{"id":2699,"date":"2025-12-14T01:57:21","date_gmt":"2025-12-14T06:57:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/?post_type=chapter&p=2699"},"modified":"2026-04-27T23:37:03","modified_gmt":"2026-04-28T03:37:03","slug":"chapter-13-unit-4-grammar-focus","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/chapter\/chapter-13-unit-4-grammar-focus\/","title":{"raw":"Unit 4 \u2014 Grammar Focus","rendered":"Unit 4 \u2014 Grammar Focus"},"content":{"raw":"

Verbs<\/h1>\r\n

A verb<\/span> is a word that expresses what is happening in a sentence. It can show an action<\/span> (what someone does), an event<\/span> (what happens), or a state\/condition<\/span> (how something is). In most sentences, the verb forms the predicate<\/span>, carrying the main meaning of the clause.<\/p>\r\n

In Nepali, verbs also encode key grammatical information such as tense\/aspect<\/span> (time and type of action), polarity<\/span> (affirmative vs. negative), and often agreement and honorificity<\/span> (levels of respect).<\/p>\r\n

You have already seen common Nepali verb forms like \u091b (cha<\/i>) and \u0939\u094b (ho<\/i>). These come from the verb \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941 (hunu<\/i>, \u201cto be\u201d) and are frequently used as linking verbs (copulas)<\/span> to connect a subject to an identity, description, or state, rather than to express a concrete action.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

The dictionary form of Nepali verbs<\/h2>\r\n

The dictionary form<\/span> (or citation form) is the form used to list verbs in Nepali dictionaries. It typically ends in \u2013\u0928\u0941 (\u2013nu<\/i>), and you can think of it as the verb\u2019s \u201cbase name\u201d (similar to English \u201cto do,\u201d \u201cto sit,\u201d \u201cto speak\u201d).<\/p>\r\n

This form is non-finite<\/span>: it names the verb but is not usually used as the main verb in a complete sentence. To form full sentences, Nepali verbs take finite forms<\/span> (and sometimes auxiliaries) that show tense\/aspect, polarity (affirmative vs. negative), and agreement or honorific level.<\/p>\r\n

[table id=345 \/]<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Finding the Verb Base<\/h2>\r\n

For learning purposes, it is useful to identify a verb base<\/span>\u2014the form to which many endings attach in Nepali.<\/p>\r\n

For many verbs, you can find a practical base by removing \u2013\u0928\u0941 (\u2013nu<\/em>)<\/span> from the dictionary form. This helps you see how different verb forms are built and how sounds may change when endings are added.<\/p>\r\n

Working rule:<\/p>\r\n

verb base \u2248 dictionary form \u2212 \u2013\u0928\u0941<\/i><\/i><\/p>\r\n

In other words, remove \u2013nu<\/i> to get the base.<\/p>\r\n[table id=346 \/]\r\n

The Habitual Present Tense<\/h1>\r\n

Tense<\/span> shows when something happens (past vs. non-past), while aspect<\/span> shows how it happens (habit, routine, general truth, etc.). In Nepali, these work together. A key starting point is the non-past habitual<\/span>, used for routines, general truths, and sometimes scheduled future actions.<\/p>\r\n

This form expresses what someone regularly does<\/span> or what is generally true<\/span>:<\/p>\r\n\r\n

    \r\n \t
  • \r\n

    \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0939\u0930\u0947\u0915 \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u091a\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092a\u093f\u0909\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964<\/p>\r\n

    tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 harek din ciy\u0101 piunuhuncha.<\/i><\/i><\/p>\r\n

    \u201cYou drink tea every day.\u201d<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t

  • \r\n

    \u0915\u093e\u0920\u092e\u093e\u0921\u094c\u0902 \u0928\u0947\u092a\u093e\u0932\u092e\u093e \u091b\u0964<\/p>\r\n

    k\u0101\u1e6dhm\u0101\u1e0dau\u0303 nep\u0101lm\u0101 cha.<\/i><\/i><\/p>\r\n

    \u201cKathmandu is in Nepal.\u201d<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n

    With a clear time expression, the same form can also refer to the future<\/span>:<\/p>\r\n\r\n

      \r\n \t
    • \r\n

      \u092d\u094b\u0932\u093f \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964<\/p>\r\n

      bholi tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 k\u0101ry\u0101laya j\u0101nuhuncha.<\/i><\/i><\/p>\r\n

      \u201cYou are going to the office tomorrow.\u201d<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t

