \u2013\u0932\u0947 (\u2013le<\/em>).\r\n\r\nFor example:\r\n\r\n\u092e\u0948\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u092a\u0922\u0947\u0901\u0964\r\nmaile kit\u0101b pa\u1e0dhe\u0303.<\/em>\r\nI read a book.\r\n\r\nHere, \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c (kit\u0101b<\/em>) is the direct object. It is the thing being read.\r\n

            Intransitive Verbs<\/h3>\r\nAn intransitive verb does not take a direct object.\r\n\r\nMany intransitive verbs describe movement, posture, or change.\r\n\r\nExamples:\r\n
              \r\n \t
            • go<\/li>\r\n \t
            • come<\/li>\r\n \t
            • arrive<\/li>\r\n \t
            • sit<\/li>\r\n \t
            • stand<\/li>\r\n \t
            • fall<\/li>\r\n \t
            • happen<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nFor example:\r\n\r\n\u092e \u0917\u090f\u0901\u0964\r\nma gae\u0303.<\/em>\r\nI went.\r\n\r\nThis sentence has no direct object. The subject is not marked with \u2013\u0932\u0947 (\u2013le<\/em>).\r\n

              Transitive Verbs and \u2013\u0932\u0947 in the Simple Past<\/h2>\r\nIn Nepali, the subject of a transitive verb in the simple past is often marked with \u2013\u0932\u0947 (\u2013le<\/em>).\r\n\r\nThis marker shows the doer of a completed action.\r\n\r\nFor example:\r\n\r\n\u092e\u0948\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u092a\u0922\u0947\u0902\u0964\r\nmaile kit\u0101b pa\u1e0dhe\u0303.<\/em>\r\nI read a book.\r\n\r\n\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0932\u0947 \u0922\u094b\u0915\u093e \u0916\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b\u0964\r\nuh\u0101\u0303le \u1e0dhok\u0101 kholnubhayo.<\/em>\r\nHe\/She opened the door.\r\n\r\nHere, the subjects are marked with \u2013\u0932\u0947:\r\n\r\n\u092e\u0948\u0932\u0947\r\nmaile<\/em>\r\nI, as the doer\r\n\r\n\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0932\u0947\r\nuh\u0101\u0303le<\/em>\r\nhe\/she, as the doer\r\n\r\nWith pronouns, the form before \u2013\u0932\u0947 may change.\r\n\r\nFor example:\r\n\r\n\u092e \u2192 \u092e\u0948\u0932\u0947\r\nma \u2192 maile<\/em>\r\n\r\n\u090a \u2192 \u0909\u0938\u094d\u0932\u0947\r\n\u016b \u2192 usle<\/em>\r\n\r\n\u092f\u094b \u2192 \u092f\u0938\u094d\u0932\u0947\r\nyo \u2192 yasle<\/em>\r\n\r\n\u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b \u2192 \u0924\u094d\u092f\u0938\u094d\u0932\u0947\r\ntyo \u2192 tyasle<\/em>\r\n\r\n[table id=296 \/]\r\n

              Try It Now<\/h3>\r\nRead the \u2013\u0932\u0947 forms aloud.\r\n\r\n\u092e\u0948\u0932\u0947\r\nmaile<\/em>\r\nI, as doer\r\n\r\n\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902\u0932\u0947\r\ntap\u0101\u012b\u0303le<\/em>\r\nyou, as doer\r\n\r\n\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0932\u0947\r\nuh\u0101\u0303le<\/em>\r\nhe\/she, as doer\r\n\r\n\u0915\u0938\u094d\u0932\u0947\r\nkasle<\/em>\r\nwho, as doer?\r\n\r\n[table id=297 \/]\r\n

              Common Mistake<\/h3>\r\nDo not add \u2013\u0932\u0947 (\u2013le<\/em>) to every past-tense subject.\r\n\r\nUse \u2013\u0932\u0947 especially when the verb is transitive and has a direct object.\r\n\r\nCompare:\r\n\r\n\u092e\u0948\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u092a\u0922\u0947\u0902\u0964\r\nmaile kit\u0101b pa\u1e0dhe\u0303.<\/em>\r\nI read a book.\r\n\r\n\u092e \u0918\u0930 \u0917\u090f\u0901\u0964\r\nma ghar gae\u0303.<\/em>\r\nI went home.\r\n\r\nIn the first sentence, \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c (kit\u0101b<\/em>) is a direct object.\r\n\r\nIn the second sentence, \u0918\u0930 (ghar<\/em>) is a destination, not a direct object.\r\n

              Intransitive Verbs in the Simple Past<\/h2>\r\nIntransitive verbs do not take a direct object.\r\n\r\nBecause there is no direct object, the subject is usually not marked with \u2013\u0932\u0947 (\u2013le<\/em>).\r\n\r\nFor example:\r\n\r\n\u092e \u0917\u090f\u0901\u0964\r\nma gae\u0303.<\/em>\r\nI went.\r\n\r\n\u092e \u092c\u0938\u0947\u0902\u0964\r\nma base\u0303.<\/em>\r\nI sat.\r\n\r\n\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b\u0964\r\nuh\u0101\u0303 j\u0101nubhayo.<\/em>\r\nHe\/She went.\r\n\r\n\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092c\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b\u0964\r\nuh\u0101\u0303 basnubhayo.<\/em>\r\nHe\/She sat.\r\n\r\n[table id=298 \/]\r\n

              Simple Rule<\/h3>\r\nTransitive past sentence with a direct object \u2192 subject often takes \u2013\u0932\u0947 (\u2013le<\/em>)\r\n\r\nIntransitive past sentence with no direct object \u2192 no \u2013\u0932\u0947 (\u2013le<\/em>)\r\n\r\nCompare:\r\n\r\n\u092e\u0948\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u092a\u0922\u0947\u0902\u0964\r\nmaile kit\u0101b pa\u1e0dhe\u0303.<\/em>\r\nI read a book.\r\n\r\n\u092e \u0918\u0930 \u0917\u090f\u0901\u0964\r\nma ghar gae\u0303.<\/em>\r\nI went home.\r\n

              Try It Now<\/h3>\r\nDecide whether the sentence uses \u2013\u0932\u0947.\r\n\r\n\u092e\u0948\u0932\u0947 \u091a\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092a\u093f\u090f\u0901\u0964\r\nmaile ciy\u0101 pie\u0303.<\/em>\r\nI drank tea.\r\n\r\n\u092e \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0941\u0932 \u0917\u090f\u0901\u0964\r\nma skul gae\u0303.<\/em>\r\nI went to school.\r\n\r\n\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0932\u0947 \u0916\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0916\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b\u0964\r\nuh\u0101\u0303le kh\u0101n\u0101 kh\u0101nubhayo.<\/em>\r\nHe\/She ate food.\r\n\r\n\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0918\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b\u0964\r\nuh\u0101\u0303 ghar j\u0101nubhayo.<\/em>\r\nHe\/She went home.\r\n

              Further Uses of \u2013\u0932\u0947<\/h2>\r\nAlthough \u2013\u0932\u0947 (\u2013le<\/em>) is very important in transitive past sentences, it does not only mean \u201cpast tense.\u201d\r\n\r\nIt is better to think of \u2013\u0932\u0947 (\u2013le<\/em>) as a role marker.\r\n\r\nIt can mark:\r\n
                \r\n \t
              • the doer or agent<\/li>\r\n \t
              • the questioned doer<\/li>\r\n \t
              • the instrument or tool<\/li>\r\n \t
              • the cause or force<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nThe tense comes from the verb, not from \u2013\u0932\u0947.\r\n

                1. Typical Agent in Habitual or General Statements<\/h3>\r\nSometimes \u2013\u0932\u0947 (\u2013le<\/em>) marks the person or thing that usually does an action.\r\n\r\nThis can appear in general statements, instructions, or descriptions of typical behaviour.\r\n\r\n[table id=299 \/]\r\n

                Learner Tip<\/h4>\r\nIn casual speech, speakers may not always use \u2013\u0932\u0947 in non-past sentences.\r\n\r\nHowever, you may hear \u2013\u0932\u0947 when the speaker wants to emphasize the doer or responsible person.\r\n

                2. Questioned Agent: \u0915\u0938\u094d\u0932\u0947<\/h3>\r\nThe form \u0915\u0938\u094d\u0932\u0947 (kasle<\/em>) means \u201cwho\u201d as the doer of an action.\r\n\r\nIt is very common in questions.\r\n\r\nFor example:\r\n\r\n\u0915\u0938\u094d\u0932\u0947 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u200d\u092f\u094b?\r\nkasle garyo?<\/em>\r\nWho did it?\r\n\r\n\u0915\u0938\u094d\u0932\u0947 \u092d\u0928\u094d\u092f\u094b?\r\nkasle bhanyo?<\/em>\r\nWho said it?\r\n\r\n\u0915\u0938\u094d\u0932\u0947 \u0932\u0947\u0916\u094d\u091b?\r\nkasle lekhcha?<\/em>\r\nWho writes? \/ Who will write?\r\n\r\n[table id=300 \/]\r\n

                3. Instrument or Means<\/h3>\r\n\u2013\u0932\u0947 (\u2013le<\/em>) can also show the instrument or means used to do something.\r\n\r\nIn English, this often means \u201cwith\u201d or \u201cby using.\u201d\r\n\r\nFor example:\r\n\r\n\u0915\u0932\u092e\u0932\u0947 \u0932\u0947\u0916\u0947\u0902\u0964\r\nkalamle lekhe\u0303.<\/em>\r\nI wrote with a pen.\r\n\r\n\u091a\u0915\u094d\u0915\u0941\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u091f\u0947\u0902\u0964\r\ncakkule k\u0101\u1e6de\u0303.<\/em>\r\nI cut with a knife.\r\n\r\n[table id=301 \/]\r\n

                4. Cause or Force<\/h3>\r\n\u2013\u0932\u0947 (\u2013le<\/em>) can also mark a cause or force.\r\n\r\nThis is common with weather, illness, heat, cold, stress, or other conditions that cause something to happen.\r\n\r\nFor example:\r\n\r\n\u091c\u094d\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0932\u0947 \u0925\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0964\r\njwarole th\u0101kyo.<\/em>\r\nHe\/She became tired because of fever.\r\n\r\n\u091a\u093f\u0938\u094b\u0932\u0947 \u0917\u093e\u0939\u094d\u0930\u094b \u092d\u092f\u094b\u0964\r\ncisole g\u0101hro bhayo.<\/em>\r\nIt became difficult because of the cold.\r\n\r\n[table id=302 \/]\r\n

                Key Point<\/h3>\r\n\u2013\u0932\u0947 (\u2013le<\/em>) does not always mean past tense.\r\n\r\nIt shows the role of a noun in the sentence.\r\n\r\nThe verb tells you the tense.\r\n

