In Unit 6, you learned about conjunct consonants.<\/p>\r\n
In this unit, you will learn about nasalization in Nepali.<\/p>\r\n
Nasalization means that a sound is made with air flowing through the nose.<\/p>\r\n
In Nepali writing, nasalization is usually shown with two signs:<\/p>\r\n\r\n
These signs are small, but they are important.<\/p>\r\n
They can show:<\/p>\r\n\r\n
For example:<\/p>\r\n
\u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u093e\u0901\u091d \u0930\u0902\u0917 \/ \u0930\u0919\u094d\u0917 In this unit, you will learn:<\/p>\r\n\r\n You do not need to master every rule right away.<\/p>\r\n The goal is to recognize the signs and read common nasal words with more confidence.<\/p>\r\n\r\n Nasalization means that air flows through the nose while you say a sound.<\/p>\r\n In Nepali, nasalization can happen in two main ways:<\/p>\r\n\r\n These two patterns look similar in writing, but they are not always the same in pronunciation.<\/p>\r\n\r\n Nasalization can mean:<\/p>\r\n\r\n Nepali uses two important nasal signs.<\/p>\r\n\r\n The \u091a\u0928\u094d\u0926\u094d\u0930\u092c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0941 (candrabindu<\/em>) usually shows a nasalized vowel.<\/p>\r\n Example:<\/p>\r\n \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0906\u0901\u0916\u093e The \u092c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0941 (bindu<\/em>) can be used in two ways.<\/p>\r\n It can show:<\/p>\r\n\r\n Examples:<\/p>\r\n \u0917\u0930\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0902\u0917 \u091a\u0928\u094d\u0926\u094d\u0930\u092c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0941 (candrabindu<\/em>) and \u092c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0941 (bindu<\/em>) both show nasal sounds.<\/p>\r\n To read them correctly, look at where the sign appears and what comes after it.<\/p>\r\n\r\n A nasalized vowel is one vowel sound with a nasal quality.<\/p>\r\n This means the vowel itself is nasal.<\/p>\r\n There is no extra n<\/em> or m<\/em> sound after it.<\/p>\r\n Examples:<\/p>\r\n \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u093e\u0901\u091d \u0906\u0901\u0938\u0941 \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a A nasalized vowel is one vowel sound with nasal airflow.<\/p>\r\n Do not add a separate n<\/em> or m<\/em> sound after it.<\/p>\r\n\r\n Nasalized vowels are usually written with \u091a\u0928\u094d\u0926\u094d\u0930\u092c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0941 (candrabindu<\/em>).<\/p>\r\n Examples:<\/p>\r\n \u0906\u0901\u0916\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0901\u091d \u0915\u093e\u0901\u091f\u093e Sometimes, when there is not enough space above the letter, \u092c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0941 (bindu<\/em>) may be used instead.<\/p>\r\n Examples:<\/p>\r\n \u0917\u0930\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0948\u0902\u091a\u0940 \u0914\u0902\u0932\u093e When you see nasalization over a vowel or syllable, read the vowel with a gentle nasal sound.<\/p>\r\n [table id=45 \/]<\/p>\r\n\r\n Read the words below slowly.<\/p>\r\n Focus on the nasal quality of the vowel.<\/p>\r\n [table id=46 \/]<\/p>\r\n\r\n Read these words aloud:<\/p>\r\n \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u093e\u0901\u091d \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u0906\u0901\u0938\u0941 Read slowly first.<\/p>\r\n Then read again more naturally.<\/p>\r\n You can use the audio recorder below to record yourself. Listen to your recording and check whether the nasal sound is clear.<\/p>\r\n [h5p id=\"605\"]<\/p>\r\n\r\n Sometimes \u092c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0941 (bindu<\/em>) shows a nasal consonant before another consonant.<\/p>\r\n This means there is a real nasal sound, such as:<\/p>\r\n \u1e45<\/em> The nasal sound changes depending on the consonant that follows.<\/p>\r\n Example:<\/p>\r\n \u0930\u0902\u0917 Here, the nasal sound is close to \u1e45<\/em> because it comes before \u0917 (ga<\/em>).<\/p>\r\n\r\n When \u092c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0941 (bindu<\/em>) comes before a consonant, it often represents a nasal consonant.<\/p>\r\n\r\n The nasal sound changes to match the next consonant group.<\/p>\r\n This may sound difficult at first, but the pattern is regular.<\/p>\r\n [table id=537 \/]<\/p>\r\n\r\n Look at the consonant after the \u092c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0941 (bindu<\/em>).