{"id":2106,"date":"2025-11-30T19:48:25","date_gmt":"2025-12-01T00:48:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=2106"},"modified":"2026-04-26T19:21:59","modified_gmt":"2026-04-26T23:21:59","slug":"chapter-5-unit-4-grammar-focus","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/chapter\/chapter-5-unit-4-grammar-focus\/","title":{"raw":"Unit 4 \u2014 Grammar Focus","rendered":"Unit 4 \u2014 Grammar Focus"},"content":{"raw":"<h1 data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"52\">Revision: Identity sentences (identifying people)<\/h1>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">As a reminder from the previous chapter, identity sentences are used only for labeling or identifying (X = Y): stating who someone is or what something is (name, role, or category).<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Do not use identity forms for location, existence (\u201cthere is\/are\u201d), or temporary states or conditions (\u201chungry,\u201d \u201ctired\u201d). These meanings use \u091b \/ \u091b\u0928\u094d (<i>cha \/ chan<\/i>) patterns, which are covered in other sections.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">In Nepali, identity sentences (X = Y) use present-tense forms of \u0939\u094b (<i>ho<\/i>) and \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941 (<i>hunu<\/i>). The form changes depending on:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol start=\"1\">\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">the subject (I, we, he, she, they, you)<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">the level of respect (plain vs. honorific)<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Negative forms:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Plain subjects \u2192 \u0939\u094b\u0907\u0928 (<i>hoina<\/i>) \/ \u0939\u094b\u0907\u0928\u0928\u094d (<i>hoinan<\/i>)<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Honorific subjects \u2192 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928 (<i>hunuhunna<\/i>)<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The table below shows the most common identity forms for people in the present tense, along with their negatives.<\/p>\r\n[table id=138 \/]\r\n\r\n[table id=139 \/]\r\n\r\n[table id=140 \/]\r\n\r\n[table id=141 \/]\r\n<h2>Questions with the identity verb<\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">To ask \u201cwho\u201d questions about people in Nepali, use the interrogative \u0915\u094b (<i>ko<\/i>) \u201cwho?\u201d with identity verb forms such as \u0939\u094b (<i>ho<\/i>), \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d (<i>hun<\/i>), and \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b (<i>hunuhuncha<\/i>), depending on number and level of respect.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">You can also form yes\/no identity questions by adding \u0915\u0947 (<i>ke<\/i>) at the beginning of the sentence or by using rising intonation.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The key rule is that the verb must match the subject\u2019s politeness level:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Plain subjects \u2192 \u0939\u094b (<i>ho<\/i>) \/ \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d (<i>hun<\/i>)<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Honorific subjects \u2192 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b (<i>hunuhuncha<\/i>)<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[table id=142 \/]\r\n<h1>Interrogative pronoun: <em>-ko<\/em><\/h1>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">In Nepali, \u0915\u094b (<i>ko<\/i>) means \u201cwho?\u201d and is used to ask about a person\u2019s identity.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">In identity questions, \u0915\u094b (<i>ko<\/i>) is placed before the identity verb. The verb form then changes according to number and level of respect (e.g., \u0939\u094b (<i>ho<\/i>), \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d (<i>hun<\/i>), \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b (<i>hunuhuncha<\/i>)).<\/p>\r\n[table id=144 \/]\r\n\r\n[table id=145 \/]\r\n<h1>Expressing origin<\/h1>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">In Nepali, \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901\u092c\u093e\u091f (<i>kah\u0101\u0303b\u0101\u1e6da<\/i>) means \u201cfrom where?\u201d and is used to ask about a person\u2019s or thing\u2019s origin.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">It is formed from \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 (<i>kah\u0101\u0303<\/i>) \u201cwhere\u201d + \u092c\u093e\u091f (<i>b\u0101\u1e6da<\/i>) \u201cfrom\u201d.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Nepali uses postpositions, meaning the marker comes after the noun it refers to. For example, \u201cfrom Nepal\u201d is \u0928\u0947\u092a\u093e\u0932\u092c\u093e\u091f (<i>nep\u0101lb\u0101\u1e6da<\/i>), not \u092c\u093e\u091f \u0928\u0947\u092a\u093e\u0932 (<i>b\u0101\u1e6da nep\u0101l<\/i>).<\/p>\r\n[table id=146 \/]\r\n<h1>Origin vs nationality: two different answers<\/h1>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">In Nepali, \u201cwhere someone is from\u201d (origin) and \u201cwhat someone is\u201d (nationality\/identity) are expressed using two different patterns.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2>A) Place of origin (uses \u092c\u093e\u091f \u201cfrom\u201d)<\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">To express where a person is from, Nepali uses the postposition \u092c\u093e\u091f (<i>b\u0101\u1e6da<\/i>) meaning \u201cfrom,\u201d attached to a place name.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The sentence then uses a form of \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941 (<i>hunu<\/i>) such as \u0939\u0941\u0901 (<i>hu\u0303<\/i>) or \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b (<i>hunuhuncha<\/i>), depending on the subject and level of respect.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Example:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">\u0928\u0947\u092a\u093e\u0932\u092c\u093e\u091f (<i>nep\u0101lb\u0101\u1e6da<\/i>) = from Nepal<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[table id=147 \/]\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Meaning focus:<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">This pattern describes origin or source (\u201ccoming from a place\u201d).