                Honorific \u2013\u091c\u0940 and \u2013\u091c\u094d\u092f\u0942 in Respectful Address<\/h2>\r\nNepali uses honorific endings to show respect when addressing or referring to people.\r\n\r\nTwo common honorific forms are:\r\n\r\n\u2013\u091c\u0940\r\n\u2013j\u012b<\/em>\r\n\r\n\u2013\u091c\u094d\u092f\u0942\r\n\u2013jy\u016b<\/em>\r\n

                Using \u2013\u091c\u0940<\/h3>\r\n\u2013\u091c\u0940 (\u2013j\u012b<\/em>) is commonly added to names and some kinship terms to show respect.\r\n\r\nIt is similar to polite address in English, but it is more flexible and common in everyday Nepali.\r\n\r\nFor example:\r\n\r\n\u0930\u093e\u092e\u091c\u0940\r\nr\u0101mj\u012b<\/em>\r\nRam-ji\r\n\r\n\u0938\u0940\u0924\u093e\u091c\u0940\r\ns\u012bt\u0101j\u012b<\/em>\r\nSita-ji\r\n\r\nUsing \u2013\u091c\u0940 can make greetings, questions, and requests sound more polite.\r\n\r\n[table id=303 \/]\r\n

                Using \u2013\u091c\u094d\u092f\u0942<\/h3>\r\n\u2013\u091c\u094d\u092f\u0942 (\u2013jy\u016b<\/em>) is more respectful and formal than \u2013\u091c\u0940 (\u2013j\u012b<\/em>).\r\n\r\nIt is often used with titles, roles, and formal address.\r\n\r\nFor example:\r\n\r\n\u0917\u0941\u0930\u0941\u091c\u094d\u092f\u0942\r\ngurujy\u016b<\/em>\r\nrespected teacher \/ guru\r\n\r\n[table id=304 \/]\r\n

                Learner Tip<\/h3>\r\nUse \u2013\u091c\u0940 (\u2013j\u012b<\/em>) for polite everyday respect with names.\r\n\r\nUse \u2013\u091c\u094d\u092f\u0942 (\u2013jy\u016b<\/em>) in more formal or highly respectful situations.\r\n

                Can You Do This Now?<\/h2>\r\nAt the end of this section, you should be able to:\r\n
                  \r\n \t
                • recognize different levels of Nepali commands and requests<\/li>\r\n \t
                • use polite request forms such as \u0906\u0909\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d, \u092c\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d, \u0916\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d, and \u092d\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d<\/li>\r\n \t
                • understand that Nepali politeness is shown through verb endings<\/li>\r\n \t
                • recognize common shortened spoken forms such as \u0906\u0909\u0928\u0941\u0938\u094d and \u092c\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0938\u094d<\/li>\r\n \t
                • form simple past-tense sentences<\/li>\r\n \t
                • recognize when \u2013\u0932\u0947 is used with transitive verbs in the simple past<\/li>\r\n \t
                • distinguish between transitive and intransitive verbs<\/li>\r\n \t
                • understand that \u2013\u0932\u0947 can also mark doer, instrument, means, cause, or force<\/li>\r\n \t
                • use \u2013\u091c\u0940 and \u2013\u091c\u094d\u092f\u0942 to show respect in address<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/header>","rendered":"
                  \n

                  Commands and Requests<\/h2>\n

                  In Nepali, commands and requests change according to the relationship between the speaker and the listener.<\/p>\n

                  In English, politeness is often added with words such as \u201cplease.\u201d In Nepali, politeness is usually shown directly through the verb ending. This means that the same basic command can sound direct, familiar, polite, or very respectful depending on the form used.<\/p>\n

                  For example, the idea \u201csit\u201d can be expressed in different ways:<\/p>\n

                  \u092c\u0938\u094d
                  \nbas<\/em>
                  \nSit. Very direct.<\/p>\n

                  \u092c\u0938
                  \nbasa<\/em>
                  \nSit. Familiar \/ softer.<\/p>\n

                  \u092c\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d
                  \nbasnuhos<\/em>
                  \nPlease sit.<\/p>\n

                  \u092c\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0932\u093e
                  \nbasnuhol\u0101<\/em>
                  \nPlease sit. Very polite \/ deferential.<\/p>\n

                  To use commands and requests correctly, think about two things:<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  • the relationship between the speaker and listener<\/li>\n
                  • the correct verb form for that level of politeness<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                    For beginners, the safest form is the polite \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 (tap\u0101\u012b\u0303<\/em>) level. This form is respectful and appropriate in many everyday situations, including classrooms, shops, travel, public places, and conversations with people you do not know well.<\/p>\n

                    Table 9.4.1 \u2013 Politeness Levels and \u201cYou\u201d Forms<\/h2>\n

                    Nepali commonly uses four levels when giving commands and requests. Speakers often omit the pronoun, but the verb form still shows the level.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                    Addressee form<\/th>\nTransliteration<\/th>\nTypical use<\/th>\nLevel<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                    \u0924\u0901<\/td>\nta\u0303<\/em><\/td>\nvery intimate or rude; scolding; avoid as a learner<\/td>\nLow<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                    \u0924\u093f\u092e\u0940<\/td>\ntim\u012b<\/em><\/td>\nfamiliar; friends, peers<\/td>\nMiddle<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                    \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902<\/td>\ntap\u0101\u012b\u0303<\/em><\/td>\npolite\/respectful; safest default<\/td>\nHigh<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                    \u0939\u091c\u0941\u0930<\/td>\nhajur<\/em><\/td>\nvery respectful; elders, monastics, senior officials<\/td>\nSuper-Polite<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                    <\/p>\n

                    Table 9.4.2 \u2013 Four imperative levels<\/h2>\n

                    These are the common command\/request forms using \u0917\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0941 (garnu).<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                    Addressee form<\/th>\nNepali<\/th>\nTransliteration<\/th>\nApproximate meaning<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                    \u0924\u0901<\/td>\n\u0917\u0930\u094d<\/td>\ngar<\/em><\/td>\nDo! (very direct)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                    \u0924\u093f\u092e\u0940<\/td>\n\u0917\u0930<\/td>\ngara<\/em><\/td>\nDo! (familiar)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                    \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902<\/td>\n\u0917\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d<\/td>\ngarnuhos<\/em><\/td>\nPlease do. (polite)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                    \u0939\u091c\u0941\u0930<\/td>\n\u0917\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0932\u093e<\/td>\ngarnuhol\u0101<\/em><\/td>\nPlease would you do\u2026? (very deferential)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                    <\/p>\n

                    Table 9.4.3 \u2013 Negative imperatives with na-<\/h2>\n

                    To say \u201cdon\u2019t\u2026,\u201d Nepali adds \u0928- (na-) to the imperative form.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                    Addressee form<\/th>\nNepali<\/th>\nTransliteration<\/th>\nApproximate meaning<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                    \u0924\u0901<\/td>\n\u0928\u0917\u0930\u094d<\/td>\nnagar<\/em><\/td>\nDon\u2019t!<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                    \u0924\u093f\u092e\u0940<\/td>\n\u0928\u0917\u0930<\/td>\nnagara<\/em><\/td>\nDon\u2019t do!<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                    \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902<\/td>\n\u0928\u0917\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d<\/td>\nnagarnuhos<\/em><\/td>\nPlease don\u2019t.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                    \u0939\u091c\u0941\u0930<\/td>\n\u0928\u0917\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0932\u093e<\/td>\nnagarnuhol\u0101<\/em><\/td>\nPlease would you not\u2026?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                    <\/p>\n

                    Simple Rule<\/h3>\n

                    Use polite forms when speaking to strangers, teachers, elders, guests, or people in public settings.<\/p>\n

                    For beginners, polite request forms such as \u0906\u0909\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d (\u0101unuhos<\/em>), \u092c\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d (basnuhos<\/em>), \u0916\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d (kh\u0101nuhos<\/em>), and \u092d\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d (bhannuhos<\/em>) are safe and respectful.<\/p>\n

                    Try It Now<\/h3>\n

                    Read the polite request forms aloud.<\/p>\n

                    \u0906\u0909\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d
                    \n\u0101unuhos<\/em>
                    \nPlease come.<\/p>\n

                    \u092c\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d
                    \nbasnuhos<\/em>
                    \nPlease sit.<\/p>\n

                    \u0916\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d
                    \nkh\u0101nuhos<\/em>
                    \nPlease eat.<\/p>\n

                    \u092d\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d
                    \nbhannuhos<\/em>
                    \nPlease say. \/ Please tell.<\/p>\n

                    \u0917\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d
                    \ngarnuhos<\/em>
                    \nPlease do.<\/p>\n

                    Learner Tip<\/h3>\n

                    The word \u0915\u0943\u092a\u092f\u093e (k\u1e5bpay\u0101<\/em>) means \u201cplease,\u201d but it is not always necessary in Nepali. A polite verb form such as \u092c\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d (basnuhos<\/em>) is already polite.<\/p>\n

                    \u0915\u0943\u092a\u092f\u093e \u092c\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d\u0964
                    \nk\u1e5bpay\u0101 basnuhos.<\/em>
                    \nPlease sit.<\/p>\n

                    This form is correct, but it sounds more formal than simply saying \u092c\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d (basnuhos<\/em>).<\/p>\n

                    Imperative Formation by Verb Class<\/h2>\n

                    Nepali verbs form commands in slightly different ways depending on the verb type.<\/p>\n

                    At the polite and very polite levels, the pattern is usually simple:<\/p>\n

                    dictionary form ending in \u2013\u0928\u0941 (\u2013nu<\/em>) + polite ending<\/p>\n

                    For example:<\/p>\n

                    \u092c\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0941 + \u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d \u2192 \u092c\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d
                    \nbasnu + hos \u2192 basnuhos<\/em>
                    \nPlease sit.<\/p>\n

                    \u0916\u093e\u0928\u0941 + \u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d \u2192 \u0916\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d
                    \nkh\u0101nu + hos \u2192 kh\u0101nuhos<\/em>
                    \nPlease eat.<\/p>\n

                    The main differences appear in the lower and more casual command forms.<\/p>\n

                    1. C-Verb Imperatives<\/h3>\n

                    C-verbs are verbs whose base ends in a consonant.<\/p>\n

                    For many C-verbs, the low command is the bare base. This form can sound very direct or abrupt.<\/p>\n

                    A softer middle form often adds a short vowel sound, commonly heard as -a<\/em>. This makes the command sound smoother and more conversational.<\/p>\n

                    For polite and respectful requests, use the dictionary form ending in \u2013\u0928\u0941 (\u2013nu<\/em>) plus a respectful ending.<\/p>\n

                    Common polite endings include:<\/p>\n

                    \u2013\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d
                    \n\u2013nuhos<\/em>
                    \nstandard polite request<\/p>\n

                    \u2013\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0932\u093e
                    \n\u2013nuhol\u0101<\/em>
                    \nextra-polite or more deferential request<\/p>\n