<\/p>\r\n That consonant helps you decide the nasal sound.<\/p>\r\n\r\n Some Nepali words can be written in two ways:<\/p>\r\n\r\n Both forms are often pronounced the same in modern Nepali.<\/p>\r\n Examples:<\/p>\r\n \u0938\u0919\u094d\u0917 \/ \u0938\u0901\u0917 \u0930\u0919\u094d\u0917 \/ \u0930\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936 \/ \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915 \/ \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915 [table id=538 \/]<\/p>\r\n\r\n Some nasal words have two spellings.<\/p>\r\n The sound is often the same.<\/p>\r\n\r\n This is the most important difference in this unit.<\/p>\r\n\r\n The vowel itself has a nasal sound.<\/p>\r\n Example:<\/p>\r\n \u0915\u093e\u0901\u091a The \u0101\u0303 is nasalized.<\/p>\r\n There is no separate n<\/em> or m<\/em> sound.<\/p>\r\n\r\n There is a separate nasal consonant before another consonant.<\/p>\r\n Example:<\/p>\r\n \u0915\u0902\u092a Here, m<\/em> is a separate nasal consonant before \u092a (pa<\/em>).<\/p>\r\n\r\n A nasalized vowel is one nasal vowel sound.<\/p>\r\n A nasal consonant is a separate nasal sound before another consonant.<\/p>\r\n\r\n Read the pairs below.<\/p>\r\n Listen for the difference between a nasalized vowel and a plain vowel or nasal consonant.<\/p>\r\n\r\n If the nasal quality stays on the vowel, it is probably a nasalized vowel.<\/p>\r\n If you hear a separate m<\/em>, n<\/em>, \u1e45<\/em>, \u00f1<\/em>, or \u1e47<\/em> sound, it is probably a nasal consonant.<\/p>\r\n\r\n Practise these common Nepali words.<\/p>\r\n\r\n When you see \u092c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0941 (bindu<\/em>) before a consonant, follow these steps:<\/p>\r\n\r\n Example:<\/p>\r\n \u0930\u0902\u0917<\/p>\r\n The \u092c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0941 (bindu<\/em>) comes before \u0917 (ga<\/em>).<\/p>\r\n \u0917 belongs to the \u0915-series.<\/p>\r\n So the nasal sound is \u1e45<\/em>.<\/p>\r\n \u0930\u0902\u0917 Read the words aloud.<\/p>\r\n\r\n Read slowly first.<\/p>\r\n Then read again more naturally.<\/p>\r\n You can use the audio recorder below to record yourself. Listen to your recording and check whether the nasal sounds are clear.<\/p>\r\n [h5p id=\"605\"]<\/p>\r\n \r\n\r\n \r\n Use the activity below to practise identifying nasal sounds.<\/p>\r\n As you work:<\/p>\r\n\r\n Focus on accuracy first. Speed will come with practice.<\/p>\r\n\r\n
kah\u0101\u0303<\/em>
where<\/p>\r\n
s\u0101\u0303jh<\/em>
evening<\/p>\r\n
ra\u1e45g<\/em>
colour<\/p>\r\n\r\n \t
1. What Is Nasalization?<\/h2>\r\n
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Simple Rule<\/h3>\r\n
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2. The Two Main Nasal Signs<\/h2>\r\n
2.1 \u091a\u0928\u094d\u0926\u094d\u0930\u092c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0941 (candrabindu<\/em>) \u2014 \u0901<\/span><\/h3>\r\n
kah\u0101\u0303<\/em>
where<\/p>\r\n
\u0101\u0303kh\u0101<\/em>
eye<\/p>\r\n\r\n2.2 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0941 (bindu<\/em>) \u2014 \u0902<\/span><\/h3>\r\n
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gare\u0303<\/em>
I did<\/p>\r\n
ra\u1e45g<\/em>
colour<\/p>\r\n\r\nLearner Tip<\/h3>\r\n
3. Nasalized Vowels<\/h2>\r\n
kah\u0101\u0303<\/em>
where<\/p>\r\n
s\u0101\u0303jh<\/em>
evening<\/p>\r\n
\u0101\u0303su<\/em>
tear<\/p>\r\n
p\u0101\u0303c<\/em>
five<\/p>\r\n\r\nSimple Rule<\/h3>\r\n
4. How Nasalized Vowels Are Written<\/h2>\r\n
\u0101\u0303kh\u0101<\/em>
eye<\/p>\r\n
s\u0101\u0303jh<\/em>
evening<\/p>\r\n
k\u0101\u0303\u1e6d\u0101<\/em>
thorn<\/p>\r\n
gare\u0303<\/em>
I did<\/p>\r\n
kai\u0303c\u012b<\/em>
scissors<\/p>\r\n
au\u0303l\u0101<\/em>
finger<\/p>\r\n\r\nLearner Tip<\/h3>\r\n
6. Common Nasalized Vowel Words<\/h2>\r\n
Try It Now<\/h3>\r\n
kah\u0101\u0303<\/em><\/p>\r\n
yah\u0101\u0303<\/em><\/p>\r\n
s\u0101\u0303jh<\/em><\/p>\r\n
p\u0101\u0303c<\/em><\/p>\r\n
\u0101\u0303su<\/em><\/p>\r\n7. Nasal Consonants<\/h2>\r\n
\u00f1<\/em>
\u1e47<\/em>
n<\/em>
m<\/em><\/p>\r\n
ra\u1e45g<\/em>
colour<\/p>\r\nSimple Rule<\/h3>\r\n
8. Nasal Sound Before Different Consonants<\/h2>\r\n
Learner Tip<\/h3>\r\n
9. Two Ways to Write Some Nasal Sounds<\/h2>\r\n
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sa\u1e45ga<\/em>
with<\/p>\r\n
ra\u1e45g<\/em>
colour<\/p>\r\n
sande\u015b<\/em>
message<\/p>\r\n
samparka<\/em>
contact<\/p>\r\nSimple Rule<\/h3>\r\n
