{"id":306,"date":"2025-12-29T16:48:05","date_gmt":"2025-12-29T21:48:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/chapter\/chapter-14-unit-4-grammar-focus\/"},"modified":"2026-05-21T17:57:54","modified_gmt":"2026-05-21T21:57:54","slug":"chapter-14-unit-4-grammar-focus","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/chapter\/chapter-14-unit-4-grammar-focus\/","title":{"raw":"Unit 4 \u2014 Grammar Focus","rendered":"Unit 4 \u2014 Grammar Focus"},"content":{"raw":"<h2>Review: Simple Past<\/h2>\r\nIn this review section, you will revisit the main uses of the Nepali simple past tense.\r\n\r\nThe simple past is one of the most important verb patterns in Nepali. It is used to talk about completed actions, past events, and recent updates.\r\n\r\nIn English, we often distinguish between:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>I went.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>I have gone.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>She ate.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>She has eaten.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nNepali often uses the simple past form for both meanings. The exact English translation depends on the context.\r\n<h2>1. Main Uses of the Simple Past<\/h2>\r\nThe Nepali simple past is mainly used for completed events.\r\n\r\nIt can describe:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>something that happened in the past<\/li>\r\n \t<li>something someone did<\/li>\r\n \t<li>something that was true at a past time<\/li>\r\n \t<li>something that has just happened<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nFor example:\r\n\r\n\u092e \u0917\u090f\u0901\u0964\r\n<em>ma gae\u0303.<\/em>\r\nI went. \/ I have gone.\r\n\r\n\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0906\u0909\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b\u0964\r\n<em>uh\u0101\u0303 \u0101unubhayo.<\/em>\r\nHe\/She came. \/ He\/She has arrived.\r\n\r\n\u092e\u0948\u0932\u0947 \u0916\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0916\u093e\u090f\u0901\u0964\r\n<em>maile kh\u0101n\u0101 kh\u0101e\u0303.<\/em>\r\nI ate food. \/ I have eaten.\r\n<h3>Simple Rule<\/h3>\r\nNepali simple past focuses on completion.\r\n\r\nEnglish may translate the same Nepali form as either simple past or present perfect, depending on the situation.\r\n<h3>Try It Now<\/h3>\r\nCompare the meanings.\r\n\r\n\u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0906\u092f\u094b\u0964\r\n<em>p\u0101n\u012b \u0101yo.<\/em>\r\nIt rained. \/ It has started raining.\r\n\r\n\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b\u0964\r\n<em>uh\u0101\u0303 j\u0101nubhayo.<\/em>\r\nHe\/She went. \/ He\/She has gone.\r\n\r\n\u0915\u093e\u092e \u092d\u092f\u094b\u0964\r\n<em>k\u0101m bhayo.<\/em>\r\nThe work happened. \/ The work has been done.\r\n<h2>2. Time Expressions in Past-Tense Narration<\/h2>\r\nWhen telling a story or reporting past events, Nepali often uses time expressions to organize the sequence of events.\r\n\r\nThese time expressions tell the listener when something happened.\r\n\r\nFor example:\r\n\r\n\u0939\u093f\u091c\u094b\r\n<em>hijo<\/em>\r\nyesterday\r\n\r\n\u0906\u091c \u092c\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0928\r\n<em>\u0101ja bih\u0101na<\/em>\r\nthis morning\r\n\r\n\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0938\u092a\u091b\u093f\r\n<em>tyaspachi<\/em>\r\nafter that\r\n\r\n\u092a\u091b\u093f\r\n<em>pachi<\/em>\r\nlater \/ after\r\n\r\nTime expressions help organize a narrative. They show the order of events and make the story easier to follow.\r\n\r\n[table id=373 \/]\r\n\r\n[table id=374 \/]\r\n<h3>Simple Rule<\/h3>\r\nUse time expressions to anchor past events.\r\n\r\nThen use simple past verbs to say what happened.\r\n\r\nFor example:\r\n\r\n\u0939\u093f\u091c\u094b \u092e \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0941\u0932 \u0917\u090f\u0901\u0964\r\n<em>hijo ma skul gae\u0303.<\/em>\r\nYesterday, I went to school.\r\n\r\n\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0938\u092a\u091b\u093f \u092e\u0948\u0932\u0947 \u0916\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0916\u093e\u090f\u0901\u0964\r\n<em>tyaspachi maile kh\u0101n\u0101 kh\u0101e\u0303.<\/em>\r\nAfter that, I ate food.\r\n<h3>Try It Now<\/h3>\r\nRead the short sequence aloud.\r\n\r\n\u0939\u093f\u091c\u094b \u092e \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u092e\u093e \u0917\u090f\u0901\u0964\r\n<em>hijo ma kak\u1e63\u0101m\u0101 gae\u0303.<\/em>\r\nYesterday, I went to class.\r\n\r\n\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0938\u092a\u091b\u093f \u092e\u0948\u0932\u0947 \u0928\u0947\u092a\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u0922\u0947\u0901\u0964\r\n<em>tyaspachi maile nep\u0101l\u012b pa\u1e0dhe\u0303.