{"id":2071,"date":"2025-11-30T01:09:59","date_gmt":"2025-11-30T06:09:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=2071"},"modified":"2026-04-27T00:26:37","modified_gmt":"2026-04-27T04:26:37","slug":"chapter-4-unit-4-grammar-focus","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/chapter\/chapter-4-unit-4-grammar-focus\/","title":{"raw":"Unit 4 \u2014 Grammar Focus","rendered":"Unit 4 \u2014 Grammar Focus"},"content":{"raw":"<h1>Possessive Pronouns<\/h1>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">In Nepali, possession (\u201cof\/\u2019s\u201d) is expressed with the genitive marker -\u0915\u094b (<i>-ko<\/i>) and its related forms -\u0915\u0940 (<i>-k\u012b<\/i>) and -\u0915\u093e (<i>-k\u0101<\/i>), depending on the noun being possessed. With pronouns, possessive forms are formed in three main ways:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol start=\"1\">\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Some pronouns remain unchanged and simply take -\u0915\u094b \/ -\u0915\u0940 \/ -\u0915\u093e (<i>-ko \/ -k\u012b \/ -k\u0101<\/i>).<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Some pronouns have fixed possessive forms, so the genitive marker is not added directly.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Some pronouns change to an oblique stem before taking -\u0915\u094b \/ -\u0915\u0940 \/ -\u0915\u093e (<i>-ko \/ -k\u012b \/ -k\u0101<\/i>).<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h2>1) Direct-case pronouns (unchanged)<\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Some Nepali pronouns form possessives in the simplest way: they remain in their direct form (the stem does not change) and take the genitive marker \u2013\u0915\u094b \/ \u2013\u0915\u0940 \/ \u2013\u0915\u093e (<i>\u2013ko \/ \u2013k\u012b \/ \u2013k\u0101<\/i>) directly.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The key point is that the genitive ending agrees with the noun being possessed, not with the pronoun itself. For example, \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 (<i>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303<\/i>) becomes \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902\u0915\u094b (<i>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303ko<\/i>) \u201cyour,\u201d and \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 (<i>uh\u0101\u0303<\/i>) becomes \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0915\u094b (<i>uh\u0101\u0303ko<\/i>) \u201chis\/her.\u201d<\/p>\r\n[table id=124 \/]\r\n<h2>2) Special possessive forms (no -\u0915\u094b)<\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Some Nepali pronouns do not form possession by adding \u2013\u0915\u094b \/ \u2013\u0915\u0940 \/ \u2013\u0915\u093e (<i>\u2013ko \/ \u2013k\u012b \/ \u2013k\u0101<\/i>). Instead, they have fixed possessive forms that must be learned as whole words. In these cases, the genitive suffix is not used because the possessive meaning is already built into the form.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">For example, \u092e (<i>ma<\/i>) becomes \u092e\u0947\u0930\u094b (<i>mero<\/i>) \u201cmy,\u201d \u0939\u093e\u092e\u0940 (<i>h\u0101m\u012b<\/i>) becomes \u0939\u093e\u092e\u094d\u0930\u094b (<i>h\u0101mro<\/i>) \u201cour,\u201d and \u0924\u093f\u092e\u0940 (<i>tim\u012b<\/i>) becomes \u0924\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0930\u094b (<i>timro<\/i>) \u201cyour (informal).\u201d These are very high-frequency forms in everyday Nepali and should be memorized as core vocabulary.<\/p>\r\n[table id=125 \/]\r\n<h2>3) Oblique-stem pronouns<\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Some Nepali pronouns form possessives in two steps. First, the pronoun changes from its direct form to an oblique stem (a modified base form used before case markers). Then the genitive marker \u2013\u0915\u094b \/ \u2013\u0915\u0940 \/ \u2013\u0915\u093e (<i>\u2013ko \/ \u2013k\u012b \/ \u2013k\u0101<\/i>) is attached to that oblique stem.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">This pattern is especially common with demonstratives and third-person pronouns, so it appears frequently in both spoken and written Nepali.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">For example, \u092f\u094b (<i>yo<\/i>) becomes \u092f\u0938 (<i>yas<\/i>) + \u2013\u0915\u094b \u2192 \u092f\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094b (<i>yasko<\/i>) \u201cof this \/ this person\u2019s,\u201d and \u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b (<i>tyo<\/i>) becomes \u0924\u094d\u092f\u0938 (<i>tyas<\/i>) + \u2013\u0915\u094b \u2192 \u0924\u094d\u092f\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094b (<i>tyasko<\/i>) \u201cof that.\u201d<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">As always, the genitive ending agrees with the noun being possessed (the owned item), not with the pronoun.<\/p>\r\n[table id=126 \/]\r\n\r\nNote: The genitive form agrees with the noun that is owned (the possessed noun), not with the pronoun (the possessor).\r\n<h3 class=\"p1\">Ownership with -\u0915\u094b, -\u0915\u0940, -\u0915\u093e<\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">In Nepali, ownership\u2014equivalent to English \u2019s or \u201cof\u201d\u2014is expressed using the genitive marker -\u0915\u094b \/ -\u0915\u0940 \/ -\u0915\u093e (<i>-ko \/ -k\u012b \/ -k\u0101<\/i>). This marker links an owner to the thing being owned and attaches directly to nouns and proper names, functioning similarly to the English apostrophe-s.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">For example, \u201cRam\u2019s book\u201d is expressed by adding -\u0915\u094b to the owner\u2019s name.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">This genitive construction is used for general ownership or association. It is distinct from constructions with -\u0938\u0901\u0917 (<i>-sa\u1e45ga<\/i>) or -\u0938\u093f\u0924 (<i>-sita<\/i>), which indicate possession in the sense of physical association or \u201cwith someone\u201d at a particular moment rather than permanent ownership.