                    Table 9.4.4 \u2013 Imperative Forms of basnu \u201cto sit\u201d (by politeness level)<\/h2>\n

                    A quick reference to basnu (C-Verb) in four politeness levels, showing matching affirmative and negative forms (na- for \u201cdon\u2019t\u201d).<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                    Addressee form<\/th>\nAffirmative<\/th>\nEnglish<\/th>\nNegative<\/th>\nEnglish<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                    \u0924\u0901<\/td>\n\u092c\u0938\u094d (bas<\/em>)<\/td>\nSit!<\/td>\n\u0928\u092c\u0938\u094d
                    \n(nabas<\/em>)<\/td>\n                    		Don\u2019t sit!<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                    \u0924\u093f\u092e\u0940<\/td>\n\u092c\u0938 (basa<\/em>)<\/td>\nSit (okay)!<\/td>\n\u0928\u092c\u0938
                    \n(nabasa<\/em>)<\/td>\n                    		Don\u2019t sit (okay)!<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                    \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902<\/td>\n\u092c\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d (basnuhos<\/em>)<\/td>\nPlease sit.<\/td>\n\u0928\u092c\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d
                    \n(nabasnuhos<\/em>)<\/td>\n                    		Please don\u2019t sit.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                    \u0939\u091c\u0941\u0930<\/td>\n\u092c\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0932\u093e (basnuhol\u0101<\/em>)<\/td>\nPlease would you sit\u2026?<\/td>\n\u0928\u092c\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0932\u093e
                    \n(nabasnuhol\u0101<\/em>)<\/td>\n                    		Please would you not sit\u2026?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                    <\/p>\n

                    Try It Now<\/h4>\n

                    Compare the forms.<\/p>\n

                    \u092c\u0938\u094d
                    \nbas<\/em>
                    \nSit. Very direct.<\/p>\n

                    \u092c\u0938
                    \nbasa<\/em>
                    \nSit. Familiar \/ softer.<\/p>\n

                    \u092c\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d
                    \nbasnuhos<\/em>
                    \nPlease sit.<\/p>\n

                    \u092c\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0932\u093e
                    \nbasnuhol\u0101<\/em>
                    \nPlease sit. Very polite \/ deferential.<\/p>\n

                    Common Mistake<\/h4>\n

                    Do not use the direct low form with strangers, teachers, elders, or guests.<\/p>\n

                    For example, \u092c\u0938\u094d (bas<\/em>) may sound too blunt in many situations. Use \u092c\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d (basnuhos<\/em>) instead.<\/p>\n

                    2. V-Verb Imperatives<\/h3>\n

                    V-verbs are verbs whose base ends in a single vowel.<\/p>\n

                    The low command is often the bare base. The middle form may add \u2013\u090a (\u2013\u016b<\/em>) to make the command sound more conversational or familiar.<\/p>\n

                    For polite requests, use the dictionary form ending in \u2013\u0928\u0941 (\u2013nu<\/em>) plus the polite ending.<\/p>\n

                    Table 9.4.5 \u2013 Imperative Forms of (kh\u0101nu) \u201cto eat\u201d (by politeness level)<\/h2>\n

                    A quick reference to kh\u0101nu (V-Verb) across four politeness levels, with matching affirmative and negative forms (negative uses na- \u201cdon\u2019t\u201d).<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                    Addressee form<\/th>\nAffirmative<\/th>\nEnglish<\/th>\nNegative<\/th>\nEnglish<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                    \u0924\u0901<\/td>\n\u0916\u093e (kh\u0101<\/em>)<\/td>\nEat!<\/td>\n\u0928\u0916\u093e (nakh\u0101<\/em>)<\/td>\nDon\u2019t eat!<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                    \u0924\u093f\u092e\u0940<\/td>\n\u0916\u093e\u090a (kh\u0101\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\nEat (okay)!<\/td>\n\u0928\u0916\u093e\u090a (nakh\u0101\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\nDon\u2019t eat (okay)!<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                    \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902<\/td>\n\u0916\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d (kh\u0101nuhos<\/em>)<\/td>\nPlease eat.<\/td>\n\u0928\u0916\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d (nakh\u0101nuhos<\/em>)<\/td>\nPlease don\u2019t eat.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                    \u0939\u091c\u0941\u0930<\/td>\n\u0916\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0932\u093e (kh\u0101nuhol\u0101<\/em>)<\/td>\nPlease would you eat\u2026?<\/td>\n\u0928\u0916\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0932\u093e (nakh\u0101nuhol\u0101<\/em>)<\/td>\nPlease would you not eat\u2026?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                    <\/p>\n

                    Try It Now<\/h4>\n

                    Read the forms aloud.<\/p>\n

                    \u0916\u093e
                    \nkh\u0101<\/em>
                    \nEat. Direct.<\/p>\n

                    \u0916\u093e\u090a
                    \nkh\u0101\u016b<\/em>
                    \nEat. Familiar \/ softer.<\/p>\n

                    \u0916\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d
                    \nkh\u0101nuhos<\/em>
                    \nPlease eat.<\/p>\n

                    \u0916\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0932\u093e
                    \nkh\u0101nuhol\u0101<\/em>
                    \nPlease eat. Very polite \/ deferential.<\/p>\n

                    3. VV-Verb Imperatives<\/h3>\n

                    VV-verbs have a vowel sequence in the base, such as \u0906\u0909\u2013 (\u0101u\u2013<\/em>) or \u092a\u093f\u0909\u2013 (piu\u2013<\/em>).<\/p>\n

                    At the low level, the final -u<\/em> sound may be dropped in short command forms.<\/p>\n

                    For example:<\/p>\n

                    \u0906\u0909
                    \n\u0101u<\/em>
                    \nto come<\/p>\n

                    \u0906
                    \n\u0101<\/em>
                    \nCome. Direct.<\/p>\n

                    \u092a\u093f\u0909
                    \npiu<\/em>
                    \nto drink<\/p>\n

                    \u092a\u0940
                    \np\u012b<\/em>
                    \nDrink. Direct.<\/p>\n

                    At the middle level, speakers often use a friendlier form with \u2013\u090a (\u2013\u016b<\/em>).<\/p>\n

                    At the polite level, VV-verbs follow the regular pattern:<\/p>\n

                    dictionary form + \u2013\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d (\u2013nuhos<\/em>)<\/p>\n

                    Table 9.4.6 \u2013 Imperative Forms of (piunu) \u201cto drink\u201d (by politeness level)<\/h2>\n

                    A quick reference to piunu (VV-Verb) across four politeness levels, with matching affirmative and negative forms (negative uses na- \u201cdon\u2019t\u201d).<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                    Addressee form<\/th>\nAffirmative<\/th>\nEnglish<\/th>\nNegative<\/th>\nEnglish<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                    \u0924\u0901<\/td>\n\u092a\u093f (pi<\/em>)<\/td>\nDrink.<\/td>\n\u0928\u092a\u093f (napi<\/em>)<\/td>\nDon\u2019t drink.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                    \u0924\u093f\u092e\u0940<\/td>\n\u092a\u093f\u090a (pi\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\nDrink (okay)! \/ Have some.<\/td>\n\u0928\u092a\u093f\u090a (napi\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\nDon\u2019t drink (okay)!<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                    \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902<\/td>\n\u092a\u093f\u0909\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d (piunuhos<\/em>)<\/td>\nPlease drink.<\/td>\n\u0928\u092a\u093f\u0909\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d (napiunuhos<\/em>)<\/td>\nPlease don\u2019t drink.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                    \u0939\u091c\u0941\u0930<\/td>\n\u092a\u093f\u0909\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0932\u093e (piunuhol\u0101<\/em>)<\/td>\nPlease would you drink\u2026?<\/td>\n\u0928\u092a\u093f\u0909\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0932\u093e (napiunuhol\u0101<\/em>)<\/td>\nPlease would you not drink\u2026?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                    <\/p>\n

                    Try It Now<\/h4>\n

                    Compare the forms.<\/p>\n

                    \u0906
                    \n\u0101<\/em>
                    \nCome. Direct.<\/p>\n

                    \u0906\u090a
                    \n\u0101\u016b<\/em>
                    \nCome. Familiar \/ softer.<\/p>\n

                    \u0906\u0909\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d
                    \n\u0101unuhos<\/em>
                    \nPlease come.<\/p>\n

                    \u092a\u093f\u0909
                    \npiu<\/em>
                    \nto drink<\/p>\n

                    \u092a\u093f\u0909\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d
                    \npiunuhos<\/em>
                    \nPlease drink.<\/p>\n

                    Irregular Imperative Bases<\/h2>\n

                    Some very common Nepali verbs have special short command forms. These forms do not follow the regular pattern at the low and middle levels.<\/p>\n

                    It is best to learn them as fixed forms.<\/p>\n

                    The good news is that the polite forms are usually regular. For polite requests, use the dictionary form ending in \u2013\u0928\u0941 (\u2013nu<\/em>) plus \u2013\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d (\u2013hos<\/em>).<\/p>\n

                    Table 9.4.7 \u2013 Irregular Imperative Bases (Common Verbs)<\/h2>\n

                    Common verbs with special low\/middle command forms; the polite (high) form stays regular with \u2013nuhos.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                    Verb<\/th>\nLow<\/th>\nMiddle<\/th>\nHigh <\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                    \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0941 (j\u0101nu<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u091c\u093e (j\u0101<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u091c\u093e\u090a (j\u0101\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u091c\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d (j\u0101nuhos<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                    \u0926\u093f\u0928\u0941 (dinu<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0926\u0947 (de<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0926\u0947\u090a (de\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0926\u093f\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d (dinuhos<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                    \u0932\u093f\u0928\u0941 (linu<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0932\u0947 (le<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0932\u0947\u090a (le\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0932\u093f\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d (linuhos<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                    \u0906\u0909\u0928\u0941 (\u0101unu<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0906 (\u0101<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0906\u090a (\u0101\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0906\u0909\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d (\u0101unuhos<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                    \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941 (hunu<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0939\u094b (ho<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0939\u094b\u090a (ho\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d (hunuhos<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                    <\/p>\n

                    Spoken Nepali Note<\/h3>\n

                    In everyday spoken Nepali, polite forms are often shortened.<\/p>\n

                    For example:<\/p>\n

                    \u0916\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d
                    \nkh\u0101nuhos<\/em>
                    \nPlease eat.<\/p>\n

                    \u0916\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0938\u094d
                    \nkh\u0101nus<\/em>
                    \nPlease eat.<\/p>\n

                    \u092c\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d
                    \nbasnuhos<\/em>
                    \nPlease sit.<\/p>\n

                    \u092c\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0938\u094d
                    \nbasnus<\/em>
                    \nPlease sit.<\/p>\n

                    Both full and shortened forms are common. In this book, the full forms are introduced first because they are clearer for learners.<\/p>\n

