{"id":287,"date":"2025-12-14T01:57:21","date_gmt":"2025-12-14T06:57:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/chapter\/chapter-13-unit-4-grammar-focus\/"},"modified":"2026-05-26T22:26:04","modified_gmt":"2026-05-27T02:26:04","slug":"chapter-13-unit-4-grammar-focus","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/chapter\/chapter-13-unit-4-grammar-focus\/","title":{"raw":"Unit 4 \u2014 Grammar Focus","rendered":"Unit 4 \u2014 Grammar Focus"},"content":{"raw":"<h2>Verbs, Habitual Present, Time Expressions, Transport, and Postpositions<\/h2>\r\nIn this section, you will learn how Nepali verbs work in basic sentences. You will also learn how to talk about routines, frequency, transport, and common postpositions such as \u092a\u091b\u093f (<em>pachi<\/em>), \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e (<em>samma<\/em>), \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093f\u2026\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e (<em>dekhi\u2026samma<\/em>), and \u0932\u093e\u0917\u093f (<em>l\u0101gi<\/em>).\r\n\r\nThese patterns are useful for everyday communication, especially when talking about what people do, when things happen, how often they happen, and how people travel.\r\n<h2>Verbs<\/h2>\r\nA verb is a word that expresses what is happening in a sentence. It can show:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>an action: what someone does<\/li>\r\n \t<li>an event: what happens<\/li>\r\n \t<li>a state or condition: how something is<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nIn most sentences, the verb carries the main meaning of the clause.\r\n\r\nIn Nepali, verbs also show important grammatical information, such as:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>tense or aspect<\/li>\r\n \t<li>affirmative or negative meaning<\/li>\r\n \t<li>agreement with the subject<\/li>\r\n \t<li>level of respect or honorificity<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nYou have already seen common Nepali verb forms such as \u091b (<em>cha<\/em>) and \u0939\u094b (<em>ho<\/em>). These forms come from the verb \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941 (<em>hunu<\/em>), meaning \u201cto be.\u201d They often work as linking verbs, or copulas, because they connect the subject to an identity, state, or condition.\r\n\r\nFor example:\r\n\r\n\u092f\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0964\r\n<em>yo kit\u0101b ho.<\/em>\r\nThis is a book.\r\n\r\n\u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932\u092e\u093e \u091b\u0964\r\n<em>kit\u0101b \u1e6debalm\u0101 cha.<\/em>\r\nThe book is on the table.\r\n<h2>The Dictionary Form of Nepali Verbs<\/h2>\r\nThe dictionary form, also called the citation form, is the form used to list verbs in Nepali dictionaries.\r\n\r\nMost Nepali dictionary verb forms end in \u2013\u0928\u0941 (<em>\u2013nu<\/em>).\r\n\r\nYou can think of this form as the verb\u2019s \u201cbase name,\u201d similar to English \u201cto do,\u201d \u201cto sit,\u201d or \u201cto speak.\u201d\r\n\r\nFor example:\r\n\r\n\u0917\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0941\r\n<em>garnu<\/em>\r\nto do\r\n\r\n\u092c\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0941\r\n<em>basnu<\/em>\r\nto sit\r\n\r\n\u092c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0928\u0941\r\n<em>bolnu<\/em>\r\nto speak\r\n\r\nThe dictionary form is non-finite. This means it names the verb, but it is not usually used as the main verb in a complete sentence.\r\n\r\nTo make full sentences, Nepali verbs usually take endings or combine with auxiliaries. These forms show tense, polarity, agreement, and respect level.\r\n\r\n[table id=345 \/]\r\n<h3>Learner Tip<\/h3>\r\nWhen you learn a new Nepali verb, first learn its dictionary form ending in \u2013\u0928\u0941 (<em>\u2013nu<\/em>). Then learn how to remove \u2013\u0928\u0941 to find the working base.\r\n<h2>Finding the Verb Base<\/h2>\r\nFor learning purposes, it is useful to identify a verb base. This is the form to which many endings attach.\r\n\r\nFor many verbs, you can find a practical base by removing \u2013\u0928\u0941 (<em>\u2013nu<\/em>) from the dictionary form.\r\n<h3>Working Rule<\/h3>\r\nverb base = dictionary form minus \u2013\u0928\u0941 (<em>\u2013nu<\/em>)\r\n\r\nFor example:\r\n\r\n\u0917\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0941\r\n<em>garnu<\/em>\r\nto do\r\n\r\n\u0917\u0930\u094d\u2013\r\n<em>gar\u2013<\/em>\r\ndo base\r\n\r\n\u092c\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0941\r\n<em>basnu<\/em>\r\nto sit\r\n\r\n\u092c\u0938\u094d\u2013\r\n<em>bas\u2013<\/em>\r\nsit base\r\n\r\n\u092a\u0922\u094d\u0928\u0941\r\n<em>pa\u1e0dhnu<\/em>\r\nto read \/ study\r\n\r\n\u092a\u0922\u094d\u2013\r\n<em>pa\u1e0dh\u2013<\/em>\r\nread \/ study base\r\n\r\n[table id=346 \/]\r\n<h3>Try It Now<\/h3>\r\nFind the verb base.\r\n\r\n\u0916\u093e\u0928\u0941\r\n<em>kh\u0101nu<\/em>\r\nto eat\r\n\r\n\u0916\u093e\u2013\r\n<em>kh\u0101\u2013<\/em>\r\n\r\n\u091c\u093e\u0928\u0941\r\n<em>j\u0101nu<\/em>\r\nto go\r\n\r\n\u091c\u093e\u2013\r\n<em>j\u0101\u2013<\/em>\r\n\r\n\u0932\u0947\u0916\u094d\u0928\u0941\r\n<em>lekhnu<\/em>\r\nto write\r\n\r\n\u0932\u0947\u0916\u094d\u2013\r\n<em>lekh\u2013<\/em>\r\n<h2>The Habitual Present Tense<\/h2>\r\nTense tells us when something happens, such as past or non-past.\r\n\r\nAspect tells us how an action happens, such as whether it is a habit, routine, general truth, or completed action.\r\n\r\nIn Nepali, tense and aspect work together.\r\n\r\nA useful starting point is the habitual present. This form is used to talk about:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>regular actions<\/li>\r\n \t<li>routines<\/li>\r\n \t<li>habits<\/li>\r\n \t<li>general truths<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nFor example:\r\n\r\n\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0939\u0930\u0947\u0915 \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u091a\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092a\u093f\u0909\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964\r\n<em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 harek din ciy\u0101 piunuhuncha.<\/em>\r\nYou drink tea every day.\r\n\r\n\u0915\u093e\u0920\u092e\u093e\u0921\u094c\u0902 \u0928\u0947\u092a\u093e\u0932\u092e\u093e \u091b\u0964\r\n<em>k\u0101\u1e6dhm\u0101\u1e0dau\u0303 nep\u0101lm\u0101 cha.<\/em>\r\nKathmandu is in Nepal.\r\n\r\nThe same form can also refer to a future action when the sentence includes a clear future time expression.\r\n\r\nFor example:\r\n\r\n\u092d\u094b\u0932\u093f \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964\r\n<em>bholi tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 k\u0101ry\u0101laya j\u0101nuhuncha.<\/em>\r\nYou are going to the office tomorrow.\r\n\r\n\u0938\u094b\u092e\u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u093e\u092e\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0926\u093f\u0928\u094d\u091b\u094c\u0902\u0964\r\n<em>somb\u0101r h\u0101m\u012b par\u012bk\u1e63\u0101 dinchau\u0303.<\/em>\r\nWe will take an exam on Monday. \/ We have an exam on Monday.\r\n\r\nFor beginners, remember this simple point: Nepali habitual present forms can describe both regular present actions and planned future actions when the time is clear.\r\n\r\n[table id=347 \/]\r\n<h2>Forming the Habitual Present<\/h2>\r\nThe habitual present is used for routines, regular actions, and general facts. It can also refer to scheduled or planned future actions when a clear time expression is included.\r\n\r\nA simple way to understand the structure is:\r\n\r\nverb base + non-past marker + agreement ending\r\n\r\nThe verb form also changes according to polarity, meaning whether the sentence is affirmative or negative.\r\n\r\nNepali uses two main beginner-level patterns:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>non-honorific \/ plain pattern<\/li>\r\n \t<li>honorific \/ respectful pattern<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2>1. Non-Honorific \/ Plain Pattern<\/h2>\r\nIn the plain pattern, the verb base usually takes endings from the \u2013\u091b (<em>\u2013cha<\/em>) family in affirmative sentences.\r\n\r\nExamples:\r\n\r\n\u0916\u093e\u0928\u094d\u091b\r\n<em>kh\u0101ncha<\/em>\r\neats \/ drinks\r\n\r\n\u091c\u093e\u0928\u094d\u091b\r\n<em>j\u0101ncha<\/em>\r\ngoes\r\n\r\n\u092a\u0922\u094d\u091b\r\n<em>pa\u1e0dhcha<\/em>\r\nstudies \/ reads\r\n\r\nFor negative sentences, the verb usually takes endings from the \u2013\u0926\u0948\u0928 (<em>\u2013daina<\/em>) family.\r\n\r\nExamples:\r\n\r\n\u0916\u093e\u0901\u0926\u0948\u0928\r\n<em>kh\u0101\u0303daina<\/em>\r\ndoes not eat \/ drink\r\n\r\n\u091c\u093e\u0901\u0926\u0948\u0928\r\n<em>j\u0101\u0303daina<\/em>\r\ndoes not go\r\n\r\n\u092a\u0922\u094d\u0926\u0948\u0928\r\n<em>pa\u1e0dhdaina<\/em>\r\ndoes not study \/ read\r\n<h2>2. Honorific \/ Respectful Pattern<\/h2>\r\nWith respectful pronouns such as \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 (<em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303<\/em>) and \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 (<em>uh\u0101\u0303<\/em>), Nepali usually uses honorific verb forms.\r\n\r\nIn affirmative sentences, the verb often takes \u2013\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b (<em>\u2013nuhuncha<\/em>).\r\n\r\nFor example:\r\n\r\n\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u091a\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092a\u093f\u0909\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964\r\n<em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 ciy\u0101 piunuhuncha.<\/em>\r\nYou drink tea.\r\n\r\n\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964\r\n<em>uh\u0101\u0303 widy\u0101laya j\u0101nuhuncha.<\/em>\r\nHe\/She goes to school.\r\n\r\nIn negative sentences, the verb often takes \u2013\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928 (<em>\u2013nuhunna<\/em>).\r\n\r\nFor example:\r\n\r\n\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u091a\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092a\u093f\u0909\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0964\r\n<em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 ciy\u0101 piunuhunna.<\/em>\r\nYou do not drink tea.\r\n\r\n\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0964\r\n<em>uh\u0101\u0303 widy\u0101laya j\u0101nuhunna.<\/em>\r\nHe\/She does not go to school.\r\n<h3>Key Idea<\/h3>\r\nIn Nepali, the verb form changes not only for tense and polarity, but also for respect level. For beginners, it is especially important to notice the difference between plain forms such as \u091c\u093e\u0928\u094d\u091b (<em>j\u0101ncha<\/em>) and respectful forms such as \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b (<em>j\u0101nuhuncha<\/em>).\r\n\r\n[table id=348 \/]\r\n\r\n[table id=349 \/]\r\n\r\n[table id=350 \/]\r\n\r\n[table id=351 \/]\r\n<h3>Try It Now<\/h3>\r\nCompare the plain and respectful forms.\r\n\r\n\u090a \u091a\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092a\u093f\u0909\u0901\u091b\u0964\r\n<em>\u016b ciy\u0101 piu\u0303cha.<\/em>\r\nHe\/She drinks tea.\r\n\r\n\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u091a\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092a\u093f\u0909\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964\r\n<em>uh\u0101\u0303 ciy\u0101 piunuhuncha.<\/em>\r\nHe\/She drinks tea. respectful\r\n\r\n\u090a \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0941\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964\r\n<em>\u016b skul j\u0101ncha.<\/em>\r\nHe\/She goes to school.\r\n\r\n\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0941\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964\r\n<em>uh\u0101\u0303 skul j\u0101nuhuncha.<\/em>\r\nHe\/She goes to school. respectful\r\n<h2>Verb Categories in Nepali: Three Stem-Based Types<\/h2>\r\nA useful way to classify Nepali verbs is by the shape of the verb base.\r\n\r\nTo find the verb base, remove \u2013\u0928\u0941 (<em>\u2013nu<\/em>) from the dictionary form.\r\n\r\nThen check the final sound of the base.\r\n\r\nNepali verbs fall into three main categories:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>C-verbs: the verb base ends in a consonant<\/li>\r\n \t<li>V-verbs: the verb base ends in a single vowel<\/li>\r\n \t<li>VV-verbs: the verb base ends in a vowel sequence, often \u0906\u0909\u2013 (<em>\u0101u\u2013<\/em>) or \u092a\u093f\u0909\u2013 (<em>piu\u2013<\/em>)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3>How to Identify the Category<\/h3>\r\nStart with the dictionary form.\r\n\r\nRemove \u2013\u0928\u0941 (<em>\u2013nu<\/em>).\r\n\r\nCheck the final sound of the base.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>consonant ending \u2192 C-verb<\/li>\r\n \t<li>single vowel ending \u2192 V-verb<\/li>\r\n \t<li>vowel sequence ending \u2192 VV-verb<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[table id=352 \/]\r\n<h2>Why Verb Categories Matter<\/h2>\r\nVerb categories matter because the shape of the verb base affects how present-tense endings attach.\r\n\r\nThe key idea is:\r\n\r\npresent form = verb base + ending\r\n\r\nHowever, the joining changes depending on how the base ends.\r\n<h3>C-Verbs<\/h3>\r\nC-verbs have consonant-final bases.\r\n\r\nEndings usually attach directly, with minimal change.\r\n\r\nExamples include forms such as:\r\n\r\n\u0917\u0930\u094d\u091b\u0941\r\n<em>garchu<\/em>\r\nI do.\r\n\r\n\u092c\u0938\u094d\u091b\u0941\r\n<em>baschu<\/em>\r\nI sit.\r\n<h3>V-Verbs<\/h3>\r\nV-verbs have bases ending in a single vowel, often \u0906 (<em>\u0101<\/em>).\r\n\r\nJoining often creates visible changes at the boundary between the base and ending.\r\n\r\nCommon signs include:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\u0928\u094d (<em>n<\/em>) in affirmative forms<\/li>\r\n \t<li>nasalization with \u091a\u0928\u094d\u0926\u094d\u0930\u092c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0941 (<em>candrabindu<\/em>) in negative forms<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3>VV-Verbs<\/h3>\r\nVV-verbs have bases ending in a vowel sequence, such as \u0906\u0909\u2013 (<em>\u0101u\u2013<\/em>) or \u092a\u093f\u0909\u2013 (<em>piu\u2013<\/em>).\r\n\r\nThe vowel sequence is preserved in the habitual present.\r\n\r\nThe final \u0909 (<em>u<\/em>) is not dropped.\r\n<h3>Core Takeaway<\/h3>\r\nVerb categories do not change the meaning of the verb. They help you predict how present-tense endings attach to different verb bases.\r\n<h2>1. C-Verbs: Attach Directly<\/h2>\r\nIn C-verbs, the verb base ends in a consonant. Present-tense endings usually attach directly to the base with little or no change.\r\n\r\nThe basic structure is:\r\n\r\nverb base + ending\r\n\r\nBecause a consonant-final base meets a consonant-initial ending, Nepali often creates clear consonant clusters in Devanagari.\r\n\r\nFor example:\r\n\r\n\u0917\u0930\u094d\u091b\u0941\r\n<em>garchu<\/em>\r\nI do.\r\n\r\n\u092c\u0938\u094d\u091b\u0941\r\n<em>baschu<\/em>\r\nI sit.\r\n\r\n[table id=353 \/]\r\n\r\n[table id=354 \/]\r\n\r\n[table id=355 \/]\r\n<h2>2. V-Verbs: Joining with \u0928\u094d and Nasalization<\/h2>\r\nIn V-verbs, the base ends in a vowel. Pay attention to what happens when the vowel-final base joins with present-tense endings.\r\n\r\nWith affirmative \u2013\u091b (<em>\u2013ch<\/em>) endings, Nepali often inserts a linking \u0928\u094d (<em>n<\/em>) between the base and the ending.\r\n\r\nFor example:\r\n\r\n\u0916\u093e\u2013 + \u091b\u0941 \u2192 \u0916\u093e\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0941\r\n<em>kh\u0101\u2013 + chu \u2192 kh\u0101nchu<\/em>\r\nI eat.\r\n\r\nWith negative endings such as \u2013\u0926\u0948\u0928 (<em>\u2013daina<\/em>) and \u2013\u0926\u093f\u0928 (<em>\u2013dina<\/em>), the vowel-final base is often nasalized. This is written with \u091a\u0928\u094d\u0926\u094d\u0930\u092c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0941 (<em>candrabindu<\/em>).\r\n\r\nFor example:\r\n\r\n\u0916\u093e\u2013 + \u0926\u0948\u0928 \u2192 \u0916\u093e\u0901\u0926\u0948\u0928\r\n<em>kh\u0101\u2013 + daina \u2192 kh\u0101\u0303daina<\/em>\r\nHe\/She does not eat.\r\n\r\n\u0916\u093e\u2013 + \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u2192 \u0916\u093e\u0901\u0926\u093f\u0928\r\n<em>kh\u0101\u2013 + dina \u2192 kh\u0101\u0303dina<\/em>\r\nI do not eat.\r\n\r\nThese two signs help learners recognize V-verb patterns:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\u0928\u094d (<em>n<\/em>) in affirmative forms<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u091a\u0928\u094d\u0926\u094d\u0930\u092c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0941 (<em>candrabindu<\/em>) in negative forms<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[table id=357 \/]\r\n\r\n[table id=358 \/]\r\n<h2>3. VV-Verbs: Keep Both Vowels<\/h2>\r\nVV-verbs have bases ending in a two-vowel sequence, most commonly \u0906\u0909\u2013 (<em>\u0101u\u2013<\/em>) or \u092a\u093f\u0909\u2013 (<em>piu\u2013<\/em>).