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2>B) Nationality \/ identity label (no \u092c\u093e\u091f)<\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">To state nationality or identity, Nepali uses a noun or adjective (e.g., \u201cNepali,\u201d \u201cCanadian\u201d) without \u092c\u093e\u091f (<i>b\u0101\u1e6da<\/i>).<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">This is an identity statement (X = Y), and it also uses \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941 (<i>hunu<\/i>) forms.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Example:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">\u092e \u0928\u0947\u092a\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0901\u0964 (<i>ma nep\u0101l\u012b hu\u0303.<\/i>)<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">I am Nepali.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[table id=148 \/]\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Meaning focus:<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">This pattern expresses identity or classification, not physical origin.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3 data-start=\"665\" data-end=\"696\">Using both (very natural)<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">\u092e \u0928\u0947\u092a\u093e\u0932\u092c\u093e\u091f \u0939\u0941\u0901\u0964 \u092e \u0928\u0947\u092a\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0901\u0964<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">(<i>ma nep\u0101lb\u0101\u1e6da hu\u0303. ma nep\u0101l\u012b hu\u0303.<\/i>)<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">I am from Nepal. I am Nepali.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h4 data-start=\"800\" data-end=\"815\">Key distinction<\/h4>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">\u092c\u093e\u091f (<i>b\u0101\u1e6da<\/i>) \u2192 origin\/source (\u201cfrom where\u201d)<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">No \u092c\u093e\u091f \u2192 identity\/nationality (\u201cwhat someone is\u201d)<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p data-start=\"818\" data-end=\"863\"><span style=\"font-size: 1.602em;font-weight: bold\">Check your understanding<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox\">\r\n\r\n[h5p id=\"64\"]\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<h1 data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"52\">Revision: Identity sentences (identifying people)<\/h1>\n<p class=\"p1\">As a reminder from the previous chapter, identity sentences are used only for labeling or identifying (X = Y): stating who someone is or what something is (name, role, or category).<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Do not use identity forms for location, existence (\u201cthere is\/are\u201d), or temporary states or conditions (\u201chungry,\u201d \u201ctired\u201d). These meanings use \u091b \/ \u091b\u0928\u094d (<i>cha \/ chan<\/i>) patterns, which are covered in other sections.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">In Nepali, identity sentences (X = Y) use present-tense forms of \u0939\u094b (<i>ho<\/i>) and \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941 (<i>hunu<\/i>). The form changes depending on:<\/p>\n<ol start=\"1\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">the subject (I, we, he, she, they, you)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">the level of respect (plain vs. honorific)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p class=\"p1\">Negative forms:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">Plain subjects \u2192 \u0939\u094b\u0907\u0928 (<i>hoina<\/i>) \/ \u0939\u094b\u0907\u0928\u0928\u094d (<i>hoinan<\/i>)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">Honorific subjects \u2192 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928 (<i>hunuhunna<\/i>)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p1\">The table below shows the most common identity forms for people in the present tense, along with their negatives.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-138-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-138\">Table 5.4.1 \u2013 Non-honorific present \u201cho\u201d forms<\/h2>\n<p><span id=\"tablepress-138-description\" class=\"tablepress-table-description tablepress-table-description-id-138\">These forms are used in casual, non-honorific contexts. In this book, you will mostly use polite forms with \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 (tap\u0101\u012b\u0303). This table is included mainly for recognition.<\/span><\/p>\n<table id=\"tablepress-138\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-138\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-138-name\" aria-describedby=\"tablepress-138-description\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Subject<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Affirmative<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">Negative<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092e (<em>ma<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0939\u0941\u0901 (<em>h\u0169<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0939\u094b\u0907\u0928 (<em>hoina<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0939\u093e\u092e\u0940 (<em>h\u0101m\u012b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0939\u094c\u0901 (<em>ha\u0169<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0939\u094b\u0907\u0928\u094c\u0901 (<em>hoina\u0169<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u090a (<em>\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0939\u094b (<em>ho<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0939\u094b\u0907\u0928 (<em>hoina<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0928\u0940 \/ \u092f\u093f\u0928\u0940 \/ \u0924\u093f\u0928\u0940 (<em>un\u012b \/ yin\u012b \/ tin\u012b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d (<em>hun<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0939\u094b\u0907\u0928\u0928\u094d (<em>hoinan<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0928\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 (<em>un\u012bhar\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d (<em>hun<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0939\u094b\u0907\u0928\u0928\u094d (<em>hoinan<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-138 from cache --><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-139-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-139\">Table 5.4.2 \u2013 Honorific\/polite present \u201cho\u201d forms<\/h2>\n<p><span id=\"tablepress-139-description\" class=\"tablepress-table-description tablepress-table-description-id-139\">Use these forms for polite\/respectful subjects such as \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 (tap\u0101\u012b\u0303) and \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 (uh\u0101\u0303).