<\/em>\r\nAfter that, I studied Nepali.\r\n\r\n\u092a\u091b\u093f \u092e \u0918\u0930 \u0917\u090f\u0901\u0964\r\n<em>pachi ma ghar gae\u0303.<\/em>\r\nLater, I went home.\r\n<h2>3. Common Questions in Past-Tense Narration<\/h2>\r\nNepali uses common question patterns when asking about past events.\r\n\r\nThese questions are useful for conversations, interviews, storytelling, and classroom practice.\r\n\r\nCommon past-tense questions ask:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>when something happened<\/li>\r\n \t<li>where someone went<\/li>\r\n \t<li>what someone did<\/li>\r\n \t<li>what happened next<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[table id=375 \/]\r\n\r\nThese questions often appear in a natural sequence.\r\n\r\nFor example:\r\n\r\n\u092a\u0939\u093f\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b?\r\n<em>pahile ke garnubhayo?<\/em>\r\nWhat did you do first?\r\n\r\n\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0938\u092a\u091b\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b?\r\n<em>tyaspachi ke garnubhayo?<\/em>\r\nWhat did you do after that?\r\n\r\n\u0905\u0928\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u092f\u094b?\r\n<em>ani ke bhayo?<\/em>\r\nAnd what happened?\r\n<h3>Try It Now<\/h3>\r\nPractise the question chain.\r\n\r\nA: \u0939\u093f\u091c\u094b \u0915\u0947 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b?\r\n<em>hijo ke garnubhayo?<\/em>\r\nWhat did you do yesterday?\r\n\r\nB: \u092e\u0948\u0932\u0947 \u0928\u0947\u092a\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u0922\u0947\u0901\u0964\r\n<em>maile nep\u0101l\u012b pa\u1e0dhe\u0303.<\/em>\r\nI studied Nepali.\r\n\r\nA: \u0924\u094d\u092f\u0938\u092a\u091b\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b?\r\n<em>tyaspachi ke garnubhayo?<\/em>\r\nWhat did you do after that?\r\n\r\nB: \u092e \u0918\u0930 \u0917\u090f\u0901\u0964\r\n<em>ma ghar gae\u0303.<\/em>\r\nI went home.\r\n<h2>4. Transitivity and Subject Marking in the Simple Past<\/h2>\r\nIn Nepali, subject marking in the simple past often depends on whether the verb is transitive or intransitive.\r\n\r\nA transitive verb takes a direct object.\r\n\r\nFor example:\r\n\r\nread a book\r\n\r\neat food\r\n\r\nwrite a letter\r\n\r\nopen the door\r\n\r\nIn many simple past sentences with transitive verbs, the subject takes \u2013\u0932\u0947 (<em>\u2013le<\/em>).\r\n\r\nFor example:\r\n\r\n\u092e\u0948\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u092a\u0922\u0947\u0901\u0964\r\n<em>maile kit\u0101b pa\u1e0dhe\u0303.<\/em>\r\nI read a book.\r\n\r\n\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0932\u0947 \u0922\u094b\u0915\u093e \u0916\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b\u0964\r\n<em>uh\u0101\u0303le \u1e0dhok\u0101 kholnubhayo.<\/em>\r\nHe\/She opened the door.\r\n\r\nAn intransitive verb does not take a direct object.\r\n\r\nFor example:\r\n\r\ngo\r\n\r\ncome\r\n\r\nsit\r\n\r\nstand\r\n\r\narrive\r\n\r\nhappen\r\n\r\nIn simple past sentences with intransitive verbs, the subject usually does not take \u2013\u0932\u0947 (<em>\u2013le<\/em>).\r\n\r\nFor example:\r\n\r\n\u092e \u0917\u090f\u0901\u0964\r\n<em>ma gae\u0303.<\/em>\r\nI went.\r\n\r\n\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0906\u0909\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b\u0964\r\n<em>uh\u0101\u0303 \u0101unubhayo.<\/em>\r\nHe\/She came.\r\n\r\n[table id=376 \/]\r\n\r\n[table id=377 \/]\r\n<h3>Simple Rule<\/h3>\r\nTransitive past sentence with a direct object \u2192 subject often takes \u2013\u0932\u0947 (<em>\u2013le<\/em>)\r\n\r\nIntransitive past sentence with no direct object \u2192 subject usually does not take \u2013\u0932\u0947 (<em>\u2013le<\/em>)\r\n<h3>Compare<\/h3>\r\n\u092e\u0948\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u092a\u0922\u0947\u0901\u0964\r\n<em>maile kit\u0101b pa\u1e0dhe\u0303.<\/em>\r\nI read a book.\r\n\r\n\u092e \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0941\u0932 \u0917\u090f\u0901\u0964\r\n<em>ma skul gae\u0303.<\/em>\r\nI went to school.\r\n\r\nIn the first sentence, \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c (<em>kit\u0101b<\/em>) is a direct object, so the subject is marked with \u092e\u0948\u0932\u0947 (<em>maile<\/em>).\r\n\r\nIn the second sentence, \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0941\u0932 (<em>skul<\/em>) is a destination, not a direct object, so the subject remains \u092e (<em>ma<\/em>).\r\n<h3>Common Mistake<\/h3>\r\nDo not add \u2013\u0932\u0947 (<em>\u2013le<\/em>) to every past-tense subject.\r\n\r\nUse \u2013\u0932\u0947 especially when someone does an action to a direct object.