\r\n\r\nThe key point is that the vowel sequence stays in the habitual present. Nepali does not drop the final \u0909 (<em>u<\/em>) in this pattern.\r\n\r\nIn many VV-verbs, the habitual present stem is written with \u091a\u0928\u094d\u0926\u094d\u0930\u092c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0941 (<em>candrabindu<\/em>), producing nasalized stems such as \u0906\u0909\u0901\u2013 (<em>\u0101u\u0303\u2013<\/em>) and \u092a\u093f\u0909\u0901\u2013 (<em>piu\u0303\u2013<\/em>).\r\n\r\nThen regular present-tense endings attach.\r\n\r\nFor example:\r\n\r\n\u0906\u0909\u0901\u091b\u0941\r\n<em>\u0101u\u0303chu<\/em>\r\nI come.\r\n\r\n\u0906\u0909\u0901\u091b\r\n<em>\u0101u\u0303cha<\/em>\r\nHe\/She comes.\r\n\r\n\u092a\u093f\u0909\u0901\u091b\u0941\r\n<em>piu\u0303chu<\/em>\r\nI drink.\r\n\r\nIn negative forms, the same stem is used:\r\n\r\n\u0906\u0909\u0901\u0926\u093f\u0928\r\n<em>\u0101u\u0303dina<\/em>\r\nI do not come.\r\n\r\n\u0906\u0909\u0901\u0926\u0948\u0928\r\n<em>\u0101u\u0303daina<\/em>\r\nHe\/She does not come.\r\n\r\n\u0906\u0909\u0901\u0926\u0948\u0928\u0928\u094d\r\n<em>\u0101u\u0303dainan<\/em>\r\nThey do not come.\r\n\r\nThe \u091a\u0928\u094d\u0926\u094d\u0930\u092c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0941 (<em>candrabindu<\/em>) does not mean that a vowel has been removed. It shows nasalization of the vowel sequence.\r\n\r\n[table id=359 \/]\r\n\r\n[table id=360 \/]\r\n<h2>Temporal Interrogatives and Frequency Adverbials<\/h2>\r\nTime expressions and frequency expressions do different jobs in Nepali.\r\n\r\nTemporal interrogatives ask for a specific time reference. They answer questions such as \u201cwhen?\u201d\r\n\r\nFrequency adverbials describe how often something happens, such as always, sometimes, or every day.\r\n\r\nIn Nepali, both types usually modify the whole clause. They often appear after the subject and before the verb phrase, although word order can shift for emphasis.\r\n<h2>Asking About Time with \u0915\u0939\u093f\u0932\u0947<\/h2>\r\n\u0915\u0939\u093f\u0932\u0947 (<em>kahile<\/em>) means \u201cwhen?\u201d\r\n\r\nIt is used to ask about a specific time, day, or time period.\r\n\r\nTypical answers include:\r\n\r\n\u092d\u094b\u0932\u093f\r\n<em>bholi<\/em>\r\ntomorrow\r\n\r\n\u0905\u0930\u094d\u0915\u094b \u0939\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093e\r\n<em>arko hapt\u0101<\/em>\r\nnext week\r\n\r\n\u092c\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0928\r\n<em>bih\u0101na<\/em>\r\nin the morning\r\n\r\nBecause \u0915\u0939\u093f\u0932\u0947 (<em>kahile<\/em>) already makes a wh-question, Nepali normally does not add the yes\/no particle \u0915\u0947 (<em>ke<\/em>) in these questions.\r\n\r\n[table id=361 \/]\r\n<h3>Try It Now<\/h3>\r\nAsk and answer.\r\n\r\nA: \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0915\u0939\u093f\u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b?\r\n<em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 kahile j\u0101nuhuncha?<\/em>\r\nWhen will you go?\r\n\r\nB: \u092e \u092d\u094b\u0932\u093f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0941\u0964\r\n<em>ma bholi j\u0101nchu.<\/em>\r\nI will go tomorrow.\r\n\r\nA: \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0939\u093f\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b?\r\n<em>kak\u1e63\u0101 kahile huncha?<\/em>\r\nWhen is the class?\r\n\r\nB: \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u094b\u092e\u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964\r\n<em>kak\u1e63\u0101 somb\u0101r huncha.<\/em>\r\nThe class is on Monday.\r\n<h2>Frequency Adverbials<\/h2>\r\nFrequency adverbials tell us how often something happens.\r\n\r\nThey describe repetition over time.\r\n\r\nExamples include:\r\n\r\n\u0938\u0927\u0948\u0901\r\n<em>sadhai\u0303<\/em>\r\nalways\r\n\r\n\u0915\u0939\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0915\u093e\u0939\u0940\u0901\r\n<em>kahilek\u0101h\u012b\u0303<\/em>\r\nsometimes\r\n\r\n\u0939\u0930\u0947\u0915 \u0926\u093f\u0928\r\n<em>harek din<\/em>\r\nevery day\r\n\r\n\u0939\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093e\u092e\u093e \u090f\u0915\u091a\u094b\u091f\u093f\r\n<em>hapt\u0101m\u0101 ekco\u1e6di<\/em>\r\nonce a week\r\n\r\nIn a neutral sentence, frequency words often appear after the subject and before the verb.\r\n\r\n[table id=362 \/]\r\n\r\n[table id=363 \/]\r\n<h3>Try It Now<\/h3>\r\nRead the sentences aloud.\r\n\r\n\u092e \u0938\u0927\u0948\u0901 \u091a\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092a\u093f\u0909\u0901\u091b\u0941\u0964\r\n<em>ma sadhai\u0303 ciy\u0101 piu\u0303chu.<\/em>\r\nI always drink tea.\r\n\r\n\u092e \u0915\u0939\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0915\u093e\u0939\u0940\u0901 \u092c\u0938\u092c\u093e\u091f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0941\u0964\r\n<em>ma kahilek\u0101h\u012b\u0303 basb\u0101\u1e6da j\u0101nchu.<\/em>\r\nI sometimes go by bus.\r\n\r\n\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0939\u0930\u0947\u0915 \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u0928\u0947\u092a\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u0922\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964\r\n<em>uh\u0101\u0303 harek din nep\u0101l\u012b pa\u1e0dhnuhuncha.<\/em>\r\nHe\/She studies Nepali every day.\r\n<h2>Never and Ever: \u0915\u0939\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0948<\/h2>\r\n\u0915\u0939\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0948 (<em>kahilyai<\/em>) changes meaning depending on the sentence.\r\n\r\nIn negative sentences, \u0915\u0939\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0948 (<em>kahilyai<\/em>) means \u201cnever.\u201d\r\n\r\nFor example:\r\n\r\n\u092e \u0915\u0939\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0948 \u091a\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092a\u093f\u0909\u0901\u0926\u093f\u0928\u0964\r\n<em>ma kahilyai ciy\u0101 piu\u0303dina.<\/em>\r\nI never drink tea.\r\n\r\nIn questions, \u0915\u0939\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0948 (<em>kahilyai<\/em>) usually means \u201cever.\u201d\r\n\r\nFor example:\r\n\r\n\u0915\u0947 \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0915\u0939\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0948 \u0928\u0947\u092a\u093e\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092d\u090f\u0915\u094b \u091b?\r\n<em>ke tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 kahilyai nep\u0101l j\u0101nubhaeko cha?<\/em>\r\nHave you ever been to Nepal?\r\n\r\n[table id=364 \/]\r\n<h3>Simple Rule<\/h3>\r\n\u0915\u0939\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0948 (<em>kahilyai<\/em>) + negative verb = never\r\n\r\n\u0915\u0939\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0948 (<em>kahilyai<\/em>) in a question = ever\r\n<h2>Transport: Using \u2013\u092c\u093e\u091f and \u2013\u092e\u093e<\/h2>\r\nNepali expresses \u201cby a means of transport\u201d in more than one way.\r\n\r\nTwo common options are:\r\n\r\n\u2013\u092c\u093e\u091f\r\n<em>\u2013b\u0101\u1e6da<\/em>\r\n\r\n\u2013\u092e\u093e\r\n<em>\u2013m\u0101<\/em>\r\n\r\nBoth can be used with vehicle nouns, but they frame the meaning slightly differently.\r\n<h2>Vehicle + \u2013\u092c\u093e\u091f<\/h2>\r\nAlthough \u2013\u092c\u093e\u091f (<em>\u2013b\u0101\u1e6da<\/em>) often means \u201cfrom,\u201d it can also express means or transport.\r\n\r\nWith vehicles, it can mean \u201cby means of.\u201d\r\n\r\nFor example:\r\n\r\n\u092e \u092c\u0938\u092c\u093e\u091f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0941\u0964\r\n<em>ma basb\u0101\u1e6da j\u0101nchu.<\/em>\r\nI go by bus.\r\n\r\n\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u092c\u093e\u091f \u0906\u0909\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964\r\n<em>uh\u0101\u0303 k\u0101rb\u0101\u1e6da \u0101unuhuncha.<\/em>\r\nHe\/She comes by car.\r\n\r\n[table id=365 \/]\r\n\r\n[table id=366 \/]\r\n<h2>Vehicle + \u2013\u092e\u093e<\/h2>\r\nWith vehicle nouns, \u2013\u092e\u093e (<em>\u2013m\u0101<\/em>) is also very common in everyday Nepali.\r\n\r\nIt often gives the meaning \u201cin,\u201d \u201con,\u201d or \u201cby,\u201d depending on the vehicle and context.\r\n\r\nFor example:\r\n\r\n\u092e \u092c\u0938\u092e\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0941\u0964\r\n<em>ma basm\u0101 j\u0101nchu.<\/em>\r\nI go by bus. \/ I travel on the bus.\r\n\r\n\u090a \u0915\u093e\u0930\u092e\u093e \u0906\u0909\u0901\u091b\u0964\r\n<em>\u016b k\u0101rm\u0101 \u0101u\u0303cha.<\/em>\r\nHe\/She comes by car. \/ in the car.\r\n\r\n[table id=367 \/]\r\n<h3>Quick Contrast<\/h3>\r\n\u092c\u0938\u092c\u093e\u091f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0941\r\n<em>basb\u0101\u1e6da j\u0101nchu<\/em>\r\nI go by bus. This clearly marks the bus as the means of transport.\r\n\r\n\u092c\u0938\u092e\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0941\r\n<em>basm\u0101 j\u0101nchu<\/em>\r\nI go on the bus \/ by bus. This highlights being in or on the bus while travelling.\r\n\r\nBoth forms are natural. For beginners, learn both and notice how they are used in context.\r\n<h2>Postpositions: \u092a\u091b\u093f, \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e, \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093f\u2026\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e, and \u0932\u093e\u0917\u093f<\/h2>\r\nNepali uses postpositions to express meanings such as \u201cafter,\u201d \u201cuntil,\u201d \u201cfrom\u2026to,\u201d and \u201cfor.\u201d\r\n\r\nPostpositions come after the noun or time expression.\r\n\r\nEnglish usually says:\r\n\r\nafter class\r\n\r\nNepali says something closer to:\r\n\r\nclass after\r\n\r\nFor example:\r\n\r\n\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u092a\u091b\u093f\r\n<em>kak\u1e63\u0101pachi<\/em>\r\nafter class\r\n\r\n\u091b \u092c\u091c\u0947\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\r\n<em>cha bajesamma<\/em>\r\nuntil six o\u2019clock\r\n\r\n[table id=368 \/]\r\n<h2>\u092a\u091b\u093f: After<\/h2>\r\n\u092a\u091b\u093f (<em>pachi<\/em>) means \u201cafter.\u201d\r\n\r\nIt shows that one event happens later than another event.\r\n\r\nFor example:\r\n\r\n\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u092a\u091b\u093f\r\n<em>kak\u1e63\u0101pachi<\/em>\r\nafter class\r\n\r\n\u0916\u093e\u0928\u093e\u092a\u091b\u093f\r\n<em>kh\u0101n\u0101pachi<\/em>\r\nafter eating \/ after food\r\n\r\n\u0915\u093e\u092e\u092a\u091b\u093f\r\n<em>k\u0101mpachi<\/em>\r\nafter work\r\n\r\n[table id=369 \/]\r\n<h3>Try It Now<\/h3>\r\nRead the phrases aloud.\r\n\r\n\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0941\u0932\u092a\u091b\u093f\r\n<em>skulpachi<\/em>\r\nafter school\r\n\r\n\u092c\u0948\u0920\u0915\u092a\u091b\u093f\r\n<em>bai\u1e6dhakpachi<\/em>\r\nafter the meeting\r\n\r\n\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u092a\u091b\u093f\r\n<em>par\u012bk\u1e63\u0101pachi<\/em>\r\nafter the exam\r\n<h2>\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e: Until \/ Up To \/ As Far As<\/h2>\r\n\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e (<em>samma<\/em>) marks an endpoint.\r\n\r\nThe endpoint can be time, place, or distance.\r\n\r\nFor example:\r\n\r\n\u091b \u092c\u091c\u0947\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\r\n<em>cha bajesamma<\/em>\r\nuntil six o\u2019clock\r\n\r\n\u092a\u094b\u0916\u0930\u093e\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\r\n<em>pokhar\u0101samma<\/em>\r\nas far as Pokhara \/ up to Pokhara\r\n\r\n\u0906\u0907\u0924\u092c\u093e\u0930\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\r\n<em>aitab\u0101rsamma<\/em>\r\nuntil Sunday\r\n\r\n[table id=370 \/]\r\n<h2>\u0926\u0947\u0916\u093f\u2026\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e: From\u2026To \/ From\u2026Until<\/h2>\r\n\u0926\u0947\u0916\u093f\u2026\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e (<em>dekhi\u2026samma<\/em>) expresses a range with both a starting point and an ending point.\r\n\r\n\u0926\u0947\u0916\u093f (<em>dekhi<\/em>) marks the starting point.\r\n\r\n\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e (<em>samma<\/em>) marks the ending point.\r\n\r\nFor example:\r\n\r\n\u0926\u0941\u0908 \u092c\u091c\u0947\u0926\u0947\u0916\u093f \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u091c\u0947\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\r\n<em>du\u012b bajedekhi c\u0101r bajesamma<\/em>\r\nfrom two o\u2019clock to four o\u2019clock\r\n\r\n\u0938\u094b\u092e\u092c\u093e\u0930\u0926\u0947\u0916\u093f \u0936\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092c\u093e\u0930\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\r\n<em>somb\u0101rdekhi \u015bukrab\u0101rsamma<\/em>\r\nfrom Monday to Friday\r\n\r\n\u0915\u093e\u0920\u092e\u093e\u0921\u094c\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0916\u093f \u092a\u094b\u0916\u0930\u093e\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\r\n<em>k\u0101\u1e6dhm\u0101\u1e0dau\u0303dekhi pokhar\u0101samma<\/em>\r\nfrom Kathmandu to Pokhara\r\n\r\n[table id=371 \/]\r\n<h3>Try It Now<\/h3>\r\nRead the range expressions aloud.\r\n\r\n\u0928\u094c \u092c\u091c\u0947\u0926\u0947\u0916\u093f \u0926\u0936 \u092c\u091c\u0947\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\r\n<em>nau bajedekhi da\u015b bajesamma<\/em>\r\nfrom nine o\u2019clock to ten o\u2019clock\r\n\r\n\u0938\u094b\u092e\u092c\u093e\u0930\u0926\u0947\u0916\u093f \u092c\u0941\u0927\u092c\u093e\u0930\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\r\n<em>somb\u0101rdekhi budhab\u0101rsamma<\/em>\r\nfrom Monday to Wednesday\r\n\r\n\u0918\u0930\u0926\u0947\u0916\u093f \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0941\u0932\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\r\n<em>ghardekhi skulsamma<\/em>\r\nfrom home to school\r\n<h2>\u0915\u093e \u0932\u093e\u0917\u093f \/ \u0915\u094b \u0932\u093e\u0917\u093f: For<\/h2>\r\n\u0915\u093e \u0932\u093e\u0917\u093f \/ \u0915\u094b \u0932\u093e\u0917\u093f (<em>k\u0101 l\u0101gi \/ ko l\u0101gi<\/em>) means \u201cfor.\u201d\r\n\r\nIt has two common uses:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>recipient or beneficiary<\/li>\r\n \t<li>purpose<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nFor example:\r\n\r\n\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902\u0915\u093e \u0932\u093e\u0917\u093f\r\n<em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303k\u0101 l\u0101gi<\/em>\r\nfor you\r\n\r\n\u092c\u093e\u0932\u092c\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0915\u093e \u0932\u093e\u0917\u093f\r\n<em>b\u0101lb\u0101lik\u0101k\u0101 l\u0101gi<\/em>\r\nfor children\r\n\r\n\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0932\u093e\u0917\u093f\r\n<em>abhy\u0101sak\u0101 l\u0101gi<\/em>\r\nfor practice\r\n\r\n\u092a\u0922\u093e\u0907\u0915\u093e \u0932\u093e\u0917\u093f\r\n<em>pa\u1e0dh\u0101ik\u0101 l\u0101gi<\/em>\r\nfor study\r\n\r\n[table id=372 \/]\r\n<h3>Learner Tip<\/h3>\r\nIn many beginner sentences, \u0932\u093e\u0917\u093f (<em>l\u0101gi<\/em>) can be understood as \u201cfor.\u201d The form before \u0932\u093e\u0917\u093f may change depending on the noun phrase.\r\n<h2>Can You Do This Now?<\/h2>\r\nAt the end of this section, you should be able to:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>identify the dictionary form of Nepali verbs ending in \u2013\u0928\u0941 (<em>\u2013nu<\/em>)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>find a practical verb base by removing \u2013\u0928\u0941 (<em>\u2013nu<\/em>)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>use habitual present forms for routines, habits, and general truths<\/li>\r\n \t<li>recognize plain forms such as \u091c\u093e\u0928\u094d\u091b (<em>j\u0101ncha<\/em>) and respectful forms such as \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b (<em>j\u0101nuhuncha<\/em>)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>distinguish C-verbs, V-verbs, and VV-verbs<\/li>\r\n \t<li>ask \u201cwhen?