{"id":54,"date":"2025-12-25T15:07:07","date_gmt":"2025-12-25T20:07:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/chapter\/chapter-1-unit-4-consonants\/"},"modified":"2026-05-30T15:32:56","modified_gmt":"2026-05-30T19:32:56","slug":"chapter-1-unit-4-consonant-letters","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepali\/chapter\/chapter-1-unit-4-consonant-letters\/","title":{"raw":"Unit 4 \u2014 Consonant Letters","rendered":"Unit 4 \u2014 Consonant Letters"},"content":{"raw":"
<\/section>
<\/section>\r\n

Overview<\/h2>\r\nSo far, you have learned how Devanagari ([pb_glossary id=\"384\"]dewan\u0101gar\u012b[\/pb_glossary]<\/em>) is organized into \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930 ([pb_glossary id=\"386\"]ak\u1e63ara[\/pb_glossary]<\/em>) in Unit 1.\r\n\r\nYou also learned:\r\n
    \r\n \t
  1. independent vowel letters in Unit 2<\/li>\r\n \t
  2. vowel signs, or \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e ([pb_glossary id=\"382\"]m\u0101tr\u0101[\/pb_glossary]<\/em>), in Unit 3<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nIn this unit, you will learn the Nepali consonant letters.\r\n\r\nIn Devanagari, most consonants include a built-in a<\/em> sound.\r\n\r\nFor example:\r\n\r\n\u0915\r\nka<\/em>\r\n\r\n\u091f\r\n\u1e6da<\/em>\r\n\r\n\u092e\r\nma<\/em>\r\n\r\nThis means \u0915 is not read as only \u201ck.\u201d\r\n\r\nIt is read as:\r\n\r\n\u0915\r\nka<\/em>\r\n\r\nIn this unit, you will learn:\r\n
      \r\n \t
    1. the main Nepali consonant letters<\/li>\r\n \t
    2. how consonants are organized<\/li>\r\n \t
    3. how consonants carry a built-in a<\/em> sound<\/li>\r\n \t
    4. how vowel signs change consonant sounds<\/li>\r\n \t
    5. how the \u0939\u0932\u0928\u094d\u0924 (halanta<\/em>) removes the vowel sound<\/li>\r\n \t
    6. how to recognize common conjuncts such as \u0915\u094d\u0937, \u0924\u094d\u0930, and \u091c\u094d\u091e<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nYou do not need to memorize every consonant right away.\r\n\r\nThe goal is to become familiar with the consonant system so that you can begin reading Nepali words with more confidence.\r\n

      1. What Is a Consonant?<\/h1>\r\nA consonant is a letter that usually works together with a vowel sound.\r\n\r\nIn Nepali Devanagari, most consonants already include a built-in a<\/em> sound.\r\n\r\nFor example:\r\n\r\n[table id=532 \/]\r\n\r\nThis means a consonant by itself can be read as a complete \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930 (ak\u1e63ara<\/em>).\r\n

      Simple Rule<\/h2>\r\nMost Nepali consonants have a built-in a<\/em> sound.\r\n\r\nExamples:\r\n\r\n\u0915 = ka<\/em>\r\n\u0917 = ga<\/em>\r\n\u0928 = na<\/em>\r\n\u092e = ma<\/em>\r\n

      2. How the Consonant Sound Changes<\/h1>\r\nThe built-in a<\/em> sound can change in two main ways.\r\n

      2.1 A vowel sign can change the sound<\/h2>\r\nA vowel sign, or \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e (m\u0101tr\u0101<\/em>), can be added to a consonant.\r\n\r\nExamples:\r\n\r\n\u0915 \u2192 \u0915\u093e\r\nka \u2192 k\u0101<\/em>\r\n\r\n\u0915 \u2192 \u0915\u093f\r\nka \u2192 ki<\/em>\r\n\r\n\u0915 \u2192 \u0915\u0941\r\nka \u2192 ku<\/em>\r\n\r\nThe consonant stays the same.\r\n\r\nThe vowel sound changes.\r\n