<\/span><\/p>\n<table id=\"tablepress-139\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-139\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-139-name\" aria-describedby=\"tablepress-139-description\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Subject<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Affirmative<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">Negative<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 (<em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b (<em>hunuhuncha<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928 (<em>hunuhunna<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 (<em>uh\u0101\u0303<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b (<em>hunuhuncha<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928 (<em>hunuhunna<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0939\u0930\u0942 (<em>uh\u0101\u0303har\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b (<em>hunuhuncha<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928 (<em>hunuhunna<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-139 from cache --><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-140-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-140\">Table 5.4.3 \u2013 Identity sentences (affirmative)<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-140\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-140\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-140-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">Meaning<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092f\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>y\u012b widy\u0101rth\u012b hun.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">These are students.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0901\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>ma widy\u0101rth\u012b h\u0169.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">I am a student.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u091c\u094b\u0928 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>jon \u015bik\u1e63ak ho.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">John is a teacher.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 pr\u0101dhy\u0101pak hunuhuncha.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">You (polite) are a professor.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0921\u093e\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>uh\u0101\u0303 \u1e0d\u0101k\u1e6dar hunuhuncha.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">He\/She (hon.) is a doctor.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-140 from cache --><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-141-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-141\">Table 5.4.4 \u2013 Identity sentences (Negative)<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-141\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-141\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-141-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">Meaning<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0928\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0907\u0928\u0928\u094d\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>un\u012bhar\u016b widy\u0101rth\u012b hoinan.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">They are not students.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>uh\u0101\u0303 pr\u0101dhy\u0101pak hunuhunna.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">He\/She (hon.) is not a professor.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 widy\u0101rth\u012b hunuhunna.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">You (polite) are not a student.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-141 from cache --><\/p>\n<h2>Questions with the identity verb<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\">To ask \u201cwho\u201d questions about people in Nepali, use the interrogative \u0915\u094b (<i>ko<\/i>) \u201cwho?\u201d with identity verb forms such as \u0939\u094b (<i>ho<\/i>), \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d (<i>hun<\/i>), and \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b (<i>hunuhuncha<\/i>), depending on number and level of respect.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">You can also form yes\/no identity questions by adding \u0915\u0947 (<i>ke<\/i>) at the beginning of the sentence or by using rising intonation.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">The key rule is that the verb must match the subject\u2019s politeness level:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">Plain subjects \u2192 \u0939\u094b (<i>ho<\/i>) \/ \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d (<i>hun<\/i>)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">Honorific subjects \u2192 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b (<i>hunuhuncha<\/i>)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-142-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-142\">Table 5.4.5 \u2013 Identity questions (yes\/no)<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-142\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-142\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-142-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">Meaning<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0915\u0947 \u092f\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d?<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>ke y\u012b widy\u0101rth\u012b hun?<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">Are these students?