    • \r\n

      \u0938\u094b\u092e\u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u093e\u092e\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0926\u093f\u0928\u094d\u091b\u094c\u0901\u0964<\/p>\r\n

      somb\u0101r h\u0101m\u012b par\u012bk\u1e63\u0101 dinchau\u0303.<\/i><\/i><\/p>\r\n

      \u201cWe have an exam on Monday.\u201d<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[table id=347 \/]<\/span>\r\n

      \r\n

      Forming the Habitual Present<\/h2>\r\n<\/div>\r\n

      In Nepali, the habitual present is used for routines, regular actions, and general facts. It is formed by combining a lexical verb<\/span> with markers of non-past tense<\/span>, polarity<\/span> (affirmative\/negative), and agreement<\/span> (including honorific level).<\/p>\r\n

      A simple way to think of the structure is:<\/p>\r\n

      verb base + non-past \/ polarity \/ agreement<\/p>\r\n

      Nepali uses two main patterns:<\/p>\r\n\r\n

        \r\n \t
      • \r\n

        Non-honorific (plain) pattern:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

        the verb base takes endings from the \u2013\u091b (\u2013cha<\/em>) family<\/span> (affirmative) and the \u2013\u0926\u0948\u0928 (\u2013daina<\/em>) family<\/span> (negative)<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t

      • \r\n

        Honorific (respectful) pattern:<\/span><\/p>\r\n

        with \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 (tap\u0101\u012b\u0303<\/i>) or \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 (uh\u0101\u0303<\/i>), verbs typically use forms like<\/p>\r\n

        \u2013\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b (\u2013nuhuncha<\/em>) (affirmative) and <\/span>\u2013\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928 (\u2013nuhunna<\/em>) (negative)<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nKey idea\r\n

        The verb form changes not only for tense, but also for respect level<\/span>, which is a central feature of Nepali grammar.<\/p>\r\n[table id=348 \/]\r\n\r\n[table id=349 \/]\r\n\r\n[table id=350 \/]\r\n\r\n[table id=351 \/]\r\n

        Verb Categories in Nepali: Three Stem-Based Types<\/h1>\r\n

        A useful way to classify Nepali verbs is by the shape of the verb base<\/span>, which you get by removing \u2013\u0928\u0941 (\u2013nu<\/i>) from the dictionary form. This is a form-based system<\/span> that helps you predict how present-tense endings attach and where sound changes may occur at the boundary between stem and suffix.<\/p>\r\n

        Nepali verbs fall into three main categories:<\/p>\r\n\r\n

          \r\n \t
        • \r\n

          C-verbs<\/span>: verb base ends in a consonant<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t

        • \r\n

          V-verbs<\/span>: verb base ends in a single vowel<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t

        • \r\n

          VV-verbs<\/span>: verb base ends in a vowel sequence (often \u0906\u0909- (\u0101u-<\/i>) or \u092a\u093f\u0909- (piu-<\/i>))<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n

          To identify the category:<\/p>\r\n\r\n

            \r\n \t
          1. \r\n

            Start with the dictionary form (\u2013\u0928\u0941 form)<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t

          2. \r\n

            Remove \u2013\u0928\u0941 (\u2013nu<\/i>) to find the verb base<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t

          3. \r\n

            Check the final sound of the base<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n

              \r\n \t
            • \r\n

              consonant \u2192 C-verb<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t

            • \r\n

              single vowel \u2192 V-verb<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t

            • \r\n

              vowel sequence \u2192 VV-verb<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[table id=352 \/]\r\n

              Why verb \u201ccategories\u201d matter in Nepali present tense<\/h2>\r\n

              Verb categories are useful in Nepali because the shape of the verb base directly affects how present-tense endings attach<\/span>. When you add common endings such as \u2013\u091b\u0941 \/ \u2013\u091b (\u2013chu \/ \u2013cha<\/i>) in the affirmative or \u2013\u0926\u093f\u0928 \/ \u2013\u0926\u0948\u0928 (\u2013dina \/ \u2013daina<\/i>) in the negative, the boundary between the verb base and the ending follows predictable patterns.<\/p>\r\n

              These three categories (C, V, VV) are a learner-friendly way to understand and anticipate those patterns, so you can both read and form present-tense verbs more accurately<\/span>.<\/p>\r\n

              The key idea is:<\/p>\r\n

              present form = verb base + ending<\/span>, but the joining changes depending on how the base ends.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n

              \r\n\r\n

              C-verbs (consonant-final bases)<\/h3>\r\n
                \r\n \t
              • \r\n