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3 class=\"p1\">Agreement of -\u0915\u094b \/ -\u0915\u0940 \/ -\u0915\u093e<\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">In Nepali, the genitive marker \u2013\u0915\u094b (<i>-ko<\/i>) changes form based on the <span class=\"s1\">thing being owned (the possessed noun)<\/span>\u2014not the owner.<\/p>\r\n<b>Simple rule<\/b>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">\u2013\u0915\u094b (<i>-ko<\/i>) \u2192 singular nouns<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">\u2013\u0915\u0940 (<i>-k\u012b<\/i>) \u2192 singular <span class=\"s1\">female person<b><\/b><\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">\u2013\u0915\u093e (<i>-k\u0101<\/i>) \u2192 plural nouns<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[table id=128 \/]\r\n<h1 data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"37\">Possession vs. Ownership in Nepali<\/h1>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">In Nepali, \u201chaving something\u201d and \u201cbelonging to someone\u201d are expressed using two different grammatical patterns.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">To express that someone has or does not have something, Nepali typically uses the existence verb \u091b \/ \u091b\u0928\u094d (<i>cha \/ chan<\/i>) and its negative form \u091b\u0948\u0928 (<i>chaina<\/i>). The possessor is marked with the genitive \u2013\u0915\u094b (<i>-ko<\/i>). This pattern describes what exists in relation to a person.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">To express ownership or identity (\u201csomething belongs to someone\u201d), Nepali uses an identity construction with \u0939\u094b \/ \u0939\u094b\u0907\u0928 (<i>ho \/ hoina<\/i>). This links the item directly to its owner, again using \u2013\u0915\u094b (<i>-ko<\/i>) to mark possession.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">In short:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Possession = existence (\u201csomeone has something\u201d)<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Ownership = identity (\u201csomething is someone\u2019s\u201d)<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2>1) \u201cHave \/ do not have\u201d (Possession)<\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Use this pattern to describe what someone has or does not have.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Structure:<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">[Person + \u2013\u0915\u094b (<i>-ko<\/i>)] + [Thing] + \u091b \/ \u091b\u0928\u094d (<i>cha \/ chan<\/i>) \/ \u091b\u0948\u0928 (<i>chaina<\/i>)<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Important point:<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The thing being possessed is the grammatical subject, so the verb agrees with it.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Meaning focus:<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Describes what exists in relation to a person (\u201cwhat is with someone\u201d).<\/p>\r\n[table id=129 \/]\r\n<h2>2) \u201cBelongs to \/ is someone\u2019s\u201d (Ownership)<\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Use this pattern when identifying who something belongs to.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Structure:<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">[Thing] + [Person + \u2013\u0915\u094b (<i>-ko<\/i>)] + \u0939\u094b \/ \u0939\u094b\u0907\u0928 (<i>ho \/ hoina<\/i>)<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Important point:<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The sentence expresses identity (X = Y), not existence.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Meaning focus:<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Identifies ownership as a property of the item (\u201cwhat something is\u201d).<\/p>\r\n[table id=130 \/]\r\n<h3>Chains of Ownership<\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">In Nepali, you can express multiple levels of possession by stacking genitive phrases using \u2013\u0915\u094b (<i>-ko<\/i>) \/ \u2013\u0915\u0940 (<i>-k\u012b<\/i>) \/ \u2013\u0915\u093e (<i>-k\u0101<\/i>). This creates a chain of ownership meaning \u201cA\u2019s B\u2019s C\u2026\u201d<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Each genitive phrase modifies the noun that follows it, so meaning is built step by step from left to right.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Key idea:<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Each \u2013\u0915\u094b phrase attaches to the next noun and passes ownership along the chain.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Usage note:<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">These chains are common in Nepali, but very long sequences can become difficult to process. In natural speech, speakers often shorten them or split them into two sentences for clarity.<\/p>\r\n[table id=131 \/]\r\n<h1>Asking \u201cWhose?\u201d Questions<\/h1>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">To ask \u201cwhose?\u201d in Nepali, use the interrogative possessive forms \u0915\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094b (<i>kasko<\/i>), \u0915\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0940 (<i>kask\u012b<\/i>), and \u0915\u0938\u094d\u0915\u093e (<i>kask\u0101<\/i>).<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">These forms function like the genitive markers \u2013\u0915\u094b (<i>-ko<\/i>) \/ \u2013\u0915\u0940 (<i>-k\u012b<\/i>) \/ \u2013\u0915\u093e (<i>-k\u0101<\/i>). They agree with the noun being possessed (the thing owned), not with the owner.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">In other words, the form of \u201cwhose\u201d is chosen based on the noun that follows it:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">\u0915\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094b (<i>kasko<\/i>) \u2192 singular masculine or general nouns<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">\u0915\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0940 (<i>kask\u012b<\/i>) \u2192 singular feminine human nouns<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">\u0915\u0938\u094d\u0915\u093e (<i>kask\u0101<\/i>) \u2192 plural nouns<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Key idea:<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Match \u0915\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094b \/ \u0915\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0940 \/ \u0915\u0938\u094d\u0915\u093e to the possessed noun, not to the owner.