                    Try It Now<\/h3>\n

                    Read the full form and the common spoken form.<\/p>\n

                    \u0906\u0909\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d
                    \n\u0101unuhos<\/em><\/p>\n

                    \u0906\u0909\u0928\u0941\u0938\u094d
                    \n\u0101unus<\/em><\/p>\n

                    \u092c\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d
                    \nbasnuhos<\/em><\/p>\n

                    \u092c\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0938\u094d
                    \nbasnus<\/em><\/p>\n

                    \u092d\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d
                    \nbhannuhos<\/em><\/p>\n

                    \u092d\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0938\u094d
                    \nbhannus<\/em><\/p>\n

                    Simple Past Tense<\/h2>\n

                    The simple past tense is used to talk about completed actions, events, and situations.<\/p>\n

                    It often matches English simple past forms such as:<\/p>\n

                      \n
                    • I went.<\/li>\n
                    • She came.<\/li>\n
                    • They ate.<\/li>\n
                    • It was.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                      Nepali also uses the simple past for recent updates. In English, we might use the present perfect, but Nepali often uses a simple past form.<\/p>\n

                      For example:<\/p>\n

                      \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0906\u092f\u094b\u0964
                      \np\u0101n\u012b \u0101yo.<\/em>
                      \nIt started raining. \/ It has started raining.<\/p>\n

                      \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0906\u0909\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b?
                      \nuh\u0101\u0303 \u0101unubhayo?<\/em>
                      \nDid he\/she arrive? \/ Has he\/she arrived?<\/p>\n

                      Simple Rule<\/h3>\n

                      Nepali simple past shows that something happened or was completed.<\/p>\n

                      It can also be used for recent news or recent changes.<\/p>\n

                      How Simple Past Forms Are Built<\/h2>\n

                      Simple past forms are built from two parts:<\/p>\n

                      past stem + past ending<\/p>\n

                      The stem gives the main meaning of the verb.<\/p>\n

                      The ending shows who did the action.<\/p>\n

                      Once you know the past stem of a verb, you can add different endings for different subjects.<\/p>\n

                      Table 9.4.8 \u2013 Simple Past: Stem + Ending (How Forms Are Built)<\/h2>\n

                      The table shows how simple past verbs are formed by past stem + subject ending.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                      Past stem<\/th>\nEnding<\/th>\nResult<\/th>\nMeaning<\/th>\nWhat it shows<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                      \u092a\u0922- (pa\u1e0dh-<\/em>)<\/td>\n-\u090f\u0901 (-e\u0303<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u092a\u0922\u0947\u0901 (pa\u1e0dhe\u0303<\/em>)<\/td>\nI read<\/td>\nregular stem + ending<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u092a\u0922- (pa\u1e0dh-<\/em>)<\/td>\n-\u092f\u094b (-yo<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u092a\u0922\u094d\u092f\u094b (pa\u1e0dhyo<\/em>)<\/td>\nJohn read<\/td>\nsame stem + 3rd sg ending<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u0917- (ga-<\/em>)<\/td>\n-\u090f\u0901 (-e\u0303<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0917\u090f\u0901 (gae\u0303<\/em>)<\/td>\nI went<\/td>\nirregular stem + 1st sg ending<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u0917- (ga-<\/em>)<\/td>\n-\u092f\u094b (-yo<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0917\u092f\u094b (gayo<\/em>)<\/td>\nJohn went<\/td>\nsame stem, different ending<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                      <\/p>\n

                      Try It Now<\/h3>\n

                      Look at the pattern.<\/p>\n

                      \u092a\u0922\u094d\u0928\u0941
                      \npa\u1e0dhnu<\/em>
                      \nto read<\/p>\n

                      \u092a\u0922\u094d\u2013
                      \npa\u1e0dh\u2013<\/em>
                      \nread stem<\/p>\n

                      \u092a\u0922\u0947\u0902
                      \npa\u1e0dhe\u0303<\/em>
                      \nI read.<\/p>\n

                      \u092a\u0922\u094d\u092f\u094b
                      \npa\u1e0dhyo<\/em>
                      \nHe\/She read.<\/p>\n

                      \u092a\u0922\u0947
                      \npa\u1e0dhe<\/em>
                      \nThey read.<\/p>\n

                      Past Tense Verb Bases<\/h2>\n

                      A. Regular Past Bases<\/h3>\n

                      For many Nepali verbs, the past stem is easy to form.<\/p>\n

                      Start with the dictionary form ending in \u2013\u0928\u0941 (\u2013nu<\/em>).<\/p>\n

                      Remove \u2013\u0928\u0941 (\u2013nu<\/em>).<\/p>\n

                      Use the remaining base as the past stem.<\/p>\n

                      Then add the correct past ending.<\/p>\n

                      For example:<\/p>\n

                      \u0932\u0947\u0916\u094d\u0928\u0941
                      \nlekhnu<\/em>
                      \nto write<\/p>\n

                      \u0932\u0947\u0916\u094d\u2013
                      \nlekh\u2013<\/em>
                      \nwrite stem<\/p>\n

                      \u0932\u0947\u0916\u0947\u0902
                      \nlekhe\u0303<\/em>
                      \nI wrote.<\/p>\n

                      Table 9.4.9 \u2013 Regular Past Stems (C-Verbs and V-Verbs)<\/h2>\n

                      Verbs whose past stem is the same as the basic stem (drop \u2013nu, then add endings).<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                      Dictionary form<\/th>\nPresent stem (base)<\/th>\nPast stem<\/th>\nExample: 3rd sg past<\/th>\nEnglish<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                      \u092c\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0941 (basnu<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u092c\u0938- (bas-<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u092c\u0938- (bas-<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u092c\u0938\u094d\u092f\u094b (basyo<\/em>)<\/td>\nto sit<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u0916\u0947\u0932\u094d\u0928\u0941 (khelnu<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0916\u0947\u0932- (khel-<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0916\u0947\u0932- (khel-<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0916\u0947\u0932\u094d\u092f\u094b (khelyo<\/em>)<\/td>\nto play<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u092c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0928\u0941 (bolnu<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u092c\u094b\u0932- (bol-<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u092c\u094b\u0932- (bol-<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u092c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u092f\u094b (bolyo<\/em>)<\/td>\nto speak \/ to talk<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u0916\u093e\u0928\u0941 (kh\u0101nu<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0916\u093e- (kh\u0101-<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0916\u093e- (kh\u0101-<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0916\u093e\u092f\u094b (kh\u0101yo<\/em>)<\/td>\nto eat<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u0926\u093f\u0928\u0941 (dinu<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0926\u093f- (di-<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0926\u093f- (di-<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0926\u093f\u092f\u094b (diyo<\/em>)<\/td>\nto give<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u0932\u093f\u0928\u0941 (linu<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0932\u093f- (li-<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0932\u093f- (li-<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b (liyo<\/em>)<\/td>\nto take<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                      <\/p>\n

                      Try It Now<\/h4>\n

                      Find the stem.<\/p>\n

                      \u092a\u0922\u094d\u0928\u0941
                      \npa\u1e0dhnu<\/em>
                      \nto read<\/p>\n

                      \u092a\u0922\u094d\u2013
                      \npa\u1e0dh\u2013<\/em><\/p>\n

                      \u0932\u0947\u0916\u094d\u0928\u0941
                      \nlekhnu<\/em>
                      \nto write<\/p>\n

                      \u0932\u0947\u0916\u094d\u2013
                      \nlekh\u2013<\/em><\/p>\n

                      \u0916\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0928\u0941
                      \nkholnu<\/em>
                      \nto open<\/p>\n

                      \u0916\u094b\u0932\u094d\u2013
                      \nkhol\u2013<\/em><\/p>\n

                      VV-Verbs in the Past<\/h3>\n

                      Some verbs have a vowel + u<\/em> sound in the present base.<\/p>\n

                      Examples include:<\/p>\n

                      \u0906\u0909\u0928\u0941
                      \n\u0101unu<\/em>
                      \nto come<\/p>\n

                      \u092a\u093f\u0909\u0928\u0941
                      \npiunu<\/em>
                      \nto drink<\/p>\n

                      \u092a\u0915\u093e\u0909\u0928\u0941
                      \npak\u0101unu<\/em>
                      \nto cook<\/p>\n

                      In the simple past, the -u<\/em> part often disappears before the past ending is added.<\/p>\n

                      Table 9.4.10 \u2013 VV-Verbs in the Past (u-Drop Past Stems)<\/h2>\n

                      VV-verbs (double-Vowel verbs) have a present stem that includes a vowel + u sound, like \u0906\u0909- (\u0101u-), \u092a\u093f\u0909- (piu-), or \u092a\u0915\u093e\u0909- (pak\u0101u-). In the simple past, Nepali usually makes the stem shorter: the -u part disappears. After that, you add the same regular past endings (like -\u090f\u0901, -\u092f\u094b, -\u090f).<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                      Dictionary form<\/th>\nPresent stem (base)<\/th>\nPast stem (short)<\/th>\nExample: 3rd sg past<\/th>\nEnglish<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                      \u0906\u0909\u0928\u0941 (\u0101unu<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0906\u0909- \/ \u0906\u090a- (\u0101u-<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0906- (\u0101-<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0906\u092f\u094b (\u0101yo<\/em>)<\/td>\nto come<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u092a\u093f\u0909\u0928\u0941 (piunu<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u092a\u093f\u0909- \/ \u092a\u093f\u090a- (piu-<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u092a\u093f- (pi-<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u092a\u093f\u092f\u094b (piyo<\/em>)<\/td>\nto drink<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u092a\u0915\u093e\u0909\u0928\u0941 (pak\u0101unu<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u092a\u0915\u093e\u0909- (pak\u0101u-<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u092a\u0915\u093e- (pak\u0101-<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u092a\u0915\u093e\u092f\u094b (pak\u0101yo<\/em>)<\/td>\nto cook<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0909\u0928\u0941 (ban\u0101unu<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u092c\u0928\u093e\u0909- (ban\u0101u-<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u092c\u0928\u093e- (ban\u0101-<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u094b (ban\u0101yo<\/em>)<\/td>\nto make<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0909\u0928\u0941 (ly\u0101unu<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0909- (ly\u0101u-<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e- (ly\u0101-<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u094b (ly\u0101yo<\/em>)<\/td>\nto bring<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u0938\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0909\u0928\u0941 (sik\u0101unu<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0938\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0909- \/ \u0938\u093f\u0915\u093e\u090a- (sik\u0101u-<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0938\u093f\u0915\u093e- (sik\u0101-<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0938\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f\u094b (sik\u0101yo<\/em>)<\/td>\nto teach<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                      <\/p>\n

                      Try It Now<\/h4>\n

                      Compare the forms.<\/p>\n

                      \u0906\u0909\u0928\u0941
                      \n\u0101unu<\/em>
                      \nto come<\/p>\n

                      \u0906\u090f\u0901
                      \n\u0101e\u0303<\/em>
                      \nI came.<\/p>\n