\u201d questions with \u0915\u0939\u093f\u0932\u0947 (<em>kahile<\/em>)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>use frequency words such as \u0938\u0927\u0948\u0901 (<em>sadhai\u0303<\/em>) and \u0915\u0939\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0915\u093e\u0939\u0940\u0901 (<em>kahilek\u0101h\u012b\u0303<\/em>)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>understand \u0915\u0939\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0948 (<em>kahilyai<\/em>) as \u201cnever\u201d in negative sentences and \u201cever\u201d in questions<\/li>\r\n \t<li>use \u2013\u092c\u093e\u091f (<em>\u2013b\u0101\u1e6da<\/em>) and \u2013\u092e\u093e (<em>\u2013m\u0101<\/em>) with vehicles<\/li>\r\n \t<li>use postpositions such as \u092a\u091b\u093f (<em>pachi<\/em>), \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e (<em>samma<\/em>), \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093f\u2026\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e (<em>dekhi\u2026samma<\/em>), and \u0932\u093e\u0917\u093f (<em>l\u0101gi<\/em>)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","rendered":"<h2>Verbs, Habitual Present, Time Expressions, Transport, and Postpositions<\/h2>\n<p>In this section, you will learn how Nepali verbs work in basic sentences. You will also learn how to talk about routines, frequency, transport, and common postpositions such as \u092a\u091b\u093f (<em>pachi<\/em>), \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e (<em>samma<\/em>), \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093f\u2026\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e (<em>dekhi\u2026samma<\/em>), and \u0932\u093e\u0917\u093f (<em>l\u0101gi<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p>These patterns are useful for everyday communication, especially when talking about what people do, when things happen, how often they happen, and how people travel.<\/p>\n<h2>Verbs<\/h2>\n<p>A verb is a word that expresses what is happening in a sentence. It can show:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>an action: what someone does<\/li>\n<li>an event: what happens<\/li>\n<li>a state or condition: how something is<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In most sentences, the verb carries the main meaning of the clause.<\/p>\n<p>In Nepali, verbs also show important grammatical information, such as:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>tense or aspect<\/li>\n<li>affirmative or negative meaning<\/li>\n<li>agreement with the subject<\/li>\n<li>level of respect or honorificity<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>You have already seen common Nepali verb forms such as \u091b (<em>cha<\/em>) and \u0939\u094b (<em>ho<\/em>). These forms come from the verb \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941 (<em>hunu<\/em>), meaning \u201cto be.\u201d They often work as linking verbs, or copulas, because they connect the subject to an identity, state, or condition.<\/p>\n<p>For example:<\/p>\n<p>\u092f\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0939\u094b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>yo kit\u0101b ho.<\/em><br \/>\nThis is a book.<\/p>\n<p>\u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932\u092e\u093e \u091b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>kit\u0101b \u1e6debalm\u0101 cha.<\/em><br \/>\nThe book is on the table.<\/p>\n<h2>The Dictionary Form of Nepali Verbs<\/h2>\n<p>The dictionary form, also called the citation form, is the form used to list verbs in Nepali dictionaries.<\/p>\n<p>Most Nepali dictionary verb forms end in \u2013\u0928\u0941 (<em>\u2013nu<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p>You can think of this form as the verb\u2019s \u201cbase name,\u201d similar to English \u201cto do,\u201d \u201cto sit,\u201d or \u201cto speak.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>For example:<\/p>\n<p>\u0917\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0941<br \/>\n<em>garnu<\/em><br \/>\nto do<\/p>\n<p>\u092c\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0941<br \/>\n<em>basnu<\/em><br \/>\nto sit<\/p>\n<p>\u092c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0928\u0941<br \/>\n<em>bolnu<\/em><br \/>\nto speak<\/p>\n<p>The dictionary form is non-finite. This means it names the verb, but it is not usually used as the main verb in a complete sentence.<\/p>\n<p>To make full sentences, Nepali verbs usually take endings or combine with auxiliaries. These forms show tense, polarity, agreement, and respect level.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-345-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-345\">Table 13.4.1 \u2013 Dictionary form basics: verb in \u2013\u0928\u0941 (nu), root, and infinitive ending<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-345\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-345\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-345-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Verb (Dictionary form)<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">Meaning<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-4\">Verb root<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-5\">Infinitive ending<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0917\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0941<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>garnu<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">to do<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">\u0917\u0930- (<em>gar-<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-5\">\u2013\u0928\u0941 (\u2013nu)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092c\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0941<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>basnu<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">to sit \/ reside<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">\u092c\u0938- (<em>bas-<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-5\">\u2013\u0928\u0941 (\u2013nu)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0928\u0941<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>bolnu<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">to speak<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">\u092c\u094b\u0932- (<em>bol-<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-5\">\u2013\u0928\u0941 (\u2013nu)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-345 from cache --><\/p>\n<h3>Learner Tip<\/h3>\n<p>When you learn a new Nepali verb, first learn its dictionary form ending in \u2013\u0928\u0941 (<em>\u2013nu<\/em>). Then learn how to remove \u2013\u0928\u0941 to find the working base.<\/p>\n<h2>Finding the Verb Base<\/h2>\n<p>For learning purposes, it is useful to identify a verb base. This is the form to which many endings attach.<\/p>\n<p>For many verbs, you can find a practical base by removing \u2013\u0928\u0941 (<em>\u2013nu<\/em>) from the dictionary form.<\/p>\n<h3>Working Rule<\/h3>\n<p>verb base = dictionary form minus \u2013\u0928\u0941 (<em>\u2013nu<\/em>)<\/p>\n<p>For example:<\/p>\n<p>\u0917\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0941<br \/>\n<em>garnu<\/em><br \/>\nto do<\/p>\n<p>\u0917\u0930\u094d\u2013<br \/>\n<em>gar\u2013<\/em><br \/>\ndo base<\/p>\n<p>\u092c\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0941<br \/>\n<em>basnu<\/em><br \/>\nto sit<\/p>\n<p>\u092c\u0938\u094d\u2013<br \/>\n<em>bas\u2013<\/em><br \/>\nsit base<\/p>\n<p>\u092a\u0922\u094d\u0928\u0941<br \/>\n<em>pa\u1e0dhnu<\/em><br \/>\nto read \/ study<\/p>\n<p>\u092a\u0922\u094d\u2013<br \/>\n<em>pa\u1e0dh\u2013<\/em><br \/>\nread \/ study base<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-346-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-346\">Table 13.4.2 \u2013 Finding the verb base: dictionary form \u2192 base (remove \u2013\u0928\u0941)<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-346\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-346\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-346-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Dictionary form<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">Meaning<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-4\">Verb base<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-5\">Base<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0917\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0941<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>garnu<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">to do<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">\u0917\u0930-<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-5\"><em>gar-<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092c\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0941<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>basnu<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">to sit; live<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">\u092c\u0938-<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-5\"><em>bas-<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0928\u0941<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>bolnu<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">to speak<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">\u092c\u094b\u0932-<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-5\"><em>bol-<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0916\u093e\u0928\u0941<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>kh\u0101nu<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">to eat<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">\u0916\u093e-<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-5\"><em>kh\u0101-<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u091c\u093e\u0928\u0941<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>j\u0101nu<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">to go<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">\u091c\u093e-<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-5\"><em>j\u0101-<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-7\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0906\u0909\u0928\u0941<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>\u0101unu<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">to come<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">\u0906\u0909-<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-5\"><em>\u0101u-<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-8\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092a\u093f\u0909\u0928\u0941<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>piunu<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">to drink<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">\u092a\u093f\u0909-<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-5\"><em>piu-<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-9\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0932\u093f\u0928\u0941<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>linu<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">to take<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">\u0932\u093f-<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-5\"><em>li-<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-346 from cache --><\/p>\n<h3>Try It Now<\/h3>\n<p>Find the verb base.<\/p>\n<p>\u0916\u093e\u0928\u0941<br \/>\n<em>kh\u0101nu<\/em><br \/>\nto eat<\/p>\n<p>\u0916\u093e\u2013<br \/>\n<em>kh\u0101\u2013<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u091c\u093e\u0928\u0941<br \/>\n<em>j\u0101nu<\/em><br \/>\nto go<\/p>\n<p>\u091c\u093e\u2013<br \/>\n<em>j\u0101\u2013<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u0932\u0947\u0916\u094d\u0928\u0941<br \/>\n<em>lekhnu<\/em><br \/>\nto write<\/p>\n<p>\u0932\u0947\u0916\u094d\u2013<br \/>\n<em>lekh\u2013<\/em><\/p>\n<h2>The Habitual Present Tense<\/h2>\n<p>Tense tells us when something happens, such as past or non-past.<\/p>\n<p>Aspect tells us how an action happens, such as whether it is a habit, routine, general truth, or completed action.<\/p>\n<p>In Nepali, tense and aspect work together.<\/p>\n<p>A useful starting point is the habitual present. This form is used to talk about:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>regular actions<\/li>\n<li>routines<\/li>\n<li>habits<\/li>\n<li>general truths<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>For example:<\/p>\n<p>\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0939\u0930\u0947\u0915 \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u091a\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092a\u093f\u0909\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 harek din ciy\u0101 piunuhuncha.<\/em><br \/>\nYou drink tea every day.<\/p>\n<p>\u0915\u093e\u0920\u092e\u093e\u0921\u094c\u0902 \u0928\u0947\u092a\u093e\u0932\u092e\u093e \u091b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>k\u0101\u1e6dhm\u0101\u1e0dau\u0303 nep\u0101lm\u0101 cha.<\/em><br \/>\nKathmandu is in Nepal.<\/p>\n<p>The same form can also refer to a future action when the sentence includes a clear future time expression.<\/p>\n<p>For example:<\/p>\n<p>\u092d\u094b\u0932\u093f \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>bholi tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 k\u0101ry\u0101laya j\u0101nuhuncha.<\/em><br \/>\nYou are going to the office tomorrow.<\/p>\n<p>\u0938\u094b\u092e\u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u093e\u092e\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0926\u093f\u0928\u094d\u091b\u094c\u0902\u0964<br \/>\n<em>somb\u0101r h\u0101m\u012b par\u012bk\u1e63\u0101 dinchau\u0303.<\/em><br \/>\nWe will take an exam on Monday. \/ We have an exam on Monday.<\/p>\n<p>For beginners, remember this simple point: Nepali habitual present forms can describe both regular present actions and planned future actions when the time is clear.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-347-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-347\">Table 13.4.3 \u2013 Uses of the habitual present: habits, general truths, scheduled future<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-347\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-347\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-347-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">English<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-4\">Use<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u092c\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u092b\u0940 \u092a\u093f\u0909\u0901\u091b\u0941\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>ma pr\u0101yah bih\u0101na kaph\u012b pi\u0169chu.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">I usually drink coffee in the morning.<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">Habits and routines<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u0927\u0948\u0901 \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092c\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>uh\u0101\u0303 sadhai\u0303 yah\u0101\u0303 basnuhuncha.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">He\/She (hon.) always lives\/stays here.<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">Habits and routines<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u091a\u093f\u0928\u0940 \u0917\u0941\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>cin\u012b guliyo huncha.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">Sugar is sweet.<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">General truths<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0939\u093f\u0909\u0901 \u0938\u0947\u0924\u094b \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>hiu\u0303 seto huncha.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">Snow is white.<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">General truths<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0938\u0942\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u092c\u093e\u091f \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0909\u0901\u091b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>s\u016brya p\u016brbab\u0101\u1e6da ud\u0101\u0169cha.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">The sun rises in the east.<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">General truths<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-7\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092e \u092d\u094b\u0932\u093f \u0915\u093e\u0920\u092e\u093e\u0921\u094c\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0941\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>ma bholi k\u0101\u1e6dham\u0101\u1e0dau\u0303 j\u0101nchu.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">I\u2019m going to Kathmandu tomorrow.<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">Scheduled or expected future<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-8\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u092d\u094b\u0932\u093f \u0906\u0909\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 bholi \u0101unuhuncha.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">You (polite) are coming tomorrow.<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">Scheduled or expected future<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-9\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u090f\u0915 \u0918\u0923\u094d\u091f\u093e\u092a\u091b\u093f \u092e \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0909\u0901\u091b\u0941\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>ek gha\u1e47\u1e6d\u0101 pachi ma tap\u0101\u012b\u0303l\u0101\u012b bat\u0101\u0169chu.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">In an hour I\u2019ll tell you.