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0915\u0947 \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b?<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>ke tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 pr\u0101dhy\u0101pak hunuhuncha?<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">Are you (polite) a professor?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0921\u093e\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b?<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>ke uh\u0101\u0303 \u1e0d\u0101k\u1e6dar hunuhuncha?<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">Is he\/she (hon.) a doctor?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-142 from cache --><\/p>\n<h1>Interrogative pronoun: <em>-ko<\/em><\/h1>\n<p class=\"p1\">In Nepali, \u0915\u094b (<i>ko<\/i>) means \u201cwho?\u201d and is used to ask about a person\u2019s identity.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">In identity questions, \u0915\u094b (<i>ko<\/i>) is placed before the identity verb. The verb form then changes according to number and level of respect (e.g., \u0939\u094b (<i>ho<\/i>), \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d (<i>hun<\/i>), \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b (<i>hunuhuncha<\/i>)).<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-144-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-144\">Table 5.4.6 \u2013 Who-questions with \u0915\u094b (ko)<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-144\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-144\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-144-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">English<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b \u0915\u094b \u0939\u094b?<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>tyo ko ho?<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">Who is that?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092e \u0915\u094b \u0939\u0941\u0901?<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>ma ko h\u0169?<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">Who am I?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b?<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 ko hunuhuncha?<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">Who are you (polite)? <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u094b \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b?<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>uh\u0101\u0303 ko hunuhuncha?<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">Who is he\/she (hon.)? <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-144 from cache --><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-145-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-145\">Table 5.4.7 \u2013 Short answers (identity)<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-145\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-145\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-145-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">English<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b \u091c\u094b\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>tyo jon ho.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">That is John.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>t\u012b widy\u0101rth\u012b hun.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">Those are students.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u091c\u094b\u0928 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>uh\u0101\u0303 jon hunuhuncha.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">He\/She (hon.) is John.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>uh\u0101\u0303 \u015bik\u1e63ak hunuhuncha.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">He\/She (hon.) is a teacher.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-145 from cache --><\/p>\n<h1>Expressing origin<\/h1>\n<p class=\"p1\">In Nepali, \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901\u092c\u093e\u091f (<i>kah\u0101\u0303b\u0101\u1e6da<\/i>) means \u201cfrom where?\u201d and is used to ask about a person\u2019s or thing\u2019s origin.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">It is formed from \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 (<i>kah\u0101\u0303<\/i>) \u201cwhere\u201d + \u092c\u093e\u091f (<i>b\u0101\u1e6da<\/i>) \u201cfrom\u201d.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Nepali uses postpositions, meaning the marker comes after the noun it refers to. For example, \u201cfrom Nepal\u201d is \u0928\u0947\u092a\u093e\u0932\u092c\u093e\u091f (<i>nep\u0101lb\u0101\u1e6da<\/i>), not \u092c\u093e\u091f \u0928\u0947\u092a\u093e\u0932 (<i>b\u0101\u1e6da nep\u0101l<\/i>).<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-146-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-146\">Table 5.4.8 \u2013 Origin questions (\u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901\u092c\u093e\u091f \u2026?)<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-146\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-146\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-146-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">English<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901\u092c\u093e\u091f \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b?<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 kah\u0101\u0303b\u0101\u1e6da hunuhuncha?<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">Where are you from?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901\u092c\u093e\u091f \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b?<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>uh\u0101\u0303 kah\u0101\u0303b\u0101\u1e6da hunuhuncha?<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">Where is he\/she (hon.) from? <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-146 from cache --><\/p>\n<h1>Origin vs nationality: two different answers<\/h1>\n<p class=\"p1\">In Nepali, \u201cwhere someone is from\u201d (origin) and \u201cwhat someone is\u201d (nationality\/identity) are expressed using two different patterns.<\/p>\n<h2>A) Place of origin (uses \u092c\u093e\u091f \u201cfrom\u201d)<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\">To express where a person is from, Nepali uses the postposition \u092c\u093e\u091f (<i>b\u0101\u1e6da<\/i>) meaning \u201cfrom,\u201d attached to a place name.