                      \u092a\u093f\u0909\u0928\u0941
                      \npiunu<\/em>
                      \nto drink<\/p>\n

                      \u092a\u093f\u090f\u0901
                      \npie\u0303<\/em>
                      \nI drank.<\/p>\n

                      \u092a\u0915\u093e\u0909\u0928\u0941
                      \npak\u0101unu<\/em>
                      \nto cook<\/p>\n

                      \u092a\u0915\u093e\u090f\u0901
                      \npak\u0101e\u0303<\/em>
                      \nI cooked.<\/p>\n

                      B. Irregular Past Bases<\/h3>\n

                      Some very common verbs have irregular past stems.<\/p>\n

                      These verbs do not follow the simple \u201cremove \u2013\u0928\u0941\u201d rule in a regular way.<\/p>\n

                      Because they are common, it is best to memorize them.<\/p>\n

                      Table 9.4.11 \u2013 Irregular Past Stems<\/h2>\n

                      Very common verbs with stem changes (learn these past stems as fixed).<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                      Dictionary form<\/th>\nMeaning<\/th>\nPast stem<\/th>\n3rd sg. past<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                      \u0930\u0941\u0928\u0941 (runu<\/em>)<\/td>\nto cry \/ weep<\/td>\n\u0930\u094b- (ro-<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0930\u094b\u092f\u094b (royo<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u0927\u0941\u0928\u0941 (dhunu<\/em>)<\/td>\nto wash<\/td>\n\u0927\u094b- (dho-<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0927\u094b\u092f\u094b (dhoyo<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0941 (j\u0101nu<\/em>)<\/td>\nto go<\/td>\n\u0917- (ga-<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0917\u092f\u094b (gayo<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941 (hunu<\/em>)<\/td>\nto be<\/td>\n\u0925\u093f- \/ \u092d- (thi- \/ bha-<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b \/ \u092d\u092f\u094b (thiyo \/ bhayo<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                      <\/p>\n

                      Learner Tip<\/h4>\n

                      Do not worry if irregular forms feel difficult at first. Learn them through common sentences and repeated practice.<\/p>\n

                      For example:<\/p>\n

                      \u092e \u0917\u090f\u0901\u0964
                      \nma gae\u0303.<\/em>
                      \nI went.<\/p>\n

                      \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0906\u0909\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b\u0964
                      \nuh\u0101\u0303 \u0101unubhayo.<\/em>
                      \nHe\/She came.<\/p>\n

                      \u092e\u0948\u0932\u0947 \u0917\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964
                      \nmaile gare\u0303.<\/em>
                      \nI did.<\/p>\n

                      Past Tense Verb Endings<\/h2>\n

                      In Nepali, past-tense endings change according to the subject.<\/p>\n

                      The ending can show:<\/p>\n

                        \n
                      • person<\/li>\n
                      • number<\/li>\n
                      • honorific level<\/li>\n
                      • sometimes gender in third-person forms<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                        Because the same endings appear with many verbs, it is useful to learn them as a pattern.<\/p>\n

                        Table 9.4.12 \u2013 Simple Past Endings (Affirmative and Negative)<\/h2>\n

                        The core past endings by subject\u2014a reusable pattern for many verbs.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                        Pronoun(s)<\/th>\nAffirmative ending<\/th>\nNegative ending<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                        \u092e (ma<\/em>)<\/td>\n-\u090f\u0901 (-e\u0303<\/em>)<\/td>\n-\u0907\u0928\u0901 (-ina\u0303<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        \u0939\u093e\u092e\u0940 (h\u0101m\u012b<\/em>)<\/td>\n-\u092f\u094c\u0902 (-yau\u0303<\/em>)<\/td>\n-\u090f\u0928\u094c\u0902 (-enau\u0303<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        \u0924\u093f\u092e\u0940 (tim\u012b<\/em>)<\/td>\n-\u092f\u094c (-yau<\/em>)<\/td>\n-\u090f\u0928\u094c (-enau<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 (tap\u0101\u012b\u0303<\/em>)<\/td>\n-\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b (-nubhayo<\/em>)<\/td>\n-\u0928\u0941\u092d\u090f\u0928 (-nubhaena<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        \u090a \/ \u092f\u094b \/ \u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b (\u016b \/ yo \/ tyo<\/em>)<\/td>\n-\u092f\u094b (-yo<\/em>)<\/td>\n-\u090f\u0928 (-ena<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        \u0909\u0928\u0940 \/ \u092f\u093f\u0928\u0940 \/ \u0924\u093f\u0928\u0940 (un\u012b \/ yin\u012b \/ tin\u012b<\/em>)<\/td>\n-\u0907\u0928 (-in<\/em>)<\/td>\n-\u0907\u0928\u0928\u094d (-inan<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 (uh\u0101\u0303<\/em>)<\/td>\n-\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b (-nubhayo<\/em>)<\/td>\n-\u0928\u0941\u092d\u090f\u0928 (-nubhaena<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        \u0909\u0928\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 (un\u012bhar\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\n-\u090f (-e<\/em>)<\/td>\n-\u090f\u0928\u0928\u094d (-enan<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0939\u0930\u0942 (uh\u0101\u0303har\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\n-\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b (-nubhayo<\/em>)<\/td>\n-\u0928\u0941\u092d\u090f\u0928 (-nubhaena<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                        <\/p>\n

                        Table 9.4.13 \u2013 Simple Past of \u0101unu \u201cto come\u201d<\/h2>\n

                        A complete conjugation model for a VV-verb (\u0101- past stem).<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                        Subject \/ Pronoun<\/th>\nAffirmative<\/th>\nTransliteration<\/th>\nNegative<\/th>\nTransliteration<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                        \u092e (ma<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0906\u090f\u0901<\/td>\n\u0101e\u0303<\/em><\/td>\n\u0906\u0907\u0928\u0901<\/td>\n\u0101ina\u0303<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        \u0939\u093e\u092e\u0940 (h\u0101m\u012b<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0906\u092f\u094c\u0902<\/td>\n\u0101yau\u0303<\/em><\/td>\n\u0906\u090f\u0928\u094c\u0902<\/td>\n\u0101enau\u0303<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        \u0924\u093f\u092e\u0940 (tim\u012b<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0906\u092f\u094c<\/td>\n\u0101yau<\/em><\/td>\n\u0906\u090f\u0928\u094c<\/td>\n\u0101enau<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 (tap\u0101\u012b\u0303<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0906\u0909\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b<\/td>\n\u0101unubhayo<\/em><\/td>\n\u0906\u0909\u0928\u0941\u092d\u090f\u0928<\/td>\n\u0101unubhaena<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        \u090a \/ \u092f\u094b \/ \u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b (\u016b \/ yo \/ tyo<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0906\u092f\u094b<\/td>\n\u0101yo<\/em><\/td>\n\u0906\u090f\u0928<\/td>\n\u0101ena<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        \u0909\u0928\u0940 \/ \u092f\u093f\u0928\u0940 \/ \u0924\u093f\u0928\u0940 (un\u012b \/ yin\u012b \/ tin\u012b<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0906\u0907\u0928\u094d<\/td>\n\u0101in<\/em><\/td>\n\u0906\u0907\u0928\u0928\u094d<\/td>\n\u0101inan<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 (uh\u0101\u0303<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0906\u0909\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b<\/td>\n\u0101unubhayo<\/em><\/td>\n\u0906\u0909\u0928\u0941\u092d\u090f\u0928<\/td>\n\u0101unubhaena<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        \u0909\u0928\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 (un\u012bhar\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0906\u090f<\/td>\n\u0101e<\/em><\/td>\n\u0906\u090f\u0928\u0928\u094d<\/td>\n\u0101enan<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0939\u0930\u0942 (uh\u0101\u0303har\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0906\u0909\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b<\/td>\n\u0101unubhayo<\/em><\/td>\n\u0906\u0909\u0928\u0941\u092d\u090f\u0928<\/td>\n\u0101unubhaena<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                        <\/p>\n

                        Table 9.4.14 \u2013 Simple Past of j\u0101nu \u201cto go\u201d (Irregular Past Stem)<\/h2>\n

                        \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0941 has an irregular plain past stem: \u0917- (ga-). So plain past forms use \u0917- + ending.
                        \n<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                        Subject \/ Pronoun<\/th>\nAffirmative<\/th>\nTransliteration<\/th>\nNegative<\/th>\nTransliteration<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                        \u092e (ma<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0917\u090f\u0901<\/td>\ngae\u0303<\/em><\/td>\n\u0917\u0907\u0928\u0901<\/td>\ngaina\u0303<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        \u0939\u093e\u092e\u0940 (h\u0101m\u012b<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0917\u092f\u094c\u0902<\/td>\ngayau\u0303<\/em><\/td>\n\u0917\u090f\u0928\u094c\u0902<\/td>\ngaenau\u0303<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        \u0924\u093f\u092e\u0940 (tim\u012b<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0917\u092f\u094c<\/td>\ngayau<\/em><\/td>\n\u0917\u090f\u0928\u094c<\/td>\ngaenau<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 (tap\u0101\u012b\u0303<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u091c\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b<\/td>\nj\u0101nubhayo<\/em><\/td>\n\u091c\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092d\u090f\u0928<\/td>\nj\u0101nubhaena<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        \u090a \/ \u092f\u094b \/ \u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b (\u016b \/ yo \/ tyo<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0917\u092f\u094b<\/td>\ngayo<\/em><\/td>\n\u0917\u090f\u0928<\/td>\ngaena<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        \u0909\u0928\u0940 \/ \u092f\u093f\u0928\u0940 \/ \u0924\u093f\u0928\u0940 (un\u012b \/ yin\u012b \/ tin\u012b<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0917\u0908\u0928\u094d<\/td>\nga\u012bn<\/em><\/td>\n\u0917\u0907\u0928\u0928\u094d<\/td>\ngainan<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 (uh\u0101\u0303<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u091c\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b<\/td>\nj\u0101nubhayo<\/em><\/td>\n\u091c\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092d\u090f\u0928<\/td>\nj\u0101nubhaena<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        \u0909\u0928\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 (un\u012bhar\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0917\u090f<\/td>\ngae<\/em><\/td>\n\u0917\u090f\u0928\u0928\u094d<\/td>\ngaenan<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0939\u0930\u0942 (uh\u0101\u0303har\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u091c\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b<\/td>\nj\u0101nubhayo<\/em><\/td>\n\u091c\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092d\u090f\u0928<\/td>\nj\u0101nubhaena<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                        <\/p>\n

                        Try It Now<\/h3>\n

                        Read the past-tense sentences aloud.<\/p>\n

                        \u092e\u0948\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u092a\u0922\u0947\u0902\u0964
                        \nmaile kit\u0101b pa\u1e0dhe\u0303.<\/em>
                        \nI read a book.<\/p>\n