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2>Which form to use<\/h2>\r\n[table id=132 \/]\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox\">\r\n<h2>Check Your Understanding<\/h2>\r\n[h5p id=\"76\"]\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<h1>Possessive Pronouns<\/h1>\n<p class=\"p1\">In Nepali, possession (\u201cof\/\u2019s\u201d) is expressed with the genitive marker -\u0915\u094b (<i>-ko<\/i>) and its related forms -\u0915\u0940 (<i>-k\u012b<\/i>) and -\u0915\u093e (<i>-k\u0101<\/i>), depending on the noun being possessed. With pronouns, possessive forms are formed in three main ways:<\/p>\n<ol start=\"1\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">Some pronouns remain unchanged and simply take -\u0915\u094b \/ -\u0915\u0940 \/ -\u0915\u093e (<i>-ko \/ -k\u012b \/ -k\u0101<\/i>).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">Some pronouns have fixed possessive forms, so the genitive marker is not added directly.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">Some pronouns change to an oblique stem before taking -\u0915\u094b \/ -\u0915\u0940 \/ -\u0915\u093e (<i>-ko \/ -k\u012b \/ -k\u0101<\/i>).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>1) Direct-case pronouns (unchanged)<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\">Some Nepali pronouns form possessives in the simplest way: they remain in their direct form (the stem does not change) and take the genitive marker \u2013\u0915\u094b \/ \u2013\u0915\u0940 \/ \u2013\u0915\u093e (<i>\u2013ko \/ \u2013k\u012b \/ \u2013k\u0101<\/i>) directly.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">The key point is that the genitive ending agrees with the noun being possessed, not with the pronoun itself. For example, \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 (<i>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303<\/i>) becomes \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902\u0915\u094b (<i>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303ko<\/i>) \u201cyour,\u201d and \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 (<i>uh\u0101\u0303<\/i>) becomes \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0915\u094b (<i>uh\u0101\u0303ko<\/i>) \u201chis\/her.\u201d<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-124-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-124\">Table 4.4.1 \u2013 Possessive pronouns: direct-case forms (add \u2013\u0915\u094b\/\u2013\u0915\u0940\/\u2013\u0915\u093e)<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-124\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-124\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-124-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\"> Pronoun<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\"> Possessive form<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-4\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-5\"> Meaning        <\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\"> \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902            <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"> <em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303<\/em>   <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\"> \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902\u0915\u094b                  <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\"> <em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303ko<\/em>      <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-5\"> your (hon.)    <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\"> \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901             <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"> <em>uh\u0101\u0303<\/em>     <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\"> \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0915\u094b                   <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\"> <em>uh\u0101\u0303ko<\/em>        <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-5\"> his\/her (hon.) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\"> \u0909\u0928\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942           <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"> <em>un\u012bhar\u016b<\/em>  <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\"> \u0909\u0928\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942\u0915\u094b                 <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\"> <em>un\u012bhar\u016bko<\/em>     <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-5\"> their          <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\"> \u0924\u093f\u0928\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942          <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"> <em>tin\u012bhar\u016b<\/em> <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\"> \u0924\u093f\u0928\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942\u0915\u094b                <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\"> <em>tin\u012bhar\u016bko<\/em>    <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-5\"> their          <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-124 from cache --><\/p>\n<h2>2) Special possessive forms (no -\u0915\u094b)<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\">Some Nepali pronouns do not form possession by adding \u2013\u0915\u094b \/ \u2013\u0915\u0940 \/ \u2013\u0915\u093e (<i>\u2013ko \/ \u2013k\u012b \/ \u2013k\u0101<\/i>). Instead, they have fixed possessive forms that must be learned as whole words. In these cases, the genitive suffix is not used because the possessive meaning is already built into the form.