<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">Scheduled or expected future<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-347 from cache --><\/p>\n<h2>Forming the Habitual Present<\/h2>\n<p>The habitual present is used for routines, regular actions, and general facts. It can also refer to scheduled or planned future actions when a clear time expression is included.<\/p>\n<p>A simple way to understand the structure is:<\/p>\n<p>verb base + non-past marker + agreement ending<\/p>\n<p>The verb form also changes according to polarity, meaning whether the sentence is affirmative or negative.<\/p>\n<p>Nepali uses two main beginner-level patterns:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>non-honorific \/ plain pattern<\/li>\n<li>honorific \/ respectful pattern<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>1. Non-Honorific \/ Plain Pattern<\/h2>\n<p>In the plain pattern, the verb base usually takes endings from the \u2013\u091b (<em>\u2013cha<\/em>) family in affirmative sentences.<\/p>\n<p>Examples:<\/p>\n<p>\u0916\u093e\u0928\u094d\u091b<br \/>\n<em>kh\u0101ncha<\/em><br \/>\neats \/ drinks<\/p>\n<p>\u091c\u093e\u0928\u094d\u091b<br \/>\n<em>j\u0101ncha<\/em><br \/>\ngoes<\/p>\n<p>\u092a\u0922\u094d\u091b<br \/>\n<em>pa\u1e0dhcha<\/em><br \/>\nstudies \/ reads<\/p>\n<p>For negative sentences, the verb usually takes endings from the \u2013\u0926\u0948\u0928 (<em>\u2013daina<\/em>) family.<\/p>\n<p>Examples:<\/p>\n<p>\u0916\u093e\u0901\u0926\u0948\u0928<br \/>\n<em>kh\u0101\u0303daina<\/em><br \/>\ndoes not eat \/ drink<\/p>\n<p>\u091c\u093e\u0901\u0926\u0948\u0928<br \/>\n<em>j\u0101\u0303daina<\/em><br \/>\ndoes not go<\/p>\n<p>\u092a\u0922\u094d\u0926\u0948\u0928<br \/>\n<em>pa\u1e0dhdaina<\/em><br \/>\ndoes not study \/ read<\/p>\n<h2>2. Honorific \/ Respectful Pattern<\/h2>\n<p>With respectful pronouns such as \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 (<em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303<\/em>) and \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 (<em>uh\u0101\u0303<\/em>), Nepali usually uses honorific verb forms.<\/p>\n<p>In affirmative sentences, the verb often takes \u2013\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b (<em>\u2013nuhuncha<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p>For example:<\/p>\n<p>\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u091a\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092a\u093f\u0909\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 ciy\u0101 piunuhuncha.<\/em><br \/>\nYou drink tea.<\/p>\n<p>\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>uh\u0101\u0303 widy\u0101laya j\u0101nuhuncha.<\/em><br \/>\nHe\/She goes to school.<\/p>\n<p>In negative sentences, the verb often takes \u2013\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928 (<em>\u2013nuhunna<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p>For example:<\/p>\n<p>\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u091a\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092a\u093f\u0909\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0964<br \/>\n<em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 ciy\u0101 piunuhunna.<\/em><br \/>\nYou do not drink tea.<\/p>\n<p>\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0964<br \/>\n<em>uh\u0101\u0303 widy\u0101laya j\u0101nuhunna.<\/em><br \/>\nHe\/She does not go to school.<\/p>\n<h3>Key Idea<\/h3>\n<p>In Nepali, the verb form changes not only for tense and polarity, but also for respect level. For beginners, it is especially important to notice the difference between plain forms such as \u091c\u093e\u0928\u094d\u091b (<em>j\u0101ncha<\/em>) and respectful forms such as \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b (<em>j\u0101nuhuncha<\/em>).<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-348-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-348\">Table 13.4.4 \u2013 Stem-based non-honorific endings (affirmative vs. negative)<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-348\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-348\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-348-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Subject<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Affirmative ending<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">Negative ending<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092e (<em>ma<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u2013\u091b\u0941 (<em>-chu<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u2013\u0926\u093f\u0928 (<em>-din<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0939\u093e\u092e\u0940 (<em>h\u0101m\u012b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u2013\u091b\u094c\u0902 (<em>-chau\u0303<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u2013\u0926\u0948\u0928\u094c\u0902 (<em>-dainau\u0303<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u093f\u092e\u0940 (<em>tim\u012b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u2013\u091b\u094c (<em>-chau<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u2013\u0926\u0948\u0928\u094c (<em>-dainau<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u090a (<em>\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u2013\u091b (<em>-cha<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u2013\u0926\u0948\u0928 (<em>-daina<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0928\u0940 \/ \u092f\u093f\u0928\u0940 \/ \u0924\u093f\u0928\u0940\u2026 (<em>un\u012b \/ yin\u012b \/ tin\u012b\u2026<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u2013\u091b\u093f\u0928\u094d (<em>-chin<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u2013\u0926\u093f\u0928\u0928\u094d (<em>-dinan<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-7\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0928\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 (<em>un\u012bhar\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u2013\u091b\u0928\u094d (<em>-chan<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u2013\u0926\u0948\u0928\u0928\u094d (<em>-dainan<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-348 from cache --><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-349-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-349\">Table 13.4.5 \u2013 Honorific pattern endings<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-349\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-349\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-349-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Subject (honorific)<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Affirmative form<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">Negative form<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 (<em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u2013\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b (<em>-nuhuncha<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u2013\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928 (<em>-nuhunna<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 (<em>uh\u0101\u0303<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u2013\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b (<em>-nuhuncha<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u2013\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928 (<em>-nuhunna<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0939\u0930\u0942 (<em>uh\u0101\u0303har\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u2013\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b (<em>-nuhuncha<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u2013\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928 (<em>-nuhunna<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-349 from cache --><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-350-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-350\">Table 13.4.6 \u2013 Example verb \u092c\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0941: non-honorific (affirmative\/negative)<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-350\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-350\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-350-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Subject<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Affirmative<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">Negative<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092e (<em>ma<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u092e \u092c\u0938\u094d\u091b\u0941\u0964 (<em>ma baschu.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u092e \u092c\u0938\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0928\u0964 (<em>ma basdina.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0939\u093e\u092e\u0940 (<em>h\u0101m\u012b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0939\u093e\u092e\u0940 \u092c\u0938\u094d\u091b\u094c\u0902\u0964 (<em>h\u0101m\u012b baschau\u0303.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0939\u093e\u092e\u0940 \u092c\u0938\u094d\u0926\u0948\u0928\u094c\u0902\u0964 (<em>h\u0101m\u012b basdainau\u0303.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u093f\u092e\u0940 (<em>tim\u012b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0924\u093f\u092e\u0940 \u092c\u0938\u094d\u091b\u094c\u0964 (<em>tim\u012b baschau.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0924\u093f\u092e\u0940 \u092c\u0938\u094d\u0926\u0948\u0928\u094c\u0964 (<em>tim\u012b basdainau.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u090a (<em>\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u090a \u092c\u0938\u094d\u091b\u0964 (<em>\u016b bascha.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u090a \u092c\u0938\u094d\u0926\u0948\u0928\u0964 (<em>\u016b basdaina.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0928\u0940 \/ \u092f\u093f\u0928\u0940 \/ \u0924\u093f\u0928\u0940\u2026 (<em>un\u012b \/ yin\u012b \/ tin\u012b\u2026<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u2026 \u092c\u0938\u094d\u091b\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0964 (<em>\u2026 baschin.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u2026 \u092c\u0938\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0928\u0928\u094d\u0964 (<em>\u2026 basdinan.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-7\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0928\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 (<em>un\u012bhar\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0909\u0928\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u092c\u0938\u094d\u091b\u0928\u094d\u0964 (<em>un\u012bhar\u016b baschan.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0909\u0928\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u092c\u0938\u094d\u0926\u0948\u0928\u0928\u094d\u0964 (<em>un\u012bhar\u016b basdainan.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-350 from cache --><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-351-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-351\">Table 13.4.7 \u2013 Example verb \u092c\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0941: honorific (affirmative\/negative)<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-351\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-351\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-351-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Subject<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Affirmative<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">Negative<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 (<em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u092c\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964 (<em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 basnuhuncha.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u092c\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0964 (<em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 basnuhunna.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 (<em>uh\u0101\u0303<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092c\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964 (<em>uh\u0101\u0303 basnuhuncha.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092c\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0964 (<em>uh\u0101\u0303 basnuhunna.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0939\u0930\u0942 (<em>uh\u0101\u0303har\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u092c\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964 (<em>uh\u0101\u0303har\u016b basnuhuncha.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u092c\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0964 (<em>uh\u0101\u0303har\u016b basnuhunna.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-351 from cache --><\/p>\n<h3>Try It Now<\/h3>\n<p>Compare the plain and respectful forms.<\/p>\n<p>\u090a \u091a\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092a\u093f\u0909\u0901\u091b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>\u016b ciy\u0101 piu\u0303cha.<\/em><br \/>\nHe\/She drinks tea.<\/p>\n<p>\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u091a\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092a\u093f\u0909\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>uh\u0101\u0303 ciy\u0101 piunuhuncha.<\/em><br \/>\nHe\/She drinks tea. respectful<\/p>\n<p>\u090a \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0941\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>\u016b skul j\u0101ncha.<\/em><br \/>\nHe\/She goes to school.<\/p>\n<p>\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0941\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>uh\u0101\u0303 skul j\u0101nuhuncha.<\/em><br \/>\nHe\/She goes to school. respectful<\/p>\n<h2>Verb Categories in Nepali: Three Stem-Based Types<\/h2>\n<p>A useful way to classify Nepali verbs is by the shape of the verb base.<\/p>\n<p>To find the verb base, remove \u2013\u0928\u0941 (<em>\u2013nu<\/em>) from the dictionary form.<\/p>\n<p>Then check the final sound of the base.<\/p>\n<p>Nepali verbs fall into three main categories:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>C-verbs: the verb base ends in a consonant<\/li>\n<li>V-verbs: the verb base ends in a single vowel<\/li>\n<li>VV-verbs: the verb base ends in a vowel sequence, often \u0906\u0909\u2013 (<em>\u0101u\u2013<\/em>) or \u092a\u093f\u0909\u2013 (<em>piu\u2013<\/em>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>How to Identify the Category<\/h3>\n<p>Start with the dictionary form.<\/p>\n<p>Remove \u2013\u0928\u0941 (<em>\u2013nu<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p>Check the final sound of the base.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>consonant ending \u2192 C-verb<\/li>\n<li>single vowel ending \u2192 V-verb<\/li>\n<li>vowel sequence ending \u2192 VV-verb<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-352-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-352\">Table 13.4.8 \u2013 Verb categories (C \/ V \/ VV): base shape \u2192 category<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-352\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-352\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-352-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Dictionary form<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Meaning<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">Base<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-4\">Category<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0917\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0941 (<em>garnu<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">to do<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0917\u0930\u094d- (<em>gar-<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">C-verb<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092c\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0941 (<em>basnu<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">to sit \/ live<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u092c\u0938\u094d- (<em>bas-<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">C-verb<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941 (<em>hunu<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">to be<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0939\u0941- (<em>hu-<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">V-verb<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0916\u093e\u0928\u0941 (<em>kh\u0101nu<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">to eat<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0916\u093e- (<em>kh\u0101-<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">V-verb<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0932\u093f\u0928\u0941 (<em>linu<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">to take<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0932\u093f- (<em>li-<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">V-verb<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-7\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0906\u0909\u0928\u0941 (<em>\u0101unu<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">to come<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0906\u0909- (<em>\u0101u-<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">VV-verb<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-8\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092a\u093f\u0909\u0928\u0941 (<em>piunu<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">to drink<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u092a\u093f\u0909- (<em>piu-<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">VV-verb<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-352 from cache --><\/p>\n<h2>Why Verb Categories Matter<\/h2>\n<p>Verb categories matter because the shape of the verb base affects how present-tense endings attach.