                Base ends in a consonant<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t

              • \r\n

                Endings attach directly with minimal change<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t

              • \r\n

                Pattern is generally stable and straightforward<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n

                \r\n\r\n

                V-verbs (vowel-final bases)<\/h3>\r\n
                  \r\n \t
                • \r\n

                  Base ends in a single vowel (often \u0906 \/ \u0101<\/i>)<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t

                • \r\n

                  Joining often triggers changes at the boundary<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t

                • \r\n

                  Common patterns include the appearance of \u0928\u094d (n<\/em>)<\/span> in affirmative forms and nasalization\u00a0(\u0901\u0901)<\/span> in negatives<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n

                  \r\n\r\n

                  VV-verbs (vowel sequence bases)<\/h3>\r\n
                    \r\n \t
                  • \r\n

                    Base ends in a vowel sequence (e.g., \u0906\u0909- \/ \u0101u-<\/i>, \u092a\u093f\u0909- \/ piu-<\/i>)<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t

                  • \r\n

                    The vowel sequence is preserved in formation<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t

                  • \r\n

                    Nasalization \u00a0(\u0901)<\/span> may appear, but the final vowel is not dropped<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nCore takeaway\r\n

                    Verb categories do not change meaning\u2014they simply help you predict how present-tense endings attach to different verb stems<\/span> in a systematic way.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

                    1) C-verbs: \u201cattach directly\u201d<\/h3>\r\n

                    In C-verbs, the verb base ends in a consonant. As a result, present-tense endings usually attach directly to the base with minimal or no change<\/span>. In most cases, the structure is simply:<\/p>\r\n

                    verb base + ending<\/p>\r\n

                    Because a consonant-final base meets a consonant-initial ending, Nepali often forms clear consonant clusters<\/span> in Devan\u0101gar\u012b. This makes the boundary between the stem and the ending easy to see in written forms (e.g., clusters found in forms like \u0917\u0930\u094d\u091b\u0941 (garchu<\/i>) or \u092c\u0938\u094d\u091b\u0941 (baschu<\/i>)).<\/p>\r\n

                    [table id=353 \/]<\/span><\/p>\r\n

                    [table id=354 \/]<\/p>\r\n

                    [table id=355 \/]<\/p>\r\n\r\n

                    2) V-verbs: how the joining works<\/h3>\r\n

                    In V-verbs, attention should be given to what happens at the point where a vowel-final verb base meets the present-tense endings. These forms follow predictable joining patterns that help learners recognize and build correct present-tense verbs.<\/p>\r\n

                    With affirmative \u2013\u091b endings (\u2013ch\u2026<\/em>), Nepali commonly inserts a linking \u0928\u094d (n<\/em>)<\/span> between the verb base and the ending. As a result, a base like \u0916\u093e- (kh\u0101-<\/i>) appears as \u0916\u093e\u0928\u094d- (kh\u0101n-<\/i>) before the ending:<\/p>\r\n\r\n

                      \r\n \t
                    • \r\n

                      \u0916\u093e- (kh\u0101-<\/i>) + \u2013\u091b\u0941 \u2192 \u0916\u093e\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0941 (kh\u0101nchu<\/i>)<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n

                      With negative endings (\u2013\u0926\u0948\u0928 \/ \u2013\u0926\u093f\u0928, \u2013daina \/ \u2013dina<\/i>), the vowel-final base is commonly nasalized<\/span>, written with \u091a\u0928\u094d\u0926\u094d\u0930\u092c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0941 \u0901 (candrabindu)<\/em><\/span>. The same base therefore appears as \u0916\u093e\u0901- (kh\u0101\u0303-<\/i>) in negative forms:<\/p>\r\n\r\n

                        \r\n \t
                      • \r\n

                        \u0916\u093e- (kh\u0101-<\/i>) + \u2013\u0926\u0948\u0928 \u2192 \u0916\u093e\u0901\u0926\u0948\u0928 (kh\u0101\u0303daina<\/i>)<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t

                      • \r\n

                        \u0916\u093e- (kh\u0101-<\/i>) + \u2013\u0926\u093f\u0928 \u2192 \u0916\u093e\u0901\u0926\u093f\u0928 (kh\u0101\u0303dina<\/i>)<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n

                        These two cues\u2014<\/span>\u0928\u094d (n<\/em>) in affirmative forms and (\u0901) in negative forms\u2014are the main joining signals that help learners identify and form V-verb present-tense patterns.<\/span><\/p>\r\n[table id=357 \/]\r\n\r\n[table id=358 \/]\r\n