      2.2 The \u0939\u0932\u0928\u094d\u0924 (halanta<\/em>) can remove the vowel sound<\/h2>\r\nThe \u0939\u0932\u0928\u094d\u0924 ([pb_glossary id=\"388\"]halanta[\/pb_glossary]<\/em>) sign is written as:\r\n\r\n\u094d\r\n\r\nIt removes the built-in a<\/em> sound from a consonant.\r\n\r\nExample:\r\n\r\n\u0915 \u2192 \u0915\u094d\r\nka \u2192 k<\/em>\r\n\r\nSo, \u0915 is read as ka<\/em>, but \u0915\u094d is read as k<\/em>.\r\n

      Simple Rule<\/h2>\r\n
        \r\n \t
      1. A consonant usually includes the vowel sound a<\/em>.<\/li>\r\n \t
      2. A vowel sign changes the vowel sound.<\/li>\r\n \t
      3. A \u0939\u0932\u0928\u094d\u0924 (halanta<\/em>) removes the vowel sound.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n

        3. The Nepali Consonant Chart<\/h1>\r\nNepali has 33 basic consonant letters.\r\n\r\nThe chart below shows the main consonants in order.\r\n\r\nIt also includes three common conjunct forms:\r\n\r\n\u0915\u094d\u0937\r\nk\u1e63a<\/em>\r\n\r\n\u0924\u094d\u0930\r\ntra<\/em>\r\n\r\n\u091c\u094d\u091e\r\nj\u00f1a \/ gya<\/em>\r\n\r\nYou will see these often in Nepali words and names.\r\n\r\n[table id=434 \/]\r\n

        Learner Tip<\/h2>\r\nDo not try to memorize the whole chart at once.\r\n\r\nStart with one row at a time.\r\n\r\nRead slowly.\r\n\r\nThen read again more naturally.\r\n\r\n
        \r\n\r\n

        4. The Five Main Consonant Rows<\/h1>\r\nNepali consonants are organized into five main rows.\r\n\r\nEach row has five consonants.\r\n\r\nThese rows are based on where the sound is made in the mouth.\r\n\r\nThe five main rows are:\r\n
          \r\n \t
        1. \u0915-series\r\nka-series<\/em><\/li>\r\n \t
        2. \u091a-series\r\nca-series<\/em><\/li>\r\n \t
        3. \u091f-series\r\n\u1e6da-series<\/em><\/li>\r\n \t
        4. \u0924-series\r\nta-series<\/em><\/li>\r\n \t
        5. \u092a-series\r\npa-series<\/em><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[table id=533 \/]\r\n

          Learner Tip<\/h2>\r\nNepali consonants are not random.\r\n\r\nThey follow a pattern.\r\n\r\nWhen you learn the pattern, the chart becomes easier to read.\r\n\r\n
          \r\n\r\n

          5. Reading the Five Rows<\/h1>\r\nRead each row aloud.\r\n

          5.1 \u0915-series<\/h2>\r\n\u0915, \u0916, \u0917, \u0918, \u0919\r\nka, kha, ga, gha, \u1e45a<\/em>\r\n\r\nThese sounds are made toward the back of the mouth.\r\n

          5.2 \u091a-series<\/h2>\r\n\u091a, \u091b, \u091c, \u091d, \u091e\r\nca, cha, ja, jha, \u00f1a<\/em>\r\n\r\nThese sounds are made near the front part of the mouth.\r\n

          5.3 \u091f-series<\/h2>\r\n\u091f, \u0920, \u0921, \u0922, \u0923\r\n\u1e6da, \u1e6dha, \u1e0da, \u1e0dha, \u1e47a<\/em>\r\n\r\nThese sounds are made by curling the tongue slightly back.\r\n

          5.4 \u0924-series<\/h2>\r\n\u0924, \u0925, \u0926, \u0927, \u0928\r\nta, tha, da, dha, na<\/em>\r\n\r\nThese sounds are made with the tongue near the upper teeth.\r\n