<\/p>\n<p>The key idea is:<\/p>\n<p>present form = verb base + ending<\/p>\n<p>However, the joining changes depending on how the base ends.<\/p>\n<h3>C-Verbs<\/h3>\n<p>C-verbs have consonant-final bases.<\/p>\n<p>Endings usually attach directly, with minimal change.<\/p>\n<p>Examples include forms such as:<\/p>\n<p>\u0917\u0930\u094d\u091b\u0941<br \/>\n<em>garchu<\/em><br \/>\nI do.<\/p>\n<p>\u092c\u0938\u094d\u091b\u0941<br \/>\n<em>baschu<\/em><br \/>\nI sit.<\/p>\n<h3>V-Verbs<\/h3>\n<p>V-verbs have bases ending in a single vowel, often \u0906 (<em>\u0101<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p>Joining often creates visible changes at the boundary between the base and ending.<\/p>\n<p>Common signs include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0928\u094d (<em>n<\/em>) in affirmative forms<\/li>\n<li>nasalization with \u091a\u0928\u094d\u0926\u094d\u0930\u092c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0941 (<em>candrabindu<\/em>) in negative forms<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>VV-Verbs<\/h3>\n<p>VV-verbs have bases ending in a vowel sequence, such as \u0906\u0909\u2013 (<em>\u0101u\u2013<\/em>) or \u092a\u093f\u0909\u2013 (<em>piu\u2013<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p>The vowel sequence is preserved in the habitual present.<\/p>\n<p>The final \u0909 (<em>u<\/em>) is not dropped.<\/p>\n<h3>Core Takeaway<\/h3>\n<p>Verb categories do not change the meaning of the verb. They help you predict how present-tense endings attach to different verb bases.<\/p>\n<h2>1. C-Verbs: Attach Directly<\/h2>\n<p>In C-verbs, the verb base ends in a consonant. Present-tense endings usually attach directly to the base with little or no change.<\/p>\n<p>The basic structure is:<\/p>\n<p>verb base + ending<\/p>\n<p>Because a consonant-final base meets a consonant-initial ending, Nepali often creates clear consonant clusters in Devanagari.<\/p>\n<p>For example:<\/p>\n<p>\u0917\u0930\u094d\u091b\u0941<br \/>\n<em>garchu<\/em><br \/>\nI do.<\/p>\n<p>\u092c\u0938\u094d\u091b\u0941<br \/>\n<em>baschu<\/em><br \/>\nI sit.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-353-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-353\">Table 13.4.9 \u2013 C-verbs in the habitual present: base + ending (joining examples)<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-353\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-353\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-353-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Base + ending<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Result<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0917\u0930\u094d- + \u091b\u0941 (<em>gar- + -chu<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0917\u0930\u094d\u091b\u0941 (<em>garchu<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092c\u0938\u094d- + \u091b\u0941 (<em>bas- + -chu<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u092c\u0938\u094d\u091b\u0941 (<em>baschu<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092c\u094b\u0932\u094d- + \u091b\u0941 (<em>bol- + -chu<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u092c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u091b\u0941 (<em>bolchu<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0917\u0930\u094d- + \u0926\u093f\u0928 (<em>gar- + -dina<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0917\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0928 (<em>gardina<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092c\u0938\u094d- + \u0926\u093f\u0928 (<em>bas- + -dina<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u092c\u0938\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0928 (<em>basdina<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-7\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092c\u094b\u0932\u094d- + \u0926\u093f\u0928 (<em>bol- + -dina<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u092c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0928 (<em>boldina<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-353 from cache --><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-354-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-354\">Table 13.4.10 \u2013 C-verb \u092a\u0922\u094d\u0928\u0941 (pa\u1e0dhnu): non-honorific (affirmative\/negative)<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-354\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-354\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-354-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Subject<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Affirmative<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">Negative<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092e (<em>ma<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u092e \u092a\u0922\u094d\u091b\u0941\u0964 (<em>ma pa\u1e0dhchu.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u092e \u092a\u0922\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0928\u0964 (<em>ma pa\u1e0dhdina.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0939\u093e\u092e\u0940 (<em>h\u0101m\u012b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0939\u093e\u092e\u0940 \u092a\u0922\u094d\u091b\u094c\u0902\u0964 (<em>h\u0101m\u012b pa\u1e0dhchau\u0303.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0939\u093e\u092e\u0940 \u092a\u0922\u094d\u0926\u0948\u0928\u094c\u0902\u0964 (<em>h\u0101m\u012b pa\u1e0dhdainau\u0303.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u093f\u092e\u0940 (<em>tim\u012b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0924\u093f\u092e\u0940 \u092a\u0922\u094d\u091b\u094c\u0964 (<em>tim\u012b pa\u1e0dhchau.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0924\u093f\u092e\u0940 \u092a\u0922\u094d\u0926\u0948\u0928\u094c\u0964 (<em>tim\u012b pa\u1e0dhdainau.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u090a (<em>\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u090a \u092a\u0922\u094d\u091b\u0964 (<em>\u016b pa\u1e0dhcha.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u090a \u092a\u0922\u094d\u0926\u0948\u0928\u0964 (<em>\u016b pa\u1e0dhdaina.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0928\u0940 \/ \u092f\u093f\u0928\u0940 \/ \u0924\u093f\u0928\u0940\u2026 (<em>un\u012b \/ yin\u012b \/ tin\u012b\u2026<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u2026 \u092a\u0922\u094d\u091b\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0964 (<em>\u2026 pa\u1e0dhchin.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u2026 \u092a\u0922\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0928\u0928\u094d\u0964 (<em>\u2026 pa\u1e0dhdinan.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-7\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0928\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 (<em>un\u012bhar\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0909\u0928\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u092a\u0922\u094d\u091b\u0928\u094d\u0964 (<em>un\u012bhar\u016b pa\u1e0dhchan.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0909\u0928\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u092a\u0922\u094d\u0926\u0948\u0928\u0928\u094d\u0964 (<em>un\u012bhar\u016b pa\u1e0dhdainan.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-354 from cache --><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-355-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-355\">Table 13.4.11 \u2013 C-verb \u092a\u0922\u094d\u0928\u0941 (pa\u1e0dhnu): honorific (affirmative\/negative)<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-355\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-355\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-355-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Subject<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Affirmative<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">Negative<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 (<em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u092a\u0922\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964 (<em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 pa\u1e0dhnuhuncha.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u092a\u0922\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0964 (<em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 pa\u1e0dhnuhunna.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902\u0939\u0930\u0942 (<em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303har\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u092a\u0922\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964 (<em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303har\u016b pa\u1e0dhnuhuncha.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u092a\u0922\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0964 (<em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303har\u016b pa\u1e0dhnuhunna.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 (<em>uh\u0101\u0303<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u0922\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964 (<em>uh\u0101\u0303 pa\u1e0dhnuhuncha.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u0922\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0964 (<em>uh\u0101\u0303 pa\u1e0dhnuhunna.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0939\u0930\u0942 (<em>uh\u0101\u0303har\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u092a\u0922\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964 (<em>uh\u0101\u0303har\u016b pa\u1e0dhnuhuncha.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u092a\u0922\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0964 (<em>uh\u0101\u0303har\u016b pa\u1e0dhnuhunna.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-355 from cache --><\/p>\n<h2>2. V-Verbs: Joining with \u0928\u094d and Nasalization<\/h2>\n<p>In V-verbs, the base ends in a vowel. Pay attention to what happens when the vowel-final base joins with present-tense endings.<\/p>\n<p>With affirmative \u2013\u091b (<em>\u2013ch<\/em>) endings, Nepali often inserts a linking \u0928\u094d (<em>n<\/em>) between the base and the ending.<\/p>\n<p>For example:<\/p>\n<p>\u0916\u093e\u2013 + \u091b\u0941 \u2192 \u0916\u093e\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0941<br \/>\n<em>kh\u0101\u2013 + chu \u2192 kh\u0101nchu<\/em><br \/>\nI eat.<\/p>\n<p>With negative endings such as \u2013\u0926\u0948\u0928 (<em>\u2013daina<\/em>) and \u2013\u0926\u093f\u0928 (<em>\u2013dina<\/em>), the vowel-final base is often nasalized. This is written with \u091a\u0928\u094d\u0926\u094d\u0930\u092c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0941 (<em>candrabindu<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p>For example:<\/p>\n<p>\u0916\u093e\u2013 + \u0926\u0948\u0928 \u2192 \u0916\u093e\u0901\u0926\u0948\u0928<br \/>\n<em>kh\u0101\u2013 + daina \u2192 kh\u0101\u0303daina<\/em><br \/>\nHe\/She does not eat.<\/p>\n<p>\u0916\u093e\u2013 + \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u2192 \u0916\u093e\u0901\u0926\u093f\u0928<br \/>\n<em>kh\u0101\u2013 + dina \u2192 kh\u0101\u0303dina<\/em><br \/>\nI do not eat.<\/p>\n<p>These two signs help learners recognize V-verb patterns:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0928\u094d (<em>n<\/em>) in affirmative forms<\/li>\n<li>\u091a\u0928\u094d\u0926\u094d\u0930\u092c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0941 (<em>candrabindu<\/em>) in negative forms<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-357-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-357\">Table 13.4.12 \u2013 V-verb \u0916\u093e\u0928\u0941 (kh\u0101nu): non-honorific (affirmative\/negative)<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-357\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-357\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-357-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Subject<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Affirmative<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">Negative<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092e (<em>ma<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u092e \u0916\u093e\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0941\u0964 (<em>ma kh\u0101nchu.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u092e \u0916\u093e\u0901\u0926\u093f\u0928\u0964 (<em>ma kh\u0101\u0303dina.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0939\u093e\u092e\u0940 (<em>h\u0101m\u012b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0939\u093e\u092e\u0940 \u0916\u093e\u0928\u094d\u091b\u094c\u0902\u0964 (<em>h\u0101m\u012b kh\u0101nchau\u0303.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0939\u093e\u092e\u0940 \u0916\u093e\u0901\u0926\u0948\u0928\u094c\u0902\u0964 (<em>h\u0101m\u012b kh\u0101\u0303dainau\u0303.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u093f\u092e\u0940 (<em>tim\u012b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0924\u093f\u092e\u0940 \u0916\u093e\u0928\u094d\u091b\u094c\u0964 (<em>tim\u012b kh\u0101nchau.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0924\u093f\u092e\u0940 \u0916\u093e\u0901\u0926\u0948\u0928\u094c\u0964 (<em>tim\u012b kh\u0101\u0303dainau.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u090a (<em>\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u090a \u0916\u093e\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964 (<em>\u016b kh\u0101ncha.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u090a \u0916\u093e\u0901\u0926\u0948\u0928\u0964 (<em>\u016b kh\u0101\u0303daina.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0928\u0940 \/ \u092f\u093f\u0928\u0940 \/ \u0924\u093f\u0928\u0940\u2026 (<em>un\u012b \/ yin\u012b \/ tin\u012b\u2026<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u2026 \u0916\u093e\u0928\u094d\u091b\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0964 (<em>\u2026 kh\u0101nchin.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u2026 \u0916\u093e\u0901\u0926\u093f\u0928\u0928\u094d\u0964 (<em>\u2026 kh\u0101\u0303dinan.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-7\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0928\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 (<em>un\u012bhar\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0909\u0928\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u0916\u093e\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0928\u094d\u0964 (<em>un\u012bhar\u016b kh\u0101nchan.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0909\u0928\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u0916\u093e\u0901\u0926\u0948\u0928\u0928\u094d\u0964 (<em>un\u012bhar\u016b kh\u0101\u0303dainan.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-357 from cache --><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-358-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-358\">Table 13.4.13 \u2013 V-verb \u0916\u093e\u0928\u0941 (kh\u0101nu): honorific (affirmative\/negative)<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-358\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-358\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-358-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Subject<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Affirmative<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">Negative<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 (<em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0916\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964 (<em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 kh\u0101nuhuncha.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0916\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0964 (<em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 kh\u0101nuhunna.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902\u0939\u0930\u0942 (<em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303har\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u0916\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964 (<em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303har\u016b kh\u0101nuhuncha.