                        3) VV-verbs: \u201ckeep both vowels (\u0909 (u<\/em>) is not dropped)\u201d<\/h3>\r\n

                        VV-verbs are verbs whose base ends in a two-vowel sequence<\/span>, most commonly \u0101u<\/span> or iu<\/span>, such as \u0906\u0909- (\u0101u-<\/i>) and \u092a\u093f\u0909- (piu-<\/i>). The key point is that this vowel sequence is retained in all inflected forms<\/span> in the habitual present\u2014Nepali does not drop the final \u0909 (u<\/em>)<\/span>.<\/p>\r\n

                        In many VV-verbs, the habitual present stem is written with \u091a\u0928\u094d\u0926\u094d\u0930\u092c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0941 \u0901 (candrabindu)<\/em><\/span>, producing nasalized stems such as \u0906\u0909\u0901- (\u0101\u0169-<\/i>) and \u092a\u093f\u0909\u0901- (pi\u0169-<\/i>). After these stems, the regular present-tense endings attach in the usual way:<\/p>\r\n\r\n

                          \r\n \t
                        • \r\n

                          \u0906\u0909\u0901\u091b\u0941 (\u0101\u0169chu<\/i>)<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t

                        • \r\n

                          \u0906\u0909\u0901\u091b (\u0101\u0169cha<\/i>)<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t

                        • \r\n

                          \u092a\u093f\u0909\u0901\u091b\u0941 (pi\u0169chu<\/i>)<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n

                          In negative forms, the same stem is used:<\/p>\r\n\r\n

                            \r\n \t
                          • \r\n

                            \u0906\u0909\u0901\u0926\u093f\u0928 (\u0101\u0169dina<\/i>)<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t

                          • \r\n

                            \u0906\u0909\u0901\u0926\u0948\u0928 (\u0101\u0169daina<\/i>)<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t

                          • \r\n

                            \u0906\u0909\u0901\u0926\u0948\u0928\u0928\u094d (\u0101\u0169dainan<\/i>)<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n

                            The \u0901 (candrabindu)<\/em><\/span> does not indicate that a vowel has been removed. Instead, it signals nasalization of the vowel sequence<\/span>, so \u0101u \u2192 \u0101\u0169<\/span> and iu \u2192 i\u0169<\/span>, while the underlying vowel structure remains intact in both pronunciation and grammar.<\/p>\r\n[table id=359 \/]\r\n\r\n[table id=360 \/]\r\n

                            Temporal interrogatives and frequency adverbials<\/h2>\r\n

                            Time expressions and frequency expressions serve different functions in Nepali grammar.<\/p>\r\n

                            Temporal interrogatives<\/span> ask for a specific time reference\u2014either a point in time or a time span (e.g., \u201cwhen?\u201d). They request information about when an event happens<\/i>.<\/p>\r\n

                            Frequency adverbials<\/span>, by contrast, describe how often something happens (e.g., always, sometimes, every day). They quantify repetition over time rather than identifying a specific time.<\/p>\r\n

                            In Nepali, both types function as clause-level modifiers<\/span>. They typically appear after the subject and before the verb phrase<\/span>, although word order can shift for emphasis or discourse focus.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

                            Asking about time - kahile<\/em><\/h3>\r\n

                            \u0915\u0939\u093f\u0932\u0947 (kahile<\/i>) is the basic temporal interrogative adverb meaning \u201cwhen?\u201d<\/span>. It is used to ask for a time reference, such as a specific point in time or a time period (e.g., tomorrow, next week, in the morning).<\/p>\r\n

                            Typical answers include expressions like:<\/p>\r\n\r\n

                              \r\n \t
                            • \r\n

                              \u092d\u094b\u0932\u093f (bholi<\/i>) \u2014 tomorrow<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t

                            • \r\n

                              \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0915\u094b \u0939\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093e (arko hapt\u0101<\/i>) \u2014 next week<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n

                              Because kahile<\/i> already forms a wh-question, Nepali normally does not<\/span> add the yes\/no particle \u0915\u0947 (ke<\/i>) in these questions.<\/p>\r\n[table id=361 \/]\r\n

                              Frequency adverbials<\/h2>\r\n

                              Frequency adverbials express how often<\/span> an event occurs. Unlike manner or degree modifiers, they do not describe a single action or participant, but rather quantify the recurrence of the entire situation<\/span>.<\/p>\r\n