\r\n<h2>5. Honorific Forms in Past-Tense Reporting<\/h2>\r\nNepali uses special honorific past forms when the subject is respectful.\r\n\r\nThese forms are especially common with:\r\n\r\n\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902\r\n<em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303<\/em>\r\nyou, polite\r\n\r\n\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\r\n<em>uh\u0101\u0303<\/em>\r\nhe\/she, respectful\r\n\r\n\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0939\u0930\u0942\r\n<em>uh\u0101\u0303har\u016b<\/em>\r\nthey, respectful\r\n\r\nInstead of regular past endings, respectful subjects often use:\r\n\r\n\u2013\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b\r\n<em>\u2013nubhayo<\/em>\r\naffirmative honorific past\r\n\r\n\u2013\u0928\u0941\u092d\u090f\u0928\r\n<em>\u2013nubhaena<\/em>\r\nnegative honorific past\r\n\r\nFor example:\r\n\r\n\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b\u0964\r\n<em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 j\u0101nubhayo.<\/em>\r\nYou went.\r\n\r\n\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0906\u0909\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b\u0964\r\n<em>uh\u0101\u0303 \u0101unubhayo.<\/em>\r\nHe\/She came.\r\n\r\n\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u092a\u0922\u094d\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b\u0964\r\n<em>uh\u0101\u0303le kit\u0101b pa\u1e0dhnubhayo.<\/em>\r\nHe\/She read a book.\r\n\r\n\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092d\u090f\u0928\u0964\r\n<em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 j\u0101nubhaena.<\/em>\r\nYou did not go.\r\n\r\n\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0906\u0909\u0928\u0941\u092d\u090f\u0928\u0964\r\n<em>uh\u0101\u0303 \u0101unubhaena.<\/em>\r\nHe\/She did not come.\r\n\r\n[table id=378 \/]\r\n<h3>Simple Rule<\/h3>\r\nUse \u2013\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b (<em>\u2013nubhayo<\/em>) for respectful affirmative past forms.\r\n\r\nUse \u2013\u0928\u0941\u092d\u090f\u0928 (<em>\u2013nubhaena<\/em>) for respectful negative past forms.\r\n<h3>Try It Now<\/h3>\r\nChange the sentences into respectful past forms.\r\n\r\n\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b\u0964\r\n<em>uh\u0101\u0303 j\u0101nubhayo.<\/em>\r\nHe\/She went.\r\n\r\n\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092d\u090f\u0928\u0964\r\n<em>uh\u0101\u0303 j\u0101nubhaena.<\/em>\r\nHe\/She did not go.\r\n\r\n\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0917\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b\u0964\r\n<em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303le k\u0101m garnubhayo.<\/em>\r\nYou worked. \/ You did the work.\r\n\r\n\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0917\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0941\u092d\u090f\u0928\u0964\r\n<em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303le k\u0101m garnubhaena.<\/em>\r\nYou did not work. \/ You did not do the work.\r\n<h2>Can You Do This Now?<\/h2>\r\nAt the end of this review, you should be able to:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>recognize the main uses of the Nepali simple past<\/li>\r\n \t<li>understand why one Nepali past form may have two possible English translations<\/li>\r\n \t<li>use time expressions to organize past events<\/li>\r\n \t<li>ask basic questions about past events<\/li>\r\n \t<li>distinguish transitive and intransitive past sentences<\/li>\r\n \t<li>use \u2013\u0932\u0947 (<em>\u2013le<\/em>) with transitive past sentences<\/li>\r\n \t<li>avoid \u2013\u0932\u0947 (<em>\u2013le<\/em>) with most intransitive past sentences<\/li>\r\n \t<li>recognize honorific past forms ending in \u2013\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b (<em>\u2013nubhayo<\/em>) and \u2013\u0928\u0941\u092d\u090f\u0928 (<em>\u2013nubhaena<\/em>)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","rendered":"<h2>Review: Simple Past<\/h2>\n<p>In this review section, you will revisit the main uses of the Nepali simple past tense.<\/p>\n<p>The simple past is one of the most important verb patterns in Nepali. It is used to talk about completed actions, past events, and recent updates.<\/p>\n<p>In English, we often distinguish between:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>I went.<\/li>\n<li>I have gone.<\/li>\n<li>She ate.<\/li>\n<li>She has eaten.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Nepali often uses the simple past form for both meanings. The exact English translation depends on the context.<\/p>\n<h2>1. Main Uses of the Simple Past<\/h2>\n<p>The Nepali simple past is mainly used for completed events.