          5.5 \u092a-series<\/h2>\r\n\u092a, \u092b, \u092c, \u092d, \u092e\r\npa, pha, ba, bha, ma<\/em>\r\n\r\nThese sounds are made with the lips.\r\n\r\n
          \r\n\r\n

          6. Consonants by Place of Pronunciation<\/h1>\r\nThe chart below shows where the five main consonant rows are made in the mouth.\r\n\r\nYou do not need to memorize the technical terms right away.\r\n\r\nUse this table as a pronunciation guide.\r\n\r\n[table id=534 \/]\r\n

          Learner Tip<\/h2>\r\nSome sounds have extra air.\r\n\r\nFor example:\r\n\r\n\u0915\r\nka<\/em>\r\n\r\n\u0916\r\nkha<\/em>\r\n\r\n\u0917\r\nga<\/em>\r\n\r\n\u0918\r\ngha<\/em>\r\n\r\nThe letters \u0916 and \u0918 are pronounced with a stronger puff of air.\r\n\r\n
          \r\n\r\n

          7. \u0915-Series Consonants<\/h1>\r\nThe \u0915-series is made toward the back of the mouth.\r\n\r\nThis group includes:\r\n\r\n\u0915, \u0916, \u0917, \u0918, \u0919\r\nka, kha, ga, gha, \u1e45a<\/em>\r\n

          Table 1.4.4 \u2013 \u0915-Series Consonants<\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
          Letter<\/td>\r\nTransliteration<\/td>\r\nPronunciation Note<\/td>\r\nAudio<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
          \u0915<\/td>\r\nka<\/em><\/td>\r\nlike \u201ck\u201d in \u201ckit\u201d<\/td>\r\n[h5p id=\"31\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
          \u0916<\/td>\r\nkha<\/em><\/td>\r\n\u201ckh\u201d with a strong puff of air<\/td>\r\n[h5p id=\"32\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
          \u0917<\/td>\r\nga<\/em><\/td>\r\nlike \u201cg\u201d in \u201cgo\u201d<\/td>\r\n[h5p id=\"33\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
          \u0918<\/td>\r\ngha<\/em><\/td>\r\n\u201cgh\u201d with a strong puff of air<\/td>\r\n[h5p id=\"34\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
          \u0919<\/td>\r\n\u1e45a<\/em><\/td>\r\nlike \u201cng\u201d in \u201csing\u201d; mainly used in clusters<\/td>\r\n[h5p id=\"35\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n

          8. \u091a-Series Consonants<\/h1>\r\nThe \u091a-series is made near the front or middle part of the mouth.\r\n\r\nThis group includes:\r\n\r\n\u091a, \u091b, \u091c, \u091d, \u091e\r\nca, cha, ja, jha, \u00f1a<\/em>\r\n
          \r\n

          Table 1.4.5 \u2013 \u091a-Series Consonants<\/h2>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
          Letter<\/td>\r\nTransliteration<\/td>\r\nPronunciation Note<\/td>\r\nAudio<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
          \u091a<\/td>\r\nca<\/em><\/td>\r\n\"c\" as in chair<\/td>\r\n[h5p id=\"36\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
          \u091b<\/td>\r\ncha<\/em><\/td>\r\n\u201cch\u201d with extra air<\/td>\r\n[h5p id=\"37\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
          \u091c<\/td>\r\nja<\/em><\/td>\r\n\u201cj\u201d as in\u00a0jam<\/em><\/td>\r\n[h5p id=\"38\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
          \u091d<\/td>\r\njha<\/em><\/td>\r\n\u201cjh\u201d with extra air<\/td>\r\n[h5p id=\"39\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
          \u091e<\/td>\r\n\u00f1a<\/em><\/td>\r\n\u201cny\u201d as in\u00a0canyon<\/em>\u00a0(mainly in clusters)<\/td>\r\n[h5p id=\"40\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n