                              Structurally, frequency adverbials function as clause-level modifiers<\/span>. In neutral declarative sentences, they most commonly appear in the middle field<\/span>\u2014after the subject (and any topical elements) and before the finite verb phrase. However, they can also be placed at the beginning of the clause<\/span> when used for emphasis, contrast, or discourse focus.<\/p>\r\n[table id=362 \/]\r\n\r\n[table id=363 \/]\r\n

                              Never \/ Ever<\/h3>\r\n

                              \u0915\u0939\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0948 (kahilyai<\/i>) is a polarity-sensitive temporal adverb<\/span>, meaning its interpretation depends on the grammatical environment in which it appears.<\/p>\r\n

                              In negative clauses<\/span>, it expresses \u201cnever\u201d<\/span>, indicating the absence of an event at all times:<\/p>\r\n\r\n

                                \r\n \t
                              • \r\n

                                \u092e \u0915\u0939\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0948 \u091a\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092a\u093f\u0909\u0901\u0926\u093f\u0928\u0964<\/p>\r\n

                                ma kahilyai ciy\u0101 pi\u0169dina.<\/i><\/i><\/p>\r\n

                                \u201cI never drink tea.\u201d<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n

                                In questions<\/span>, it is typically interpreted as \u201cever?\u201d<\/span>, asking whether an event has occurred at any time:<\/p>\r\n\r\n

                                  \r\n \t
                                • \r\n

                                  \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0915\u0939\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0948 \u0928\u0947\u092a\u093e\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092d\u090f\u0915\u094b \u091b?<\/p>\r\n

                                  ke tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 kahilyai nep\u0101l j\u0101nubhaeko cha?<\/i><\/i><\/p>\r\n

                                  \u201cHave you ever been to Nepal?\u201d<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[table id=364 \/]\r\n

                                  Instrumental\/locative marking with \u2013\u092c\u093e\u091f (\u2013b\u0101\u1e6da<\/em>) and \u2013\u092e\u093e (\u2013m\u0101<\/em>)<\/h2>\r\n

                                  Nepali expresses \u201cby (a means of transport)\u201d using more than one construction. Two common options are a \u2013\u092c\u093e\u091f (\u2013b\u0101\u1e6da) phrase<\/span> and a \u2013\u092e\u093e (\u2013m\u0101) phrase<\/span>.<\/p>\r\n

                                  Although \u2013\u092c\u093e\u091f (\u2013b\u0101\u1e6da<\/i>) is primarily an ablative marker<\/span> meaning \u201cfrom,\u201d it is frequently extended to express an instrumental-like meaning<\/span>, especially in motion contexts. In this use, it marks the means by which an action is carried out<\/span>, roughly corresponding to \u201cby means of\u201d in English.<\/p>\r\n

                                  By contrast, \u2013\u092e\u093e (\u2013m\u0101<\/i>) is a locative marker<\/span> meaning \u201cin\/on\/at.\u201d With vehicle nouns, it commonly produces an everyday meaning equivalent to \u201cin\/on\/by (a vehicle),\u201d depending on context and interpretation.<\/p>\r\n

                                  Both patterns are widely used in natural Nepali. However, \u2013\u092c\u093e\u091f (\u2013b\u0101\u1e6da<\/i>) is often treated in pedagogical descriptions as the more systematic or \u201cstandard\u201d way to express transport as a means of movement, while \u2013\u092e\u093e (\u2013m\u0101<\/i>) is especially common in colloquial usage with specific vehicles.<\/p>\r\n[table id=365 \/]\r\n\r\n[table id=366 \/]\r\n

                                  Vehicle + \u2013\u092e\u093e (-m\u0101<\/em>)<\/h2>\r\n

                                  With vehicle nouns, \u2013\u092e\u093e (\u2013m\u0101<\/i>) is commonly used in everyday Nepali as a natural way to express travel or transport.<\/p>\r\n

                                  In English, the meaning can vary between \u201cin,\u201d \u201con,\u201d or \u201cby,\u201d<\/span> depending on the type of vehicle and the context. Functionally, this construction emphasizes being inside or on a vehicle while travelling<\/span>, rather than the abstract idea of \u201cmeans.\u201d<\/p>\r\n

                                  Examples:<\/p>\r\n\r\n

                                    \r\n \t
                                  • \r\n

                                    \u092e \u092c\u0938\u092e\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0941\u0964<\/p>\r\n