<\/p>\n<p>It can describe:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>something that happened in the past<\/li>\n<li>something someone did<\/li>\n<li>something that was true at a past time<\/li>\n<li>something that has just happened<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>For example:<\/p>\n<p>\u092e \u0917\u090f\u0901\u0964<br \/>\n<em>ma gae\u0303.<\/em><br \/>\nI went. \/ I have gone.<\/p>\n<p>\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0906\u0909\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>uh\u0101\u0303 \u0101unubhayo.<\/em><br \/>\nHe\/She came. \/ He\/She has arrived.<\/p>\n<p>\u092e\u0948\u0932\u0947 \u0916\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0916\u093e\u090f\u0901\u0964<br \/>\n<em>maile kh\u0101n\u0101 kh\u0101e\u0303.<\/em><br \/>\nI ate food. \/ I have eaten.<\/p>\n<h3>Simple Rule<\/h3>\n<p>Nepali simple past focuses on completion.<\/p>\n<p>English may translate the same Nepali form as either simple past or present perfect, depending on the situation.<\/p>\n<h3>Try It Now<\/h3>\n<p>Compare the meanings.<\/p>\n<p>\u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0906\u092f\u094b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>p\u0101n\u012b \u0101yo.<\/em><br \/>\nIt rained. \/ It has started raining.<\/p>\n<p>\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>uh\u0101\u0303 j\u0101nubhayo.<\/em><br \/>\nHe\/She went. \/ He\/She has gone.<\/p>\n<p>\u0915\u093e\u092e \u092d\u092f\u094b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>k\u0101m bhayo.<\/em><br \/>\nThe work happened. \/ The work has been done.<\/p>\n<h2>2. Time Expressions in Past-Tense Narration<\/h2>\n<p>When telling a story or reporting past events, Nepali often uses time expressions to organize the sequence of events.<\/p>\n<p>These time expressions tell the listener when something happened.<\/p>\n<p>For example:<\/p>\n<p>\u0939\u093f\u091c\u094b<br \/>\n<em>hijo<\/em><br \/>\nyesterday<\/p>\n<p>\u0906\u091c \u092c\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0928<br \/>\n<em>\u0101ja bih\u0101na<\/em><br \/>\nthis morning<\/p>\n<p>\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0938\u092a\u091b\u093f<br \/>\n<em>tyaspachi<\/em><br \/>\nafter that<\/p>\n<p>\u092a\u091b\u093f<br \/>\n<em>pachi<\/em><br \/>\nlater \/ after<\/p>\n<p>Time expressions help organize a narrative. They show the order of events and make the story easier to follow.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-373-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-373\">Table 14.4.1 \u2013 High-frequency time markers for past narration (time-setting phrases)<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-373\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-373\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-373-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">English<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0906\u091c \u092c\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0928<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>\u0101ja bih\u0101na<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">this morning<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0939\u093f\u091c\u094b \u0926\u093f\u0909\u0901\u0938\u094b<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>hijo di\u0169so<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">yesterday afternoon<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0939\u093f\u091c\u094b \u0930\u093e\u0924\u093f<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>hijo r\u0101ti<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">last night<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0905\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>asti<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">the day before yesterday<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0938\u092a\u091b\u093f<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>tyaspachi<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">after that \/ then<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-373 from cache --><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-374-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-374\">Table 14.4.2 \u2013 Clock-time expressions used in narratives (baje \/ half \/ quarter-to forms)<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-374\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-374\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-374-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">English<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u091b \u092c\u091c\u0947<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>cha baje<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">at six o\u2019clock<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0938\u093e\u0922\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0924 \u092c\u091c\u0947<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>s\u0101\u1e0dhe s\u0101t baje<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">7:30<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092a\u094c\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0924 \u092c\u091c\u0947<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>paune s\u0101t baje<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">6:45<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-374 from cache --><\/p>\n<h3>Simple Rule<\/h3>\n<p>Use time expressions to anchor past events.