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">For example, \u092e (<i>ma<\/i>) becomes \u092e\u0947\u0930\u094b (<i>mero<\/i>) \u201cmy,\u201d \u0939\u093e\u092e\u0940 (<i>h\u0101m\u012b<\/i>) becomes \u0939\u093e\u092e\u094d\u0930\u094b (<i>h\u0101mro<\/i>) \u201cour,\u201d and \u0924\u093f\u092e\u0940 (<i>tim\u012b<\/i>) becomes \u0924\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0930\u094b (<i>timro<\/i>) \u201cyour (informal).\u201d These are very high-frequency forms in everyday Nepali and should be memorized as core vocabulary.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-125-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-125\">Table 4.4.2 \u2013 Possessive pronouns: Special possessive forms (fixed forms)<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-125\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-125\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-125-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Pronoun<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">Possessive form<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-4\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-5\">Meaning<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092e<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>ma<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u092e\u0947\u0930\u094b<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\"><em>mero<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-5\">my<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0939\u093e\u092e\u0940<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>h\u0101m\u012b<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0939\u093e\u092e\u094d\u0930\u094b<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\"><em>h\u0101mro<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-5\">our<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u093f\u092e\u0940<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>tim\u012b<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0924\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0930\u094b<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\"><em>timro<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-5\">your (informal)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u0901<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>t\u00e3<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0924\u0947\u0930\u094b<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\"><em>tero<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-5\">your (very informal)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-125 from cache --><\/p>\n<h2>3) Oblique-stem pronouns<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\">Some Nepali pronouns form possessives in two steps. First, the pronoun changes from its direct form to an oblique stem (a modified base form used before case markers). Then the genitive marker \u2013\u0915\u094b \/ \u2013\u0915\u0940 \/ \u2013\u0915\u093e (<i>\u2013ko \/ \u2013k\u012b \/ \u2013k\u0101<\/i>) is attached to that oblique stem.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">This pattern is especially common with demonstratives and third-person pronouns, so it appears frequently in both spoken and written Nepali.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">For example, \u092f\u094b (<i>yo<\/i>) becomes \u092f\u0938 (<i>yas<\/i>) + \u2013\u0915\u094b \u2192 \u092f\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094b (<i>yasko<\/i>) \u201cof this \/ this person\u2019s,\u201d and \u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b (<i>tyo<\/i>) becomes \u0924\u094d\u092f\u0938 (<i>tyas<\/i>) + \u2013\u0915\u094b \u2192 \u0924\u094d\u092f\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094b (<i>tyasko<\/i>) \u201cof that.\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">As always, the genitive ending agrees with the noun being possessed (the owned item), not with the pronoun.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-126-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-126\">Table 4.4.3 \u2013 Possessive pronouns: oblique stems + \u2013\u0915\u094b\/\u2013\u0915\u0940\/\u2013\u0915\u093e<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-126\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-126\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-126-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Pronoun (direct)<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">Oblique stem<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-4\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-5\">Possessive form<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-6\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u090a<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>\u016b<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0909\u0938<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\"><em>us<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-5\">\u0909\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094b<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-6\"><em>usko<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092f\u094b<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>yo<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u092f\u0938<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\"><em>yas<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-5\">\u092f\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094b<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-6\"><em>yasko<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>tyo<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0938<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\"><em>tyas<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-5\">\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094b<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-6\"><em>tyasko<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0928\u0940<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>un\u012b<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0909\u0928<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\"><em