          9. \u091f-Series Consonants<\/h1>\r\nThe \u091f-series is made by curling the tongue slightly back.\r\n\r\nThis group includes:\r\n\r\n\u091f, \u0920, \u0921, \u0922, \u0923\r\n\u1e6da, \u1e6dha, \u1e0da, \u1e0dha, \u1e47a<\/em>\r\n\r\nThese sounds may feel stronger than the \u0924-series sounds.\r\n
          \r\n

          Table 1.4.6 \u2013 \u091f-Series Consonants<\/h2>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
          Letter<\/td>\r\nTransliteration<\/td>\r\nPronunciation Note<\/td>\r\nAudio<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
          \u091f<\/td>\r\n\u1e6da<\/em><\/td>\r\nhard \u201ct\u201d (tongue slightly curled)<\/td>\r\n[h5p id=\"41\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
          \u0920<\/td>\r\n\u1e6dha<\/em><\/td>\r\nhard \u201cth\u201d with air<\/td>\r\n[h5p id=\"42\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
          \u0921<\/td>\r\n\u1e0da<\/em><\/td>\r\nhard \u201cd\u201d<\/td>\r\n[h5p id=\"43\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
          \u0922<\/td>\r\n\u1e0dha<\/em><\/td>\r\nhard \u201cdh\u201d with air<\/td>\r\n[h5p id=\"44\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
          \u0923<\/td>\r\n\u1e47a<\/em><\/td>\r\nretroflex \u201cn\u201d<\/td>\r\n[h5p id=\"45\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n
          \r\n

          <\/h2>\r\n<\/div>\r\n

          10. \u0924-Series Consonants<\/h1>\r\nThe \u0924-series is made with the tongue touching or coming close to the upper teeth.\r\n\r\nThis group includes:\r\n\r\n\u0924, \u0925, \u0926, \u0927, \u0928\r\nta, tha, da, dha, na<\/em>\r\n
          \r\n

          Table 1.4.7 \u2013 \u0924-Series Consonants<\/h2>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
          Letter<\/td>\r\nTransliteration<\/td>\r\nPronunciation Note<\/td>\r\nAudio<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
          \u0924<\/td>\r\nta<\/em><\/td>\r\n\u201ct\u201d with tongue at the teeth<\/td>\r\n[h5p id=\"46\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
          \u0925<\/td>\r\ntha<\/em><\/td>\r\n\u201cth\u201d with extra air<\/td>\r\n[h5p id=\"47\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
          \u0926<\/td>\r\nda<\/em><\/td>\r\n\u201cd\u201d with tongue at the teeth<\/td>\r\n[h5p id=\"48\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
          \u0927<\/td>\r\ndha<\/em><\/td>\r\n\u201cdh\u201d with extra air<\/td>\r\n[h5p id=\"49\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
          \u0928<\/td>\r\nna<\/em><\/td>\r\n\u201cn\u201d as in\u00a0no<\/em><\/td>\r\n[h5p id=\"50\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n
          <\/div>\r\n

          11. \u092a-Series Consonants<\/h1>\r\nThe \u092a-series is made with the lips.\r\n\r\nThis group includes:\r\n\r\n\u092a, \u092b, \u092c, \u092d, \u092e\r\npa, pha, ba, bha, ma<\/em>\r\n

          Table 1.4.8 \u2013 \u092a-Series Consonants<\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
          Letter<\/td>\r\nTransliteration<\/td>\r\nPronunciation Note<\/td>\r\nAudio<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
          \u092a<\/td>\r\npa<\/em><\/td>\r\n\u201cp\u201d as in\u00a0pen<\/em><\/td>\r\n[h5p id=\"51\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
          \u092b<\/td>\r\npha<\/em><\/td>\r\naspirated \u201cph\u201d (often like English\u00a0f<\/em>\u00a0in loans)<\/td>\r\n[h5p id=\"52\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
          \u092c<\/td>\r\nba<\/em><\/td>\r\n\u201cb\u201d as in\u00a0bat<\/em><\/td>\r\n[h5p id=\"53\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
          \u092d<\/td>\r\nbha<\/em><\/td>\r\n\u201cbh\u201d with extra air<\/td>\r\n[h5p id=\"54\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
          \u092e<\/td>\r\nma<\/em><\/td>\r\n\u201cm\u201d as in\u00a0man<\/em><\/td>\r\n[h5p id=\"55\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n