<\/p>\n<p>Then use simple past verbs to say what happened.<\/p>\n<p>For example:<\/p>\n<p>\u0939\u093f\u091c\u094b \u092e \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0941\u0932 \u0917\u090f\u0901\u0964<br \/>\n<em>hijo ma skul gae\u0303.<\/em><br \/>\nYesterday, I went to school.<\/p>\n<p>\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0938\u092a\u091b\u093f \u092e\u0948\u0932\u0947 \u0916\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0916\u093e\u090f\u0901\u0964<br \/>\n<em>tyaspachi maile kh\u0101n\u0101 kh\u0101e\u0303.<\/em><br \/>\nAfter that, I ate food.<\/p>\n<h3>Try It Now<\/h3>\n<p>Read the short sequence aloud.<\/p>\n<p>\u0939\u093f\u091c\u094b \u092e \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u092e\u093e \u0917\u090f\u0901\u0964<br \/>\n<em>hijo ma kak\u1e63\u0101m\u0101 gae\u0303.<\/em><br \/>\nYesterday, I went to class.<\/p>\n<p>\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0938\u092a\u091b\u093f \u092e\u0948\u0932\u0947 \u0928\u0947\u092a\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u0922\u0947\u0901\u0964<br \/>\n<em>tyaspachi maile nep\u0101l\u012b pa\u1e0dhe\u0303.<\/em><br \/>\nAfter that, I studied Nepali.<\/p>\n<p>\u092a\u091b\u093f \u092e \u0918\u0930 \u0917\u090f\u0901\u0964<br \/>\n<em>pachi ma ghar gae\u0303.<\/em><br \/>\nLater, I went home.<\/p>\n<h2>3. Common Questions in Past-Tense Narration<\/h2>\n<p>Nepali uses common question patterns when asking about past events.<\/p>\n<p>These questions are useful for conversations, interviews, storytelling, and classroom practice.<\/p>\n<p>Common past-tense questions ask:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>when something happened<\/li>\n<li>where someone went<\/li>\n<li>what someone did<\/li>\n<li>what happened next<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-375-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-375\">Table 14.4.3 \u2013 Interrogative frames for past-tense narration<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-375\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-375\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-375-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">English<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-4\">Function<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0915\u0924\u093f \u092c\u091c\u0947 \u0909\u0920\u094d\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b?<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 kati baje u\u1e6dhnubhayo?<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">What time did you wake up?<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">Ask about time<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b?<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303le ke garnubhayo?<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">What did you do?<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">Ask about action<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0938\u092a\u091b\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b?<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>tyaspachi ke garnubhayo?<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">What did you do after that?<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">Ask a follow-up<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b?<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 kah\u0101\u0303 j\u0101nubhayo?<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">Where did you go?<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">Ask \u201cwhere\u201d<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-375 from cache --><\/p>\n<p>These questions often appear in a natural sequence.<\/p>\n<p>For example:<\/p>\n<p>\u092a\u0939\u093f\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b?<br \/>\n<em>pahile ke garnubhayo?<\/em><br \/>\nWhat did you do first?<\/p>\n<p>\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0938\u092a\u091b\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b?<br \/>\n<em>tyaspachi ke garnubhayo?<\/em><br \/>\nWhat did you do after that?