>un<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-5\">\u0909\u0928\u0915\u094b<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-6\"><em>unako<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092f\u093f\u0928\u0940<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>yin\u012b<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u092f\u093f\u0928<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\"><em>yin<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-5\">\u092f\u093f\u0928\u0915\u094b<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-6\"><em>yinako<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-7\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u093f\u0928\u0940<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>tin\u012b<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0924\u093f\u0928<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\"><em>tin<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-5\">\u0924\u093f\u0928\u0915\u094b<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-6\"><em>tinako<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-126 from cache --><\/p>\n<p>Note: The genitive form agrees with the noun that is owned (the possessed noun), not with the pronoun (the possessor).<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"p1\">Ownership with -\u0915\u094b, -\u0915\u0940, -\u0915\u093e<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\">In Nepali, ownership\u2014equivalent to English \u2019s or \u201cof\u201d\u2014is expressed using the genitive marker -\u0915\u094b \/ -\u0915\u0940 \/ -\u0915\u093e (<i>-ko \/ -k\u012b \/ -k\u0101<\/i>). This marker links an owner to the thing being owned and attaches directly to nouns and proper names, functioning similarly to the English apostrophe-s.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">For example, \u201cRam\u2019s book\u201d is expressed by adding -\u0915\u094b to the owner\u2019s name.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">This genitive construction is used for general ownership or association. It is distinct from constructions with -\u0938\u0901\u0917 (<i>-sa\u1e45ga<\/i>) or -\u0938\u093f\u0924 (<i>-sita<\/i>), which indicate possession in the sense of physical association or \u201cwith someone\u201d at a particular moment rather than permanent ownership.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"p1\">Agreement of -\u0915\u094b \/ -\u0915\u0940 \/ -\u0915\u093e<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\">In Nepali, the genitive marker \u2013\u0915\u094b (<i>-ko<\/i>) changes form based on the <span class=\"s1\">thing being owned (the possessed noun)<\/span>\u2014not the owner.<\/p>\n<p><b>Simple rule<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">\u2013\u0915\u094b (<i>-ko<\/i>) \u2192 singular nouns<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">\u2013\u0915\u0940 (<i>-k\u012b<\/i>) \u2192 singular <span class=\"s1\">female person<b><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">\u2013\u0915\u093e (<i>-k\u0101<\/i>) \u2192 plural nouns<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-128-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-128\">Table 4.4.4 \u2013 \u2013\u0915\u094b\/\u2013\u0915\u0940\/\u2013\u0915\u093e agreement (possessed noun controls)<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-128\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-128\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-128-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">English<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0938\u091e\u094d\u091c\u092f\u0915\u094b \u0918\u0930<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>sa\u00f1jayako ghar<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">Sanjay\u2019s house<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0938\u091e\u094d\u091c\u092f\u0915\u0940 \u092c\u0939\u093f\u0928\u0940<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>sa\u00f1jayak\u012b bahin\u012b<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">Sanjay\u2019s younger sister<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0938\u091e\u094d\u091c\u092f\u0915\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c\u0939\u0930\u0942<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>sa\u00f1jayak\u0101 kit\u0101bhar\u016b<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">Sanjay\u2019s books<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-128 from cache --><\/p>\n<h1 data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"37\">Possession vs. Ownership in Nepali<\/h1>\n<p class=\"p1\">In Nepali, \u201chaving something\u201d and \u201cbelonging to someone\u201d are expressed using two different grammatical patterns.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">To express that someone has or does not have something, Nepali typically uses the existence verb \u091b \/ \u091b\u0928\u094d (<i>cha \/ chan<\/i>) and its negative form \u091b\u0948\u0928 (<i>chaina<\/i>). The possessor is marked with the genitive \u2013\u0915\u094b (<i>-ko<\/i>). This pattern describes what exists in relation to a person.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">To express ownership or identity (\u201csomething belongs to someone\u201d), Nepali uses an identity construction with \u0939\u094b \/ \u0939\u094b\u0907\u0928 (<i>ho \/ hoina<\/i>). This links the item directly to its owner, again using \u2013\u0915\u094b (<i>-ko<\/i>) to mark possession.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">In short:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">Possession = existence (\u201csomeone has something\u201d)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">Ownership = identity (\u201csomething is someone\u2019s\u201d)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>1) \u201cHave \/ do not have\u201d (Possession)<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\">Use this pattern to describe what someone has or does not have.