10. Nasalized Vowels vs. Nasal Consonants<\/h2>\r\n
Nasalized vowel<\/h2>\r\n
k\u0101\u0303c<\/em>
glass<\/p>\r\nNasal consonant<\/h2>\r\n
kampa<\/em>
tremor<\/p>\r\nSimple Rule<\/h3>\r\n
11. Listening Contrast<\/h2>\r\n
Learner Tip<\/h3>\r\n
12. High-Frequency Nasal Words<\/h2>\r\n
Table 1.7.6 \u2013 High-Frequency Nasal Words<\/h3>\r\n
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\r\n Nepali<\/td>\r\n Transliteration<\/td>\r\n English<\/td>\r\n Audio<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n \r\n \u0938\u093e\u0901\u091d<\/td>\r\n s\u0101\u0303jh<\/em><\/td>\r\n evening<\/td>\r\n [h5p id=\"84\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n \r\n \u0906\u0901\u0938\u0941<\/td>\r\n \u0101\u0303su<\/em><\/td>\r\n tear<\/td>\r\n [h5p id=\"85\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n \r\n \u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a<\/td>\r\n p\u0101\u0303c<\/em><\/td>\r\n five<\/td>\r\n [h5p id=\"86\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n \r\n \u0915\u093e\u0901\u091f\u093e<\/td>\r\n k\u0101\u0303\u1e6d\u0101<\/em><\/td>\r\n thorn<\/td>\r\n [h5p id=\"87\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n \r\n \u0905\u0902\u0915 \/ \u0905\u0919\u094d\u0915<\/td>\r\n a\u1e45ka<\/em><\/td>\r\n mark, number<\/td>\r\n [h5p id=\"88\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n \r\n \u0905\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091c\u0940 \/ \u0905\u0919\u094d\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091c\u0940<\/td>\r\n a\u1e45grej\u012b<\/em><\/td>\r\n English (language)<\/td>\r\n [h5p id=\"89\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n \r\n \u0930\u0902\u0917 \/ \u0930\u0919\u094d\u0917<\/td>\r\n ra\u1e45g<\/em><\/td>\r\n colour<\/td>\r\n [h5p id=\"90\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n \r\n \u0938\u091e\u094d\u091c\u093e\u0932 \/ \u0938\u0902\u091c\u093e\u0932<\/td>\r\n sa\u00f1j\u0101l<\/em><\/td>\r\n network<\/td>\r\n [h5p id=\"91\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n \r\n \u091d\u0923\u094d\u0921\u093e \/ \u091d\u0902\u0921\u093e<\/td>\r\n jha\u1e47\u1e0d\u0101<\/em><\/td>\r\n flag<\/td>\r\n [h5p id=\"92\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n \r\n \u0938\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936 \/ \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0936<\/td>\r\n sande\u015b<\/em><\/td>\r\n message<\/td>\r\n [h5p id=\"93\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n \r\n \u092e\u0928\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \/ \u092e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/td>\r\n mantra<\/em><\/td>\r\n mantra<\/td>\r\n [h5p id=\"94\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n \r\n \u0938\u0928\u094d\u0924\u094b\u0937 \/ \u0938\u0902\u0924\u094b\u0937<\/td>\r\n santo\u1e63<\/em><\/td>\r\n satisfaction<\/td>\r\n [h5p id=\"95\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n \r\n \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/td>\r\n sa\u1e43sk\u0101r<\/em><\/td>\r\n rite, ethos<\/td>\r\n [h5p id=\"96\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n \r\n \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924<\/td>\r\n sa\u1e43sk\u1e5bt<\/em><\/td>\r\n Sanskrit<\/td>\r\n [h5p id=\"97\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n \r\n \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0930<\/td>\r\n sa\u1e43s\u0101r<\/em><\/td>\r\n world<\/td>\r\n [h5p id=\"98\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n \r\n \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915 \/ \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915<\/td>\r\n samparka<\/em><\/td>\r\n contact<\/td>\r\n [h5p id=\"99\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n 13. Reading Rule for \u092c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0941 (bindu<\/em>) Before a Consonant<\/span><\/h1>\r\n
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ra\u1e45g<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n
\r\n\r\n14. Try It Now<\/h1>\r\n
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kah\u0101\u0303<\/em><\/li>\r\n \t
s\u0101\u0303jh<\/em><\/li>\r\n \t
p\u0101\u0303c<\/em><\/li>\r\n \t
ra\u1e45g<\/em><\/li>\r\n \t
sande\u015b<\/em><\/li>\r\n \t
samparka<\/em><\/li>\r\n \t
sa\u1e43s\u0101r<\/em><\/li>\r\n \t
sa\u1e43sk\u1e5bt<\/em><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nCheck your understanding<\/h2>\r\n
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