<\/p>\n<p>\u0905\u0928\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u092f\u094b?<br \/>\n<em>ani ke bhayo?<\/em><br \/>\nAnd what happened?<\/p>\n<h3>Try It Now<\/h3>\n<p>Practise the question chain.<\/p>\n<p>A: \u0939\u093f\u091c\u094b \u0915\u0947 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b?<br \/>\n<em>hijo ke garnubhayo?<\/em><br \/>\nWhat did you do yesterday?<\/p>\n<p>B: \u092e\u0948\u0932\u0947 \u0928\u0947\u092a\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u0922\u0947\u0901\u0964<br \/>\n<em>maile nep\u0101l\u012b pa\u1e0dhe\u0303.<\/em><br \/>\nI studied Nepali.<\/p>\n<p>A: \u0924\u094d\u092f\u0938\u092a\u091b\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b?<br \/>\n<em>tyaspachi ke garnubhayo?<\/em><br \/>\nWhat did you do after that?<\/p>\n<p>B: \u092e \u0918\u0930 \u0917\u090f\u0901\u0964<br \/>\n<em>ma ghar gae\u0303.<\/em><br \/>\nI went home.<\/p>\n<h2>4. Transitivity and Subject Marking in the Simple Past<\/h2>\n<p>In Nepali, subject marking in the simple past often depends on whether the verb is transitive or intransitive.<\/p>\n<p>A transitive verb takes a direct object.<\/p>\n<p>For example:<\/p>\n<p>read a book<\/p>\n<p>eat food<\/p>\n<p>write a letter<\/p>\n<p>open the door<\/p>\n<p>In many simple past sentences with transitive verbs, the subject takes \u2013\u0932\u0947 (<em>\u2013le<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p>For example:<\/p>\n<p>\u092e\u0948\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u092a\u0922\u0947\u0901\u0964<br \/>\n<em>maile kit\u0101b pa\u1e0dhe\u0303.<\/em><br \/>\nI read a book.<\/p>\n<p>\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0932\u0947 \u0922\u094b\u0915\u093e \u0916\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>uh\u0101\u0303le \u1e0dhok\u0101 kholnubhayo.<\/em><br \/>\nHe\/She opened the door.<\/p>\n<p>An intransitive verb does not take a direct object.<\/p>\n<p>For example:<\/p>\n<p>go<\/p>\n<p>come<\/p>\n<p>sit<\/p>\n<p>stand<\/p>\n<p>arrive<\/p>\n<p>happen<\/p>\n<p>In simple past sentences with intransitive verbs, the subject usually does not take \u2013\u0932\u0947 (<em>\u2013le<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p>For example:<\/p>\n<p>\u092e \u0917\u090f\u0901\u0964<br \/>\n<em>ma gae\u0303.<\/em><br \/>\nI went.<\/p>\n<p>\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0906\u0909\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>uh\u0101\u0303 \u0101unubhayo.<\/em><br \/>\nHe\/She came.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-376-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-376\">Table 14.4.4 \u2013 Transitive verbs in the simple past: ergative subject marking with \u2013\u0932\u0947 (\u2013le)<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-376\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-376\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-376-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">English<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092e\u0948\u0932\u0947 \u0922\u094b\u0915\u093e \u092c\u0928\u094d\u0926 \u0917\u0930\u0947\u0901\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>maile \u1e0dhok\u0101 banda gare\u0303.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">I closed the door.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092e\u0948\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0947\u0901\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>maile kit\u0101b khol\u1ebd.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">I opened the book.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092e\u0948\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u092a\u0922\u0947\u0901\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>maile kit\u0101b pa\u1e0dhe\u0303.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">I read the book.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u092a\u0922\u094d\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>uh\u0101\u0303le kit\u0101b pa\u1e0dhnubhayo.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">He\/She (hon.) read the book.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-376 from cache --><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-377-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-377\">Table 14.4.5 \u2013 Intransitive verbs in the simple past: unmarked subject (no \u2013\u0932\u0947)<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-377\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-377\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-377-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">English<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092e \u0915\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u092c\u0938\u0947\u0901\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>ma kurs\u012bm\u0101 bas\u1ebd.