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Structure:<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">[Person + \u2013\u0915\u094b (<i>-ko<\/i>)] + [Thing] + \u091b \/ \u091b\u0928\u094d (<i>cha \/ chan<\/i>) \/ \u091b\u0948\u0928 (<i>chaina<\/i>)<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Important point:<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">The thing being possessed is the grammatical subject, so the verb agrees with it.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Meaning focus:<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Describes what exists in relation to a person (\u201cwhat is with someone\u201d).<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-129-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-129\">Table 4.4.5 \u2013 \u201cHave \/ do not have\u201d: possession with \u091b\/\u091b\u0928\u094d, \u091b\u0948\u0928<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-129\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-129\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-129-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">English<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0930\u093f\u0924\u0947\u0936\u0915\u093e \u0926\u0941\u0908 \u091c\u0928\u093e \u092d\u093e\u0907 \u091b\u0928\u094d\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>rite\u015bk\u0101 du\u012b jan\u0101 bh\u0101i chan.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">Ritesh has two younger brothers.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0928\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0915\u094b \u0915\u093e\u0930 \u091b\u0948\u0928\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>ni\u015b\u0101ko k\u0101r chaina.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">Nisha does not have a car.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-129 from cache --><\/p>\n<h2>2) \u201cBelongs to \/ is someone\u2019s\u201d (Ownership)<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\">Use this pattern when identifying who something belongs to.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Structure:<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">[Thing] + [Person + \u2013\u0915\u094b (<i>-ko<\/i>)] + \u0939\u094b \/ \u0939\u094b\u0907\u0928 (<i>ho \/ hoina<\/i>)<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Important point:<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">The sentence expresses identity (X = Y), not existence.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Meaning focus:<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Identifies ownership as a property of the item (\u201cwhat something is\u201d).<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-130-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-130\">Table 4.4.6 \u2013 \u201cBelongs to\u201d: ownership with \u0939\u094b\/\u0939\u094b\u0907\u0928<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-130\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-130\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-130-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">English<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092f\u094b \u0930\u093e\u0924\u094b \u091c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0915\u0947\u091f \u0906\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u094b \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>yo r\u0101to jy\u0101ke\u1e6d \u0101rt\u012bko ho.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">This red jacket is Aarti\u2019s.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u090a \u092e\u094b\u0939\u0928\u0915\u094b \u0938\u093e\u0925\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0907\u0928\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>\u016b mohanko s\u0101th\u012b hoina.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">He is not Mohan\u2019s friend.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-130 from cache --><\/p>\n<h3>Chains of Ownership<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\">In Nepali, you can express multiple levels of possession by stacking genitive phrases using \u2013\u0915\u094b (<i>-ko<\/i>) \/ \u2013\u0915\u0940 (<i>-k\u012b<\/i>) \/ \u2013\u0915\u093e (<i>-k\u0101<\/i>). This creates a chain of ownership meaning \u201cA\u2019s B\u2019s C\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Each genitive phrase modifies the noun that follows it, so meaning is built step by step from left to right.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Key idea:<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Each \u2013\u0915\u094b phrase attaches to the next noun and passes ownership along the chain.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Usage note:<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">These chains are common in Nepali, but very long sequences can become difficult to process. In natural speech, speakers often shorten them or split them into two sentences for clarity.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-131-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-131\">Table 4.4.7 \u2013 Chains of ownership (stacked \u2013\u0915\u094b phrases)<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-131\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-131\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-131-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">English<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0906\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u094b \u0938\u093e\u0925\u0940<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>\u0101rat\u012bko s\u0101th\u012b<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">Aarti\u2019s friend<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0906\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u094b \u0938\u093e\u0925\u0940\u0915\u094b \u0906\u092e\u093e<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>\u0101rat\u012bko s\u0101th\u012bko \u0101m\u0101<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">Aarti\u2019s friend\u2019s mother<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0906\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u094b \u0938\u093e\u0925\u0940\u0915\u094b \u0906\u092e\u093e\u0915\u094b \u092a\u0938\u0932<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>\u0101rat\u012bko s\u0101th\u012bko \u0101m\u0101ko pasal<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">Aarti\u2019s friend\u2019s mother\u2019s shop<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0906\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u094b \u0938\u093e\u0925\u0940\u0915\u094b \u0906\u092e\u093e\u0915\u094b \u092a\u0938\u0932\u0915\u093e \u092b\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0939\u0930\u0942<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>\u0101rat\u012bko s\u0101th\u012bko \u0101m\u0101ko pasalk\u0101 pho\u1e6dohar\u016b<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">Aarti\u2019s friend\u2019s mother\u2019s shop\u2019s photos<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-131 from cache --><\/p>\n<h1>Asking \u201cWhose?