                        \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u092a\u0922\u094d\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b\u0964
                        \nuh\u0101\u0303le kit\u0101b pa\u1e0dhnubhayo.<\/em>
                        \nHe\/She read a book.<\/p>\n

                        \u092e \u0917\u090f\u0901\u0964
                        \nma gae\u0303.<\/em>
                        \nI went.<\/p>\n

                        \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b\u0964
                        \nuh\u0101\u0303 j\u0101nubhayo.<\/em>
                        \nHe\/She went.<\/p>\n

                        The Simple Past Forms of \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941<\/h2>\n

                        The verb \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941 (hunu<\/em>) \u201cto be\u201d has important past forms.<\/p>\n

                        Nepali uses two main past series:<\/p>\n

                        \u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b-series
                        \nthiyo-series<\/em><\/p>\n

                        \u092d\u092f\u094b-series
                        \nbhayo-series<\/em><\/p>\n

                        The \u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b-series is often used for past location, condition, or state.<\/p>\n

                        For example:<\/p>\n

                        \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932\u092e\u093e \u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0964
                        \nkit\u0101b \u1e6debalm\u0101 thiyo.<\/em>
                        \nThe book was on the table.<\/p>\n

                        \u092e \u0918\u0930\u092e\u093e \u0925\u093f\u090f\u0901\u0964
                        \nma gharm\u0101 thi\u1ebd.<\/em>
                        \nI was at home.<\/p>\n

                        The \u092d\u092f\u094b-series often shows becoming, happening, completion, or change of state.<\/p>\n

                        For example:<\/p>\n

                        \u0930\u093e\u0924 \u092d\u092f\u094b\u0964
                        \nr\u0101t bhayo.<\/em>
                        \nIt became night.<\/p>\n

                        \u0915\u093e\u092e \u092d\u092f\u094b\u0964
                        \nk\u0101m bhayo.<\/em>
                        \nThe work was done. \/ The work happened.<\/p>\n

                        For respectful subjects such as \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 (tap\u0101\u012b\u0303<\/em>), \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 (uh\u0101\u0303<\/em>), and \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0939\u0930\u0942 (uh\u0101\u0303har\u016b<\/em>), Nepali usually uses honorific forms.<\/p>\n

                        \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b
                        \nhunubhayo<\/em>
                        \nwas \/ became \/ happened, respectful<\/p>\n

                        \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u092d\u090f\u0928
                        \nhunubhaena<\/em>
                        \nwas not \/ did not become \/ did not happen, respectful<\/p>\n

                        Table 9.4.15 \u2013 Past of hunu: thiyo vs bhayo (State vs Change)<\/h2>\n

                        The table compares the two past series: \u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b-forms (past state) vs \u092d\u092f\u094b-forms (change\/outcome), with negatives.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                        Pronoun(s)<\/th>\nThiyo-series (state)<\/th>\nNegative<\/th>\nBhayo-series (change\/outcome)<\/th>\nNegative<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                        \u092e (ma<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0925\u093f\u090f\u0901 (thie\u0303<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0925\u093f\u0907\u0928\u0901 (thi\u2019ina\u0303<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u092d\u090f\u0901 (bhae\u0303<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u092d\u0907\u0928\u0901 (bhaina\u0303<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        \u0939\u093e\u092e\u0940 (h\u0101m\u012b<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094c\u0902 (thiyau\u0303<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0925\u093f\u090f\u0928\u094c\u0902 (thienau\u0303<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u092d\u092f\u094c\u0902 (bhayau\u0303<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u092d\u090f\u0928\u094c\u0902 (bhaenau\u0303<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        \u0924\u093f\u092e\u0940 (tim\u012b<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094c (thiyau<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0925\u093f\u090f\u0928\u094c (thienau<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u092d\u092f\u094c (bhayau<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u092d\u090f\u0928\u094c (bhaenau<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 (tap\u0101\u012b\u0303<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b (hunubhayo<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u092d\u090f\u0928 (hunubhaena<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b (hunubhayo<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u092d\u090f\u0928 (hunubhaena<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        \u090a \/ \u092f\u094b \/ \u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b
                        \n(\u016b \/ yo \/ tyo<\/em>)<\/td>\n                        		\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b (thiyo<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0925\u093f\u090f\u0928 (thiena<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u092d\u092f\u094b (bhayo<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u092d\u090f\u0928 (bhaena<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        \u0909\u0928\u0940 \/ \u092f\u093f\u0928\u0940 \/ \u0924\u093f\u0928\u0940
                        \n(un\u012b \/ yin\u012b \/ tin\u012b<\/em>)<\/td>\n                        		\u0925\u093f\u0908\u0928\u094d (thi\u012bn<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0925\u093f\u0907\u0928\u0928\u094d (thiinan<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u092d\u0908\u0928\u094d (bha\u012bn<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u092d\u0907\u0928\u0928\u094d (bhainan<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 (uh\u0101\u0303<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b (hunubhayo<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u092d\u090f\u0928 (hunubhaena<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b (hunubhayo<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u092d\u090f\u0928 (hunubhaena<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        \u0909\u0928\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 (un\u012bhar\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0925\u093f\u090f (thie<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0925\u093f\u090f\u0928\u0928\u094d (thienan<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u092d\u090f (bhae<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u092d\u090f\u0928\u0928\u094d (bhaenan<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                        \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0939\u0930\u0942 (uh\u0101\u0303har\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b (hunubhayo<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u092d\u090f\u0928 (hunubhaena<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b (hunubhayo<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u092d\u090f\u0928 (hunubhaena<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                        <\/p>\n

                        Simple Rule<\/h3>\n

                        Use the \u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b-series for past location, condition, or state.<\/p>\n

                        Use the \u092d\u092f\u094b-series for becoming, happening, completion, or change of state.<\/p>\n

                        Use honorific forms such as \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b (hunubhayo<\/em>) with respectful subjects.<\/p>\n

                        Transitive and Intransitive Verbs<\/h2>\n

                        Nepali verbs can be grouped into two broad types:<\/p>\n

                          \n
                        • transitive verbs<\/li>\n
                        • intransitive verbs<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                          This difference is important in the simple past because many transitive past sentences mark the subject with \u2013\u0932\u0947 (\u2013le<\/em>).<\/p>\n

                          Transitive Verbs<\/h3>\n

                          A transitive verb takes a direct object. The action is done to something or someone.<\/p>\n

                          Examples:<\/p>\n

                            \n
                          • read a book<\/li>\n
                          • write a letter<\/li>\n
                          • eat rice<\/li>\n
                          • open the door<\/li>\n
                          • make food<\/li>\n
                          • give money<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                            In Nepali simple past sentences with transitive verbs, the doer is commonly marked with \u2013\u0932\u0947 (\u2013le<\/em>).<\/p>\n

                            For example:<\/p>\n

                            \u092e\u0948\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u092a\u0922\u0947\u0901\u0964
                            \nmaile kit\u0101b pa\u1e0dhe\u0303.<\/em>
                            \nI read a book.<\/p>\n

                            Here, \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c (kit\u0101b<\/em>) is the direct object. It is the thing being read.<\/p>\n

                            Intransitive Verbs<\/h3>\n

                            An intransitive verb does not take a direct object.<\/p>\n

                            Many intransitive verbs describe movement, posture, or change.<\/p>\n

                            Examples:<\/p>\n

                              \n
                            • go<\/li>\n
                            • come<\/li>\n
                            • arrive<\/li>\n
                            • sit<\/li>\n
                            • stand<\/li>\n
                            • fall<\/li>\n
                            • happen<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                              For example:<\/p>\n

                              \u092e \u0917\u090f\u0901\u0964
                              \nma gae\u0303.<\/em>
                              \nI went.<\/p>\n

                              This sentence has no direct object. The subject is not marked with \u2013\u0932\u0947 (\u2013le<\/em>).<\/p>\n

                              Transitive Verbs and \u2013\u0932\u0947 in the Simple Past<\/h2>\n

                              In Nepali, the subject of a transitive verb in the simple past is often marked with \u2013\u0932\u0947 (\u2013le<\/em>).<\/p>\n

                              This marker shows the doer of a completed action.<\/p>\n

                              For example:<\/p>\n

                              \u092e\u0948\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u092a\u0922\u0947\u0902\u0964
                              \nmaile kit\u0101b pa\u1e0dhe\u0303.<\/em>
                              \nI read a book.<\/p>\n

                              \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0932\u0947 \u0922\u094b\u0915\u093e \u0916\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b\u0964
                              \nuh\u0101\u0303le \u1e0dhok\u0101 kholnubhayo.<\/em>
                              \nHe\/She opened the door.<\/p>\n

                              Here, the subjects are marked with \u2013\u0932\u0947:<\/p>\n

                              \u092e\u0948\u0932\u0947
                              \nmaile<\/em>
                              \nI, as the doer<\/p>\n

                              \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0932\u0947
                              \nuh\u0101\u0303le<\/em>
                              \nhe\/she, as the doer<\/p>\n

                              With pronouns, the form before \u2013\u0932\u0947 may change.<\/p>\n

                              For example:<\/p>\n

                              \u092e \u2192 \u092e\u0948\u0932\u0947
                              \nma \u2192 maile<\/em><\/p>\n

                              \u090a \u2192 \u0909\u0938\u094d\u0932\u0947
                              \n\u016b \u2192 usle<\/em><\/p>\n

                              \u092f\u094b \u2192 \u092f\u0938\u094d\u0932\u0947
                              \nyo \u2192 yasle<\/em><\/p>\n

                              \u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b \u2192 \u0924\u094d\u092f\u0938\u094d\u0932\u0947
                              \ntyo \u2192 tyasle<\/em><\/p>\n