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">I sat on the chair.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092e \u0922\u094b\u0915\u093e\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e \u0917\u090f\u0901\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>ma \u1e0dhok\u0101samma ga\u1ebd.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">I went to the door.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092e \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u092e\u093e \u0906\u090f\u0901\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>ma kak\u1e63\u0101m\u0101 \u0101e\u0303.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">I came to class.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0909\u0920\u094d\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>uh\u0101\u0303 u\u1e6dhnubhayo.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">He\/She (hon.) got up.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-377 from cache --><\/p>\n<h3>Simple Rule<\/h3>\n<p>Transitive past sentence with a direct object \u2192 subject often takes \u2013\u0932\u0947 (<em>\u2013le<\/em>)<\/p>\n<p>Intransitive past sentence with no direct object \u2192 subject usually does not take \u2013\u0932\u0947 (<em>\u2013le<\/em>)<\/p>\n<h3>Compare<\/h3>\n<p>\u092e\u0948\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u092a\u0922\u0947\u0901\u0964<br \/>\n<em>maile kit\u0101b pa\u1e0dhe\u0303.<\/em><br \/>\nI read a book.<\/p>\n<p>\u092e \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0941\u0932 \u0917\u090f\u0901\u0964<br \/>\n<em>ma skul gae\u0303.<\/em><br \/>\nI went to school.<\/p>\n<p>In the first sentence, \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c (<em>kit\u0101b<\/em>) is a direct object, so the subject is marked with \u092e\u0948\u0932\u0947 (<em>maile<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p>In the second sentence, \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0941\u0932 (<em>skul<\/em>) is a destination, not a direct object, so the subject remains \u092e (<em>ma<\/em>).<\/p>\n<h3>Common Mistake<\/h3>\n<p>Do not add \u2013\u0932\u0947 (<em>\u2013le<\/em>) to every past-tense subject.<\/p>\n<p>Use \u2013\u0932\u0947 especially when someone does an action to a direct object.<\/p>\n<h2>5. Honorific Forms in Past-Tense Reporting<\/h2>\n<p>Nepali uses special honorific past forms when the subject is respectful.<\/p>\n<p>These forms are especially common with:<\/p>\n<p>\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902<br \/>\n<em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303<\/em><br \/>\nyou, polite<\/p>\n<p>\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901<br \/>\n<em>uh\u0101\u0303<\/em><br \/>\nhe\/she, respectful<\/p>\n<p>\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0939\u0930\u0942<br \/>\n<em>uh\u0101\u0303har\u016b<\/em><br \/>\nthey, respectful<\/p>\n<p>Instead of regular past endings, respectful subjects often use:<\/p>\n<p>\u2013\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b<br \/>\n<em>\u2013nubhayo<\/em><br \/>\naffirmative honorific past<\/p>\n<p>\u2013\u0928\u0941\u092d\u090f\u0928<br \/>\n<em>\u2013nubhaena<\/em><br \/>\nnegative honorific past<\/p>\n<p>For example:<\/p>\n<p>\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 j\u0101nubhayo.<\/em><br \/>\nYou went.<\/p>\n<p>\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0906\u0909\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>uh\u0101\u0303 \u0101unubhayo.<\/em><br \/>\nHe\/She came.<\/p>\n<p>\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u092a\u0922\u094d\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>uh\u0101\u0303le kit\u0101b pa\u1e0dhnubhayo.<\/em><br \/>\nHe\/She read a book.<\/p>\n<p>\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092d\u090f\u0928\u0964<br \/>\n<em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 j\u0101nubhaena.<\/em><br \/>\nYou did not go.<\/p>\n<p>\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0906\u0909\u0928\u0941\u092d\u090f\u0928\u0964<br \/>\n<em>uh\u0101\u0303 \u0101unubhaena.<\/em><br \/>\nHe\/She did not come.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-378-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-378\">Table 14.4.6 \u2013 Honorific past forms with \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \/ \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 (tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 \/ uh\u0101\u0303): \u2013nubhayo \/ \u2013nubhaena<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-378\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-378\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-378-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Subject<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-4\">English<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 (tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 )<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u092e\u093e \u0906\u0909\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\"><em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 kak\u1e63\u0101m\u0101 \u0101unubhayo.