\u201d Questions<\/h1>\n<p class=\"p1\">To ask \u201cwhose?\u201d in Nepali, use the interrogative possessive forms \u0915\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094b (<i>kasko<\/i>), \u0915\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0940 (<i>kask\u012b<\/i>), and \u0915\u0938\u094d\u0915\u093e (<i>kask\u0101<\/i>).<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">These forms function like the genitive markers \u2013\u0915\u094b (<i>-ko<\/i>) \/ \u2013\u0915\u0940 (<i>-k\u012b<\/i>) \/ \u2013\u0915\u093e (<i>-k\u0101<\/i>). They agree with the noun being possessed (the thing owned), not with the owner.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">In other words, the form of \u201cwhose\u201d is chosen based on the noun that follows it:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">\u0915\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094b (<i>kasko<\/i>) \u2192 singular masculine or general nouns<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">\u0915\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0940 (<i>kask\u012b<\/i>) \u2192 singular feminine human nouns<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">\u0915\u0938\u094d\u0915\u093e (<i>kask\u0101<\/i>) \u2192 plural nouns<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p1\">Key idea:<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Match \u0915\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094b \/ \u0915\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0940 \/ \u0915\u0938\u094d\u0915\u093e to the possessed noun, not to the owner.<\/p>\n<h2>Which form to use<\/h2>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-132-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-132\">Table 4.4.8 \u2013 Choosing \u0915\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094b\/\u0915\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0940\/\u0915\u0938\u094d\u0915\u093e by owned noun type<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-132\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-132\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-132-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Owned noun type<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Question form<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">Example<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-4\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">singular<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0915\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094b (<em>kasko<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u092f\u094b \u0915\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0939\u094b?<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\"><em>yo kasko kit\u0101b ho?<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">plural<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0915\u0938\u094d\u0915\u093e (<em>kask\u0101<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u092f\u0940 \u0915\u0938\u094d\u0915\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d?<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\"><em>y\u012b kask\u0101 kit\u0101bhar\u016b hun?<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">feminine singular<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0915\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0940 (<em>kask\u012b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\"> \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0940 \u0906\u092e\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b?<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\"><em>uh\u0101\u0303 kask\u012b \u0101m\u0101 hunuhuncha??<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-132 from cache --><\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox\">\n<h2>Check Your Understanding<\/h2>\n<div id=\"h5p-76\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-76\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"76\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Possessive Pronouns and Genitive Agreement\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":2466,"menu_order":4,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"Grammar Focus","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":"cc-by-nc"},"chapter-type":[49],"contributor":[],"license":[56],"class_list":["post-2071","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","chapter-type-numberless","license-cc-by-nc"],"part":1401,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2071","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2466"}],"version-history":[{"count":26,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2071\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12054,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2071\/revisions\/12054"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/1401"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2071\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2071"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=2071"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=2071"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=2071"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}