                              Table 9.4.16 \u2013 Subject + \u2013\u0932\u0947 Forms (Pronouns)<\/h2>\n

                              The most useful pronoun + \u2013\u0932\u0947 forms used for past transitive subjects and \u201cwho did it?\u201d (kasle).<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                              Pronoun (subject)<\/th>\nSubject + -\u0932\u0947<\/th>\nEnglish<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                              \u092e (ma<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u092e\u0948\u0932\u0947 (maile<\/em>)<\/td>\nI (did\u2026)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                              \u0939\u093e\u092e\u0940 (h\u0101m\u012b<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0939\u093e\u092e\u0940\u0932\u0947 (h\u0101m\u012ble<\/em>)<\/td>\nwe (did\u2026)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                              \u0924\u093f\u092e\u0940 (tim\u012b<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0924\u093f\u092e\u0940\u0932\u0947 (tim\u012ble<\/em>)<\/td>\nyou (MID) (did\u2026)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                              \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 (tap\u0101\u012b\u0303<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902\u0932\u0947 (tap\u0101\u012b\u0303le<\/em>)<\/td>\nyou (HIGH) (did\u2026)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                              \u090a (\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0909\u0938\u094d\u0932\u0947 (usle<\/em>)<\/td>\nhe\/she (LOW) (did\u2026)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                              \u092f\u094b (yo<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u092f\u0938\u094d\u0932\u0947 (yasle<\/em>)<\/td>\nthis (did\u2026)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                              \u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b (tyo<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0938\u094d\u0932\u0947 (tasle<\/em>)<\/td>\nthat (did\u2026)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                              \u0909\u0928\u0940 (un\u012b<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0909\u0928\u0932\u0947 (unle<\/em>)<\/td>\nhe\/she (MID) (did\u2026)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                              \u092f\u093f\u0928\u0940 (yin\u012b<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u092f\u093f\u0928\u0932\u0947 (yinle<\/em>)<\/td>\nthis person\/these people (non-honorific) (did\u2026)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                              \u0924\u093f\u0928\u0940 (tin\u012b<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0924\u093f\u0928\u0932\u0947 (tinle<\/em>)<\/td>\nthat person\/those people (non-honorific) (did\u2026)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                              \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 (uh\u0101\u0303<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0932\u0947 (uh\u0101\u0303le<\/em>)<\/td>\nhe\/she (HIGH) (did\u2026)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                              \u0909\u0928\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 (un\u012bhar\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0909\u0928\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942\u0932\u0947 (un\u012bhar\u016ble<\/em>)<\/td>\nthey (did\u2026)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                              \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0939\u0930\u0942 (uh\u0101\u0303har\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0939\u0930\u0942\u0932\u0947 (uh\u0101\u0303har\u016ble<\/em>)<\/td>\nthey (HIGH) (did\u2026)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                              \u0915\u094b? (ko?<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0915\u0938\u094d\u0932\u0947? (kasle?<\/em>)<\/td>\nwho (as agent)?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                              <\/p>\n

                              Try It Now<\/h3>\n

                              Read the \u2013\u0932\u0947 forms aloud.<\/p>\n

                              \u092e\u0948\u0932\u0947
                              \nmaile<\/em>
                              \nI, as doer<\/p>\n

                              \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902\u0932\u0947
                              \ntap\u0101\u012b\u0303le<\/em>
                              \nyou, as doer<\/p>\n

                              \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0932\u0947
                              \nuh\u0101\u0303le<\/em>
                              \nhe\/she, as doer<\/p>\n

                              \u0915\u0938\u094d\u0932\u0947
                              \nkasle<\/em>
                              \nwho, as doer?<\/p>\n

                              Table 9.4.17 \u2013 Transitive Past with \u2013\u0932\u0947<\/h2>\n

                              Examples where the subject is marked with \u2013\u0932\u0947 because the verb has a direct object.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                              Nepali<\/th>\nTransliteration<\/th>\nEnglish<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                              \u092e\u0948\u0932\u0947 \u0922\u094b\u0915\u093e \u092c\u0928\u094d\u0926 \u0917\u0930\u0947\u0901\u0964<\/td>\nmaile \u1e0dhok\u0101 banda gare\u0303.<\/em><\/td>\nI closed the door.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                              \u092e\u0948\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0947\u0901\u0964<\/td>\nmaile kit\u0101b khol\u1ebd.<\/em><\/td>\nI opened the book.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                              \u092e\u0948\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u092a\u0922\u0947\u0901\u0964<\/td>\nmaile kit\u0101b pa\u1e0dhe\u0303.<\/em><\/td>\nI read the book.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                              \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902\u0932\u0947 \u0922\u094b\u0915\u093e \u092c\u0928\u094d\u0926 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b\u0964<\/td>\ntap\u0101\u012b\u0303le \u1e0dhok\u0101 banda garnubhayo.<\/em><\/td>\nYou (pol.) closed the door.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                              \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u092a\u0922\u094d\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b\u0964<\/td>\nuh\u0101\u0303le kit\u0101b pa\u1e0dhnubhayo.<\/em><\/td>\nHe\/She (hon.) read the book.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                              <\/p>\n

                              Common Mistake<\/h3>\n

                              Do not add \u2013\u0932\u0947 (\u2013le<\/em>) to every past-tense subject.<\/p>\n

                              Use \u2013\u0932\u0947 especially when the verb is transitive and has a direct object.<\/p>\n

                              Compare:<\/p>\n

                              \u092e\u0948\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u092a\u0922\u0947\u0902\u0964
                              \nmaile kit\u0101b pa\u1e0dhe\u0303.<\/em>
                              \nI read a book.<\/p>\n

                              \u092e \u0918\u0930 \u0917\u090f\u0901\u0964
                              \nma ghar gae\u0303.<\/em>
                              \nI went home.<\/p>\n

                              In the first sentence, \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c (kit\u0101b<\/em>) is a direct object.<\/p>\n

                              In the second sentence, \u0918\u0930 (ghar<\/em>) is a destination, not a direct object.<\/p>\n

                              Intransitive Verbs in the Simple Past<\/h2>\n

                              Intransitive verbs do not take a direct object.<\/p>\n

                              Because there is no direct object, the subject is usually not marked with \u2013\u0932\u0947 (\u2013le<\/em>).<\/p>\n

                              For example:<\/p>\n

                              \u092e \u0917\u090f\u0901\u0964
                              \nma gae\u0303.<\/em>
                              \nI went.<\/p>\n

                              \u092e \u092c\u0938\u0947\u0902\u0964
                              \nma base\u0303.<\/em>
                              \nI sat.<\/p>\n

                              \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b\u0964
                              \nuh\u0101\u0303 j\u0101nubhayo.<\/em>
                              \nHe\/She went.<\/p>\n

                              \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092c\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b\u0964
                              \nuh\u0101\u0303 basnubhayo.<\/em>
                              \nHe\/She sat.<\/p>\n

                              Table 9.4.18 \u2013 Intransitive Past Without \u2013\u0932\u0947<\/h2>\n

                              Examples of past movement\/posture verbs where \u2013\u0932\u0947 is not used.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                              Nepali<\/th>\nTransliteration<\/th>\nEnglish<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                              \u092e \u0909\u0920\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/td>\nma u\u1e6dhe\u0303.<\/em><\/td>\nI stood up.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                              \u092e \u0915\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u092c\u0938\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/td>\nma kurs\u012bm\u0101 bas\u1ebd.<\/em><\/td>\nI sat on the chair.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                              \u092e \u0922\u094b\u0915\u093e\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e \u0917\u090f\u0901\u0964<\/td>\nma \u1e0dhok\u0101samma ga\u1ebd.<\/em><\/td>\nI went to the door.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                              \u090a \u0918\u0930 \u0917\u092f\u094b\u0964<\/td>\n\u016b ghar gayo.<\/em><\/td>\nHe went home.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                              \u0909\u0928\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u092e\u093e \u0906\u090f\u0964<\/td>\nun\u012bhar\u016b kak\u1e63\u0101m\u0101 \u0101e.<\/em><\/td>\nThey came to class.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                              \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u092c\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b\u0964<\/td>\nuh\u0101\u0303 kurs\u012bm\u0101 basnubhayo.<\/em><\/td>\nHe\/She (hon.) sat on the chair.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                              <\/p>\n

                              Simple Rule<\/h3>\n

                              Transitive past sentence with a direct object \u2192 subject often takes \u2013\u0932\u0947 (\u2013le<\/em>)<\/p>\n

                              Intransitive past sentence with no direct object \u2192 no \u2013\u0932\u0947 (\u2013le<\/em>)<\/p>\n

                              Compare:<\/p>\n

                              \u092e\u0948\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u092a\u0922\u0947\u0902\u0964
                              \nmaile kit\u0101b pa\u1e0dhe\u0303.<\/em>
                              \nI read a book.<\/p>\n

                              \u092e \u0918\u0930 \u0917\u090f\u0901\u0964
                              \nma ghar gae\u0303.<\/em>
                              \nI went home.<\/p>\n

                              Try It Now<\/h3>\n

                              Decide whether the sentence uses \u2013\u0932\u0947.<\/p>\n

                              \u092e\u0948\u0932\u0947 \u091a\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092a\u093f\u090f\u0901\u0964
                              \nmaile ciy\u0101 pie\u0303.<\/em>
                              \nI drank tea.<\/p>\n

                              \u092e \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0941\u0932 \u0917\u090f\u0901\u0964
                              \nma skul gae\u0303.<\/em>
                              \nI went to school.<\/p>\n

                              \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0932\u0947 \u0916\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0916\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b\u0964
                              \nuh\u0101\u0303le kh\u0101n\u0101 kh\u0101nubhayo.<\/em>
                              \nHe\/She ate food.<\/p>\n

                              \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0918\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b\u0964
                              \nuh\u0101\u0303 ghar j\u0101nubhayo.<\/em>
                              \nHe\/She went home.<\/p>\n

                              Further Uses of \u2013\u0932\u0947<\/h2>\n

                              Although \u2013\u0932\u0947 (\u2013le<\/em>) is very important in transitive past sentences, it does not only mean \u201cpast tense.\u201d<\/p>\n

                              It is better to think of \u2013\u0932\u0947 (\u2013le<\/em>) as a role marker.<\/p>\n

                              It can mark:<\/p>\n

                                \n
                              • the doer or agent<\/li>\n
                              • the questioned doer<\/li>\n
                              • the instrument or tool<\/li>\n
                              • the cause or force<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                The tense comes from the verb, not from \u2013\u0932\u0947.<\/p>\n

                                1. Typical Agent in Habitual or General Statements<\/h3>\n

                                Sometimes \u2013\u0932\u0947 (\u2013le<\/em>) marks the person or thing that usually does an action.<\/p>\n

                                This can appear in general statements, instructions, or descriptions of typical behaviour.<\/p>\n

                                Table 9.4.19 \u2013 \u0932\u0947 (le) in General Truths (Habit \/ Role Statements)<\/h2>\n

                                The table shows \u2013\u0932\u0947 as an agent-focus marker in non-past general statements.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                Nepali<\/th>\nTransliteration<\/th>\nEnglish<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                                \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u0922\u093e\u0909\u0901\u091b\u0928\u094d\u0964<\/td>\n\u015bik\u1e63akle pa\u1e0dh\u0101u\u0303chan.<\/em><\/td>\nTeachers teach.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                \u0915\u093f\u0938\u093e\u0928\u0932\u0947 \u0916\u0947\u0924 \u091c\u094b\u0924\u094d\u091b\u0964<\/td>\nkis\u0101nle khet jotcha.<\/em><\/td>\nA farmer ploughs a field.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                \u0921\u093e\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930\u0932\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0901\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0964<\/td>\n\u1e0d\u0101k\u1e6darle bir\u0101m\u012b j\u0101\u0303ccha.<\/em><\/td>\nA doctor examines patients.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                <\/p>\n

                                Learner Tip<\/h4>\n

                                In casual speech, speakers may not always use \u2013\u0932\u0947 in non-past sentences.<\/p>\n

                                However, you may hear \u2013\u0932\u0947 when the speaker wants to emphasize the doer or responsible person.<\/p>\n