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">You (pol.) came to class.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 (tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 )<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u092e\u093e \u0906\u0909\u0928\u0941\u092d\u090f\u0928\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\"><em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 kak\u1e63\u0101m\u0101 \u0101unubhaena.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">You (pol.) did not come to class.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 (uh\u0101\u0303)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\"><em>uh\u0101\u0303 sutnubhayo.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">He\/She (hon.) slept.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 (uh\u0101\u0303)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0928\u0941\u092d\u090f\u0928\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\"><em>uh\u0101\u0303 sutnubhaena.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">He\/She (hon.) did not sleep.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-378 from cache --><\/p>\n<h3>Simple Rule<\/h3>\n<p>Use \u2013\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b (<em>\u2013nubhayo<\/em>) for respectful affirmative past forms.<\/p>\n<p>Use \u2013\u0928\u0941\u092d\u090f\u0928 (<em>\u2013nubhaena<\/em>) for respectful negative past forms.<\/p>\n<h3>Try It Now<\/h3>\n<p>Change the sentences into respectful past forms.<\/p>\n<p>\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>uh\u0101\u0303 j\u0101nubhayo.<\/em><br \/>\nHe\/She went.<\/p>\n<p>\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092d\u090f\u0928\u0964<br \/>\n<em>uh\u0101\u0303 j\u0101nubhaena.<\/em><br \/>\nHe\/She did not go.<\/p>\n<p>\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0917\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b\u0964<br \/>\n<em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303le k\u0101m garnubhayo.<\/em><br \/>\nYou worked. \/ You did the work.<\/p>\n<p>\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0917\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0941\u092d\u090f\u0928\u0964<br \/>\n<em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303le k\u0101m garnubhaena.<\/em><br \/>\nYou did not work. \/ You did not do the work.<\/p>\n<h2>Can You Do This Now?<\/h2>\n<p>At the end of this review, you should be able to:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>recognize the main uses of the Nepali simple past<\/li>\n<li>understand why one Nepali past form may have two possible English translations<\/li>\n<li>use time expressions to organize past events<\/li>\n<li>ask basic questions about past events<\/li>\n<li>distinguish transitive and intransitive past sentences<\/li>\n<li>use \u2013\u0932\u0947 (<em>\u2013le<\/em>) with transitive past sentences<\/li>\n<li>avoid \u2013\u0932\u0947 (<em>\u2013le<\/em>) with most intransitive past sentences<\/li>\n<li>recognize honorific past forms ending in \u2013\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b (<em>\u2013nubhayo<\/em>) and \u2013\u0928\u0941\u092d\u090f\u0928 (<em>\u2013nubhaena<\/em>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"author":1076,"menu_order":4,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":"cc-by-nc-sa"},"chapter-type":[49],"contributor":[],"license":[57],"class_list":["post-306","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","chapter-type-numberless","license-cc-by-nc-sa"],"part":297,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/306","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1076"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/306\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1966,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/306\/revisions\/1966"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/297"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/306\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=306"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=306"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=306"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=306"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}