          <\/h2>\r\n

          12. Other Important Consonants<\/h1>\r\nNepali also has other important consonants outside the five main rows.\r\n\r\nThese include:\r\n
            \r\n \t
          1. semi-vowels<\/li>\r\n \t
          2. sibilants<\/li>\r\n \t
          3. \u0939 (ha<\/em>)<\/li>\r\n \t
          4. common conjuncts<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n

            Table 1.4.9 \u2013 Other Consonant Groups<\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
            Category<\/td>\r\nLetters<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
            Semi-vowels<\/td>\r\n\u092f (ya<\/em>), \u0930 (ra<\/em>), \u0932 (la<\/em>), \u0935 (wa<\/em>)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
            Sibilant<\/td>\r\n\u0936 (\u015ba<\/em>), \u0937 (\u1e63a<\/em>), \u0938 (sa<\/em>)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
            \u0939 sound<\/td>\r\n\u0939 (ha<\/em>)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
            Common conjuncts<\/td>\r\n\u0915\u094d\u0937 (k\u1e63a<\/em>), \u0924\u094d\u0930 (tra<\/em>), \u091c\u094d\u091e (j\u00f1a<\/em>)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n
            \r\n

            <\/h2>\r\n<\/div>\r\n

            13. Semi-Vowels<\/h1>\r\nSemi-vowels are consonants that flow smoothly in pronunciation.\r\n\r\nThis group includes:\r\n\r\n\u092f, \u0930, \u0932, \u0935\r\nya, ra, la, wa<\/em>\r\n

            Table 1.4.10 \u2013 Semi-Vowels<\/h2>\r\n
            \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
            Letter<\/td>\r\nTransliteration<\/td>\r\nPronunciation Note<\/td>\r\nAudio<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
            \u092f<\/td>\r\nya<\/em><\/td>\r\nlike \u201cy\u201d in \u201cyes\u201d<\/td>\r\n[h5p id=\"56\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
            \u0930<\/td>\r\nra<\/em><\/td>\r\nNepali \u201cr\u201d; often a light flap or roll<\/td>\r\n[h5p id=\"57\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
            \u0932<\/td>\r\nla<\/em><\/td>\r\nlike \u201cl\u201d in \u201clove\u201d<\/td>\r\n[h5p id=\"58\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
            \u0935<\/td>\r\nwa<\/em><\/td>\r\nbetween \u201cv\u201d and \u201cw\u201d; often sounds like wa<\/em> in speech<\/td>\r\n[h5p id=\"59\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n

            14. Sibilant Consonants<\/h1>\r\nSibilants are hissing sounds.\r\n\r\nThis group includes:\r\n\r\n\u0936, \u0937, \u0938\r\n\u015ba, \u1e63a, sa<\/em>\r\n
            \r\n

            Table 1.4.11 \u2013 Sibilant Consonants<\/h2>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
            \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
            Letter<\/th>\r\nTransliteration<\/th>\r\nPronunciation Note<\/th>\r\nAudio<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
            \u0936<\/td>\r\n\u015ba<\/em><\/td>\r\nlike \u201csh\u201d; often pronounced closer to sa<\/em> in everyday Nepali<\/td>\r\n[h5p id=\"60\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
            \u0937<\/td>\r\n\u1e63a<\/em><\/td>\r\nlike \u201csh\u201d; often pronounced closer to sa<\/em> in everyday Nepali<\/td>\r\n[h5p id=\"61\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
            \u0938<\/td>\r\nsa<\/em><\/td>\r\nlike \u201cs\u201d in \u201csun\u201d<\/td>\r\n[h5p id=\"62\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n