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">The sentence then uses a form of \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941 (<i>hunu<\/i>) such as \u0939\u0941\u0901 (<i>hu\u0303<\/i>) or \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b (<i>hunuhuncha<\/i>), depending on the subject and level of respect.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Example:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">\u0928\u0947\u092a\u093e\u0932\u092c\u093e\u091f (<i>nep\u0101lb\u0101\u1e6da<\/i>) = from Nepal<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-147-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-147\">Table 5.4.9 \u2013 Origin statements with \u2013\u092c\u093e\u091f (\u2013b\u0101\u1e6da)<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-147\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-147\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-147-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">English<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092e \u0928\u0947\u092a\u093e\u0932\u092c\u093e\u091f \u0939\u0941\u0901\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>ma nep\u0101lb\u0101\u1e6da h\u0169.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">I am from Nepal.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928\u0921\u093e\u092c\u093e\u091f \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 ky\u0101n\u0101\u1e0d\u0101b\u0101\u1e6da hunuhuncha.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">You are from Canada.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-147 from cache --><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Meaning focus:<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">This pattern describes origin or source (\u201ccoming from a place\u201d).<\/p>\n<h2>B) Nationality \/ identity label (no \u092c\u093e\u091f)<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\">To state nationality or identity, Nepali uses a noun or adjective (e.g., \u201cNepali,\u201d \u201cCanadian\u201d) without \u092c\u093e\u091f (<i>b\u0101\u1e6da<\/i>).<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">This is an identity statement (X = Y), and it also uses \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941 (<i>hunu<\/i>) forms.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Example:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">\u092e \u0928\u0947\u092a\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0901\u0964 (<i>ma nep\u0101l\u012b hu\u0303.<\/i>)<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">I am Nepali.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-148-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-148\">Table 5.4.10 \u2013 Nationality statements (no \u2013\u092c\u093e\u091f)<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-148\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-148\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-148-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">English<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092e \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0939\u0941\u0901\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>ma \u015bik\u1e63ak hu\u0303.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">I am a teacher.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 ky\u0101ne\u1e0diyan hunuhuncha.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">You are Canadian.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-148 from cache --><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Meaning focus:<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">This pattern expresses identity or classification, not physical origin.<\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"665\" data-end=\"696\">Using both (very natural)<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">\u092e \u0928\u0947\u092a\u093e\u0932\u092c\u093e\u091f \u0939\u0941\u0901\u0964 \u092e \u0928\u0947\u092a\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0901\u0964<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">(<i>ma nep\u0101lb\u0101\u1e6da hu\u0303. ma nep\u0101l\u012b hu\u0303.<\/i>)<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">I am from Nepal. I am Nepali.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 data-start=\"800\" data-end=\"815\">Key distinction<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">\u092c\u093e\u091f (<i>b\u0101\u1e6da<\/i>) \u2192 origin\/source (\u201cfrom where\u201d)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">No \u092c\u093e\u091f \u2192 identity\/nationality (\u201cwhat someone is\u201d)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"818\" data-end=\"863\"><span style=\"font-size: 1.602em;font-weight: bold\">Check your understanding<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<div id=\"h5p-64\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-64\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"64\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Chapter 5 Unit 4 Quick Quiz: Asking &amp; Answering Questions\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":2466,"menu_order":4,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"Grammar Focus","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":"cc-by-nc"},"chapter-type":[49],"contributor":[],"license":[56],"class_list":["post-2106","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","chapter-type-numberless","license-cc-by-nc"],"part":1775,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2106","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2466"}],"version-history":[{"count":26,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2106\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12030,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2106\/revisions\/12030"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/1775"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2106\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2106"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=2106"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=2106"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=2106"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}