                                2. Questioned Agent: \u0915\u0938\u094d\u0932\u0947<\/h3>\n

                                The form \u0915\u0938\u094d\u0932\u0947 (kasle<\/em>) means \u201cwho\u201d as the doer of an action.<\/p>\n

                                It is very common in questions.<\/p>\n

                                For example:<\/p>\n

                                \u0915\u0938\u094d\u0932\u0947 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u200d\u092f\u094b?
                                \nkasle garyo?<\/em>
                                \nWho did it?<\/p>\n

                                \u0915\u0938\u094d\u0932\u0947 \u092d\u0928\u094d\u092f\u094b?
                                \nkasle bhanyo?<\/em>
                                \nWho said it?<\/p>\n

                                \u0915\u0938\u094d\u0932\u0947 \u0932\u0947\u0916\u094d\u091b?
                                \nkasle lekhcha?<\/em>
                                \nWho writes? \/ Who will write?<\/p>\n

                                Table 9.4.20 \u2013 Asking \u201cWho?\u201d with \u0915\u0938\u094d\u0932\u0947 (kasle)<\/h2>\n

                                \u201cWho (as the doer)?\u201d questions typically use \u0915\u0938\u094d\u0932\u0947, especially with actions.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                Nepali<\/th>\nTransliteration<\/th>\nEnglish<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                                \u0915\u0938\u094d\u0932\u0947 \u092d\u0928\u094d\u092f\u094b?<\/td>\nkasle bhanyo?<\/em><\/td>\nWho said that?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                \u0915\u0938\u094d\u0932\u0947 \u0922\u094b\u0915\u093e \u0916\u094b\u0932\u094d\u092f\u094b?<\/td>\nkasle \u1e0dhok\u0101 kholyo?<\/em><\/td>\nWho opened the door?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                \u092d\u094b\u0932\u093f \u0917\u0943\u0939\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0938\u094d\u0932\u0947 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u091b?<\/td>\nbholi g\u1e5bhak\u0101rya kasle garcha?<\/em><\/td>\nWho will do the homework tomorrow?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                <\/p>\n

                                3. Instrument or Means<\/h3>\n

                                \u2013\u0932\u0947 (\u2013le<\/em>) can also show the instrument or means used to do something.<\/p>\n

                                In English, this often means \u201cwith\u201d or \u201cby using.\u201d<\/p>\n

                                For example:<\/p>\n

                                \u0915\u0932\u092e\u0932\u0947 \u0932\u0947\u0916\u0947\u0902\u0964
                                \nkalamle lekhe\u0303.<\/em>
                                \nI wrote with a pen.<\/p>\n

                                \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0915\u0941\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u091f\u0947\u0902\u0964
                                \ncakkule k\u0101\u1e6de\u0303.<\/em>
                                \nI cut with a knife.<\/p>\n

                                Table 9.4.21 \u2013 \u0932\u0947 (le) for Instruments (\u201cwith\u201d)<\/h2>\n

                                \u2013\u0932\u0947 can mark the tool\/body part used to do an action (\u201cwith\u201d).<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                Nepali<\/th>\nTransliteration<\/th>\nEnglish<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                                \u092e \u0915\u0932\u092e\u0932\u0947 \u0932\u0947\u0916\u094d\u091b\u0941\u0964<\/td>\nma kalamle lekhchu.<\/em><\/td>\nI write with a pen.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                \u090a \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0915\u0941\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u091f\u094d\u091b\u0964<\/td>\n\u016b cakkule k\u0101\u1e6dcha.<\/em><\/td>\nHe\/she cuts with a knife.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                \u0939\u093e\u092e\u0940 \u0939\u093e\u0924\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0909\u0901\u091b\u094c\u0902\u0964<\/td>\nh\u0101m\u012b h\u0101tle sam\u0101u\u0303chau\u0303.<\/em><\/td>\nWe hold\/grab with our hands.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                <\/p>\n

                                4. Cause or Force<\/h3>\n

                                \u2013\u0932\u0947 (\u2013le<\/em>) can also mark a cause or force.<\/p>\n

                                This is common with weather, illness, heat, cold, stress, or other conditions that cause something to happen.<\/p>\n

                                For example:<\/p>\n

                                \u091c\u094d\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0932\u0947 \u0925\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0964
                                \njwarole th\u0101kyo.<\/em>
                                \nHe\/She became tired because of fever.<\/p>\n

                                \u091a\u093f\u0938\u094b\u0932\u0947 \u0917\u093e\u0939\u094d\u0930\u094b \u092d\u092f\u094b\u0964
                                \ncisole g\u0101hro bhayo.<\/em>
                                \nIt became difficult because of the cold.<\/p>\n

                                Table 9.4.22 \u2013 \u2013\u0932\u0947 (le) for Cause (\u201cbecause of\u201d)<\/h2>\n

                                \u2013\u0932\u0947 can mark a cause\/reason (\u201cdue to\u201d), not an agent.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                Nepali<\/th>\nTransliteration<\/th>\nEnglish<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                                \u091c\u094d\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0932\u0947 \u090a \u0925\u093e\u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0964<\/td>\njwarole \u016b th\u0101kyo.<\/em><\/td>\nHe\/she got tired because of a fever.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                \u0939\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u091d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932 \u0922\u0915\u0922\u0915\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0964<\/td>\nh\u0101w\u0101le jhy\u0101l \u1e0dhak\u1e0dhak\u0101yo.<\/em><\/td>\nThe window banged because of the wind.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                <\/p>\n

                                Key Point<\/h3>\n

                                \u2013\u0932\u0947 (\u2013le<\/em>) does not always mean past tense.<\/p>\n

                                It shows the role of a noun in the sentence.<\/p>\n

                                The verb tells you the tense.<\/p>\n

                                Honorific \u2013\u091c\u0940 and \u2013\u091c\u094d\u092f\u0942 in Respectful Address<\/h2>\n

                                Nepali uses honorific endings to show respect when addressing or referring to people.<\/p>\n

                                Two common honorific forms are:<\/p>\n

                                \u2013\u091c\u0940
                                \n\u2013j\u012b<\/em><\/p>\n

                                \u2013\u091c\u094d\u092f\u0942
                                \n\u2013jy\u016b<\/em><\/p>\n

                                Using \u2013\u091c\u0940<\/h3>\n

                                \u2013\u091c\u0940 (\u2013j\u012b<\/em>) is commonly added to names and some kinship terms to show respect.<\/p>\n

                                It is similar to polite address in English, but it is more flexible and common in everyday Nepali.<\/p>\n

                                For example:<\/p>\n

                                \u0930\u093e\u092e\u091c\u0940
                                \nr\u0101mj\u012b<\/em>
                                \nRam-ji<\/p>\n

                                \u0938\u0940\u0924\u093e\u091c\u0940
                                \ns\u012bt\u0101j\u012b<\/em>
                                \nSita-ji<\/p>\n

                                Using \u2013\u091c\u0940 can make greetings, questions, and requests sound more polite.<\/p>\n

                                Table 9.4.23 \u2013 \u2013\u091c\u0940 (-j\u012b) in Respectful Address<\/h2>\n

                                \u2013\u091c\u0940 is a common polite marker used with names and kin terms in everyday respectful speech.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                Example<\/th>\nTransliteration<\/th>\nMeaning \/ when used<\/th>\nUse<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                                \u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923\u091c\u0940<\/td>\nkira\u1e47j\u012b<\/em><\/td>\nKiran (respectful)<\/td>\nName + -\u091c\u0940<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u091c\u0940<\/td>\nm\u0101rth\u0101j\u012b<\/em><\/td>\nMartha (respectful)<\/td>\nName + -\u091c\u0940<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                <\/p>\n

                                Using \u2013\u091c\u094d\u092f\u0942<\/h3>\n

                                \u2013\u091c\u094d\u092f\u0942 (\u2013jy\u016b<\/em>) is more respectful and formal than \u2013\u091c\u0940 (\u2013j\u012b<\/em>).<\/p>\n

                                It is often used with titles, roles, and formal address.<\/p>\n

                                For example:<\/p>\n

                                \u0917\u0941\u0930\u0941\u091c\u094d\u092f\u0942
                                \ngurujy\u016b<\/em>
                                \nrespected teacher \/ guru<\/p>\n

                                Table 9.4.24 \u2013 \u2013\u091c\u094d\u092f\u0942 (-jy\u016b) with Titles (More Formal Respect)<\/h2>\n

                                -\u091c\u094d\u092f\u0942 (-jy\u016b) is a more respectful honorific commonly used with titles\/roles, especially in formal settings.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                Use<\/th>\nExample<\/th>\nTransliteration<\/th>\nMeaning \/ when used<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                                Title + -\u091c\u094d\u092f\u0942<\/td>\n\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092b\u0947\u0938\u0930\u091c\u094d\u092f\u0942<\/td>\nprophesarajy\u016b<\/em><\/td>\nProfessor (very respectful)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                Title + -\u091c\u094d\u092f\u0942<\/td>\n\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0938\u093f\u092a\u0932\u091c\u094d\u092f\u0942<\/td>\nprinsipaljy\u016b<\/em><\/td>\nPrincipal (very respectful)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                <\/p>\n

                                Learner Tip<\/h3>\n

                                Use \u2013\u091c\u0940 (\u2013j\u012b<\/em>) for polite everyday respect with names.<\/p>\n

                                Use \u2013\u091c\u094d\u092f\u0942 (\u2013jy\u016b<\/em>) in more formal or highly respectful situations.<\/p>\n

                                Can You Do This Now?<\/h2>\n

                                At the end of this section, you should be able to:<\/p>\n

                                  \n
                                • recognize different levels of Nepali commands and requests<\/li>\n
                                • use polite request forms such as \u0906\u0909\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d, \u092c\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d, \u0916\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d, and \u092d\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d<\/li>\n
                                • understand that Nepali politeness is shown through verb endings<\/li>\n
                                • recognize common shortened spoken forms such as \u0906\u0909\u0928\u0941\u0938\u094d and \u092c\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0938\u094d<\/li>\n
                                • form simple past-tense sentences<\/li>\n
                                • recognize when \u2013\u0932\u0947 is used with transitive verbs in the simple past<\/li>\n
                                • distinguish between transitive and intransitive verbs<\/li>\n
                                • understand that \u2013\u0932\u0947 can also mark doer, instrument, means, cause, or force<\/li>\n
                                • use \u2013\u091c\u0940 and \u2013\u091c\u094d\u092f\u0942 to show respect in address<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/header>\n","protected":false},"author":1076,"menu_order":4,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":"cc-by-nc-sa"},"chapter-type":[49],"contributor":[],"license":[57],"class_list":["post-211","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","chapter-type-numberless","license-cc-by-nc-sa"],"part":202,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/211","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1076"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/211\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2613,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/211\/revisions\/2613"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/202"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/211\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=211"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=211"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=211"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=211"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}