            15. The Consonant \u0939<\/h1>\r\nThe consonant \u0939 (ha<\/em>) is a breathy sound.\r\n\r\nIt is similar to \u201ch\u201d in the English word \u201chat.\u201d\r\n\r\nYou will see \u0939 in many common Nepali words and verb forms.\r\n

            Table 1.4.12 \u2013 The Consonant \u0939<\/h2>\r\n
            \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
            Letter<\/th>\r\nTransliteration<\/th>\r\nPronunciation Note<\/th>\r\nAudio<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
            \u0939<\/td>\r\nha<\/em><\/td>\r\nlike \u201ch\u201d in \u201chat\u201d<\/td>\r\n[h5p id=\"63\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n

            <\/h2>\r\n<\/div>\r\n

            16. Common Conjuncts<\/h1>\r\nSome consonant combinations appear as fixed visual forms.\r\n\r\nThese are called conjuncts.\r\n\r\nFor beginners, it is helpful to recognize them as complete units.\r\n\r\nThe most common ones are:\r\n\r\n\u0915\u094d\u0937\r\nk\u1e63a<\/em>\r\n\r\n\u0924\u094d\u0930\r\ntra<\/em>\r\n\r\n\u091c\u094d\u091e\r\nj\u00f1a \/ gya<\/em>\r\n\r\nIn modern Nepali, \u091c\u094d\u091e is often pronounced closer to gya<\/em>.\r\n

            Table 1.4.13 \u2013 Common Conjuncts<\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
            Conjunct<\/th>\r\nTransliteration<\/th>\r\nComposition<\/th>\r\nPronunciation note<\/th>\r\nAudio<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
            \u0915\u094d\u0937<\/td>\r\nk\u1e63a<\/em><\/td>\r\n\u0915\u094d + \u0937<\/td>\r\noften pronounced like k\u1e63a<\/em> or ksha<\/em><\/td>\r\n[h5p id=\"64\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
            \u0924\u094d\u0930<\/td>\r\ntra<\/em><\/td>\r\n\u0924\u094d + \u0930<\/td>\r\npronounced tra<\/em><\/td>\r\n[h5p id=\"65\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
            \u091c\u094d\u091e<\/td>\r\nj\u00f1a<\/em><\/td>\r\n\u091c\u094d + \u091e<\/td>\r\noften pronounced closer to gya<\/em> in modern Nepali<\/td>\r\n[h5p id=\"66\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n

            Learner Tip<\/h2>\r\nFor now, do not worry about how conjuncts are formed.\r\n\r\nJust try to recognize these three as common visual units:\r\n\r\n\u0915\u094d\u0937\r\nk\u1e63a<\/em>\r\n\r\n\u0924\u094d\u0930\r\ntra<\/em>\r\n\r\n\u091c\u094d\u091e\r\nj\u00f1a \/ gya<\/em>\r\n\r\n
            \r\n\r\n

            17. Try It Now<\/h1>\r\nRead the consonants aloud by row.\r\n

            Row 1<\/h2>\r\n\u0915, \u0916, \u0917, \u0918, \u0919\r\nka, kha, ga, gha, \u1e45a<\/em>\r\n

            Row 2<\/h2>\r\n\u091a, \u091b, \u091c, \u091d, \u091e\r\nca, cha, ja, jha, \u00f1a<\/em>\r\n

            Row 3<\/h2>\r\n\u091f, \u0920, \u0921, \u0922, \u0923\r\n\u1e6da, \u1e6dha, \u1e0da, \u1e0dha, \u1e47a<\/em>\r\n

            Row 4<\/h2>\r\n\u0924, \u0925, \u0926, \u0927, \u0928\r\nta, tha, da, dha, na<\/em>\r\n