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u0916\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0964 (<em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303har\u016b kh\u0101nuhunna.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 (<em>uh\u0101\u0303<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0916\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964 (<em>uh\u0101\u0303 kh\u0101nuhuncha.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0916\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0964 (<em>uh\u0101\u0303 kh\u0101nuhunna.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0939\u0930\u0942 (<em>uh\u0101\u0303har\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u0916\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964 (<em>uh\u0101\u0303har\u016b kh\u0101nuhuncha.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u0916\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0964 (<em>uh\u0101\u0303har\u016b kh\u0101nuhunna.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-358 from cache --><\/p>\n<h2>3. VV-Verbs: Keep Both Vowels<\/h2>\n<p>VV-verbs have bases ending in a two-vowel sequence, most commonly \u0906\u0909\u2013 (<em>\u0101u\u2013<\/em>) or \u092a\u093f\u0909\u2013 (<em>piu\u2013<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p>The key point is that the vowel sequence stays in the habitual present. Nepali does not drop the final \u0909 (<em>u<\/em>) in this pattern.<\/p>\n<p>In many VV-verbs, the habitual present stem is written with \u091a\u0928\u094d\u0926\u094d\u0930\u092c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0941 (<em>candrabindu<\/em>), producing nasalized stems such as \u0906\u0909\u0901\u2013 (<em>\u0101u\u0303\u2013<\/em>) and \u092a\u093f\u0909\u0901\u2013 (<em>piu\u0303\u2013<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p>Then regular present-tense endings attach.<\/p>\n<p>For example:<\/p>\n<p>\u0906\u0909\u0901\u091b\u0941<br \/>\n<em>\u0101u\u0303chu<\/em><br \/>\nI come.<\/p>\n<p>\u0906\u0909\u0901\u091b<br \/>\n<em>\u0101u\u0303cha<\/em><br \/>\nHe\/She comes.<\/p>\n<p>\u092a\u093f\u0909\u0901\u091b\u0941<br \/>\n<em>piu\u0303chu<\/em><br \/>\nI drink.<\/p>\n<p>In negative forms, the same stem is used:<\/p>\n<p>\u0906\u0909\u0901\u0926\u093f\u0928<br \/>\n<em>\u0101u\u0303dina<\/em><br \/>\nI do not come.<\/p>\n<p>\u0906\u0909\u0901\u0926\u0948\u0928<br \/>\n<em>\u0101u\u0303daina<\/em><br \/>\nHe\/She does not come.<\/p>\n<p>\u0906\u0909\u0901\u0926\u0948\u0928\u0928\u094d<br \/>\n<em>\u0101u\u0303dainan<\/em><br \/>\nThey do not come.<\/p>\n<p>The \u091a\u0928\u094d\u0926\u094d\u0930\u092c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0941 (<em>candrabindu<\/em>) does not mean that a vowel has been removed. It shows nasalization of the vowel sequence.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-359-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-359\">Table 13.4.13 \u2013 VV-verb: \u0906\u0909\u0928\u0941 (\u0101unu) \u2014 non-honorific habitual<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-359\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-359\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-359-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Subject<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Affirmative<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">Negative<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092e (<em>ma<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u092e \u0906\u0909\u0901\u091b\u0941\u0964 (<em>ma \u0101\u0169chu.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u092e \u0906\u0909\u0901\u0926\u093f\u0928\u0964 (<em>ma \u0101\u0169dina.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0939\u093e\u092e\u0940 (<em>h\u0101m\u012b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0939\u093e\u092e\u0940 \u0906\u0909\u0901\u091b\u094c\u0902\u0964 (<em>h\u0101m\u012b \u0101\u0169chau\u0303.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0939\u093e\u092e\u0940 \u0906\u0909\u0901\u0926\u0948\u0928\u094c\u0902\u0964 (<em>h\u0101m\u012b \u0101\u0169dainau\u0303.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u093f\u092e\u0940 (<em>tim\u012b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0924\u093f\u092e\u0940 \u0906\u0909\u0901\u091b\u094c\u0964 (<em>tim\u012b \u0101\u0169chau.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0924\u093f\u092e\u0940 \u0906\u0909\u0901\u0926\u0948\u0928\u094c\u0964 (<em>tim\u012b \u0101\u0169dainau.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u090a (<em>\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u090a \u0906\u0909\u0901\u091b\u0964 (<em>\u016b \u0101\u0169cha.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u090a \u0906\u0909\u0901\u0926\u0948\u0928\u0964 (<em>\u016b \u0101\u0169daina.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0928\u0940 \/ \u092f\u093f\u0928\u0940 \/ \u0924\u093f\u0928\u0940\u2026 (<em>un\u012b \/ yin\u012b \/ tin\u012b\u2026<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u2026 \u0906\u0909\u0901\u091b\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0964 (<em>\u2026 \u0101\u0169chin.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u2026 \u0906\u0909\u0901\u0926\u093f\u0928\u0928\u094d\u0964 (<em>\u2026 \u0101\u0169dinan.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-7\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0928\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 (<em>un\u012bhar\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0909\u0928\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u0906\u0909\u0901\u091b\u0928\u094d\u0964 (<em>un\u012bhar\u016b \u0101\u0169chan.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0909\u0928\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u0906\u0909\u0901\u0926\u0948\u0928\u0928\u094d\u0964 (<em>un\u012bhar\u016b \u0101\u0169dainan.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-359 from cache --><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-360-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-360\">Table 13.4.14 \u2013 VV-verb: \u0906\u0909\u0928\u0941 (\u0101unu) \u2014 honorific habitual<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-360\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-360\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-360-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Subject<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Affirmative<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">Negative<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 (<em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0906\u0909\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964 (<em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 \u0101unuhuncha.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0906\u0909\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0964 (<em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 \u0101unuhunna.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902\u0939\u0930\u0942 (<em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303har\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u0906\u0909\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964 (<em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303har\u016b \u0101unuhuncha.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u0906\u0909\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0964 (<em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303har\u016b \u0101unuhunna.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 (<em>uh\u0101\u0303<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0906\u0909\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964 (<em>uh\u0101\u0303 \u0101unuhuncha.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0906\u0909\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0964 (<em>uh\u0101\u0303 \u0101unuhunna.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0939\u0930\u0942 (<em>uh\u0101\u0303har\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u0906\u0909\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964 (<em>uh\u0101\u0303har\u016b \u0101unuhuncha.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u0906\u0909\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0964 (<em>uh\u0101\u0303har\u016b \u0101unuhunna.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-360 from cache --><\/p>\n<h2>Temporal Interrogatives and Frequency Adverbials<\/h2>\n<p>Time expressions and frequency expressions do different jobs in Nepali.<\/p>\n<p>Temporal interrogatives ask for a specific time reference. They answer questions such as \u201cwhen?\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Frequency adverbials describe how often something happens, such as always, sometimes, or every day.<\/p>\n<p>In Nepali, both types usually modify the whole clause. They often appear after the subject and before the verb phrase, although word order can shift for emphasis.<\/p>\n<h2>Asking About Time with \u0915\u0939\u093f\u0932\u0947<\/h2>\n<p>\u0915\u0939\u093f\u0932\u0947 (<em>kahile<\/em>) means \u201cwhen?\u201d<\/p>\n<p>It is used to ask about a specific time, day, or time period.<\/p>\n<p>Typical answers include:<\/p>\n<p>\u092d\u094b\u0932\u093f<br \/>\n<em>bholi<\/em><br \/>\ntomorrow<\/p>\n<p>\u0905\u0930\u094d\u0915\u094b \u0939\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093e<br \/>\n<em>arko hapt\u0101<\/em><br \/>\nnext week<\/p>\n<p>\u092c\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0928<br \/>\n<em>bih\u0101na<\/em><br \/>\nin the morning<\/p>\n<p>Because \u0915\u0939\u093f\u0932\u0947 (<em>kahile<\/em>) already makes a wh-question, Nepali normally does not add the yes\/no particle \u0915\u0947 (<em>ke<\/em>) in these questions.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-361-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-361\">Table 13.4.15 \u2013 Temporal interrogative \u0915\u0939\u093f\u0932\u0947 (kahile): question\u2013answer<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-361\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-361\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-361-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Question<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">English<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">Answer<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-4\">English<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0915\u0939\u093f\u0932\u0947 \u0906\u0909\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b? (<em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 kahile \u0101unuhuncha?<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">When do you come?<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u092e \u092d\u094b\u0932\u093f \u0906\u0909\u0901\u091b\u0941\u0964 (<em>ma bholi \u0101\u0169chu.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">I\u2019m coming tomorrow.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0915\u0939\u093f\u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b? (<em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 kahile j\u0101nuhuncha?<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">When do you go?<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u092e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0915\u094b \u0939\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0941\u0964 (<em>ma arko hapt\u0101 j\u0101nchu.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">I\u2019ll go next week.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0915\u0939\u093f\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u0922\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b? (<em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 kahile pa\u1e0dhnuhuncha?<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">When do you study?<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u092e \u092c\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0922\u094d\u091b\u0941\u0964 (<em>ma bih\u0101na pa\u1e0dhchu.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">I study in the morning.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-361 from cache --><\/p>\n<h3>Try It Now<\/h3>\n<p>Ask and answer.<\/p>\n<p>A: \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0915\u0939\u093f\u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b?<br \/>\n<em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 kahile j\u0101nuhuncha?<\/em><br \/>\nWhen will you go?<\/p>\n<p>B: \u092e \u092d\u094b\u0932\u093f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0941\u0964<br \/>\n<em>ma bholi j\u0101nchu.<\/em><br \/>\nI will go tomorrow.<\/p>\n<p>A: \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0939\u093f\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b?<br \/>\n<em>kak\u1e63\u0101 kahile huncha?<\/em><br \/>\nWhen is the class?<\/p>\n<p>B: \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u094b\u092e\u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>kak\u1e63\u0101 somb\u0101r huncha.<\/em><br \/>\nThe class is on Monday.<\/p>\n<h2>Frequency Adverbials<\/h2>\n<p>Frequency adverbials tell us how often something happens.<\/p>\n<p>They describe repetition over time.<\/p>\n<p>Examples include:<\/p>\n<p>\u0938\u0927\u0948\u0901<br \/>\n<em>sadhai\u0303<\/em><br \/>\nalways<\/p>\n<p>\u0915\u0939\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0915\u093e\u0939\u0940\u0901<br \/>\n<em>kahilek\u0101h\u012b\u0303<\/em><br \/>\nsometimes<\/p>\n<p>\u0939\u0930\u0947\u0915 \u0926\u093f\u0928<br \/>\n<em>harek din<\/em><br \/>\nevery day<\/p>\n<p>\u0939\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093e\u092e\u093e \u090f\u0915\u091a\u094b\u091f\u093f<br \/>\n<em>hapt\u0101m\u0101 ekco\u1e6di<\/em><br \/>\nonce a week<\/p>\n<p>In a neutral sentence, frequency words often appear after the subject and before the verb.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-362-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-362\">Table 13.4.16 \u2013 Common frequency adverbials<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-362\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-362\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-362-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">English<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0939\u0930\u0947\u0915 \u0926\u093f\u0928<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>harekdin<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">every day<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0938\u0927\u0948\u0901 <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>sadhai\u0303<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">always<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>pr\u0101ya\u1e25<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">usually<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0927\u0947\u0930\u0948\u091c\u0938\u094b <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>dheraijaso<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">mostly; for the most part<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0915\u0939\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0915\u093e\u0939\u0940\u0901 <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>kahilek\u0101h\u012b\u0303<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">sometimes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-7\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0906\u091c\u0915\u0932 <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>\u0101jakal<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">nowadays<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-362 from cache --><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-363-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-363\">Table 13.4.17 \u2013 Frequency adverbials in sentences: example patterns<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-363\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-363\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-363-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">English<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092e \u0939\u0930\u0947\u0915 \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0941\u0964 <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>ma harek din k\u0101ry\u0101laya j\u0101nchu.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">I go to the office every day.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u0927\u0948\u0901 \u0924\u094d\u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964 <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>uh\u0101\u0303 sadhai\u0303 tyah\u0101\u0303 hunuhuncha.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">He\/She is always there.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u092c\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0928 \u091a\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092a\u093f\u0909\u0901\u091b\u0941\u0964 <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>ma pr\u0101ya\u1e25 bih\u0101na ciy\u0101 pi\u0169chu.