            Row 5<\/h2>\r\n\u092a, \u092b, \u092c, \u092d, \u092e\r\npa, pha, ba, bha, ma<\/em>\r\n\r\nRead slowly first.\r\n\r\nThen read again more naturally.\r\n\r\nYou can use the audio recorder below to record yourself. Listen to your recording and check whether the consonant sounds are clear.\r\n\r\n[h5p id=\"605\"]\r\n
            \r\n
            \r\n

            Watch and Practice<\/h2>\r\nWatch the short video below to practise Nepali consonants.\r\n\r\nLet\u2019s watch this short video, about 3 minutes long, created by El Santos Teaches<\/a> . It was designed for Hindi, but the consonant letters are also useful for Nepali.\r\n\r\nAs you watch, try to notice:\r\n
              \r\n \t
            1. the shape of each consonant<\/li>\r\n \t
            2. the sound of each consonant<\/li>\r\n \t
            3. the difference between similar letters<\/li>\r\n \t
            4. the consonants with extra air<\/li>\r\n \t
            5. the order of the consonant rows<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[embed]https:\/\/youtu.be\/-I7iUUp-cX8?si=9-lxa6qteQKRLVnS[\/embed]\r\n\r\n
              \r\n\r\nNow watch this short video, about 3 minutes long, created by               Sharad Dhakal<\/a>\u200b, to learn and practise how to write Nepali consonants.\r\n\r\nAs you watch, focus on:\r\n
                \r\n \t
              1. the direction of writing<\/li>\r\n \t
              2. the top line<\/li>\r\n \t
              3. the shape of similar letters<\/li>\r\n \t
              4. how each consonant is formed<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[embed]https:\/\/youtu.be\/OZUBNfN0JL8?si=HbtJDtNaF9oguM2M[\/embed]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n \r\n\r\n \r\n
                \r\n

                Practice Activity<\/h1>\r\nUse the activity below to practise matching Nepali consonants with their transliteration.\r\n\r\nAs you work:\r\n
                  \r\n \t
                1. look carefully at the consonant<\/li>\r\n \t
                2. say the sound aloud<\/li>\r\n \t
                3. choose the correct transliteration<\/li>\r\n \t
                4. repeat the sound after matching<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[h5p id=\"67\"]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n \r\n
                  \r\n

                  Check Your Understanding<\/h2>\r\n

                  Use this activity to practise recognizing Nepali consonants and matching them with their correct transliteration.<\/p>\r\n

                  Read each consonant aloud before you choose a match. This will help you connect the letter shape with the sound.<\/p>\r\n[h5p id=\"69\"]\r\n\r\nIn this memory game, try to match each Nepali consonant with its transliteration. Take your time and focus on accuracy first. Speed will come with practice.\r\n\r\n[h5p id=\"68\"]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

                  \r\n

                  Review Questions<\/h2>\r\nAnswer the questions.\r\n
                    \r\n \t
                  1. How many basic consonant letters are introduced in this unit?<\/li>\r\n \t
                  2. What sound is built into most Nepali consonants?<\/li>\r\n \t
                  3. How do you read \u0915 by itself?<\/li>\r\n \t
                  4. What does a vowel sign do to a consonant?<\/li>\r\n \t
                  5. What does the \u0939\u0932\u0928\u094d\u0924 (halanta<\/em>) do?<\/li>\r\n \t
                  6. Which row includes \u0915, \u0916, \u0917, \u0918, \u0919?<\/li>\r\n \t
                  7. Which row includes \u0924, \u0925, \u0926, \u0927, \u0928?<\/li>\r\n \t
                  8. Which consonants are made with the lips?<\/li>\r\n \t
                  9. What are \u0915\u094d\u0937, \u0924\u094d\u0930, and \u091c\u094d\u091e called?<\/li>\r\n \t
                  10. How is \u091c\u094d\u091e often pronounced in modern Nepali?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
                    \r\n

                    Self Reflection<\/h2>\r\n

                    [h5p id=\"70\"]<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

                    \r\n

                    Key Takeaways<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n

                    \r\n