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">I usually drink tea in the morning.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0939\u093e\u092e\u0940 \u0927\u0947\u0930\u0948\u091c\u0938\u094b \u0936\u0928\u093f\u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0918\u0930\u092e\u0948 \u092c\u0938\u094d\u091b\u094c\u0901\u0964 <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>h\u0101m\u012b dheraijaso \u015banib\u0101r gharm\u0101i baschau\u0303.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">We mostly stay at home on Saturdays.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092e \u0915\u0939\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0915\u093e\u0939\u0940\u0901 \u0922\u093f\u0932\u094b \u0906\u0909\u0901\u091b\u0941\u0964 <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>ma kahilek\u0101h\u012b\u0303 \u1e0dhilo \u0101\u0169chu.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">I sometimes come late.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-7\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0906\u091c\u0915\u0932 \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u093e\u0920\u092e\u093e\u0921\u094c\u0902\u092e\u093e \u092c\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964 <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>\u0101jakal uh\u0101\u0303 k\u0101\u1e6dham\u0101\u1e0dau\u0303m\u0101 basnuhuncha.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">Nowadays he\/she lives in Kathmandu.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-363 from cache --><\/p>\n<h3>Try It Now<\/h3>\n<p>Read the sentences aloud.<\/p>\n<p>\u092e \u0938\u0927\u0948\u0901 \u091a\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092a\u093f\u0909\u0901\u091b\u0941\u0964<br \/>\n<em>ma sadhai\u0303 ciy\u0101 piu\u0303chu.<\/em><br \/>\nI always drink tea.<\/p>\n<p>\u092e \u0915\u0939\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0915\u093e\u0939\u0940\u0901 \u092c\u0938\u092c\u093e\u091f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0941\u0964<br \/>\n<em>ma kahilek\u0101h\u012b\u0303 basb\u0101\u1e6da j\u0101nchu.<\/em><br \/>\nI sometimes go by bus.<\/p>\n<p>\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0939\u0930\u0947\u0915 \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u0928\u0947\u092a\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u0922\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>uh\u0101\u0303 harek din nep\u0101l\u012b pa\u1e0dhnuhuncha.<\/em><br \/>\nHe\/She studies Nepali every day.<\/p>\n<h2>Never and Ever: \u0915\u0939\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0948<\/h2>\n<p>\u0915\u0939\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0948 (<em>kahilyai<\/em>) changes meaning depending on the sentence.<\/p>\n<p>In negative sentences, \u0915\u0939\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0948 (<em>kahilyai<\/em>) means \u201cnever.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>For example:<\/p>\n<p>\u092e \u0915\u0939\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0948 \u091a\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092a\u093f\u0909\u0901\u0926\u093f\u0928\u0964<br \/>\n<em>ma kahilyai ciy\u0101 piu\u0303dina.<\/em><br \/>\nI never drink tea.<\/p>\n<p>In questions, \u0915\u0939\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0948 (<em>kahilyai<\/em>) usually means \u201cever.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>For example:<\/p>\n<p>\u0915\u0947 \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0915\u0939\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0948 \u0928\u0947\u092a\u093e\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092d\u090f\u0915\u094b \u091b?<br \/>\n<em>ke tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 kahilyai nep\u0101l j\u0101nubhaeko cha?<\/em><br \/>\nHave you ever been to Nepal?<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-364-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-364\">Table 13.4.18 \u2013 \u0915\u0939\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0948 (kahilyai) \u201cnever \/ ever\u201d: negative vs. question meaning<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-364\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-364\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-364-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">English<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-4\">Type<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092e \u0915\u0939\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0948 \u0927\u0942\u092e\u094d\u0930\u092a\u093e\u0928 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0928\u0964 <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>ma kahilyai dh\u016bmrap\u0101n gardina.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">I never smoke.<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">Negative (\u201cnever\u201d)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u0939\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0948 \u0922\u093f\u0932\u094b \u0906\u0909\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0964 <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>uh\u0101\u0303 kahilyai \u1e0dhilo \u0101unuhunna.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">He\/She (hon.) never comes late.<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">Negative (\u201cnever\u201d)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0915\u0947 \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0915\u0939\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0948 \u0928\u0947\u092a\u093e\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b? <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>ke tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 kahilyai nep\u0101l j\u0101nuhuncha?<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">Do you ever go to Nepal?<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">Question (\u201cever?\u201d)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0915\u0939\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0948 \u092a\u094b\u0916\u0930\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b? <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 kahilyai pokhar\u0101 j\u0101nuhuncha?<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">Do you ever go to Pokhara?<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">Question (\u201cever?\u201d)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-364 from cache --><\/p>\n<h3>Simple Rule<\/h3>\n<p>\u0915\u0939\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0948 (<em>kahilyai<\/em>) + negative verb = never<\/p>\n<p>\u0915\u0939\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0948 (<em>kahilyai<\/em>) in a question = ever<\/p>\n<h2>Transport: Using \u2013\u092c\u093e\u091f and \u2013\u092e\u093e<\/h2>\n<p>Nepali expresses \u201cby a means of transport\u201d in more than one way.<\/p>\n<p>Two common options are:<\/p>\n<p>\u2013\u092c\u093e\u091f<br \/>\n<em>\u2013b\u0101\u1e6da<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u2013\u092e\u093e<br \/>\n<em>\u2013m\u0101<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Both can be used with vehicle nouns, but they frame the meaning slightly differently.<\/p>\n<h2>Vehicle + \u2013\u092c\u093e\u091f<\/h2>\n<p>Although \u2013\u092c\u093e\u091f (<em>\u2013b\u0101\u1e6da<\/em>) often means \u201cfrom,\u201d it can also express means or transport.<\/p>\n<p>With vehicles, it can mean \u201cby means of.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>For example:<\/p>\n<p>\u092e \u092c\u0938\u092c\u093e\u091f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0941\u0964<br \/>\n<em>ma basb\u0101\u1e6da j\u0101nchu.<\/em><br \/>\nI go by bus.<\/p>\n<p>\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u092c\u093e\u091f \u0906\u0909\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>uh\u0101\u0303 k\u0101rb\u0101\u1e6da \u0101unuhuncha.<\/em><br \/>\nHe\/She comes by car.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-365-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-365\">Table 13.4.19 \u2013 Transport by \u2013\u092c\u093e\u091f (\u2013b\u0101\u1e6da): vehicle phrases<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-365\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-365\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-365-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Vehicle phrase<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">Meaning<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092c\u0938\u092c\u093e\u091f <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>basb\u0101\u1e6da<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">by bus<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u091f\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u092c\u093e\u091f <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>\u1e6dy\u0101ks\u012bb\u0101\u1e6da<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">by taxi<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0915\u093e\u0930\u092c\u093e\u091f<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>k\u0101rb\u0101\u1e6da<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">by car<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0935\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928\u092c\u093e\u091f<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>wim\u0101nb\u0101\u1e6da<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">by plane<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-365 from cache --><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-366-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-366\">Table 13.4.20 \u2013 Transport by \u2013\u092c\u093e\u091f (\u2013b\u0101\u1e6da): sentence examples<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-366\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-366\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-366-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">English<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092e \u092c\u0938\u092c\u093e\u091f \u0918\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0941\u0964 <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>ma basb\u0101\u1e6da ghar j\u0101nchu.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">I go home by bus.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u091f\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u092c\u093e\u091f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b? <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 \u1e6dy\u0101ks\u012bb\u0101\u1e6da k\u0101ry\u0101laya j\u0101nuhuncha?<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">Do you go to the office by taxi?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0935\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928\u092c\u093e\u091f \u0915\u093e\u0920\u092e\u093e\u0921\u094c\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>uh\u0101\u0303 wim\u0101nb\u0101\u1e6da k\u0101\u1e6dham\u0101\u1e0dau\u0303 j\u0101nuhuncha.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">He\/She (hon.) goes to Kathmandu by plane.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-366 from cache --><\/p>\n<h2>Vehicle + \u2013\u092e\u093e<\/h2>\n<p>With vehicle nouns, \u2013\u092e\u093e (<em>\u2013m\u0101<\/em>) is also very common in everyday Nepali.<\/p>\n<p>It often gives the meaning \u201cin,\u201d \u201con,\u201d or \u201cby,\u201d depending on the vehicle and context.<\/p>\n<p>For example:<\/p>\n<p>\u092e \u092c\u0938\u092e\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0941\u0964<br \/>\n<em>ma basm\u0101 j\u0101nchu.<\/em><br \/>\nI go by bus. \/ I travel on the bus.<\/p>\n<p>\u090a \u0915\u093e\u0930\u092e\u093e \u0906\u0909\u0901\u091b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>\u016b k\u0101rm\u0101 \u0101u\u0303cha.<\/em><br \/>\nHe\/She comes by car. \/ in the car.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-367-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-367\">Table 13.4.21 \u2013 Vehicle + \u2013\u092e\u093e (\u2013m\u0101): everyday alternative (\u201cby\/on\/in\u201d)<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-367\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-367\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-367-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">English<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092e \u092c\u0938\u092e\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0941\u0964 <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>ma basm\u0101 j\u0101nchu.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">I go by bus.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092e \u092c\u0938\u092e\u093e \u0918\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0941\u0964 <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>ma basm\u0101 ghar j\u0101nchu.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">I go home by bus.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u091f\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b? <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 \u1e6dy\u0101ks\u012bm\u0101 k\u0101ry\u0101laya j\u0101nuhuncha?<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">Do you go to the office by taxi?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-367 from cache --><\/p>\n<h3>Quick Contrast<\/h3>\n<p>\u092c\u0938\u092c\u093e\u091f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0941<br \/>\n<em>basb\u0101\u1e6da j\u0101nchu<\/em><br \/>\nI go by bus. This clearly marks the bus as the means of transport.<\/p>\n<p>\u092c\u0938\u092e\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0941<br \/>\n<em>basm\u0101 j\u0101nchu<\/em><br \/>\nI go on the bus \/ by bus. This highlights being in or on the bus while travelling.<\/p>\n<p>Both forms are natural. For beginners, learn both and notice how they are used in context.<\/p>\n<h2>Postpositions: \u092a\u091b\u093f, \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e, \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093f\u2026\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e, and \u0932\u093e\u0917\u093f<\/h2>\n<p>Nepali uses postpositions to express meanings such as \u201cafter,\u201d \u201cuntil,\u201d \u201cfrom\u2026to,\u201d and \u201cfor.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Postpositions come after the noun or time expression.<\/p>\n<p>English usually says:<\/p>\n<p>after class<\/p>\n<p>Nepali says something closer to:<\/p>\n<p>class after<\/p>\n<p>For example:<\/p>\n<p>\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u092a\u091b\u093f<br \/>\n<em>kak\u1e63\u0101pachi<\/em><br \/>\nafter class<\/p>\n<p>\u091b \u092c\u091c\u0947\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e<br \/>\n<em>cha bajesamma<\/em><br \/>\nuntil six o\u2019clock<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-368-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-368\">Table 13.4.22 \u2013 Postpositions (quick examples)<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-368\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-368\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-368-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Item<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-4\">English<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092a\u091b\u093f (pachi)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u092a\u091b\u093f<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\"><em>kak\u1e63\u0101 pachi<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">after class<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092a\u091b\u093f (pachi)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0916\u093e\u0928\u093e\u092a\u091b\u093f<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\"><em>kh\u0101n\u0101 pachi<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">after the meal<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092a\u091b\u093f (pachi)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0926\u0941\u0908 \u0918\u0923\u094d\u091f\u093e\u092a\u091b\u093f<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\"><em>du\u012b gha\u1e47\u1e6d\u0101 pachi<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">after two hours<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e (samma)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u092d\u094b\u0932\u093f\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\"><em>bholisamma<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">until tomorrow<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e (samma)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u091b \u092c\u091c\u0947\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\"><em>cha bajesamma<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">until 6 o\u2019clock<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-7\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0926\u0947\u0916\u093f\u2026\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e (dekhi \u2026samma)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0926\u0941\u0908 \u092c\u091c\u0947\u0926\u0947\u0916\u093f \u091b \u092c\u091c\u0947\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\"><em>du\u012b baje dekhi cha bajesamma<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">from 2 o\u2019clock until 6 o\u2019clock<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-8\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0926\u0947\u0916\u093f\u2026\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e (dekhi \u2026samma)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0926\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0940\u0926\u0947\u0916\u093f \u0915\u093e\u0920\u092e\u093e\u0921\u094c\u0902\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\"><em>dill\u012b dekhi k\u0101\u1e6dham\u0101\u1e0dau\u0303 samma<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">from Delhi to Kathmandu<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-368 from cache --><\/p>\n<h2>\u092a\u091b\u093f: After<\/h2>\n<p>\u092a\u091b\u093f (<em>pachi<\/em>) means \u201cafter.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>It shows that one event happens later than another event.<\/p>\n<p>For example:<\/p>\n<p>\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u092a\u091b\u093f<br \/>\n<em>kak\u1e63\u0101pachi<\/em><br \/>\nafter class<\/p>\n<p>\u0916\u093e\u0928\u093e\u092a\u091b\u093f<br \/>\n<em>kh\u0101n\u0101pachi<\/em><br \/>\nafter eating \/ after food<\/p>\n<p>\u0915\u093e\u092e\u092a\u091b\u093f<br \/>\n<em>k\u0101mpachi<\/em><br \/>\nafter work<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-369-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-369\">Table 13.4.23 \u2013 \u092a\u091b\u093f (pachi) \u201cafter\u201d: sentence examples<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-369\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-369\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-369-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">English<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u092a\u091b\u093f \u092e \u0918\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0941\u0964 <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>kak\u1e63\u0101 pachi ma ghar j\u0101nchu.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">After class  I go home.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0916\u093e\u0928\u093e\u092a\u091b\u093f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964 <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>uh\u0101\u0303 kh\u0101n\u0101 pachi k\u0101ry\u0101laya j\u0101nuhuncha.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">He\/She goes to the office after eating.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-369 from cache --><\/p>\n<h3>Try It Now<\/h3>\n<p>Read the phrases aloud.<\/p>\n<p>\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0941\u0932\u092a\u091b\u093f<br \/>\n<em>skulpachi<\/em><br \/>\nafter school<\/p>\n<p>\u092c\u0948\u0920\u0915\u092a\u091b\u093f<br \/>\n<em>bai\u1e6dhakpachi<\/em><br \/>\nafter the meeting<\/p>\n<p>\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u092a\u091b\u093f<br \/>\n<em>par\u012bk\u1e63\u0101pachi<\/em><br \/>\nafter the exam<\/p>\n<h2>\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e: Until \/ Up To \/ As Far As<\/h2>\n<p>\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e (<em>samma<\/em>) marks an endpoint.<\/p>\n<p>The endpoint can be time, place, or distance.<\/p>\n<p>For example:<\/p>\n<p>\u091b \u092c\u091c\u0947\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e<br \/>\n<em>cha bajesamma<\/em><br \/>\nuntil six o\u2019clock<\/p>\n<p>\u092a\u094b\u0916\u0930\u093e\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e<br \/>\n<em>pokhar\u0101samma<\/em><br \/>\nas far as Pokhara \/ up to Pokhara<\/p>\n<p>\u0906\u0907\u0924\u092c\u093e\u0930\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e<br \/>\n<em>aitab\u0101rsamma<\/em><br \/>\nuntil Sunday<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-370-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-370\">Table 13.4.24 \u2013 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e (samma) \u201cuntil \/ up to \/ as far as\u201d: sentence examples<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-370\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-370\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-370-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">English<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092e \u091b \u092c\u091c\u0947\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e \u0918\u0930\u092e\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0941\u0964 <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>ma cha bajesamma gharm\u0101 hunchu.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">I am at home until 6 o\u2019clock.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u092d\u094b\u0932\u093f\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b? <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 bholisamma yah\u0101\u0303 hunuhuncha?<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">Are you here until tomorrow?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0928\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u092e\u0947\u0930\u094b \u0918\u0930\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e \u0906\u0909\u0901\u091b\u0928\u094d\u0964 <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>un\u012bhar\u016b mero gharsamma \u0101\u0169chan.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">They come as far as my house.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092e \u092a\u094b\u0916\u0930\u093e\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0941\u0964 <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>ma pokhar\u0101samma j\u0101nchu.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">I go up to\/as far as Pokhara.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-370 from cache --><\/p>\n<h2>\u0926\u0947\u0916\u093f\u2026\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e: From\u2026To \/ From\u2026Until<\/h2>\n<p>\u0926\u0947\u0916\u093f\u2026\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e (<em>dekhi\u2026samma<\/em>) expresses a range with both a starting point and an ending point.<\/p>\n<p>\u0926\u0947\u0916\u093f (<em>dekhi<\/em>) marks the starting point.<\/p>\n<p>\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e (<em>samma<\/em>) marks the ending point.<\/p>\n<p>For example:<\/p>\n<p>\u0926\u0941\u0908 \u092c\u091c\u0947\u0926\u0947\u0916\u093f \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u091c\u0947\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e<br \/>\n<em>du\u012b bajedekhi c\u0101r bajesamma<\/em><br \/>\nfrom two o\u2019clock to four o\u2019clock<\/p>\n<p>\u0938\u094b\u092e\u092c\u093e\u0930\u0926\u0947\u0916\u093f \u0936\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092c\u093e\u0930\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e<br \/>\n<em>somb\u0101rdekhi \u015bukrab\u0101rsamma<\/em><br \/>\nfrom Monday to Friday<\/p>\n<p>\u0915\u093e\u0920\u092e\u093e\u0921\u094c\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0916\u093f \u092a\u094b\u0916\u0930\u093e\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e<br \/>\n<em>k\u0101\u1e6dhm\u0101\u1e0dau\u0303dekhi pokhar\u0101samma<\/em><br \/>\nfrom Kathmandu to Pokhara<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-371-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-371\">Table 13.4.25 \u2013 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093f\u2026\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e (dekhi\u2026samma) \u201cfrom\u2026to \/ from\u2026until\u201d: sentence examples<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-371\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-371\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-371-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">English<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0926\u0941\u0908 \u092c\u091c\u0947\u0926\u0947\u0916\u093f \u091b \u092c\u091c\u0947\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e \u0918\u0930\u092e\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964 <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>uh\u0101\u0303 du\u012b baje dekhi cha bajesamma gharm\u0101 hunuhuncha.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">He\/She is at home from 2 to 6.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092e \u0926\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0940\u0926\u0947\u0916\u093f \u0915\u093e\u0920\u092e\u093e\u0921\u094c\u0902\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0941\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>ma dill\u012b dekhi k\u0101\u1e6dham\u0101\u1e0dau\u0303 samma j\u0101nchu.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">I go from Delhi to Kathmandu.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-371 from cache --><\/p>\n<h3>Try It Now<\/h3>\n<p>Read the range expressions aloud.<\/p>\n<p>\u0928\u094c \u092c\u091c\u0947\u0926\u0947\u0916\u093f \u0926\u0936 \u092c\u091c\u0947\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e<br \/>\n<em>nau bajedekhi da\u015b bajesamma<\/em><br \/>\nfrom nine o\u2019clock to ten o\u2019clock<\/p>\n<p>\u0938\u094b\u092e\u092c\u093e\u0930\u0926\u0947\u0916\u093f \u092c\u0941\u0927\u092c\u093e\u0930\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e<br \/>\n<em>somb\u0101rdekhi budhab\u0101rsamma<\/em><br \/>\nfrom Monday to Wednesday<\/p>\n<p>\u0918\u0930\u0926\u0947\u0916\u093f \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0941\u0932\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e<br \/>\n<em>ghardekhi skulsamma<\/em><br \/>\nfrom home to school<\/p>\n<h2>\u0915\u093e \u0932\u093e\u0917\u093f \/ \u0915\u094b \u0932\u093e\u0917\u093f: For<\/h2>\n<p>\u0915\u093e \u0932\u093e\u0917\u093f \/ \u0915\u094b \u0932\u093e\u0917\u093f (<em>k\u0101 l\u0101gi \/ ko l\u0101gi<\/em>) means \u201cfor.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>It has two common uses:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>recipient or beneficiary<\/li>\n<li>purpose<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>For example:<\/p>\n<p>\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902\u0915\u093e \u0932\u093e\u0917\u093f<br \/>\n<em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303k\u0101 l\u0101gi<\/em><br \/>\nfor you<\/p>\n<p>\u092c\u093e\u0932\u092c\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0915\u093e \u0932\u093e\u0917\u093f<br \/>\n<em>b\u0101lb\u0101lik\u0101k\u0101 l\u0101gi<\/em><br \/>\nfor children<\/p>\n<p>\u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0932\u093e\u0917\u093f<br \/>\n<em>abhy\u0101sak\u0101 l\u0101gi<\/em><br \/>\nfor practice<\/p>\n<p>\u092a\u0922\u093e\u0907\u0915\u093e \u0932\u093e\u0917\u093f<br \/>\n<em>pa\u1e0dh\u0101ik\u0101 l\u0101gi<\/em><br \/>\nfor study<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-372-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-372\">Table 13.4.26 \u2013 \u0915\u093e \u0932\u093e\u0917\u093f \/ \u0915\u094b \u0932\u093e\u0917\u093f (k\u0101 l\u0101gi \/ ko l\u0101gi) \u201cfor\u201d: sentence examples<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-372\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-372\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-372-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">English<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092f\u094b \u0909\u092a\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902\u0915\u094b \u0932\u093e\u0917\u093f \u0939\u094b\u0964 <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>yo upah\u0101r tap\u0101\u012b\u0303ko l\u0101gi ho.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">This gift is for you.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092f\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0942\u0915\u093e \u0932\u093e\u0917\u093f \u0939\u094b\u0964 <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>yo kit\u0101b bacc\u0101har\u016bk\u0101 l\u0101gi ho.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">This book is for children.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092a\u0922\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094b \u0932\u093e\u0917\u093f \u092f\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0930\u093e\u092e\u094d\u0930\u094b \u091b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>pa\u1e0dh\u0101iko l\u0101gi yo kit\u0101b r\u0101mro cha.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">This book is good for studying.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0915\u093e\u092e\u0915\u094b \u0932\u093e\u0917\u093f \u092f\u094b \u0915\u092e\u094d\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0941\u091f\u0930 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964 <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>k\u0101mko l\u0101gi yo kampy\u016b\u1e6dar c\u0101hincha.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">This computer is needed for work.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0916\u0947\u0932\u0915\u094b \u0932\u093e\u0917\u093f \u092f\u094b \u092e\u0948\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0920\u0941\u0932\u094b \u091b\u0964 <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>khelko l\u0101gi yo maid\u0101n \u1e6dhulo cha.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">This ground is big for playing.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-372 from cache --><\/p>\n<h3>Learner Tip<\/h3>\n<p>In many beginner sentences, \u0932\u093e\u0917\u093f (<em>l\u0101gi<\/em>) can be understood as \u201cfor.\u201d The form before \u0932\u093e\u0917\u093f may change depending on the noun phrase.<\/p>\n<h2>Can You Do This Now?<\/h2>\n<p>At the end of this section, you should be able to:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>identify the dictionary form of Nepali verbs ending in \u2013\u0928\u0941 (<em>\u2013nu<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li>find a practical verb base by removing \u2013\u0928\u0941 (<em>\u2013nu<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li>use habitual present forms for routines, habits, and general truths<\/li>\n<li>recognize plain forms such as \u091c\u093e\u0928\u094d\u091b (<em>j\u0101ncha<\/em>) and respectful forms such as \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b (<em>j\u0101nuhuncha<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li>distinguish C-verbs, V-verbs, and VV-verbs<\/li>\n<li>ask \u201cwhen?\u201d questions with \u0915\u0939\u093f\u0932\u0947 (<em>kahile<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li>use frequency words such as \u0938\u0927\u0948\u0901 (<em>sadhai\u0303<\/em>) and \u0915\u0939\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0915\u093e\u0939\u0940\u0901 (<em>kahilek\u0101h\u012b\u0303<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li>understand \u0915\u0939\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0948 (<em>kahilyai<\/em>) as \u201cnever\u201d in negative sentences and \u201cever\u201d in questions<\/li>\n<li>use \u2013\u092c\u093e\u091f (<em>\u2013b\u0101\u1e6da<\/em>) and \u2013\u092e\u093e (<em>\u2013m\u0101<\/em>) with vehicles<\/li>\n<li>use postpositions such as \u092a\u091b\u093f (<em>pachi<\/em>), \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e (<em>samma<\/em>), \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093f\u2026\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e (<em>dekhi\u2026samma<\/em>), and \u0932\u093e\u0917\u093f (<em>l\u0101gi<\/em>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"author":1076,"menu_order":4,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":"cc-by-nc-sa"},"chapter-type":[49],"contributor":[],"license":[57],"class_list":["post-287","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","chapter-type-numberless","license-cc-by-nc-sa"],"part":278,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/287","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1076"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/287\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2705,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/287\/revisions\/2705"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/278"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/287\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=287"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=287"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=287"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=287"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}