                                    ma basm\u0101 j\u0101nchu.<\/i><\/i><\/p>\r\n

                                    \u201cI go by bus \/ I travel on the bus.\u201d<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t

                                  • \r\n

                                    \u090a \u0915\u093e\u0930\u092e\u093e \u0906\u0909\u0901\u091b\u0964<\/p>\r\n

                                    \u016b k\u0101rm\u0101 \u0101\u0169cha.<\/i><\/i><\/p>\r\n

                                    \u201cHe\/She comes by car \/ in the car.\u201d<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n

                                    Overall, \u2013\u092e\u093e (\u2013m\u0101<\/i>) in vehicle contexts reflects locative framing of travel situations<\/span> in everyday Nepali.<\/p>\r\n[table id=367 \/]\r\n\r\nQuick contrast\r\n

                                      \r\n \t
                                    • \u092c\u0938\u092c\u093e\u091f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0941 = \u201cI go by means of the bus.\u201d (clear transport-as-means)<\/li>\r\n \t
                                    • \u092c\u0938\u092e\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0941 = \u201cI go on\/in the bus.\u201d (highlights being on the bus while travelling)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n

                                      Postpositions: \u092a\u091b\u093f, \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e, \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093f\u2026\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e, \u0915\u093e \u0932\u093e\u0917\u093f \/ \u0915\u094b \u0932\u093e\u0917\u093f<\/h2>\r\n

                                      In Nepali, many relational meanings are expressed using postpositions<\/span>, which come after<\/span> a noun or time expression. These elements help express meanings such as after, until, from\u2026to, and for<\/span>.<\/p>\r\n

                                      Because they follow the noun they modify, Nepali uses a noun + postposition<\/span> order (for example: \u201cclass + after,\u201d \u201csix o\u2019clock + until\u201d).<\/p>\r\n[table id=368 \/]\r\n

                                      \u092a\u091b\u093f (pachi<\/em>) = \u201cafter\u201d<\/h3>\r\n

                                      \u092a\u091b\u093f (pachi<\/i>) is a postposition used to show that one event happens later than another event<\/span>. It marks temporal sequence<\/span>, where Event A occurs first, and Event B happens afterward.<\/p>\r\n

                                      It can attach directly to a time expression<\/span> or to an event phrase<\/span>, depending on what you want to sequence.<\/p>\r\n[table id=369 \/]\r\n

                                      \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e (samma<\/em>) = \u201cuntil \/ up to \/ as far as\u201d<\/h3>\r\n

                                      \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e (samma<\/i>) is a postposition that marks an endpoint<\/span>. This endpoint can be:<\/p>\r\n\r\n

                                        \r\n \t
                                      • \r\n

                                        a point in time<\/span> (\u201cuntil 6 o\u2019clock\u201d)<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t

                                      • \r\n

                                        a place or distance<\/span> (\u201cas far as Pokhara\u201d)<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n

                                        The core meaning is consistent in both uses: it indicates the limit or boundary up to which something continues<\/span>.<\/p>\r\n[table id=370 \/]\r\n

                                        \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093f\u2026\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e (dekhi\u2026samma<\/em>) = \u201cfrom\u2026to \/ from\u2026until\u201d<\/h3>\r\n

                                        \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093f\u2026\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e (dekhi\u2026samma<\/i>) is used when you want to express a <\/span>bounded interval with both a starting point and an ending point.<\/span><\/p>\r\n

                                        It is the most direct way in Nepali to show a range in:<\/p>\r\n\r\n

                                          \r\n \t
                                        • \r\n

                                          time<\/span> (\u201cfrom 2 to 6\u201d)<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t

                                        • \r\n

                                          place\/route<\/span> (\u201cfrom Delhi to Kathmandu\u201d)<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n

                                          The structure has two clear parts:<\/p>\r\n\r\n

                                            \r\n \t
                                          • \r\n

                                            \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093f (dekhi<\/em>)<\/span> marks the starting point (\u201cfrom\u201d)<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t

                                          • \r\n

                                            \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e (samma<\/em>)<\/span> marks the ending point (\u201cto \/ until\u201d)<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[table id=371 \/]\r\n

                                            \u0915\u093e \u0932\u093e\u0917\u093f \/ \u0915\u094b \u0932\u093e\u0917\u093f (k\u0101 l\u0101gi<\/em> \/ ko l\u0101gi<\/em>) = \u201cfor\u201d<\/h3>\r\n

                                            \u0915\u093e \u0932\u093e\u0917\u093f \/ \u0915\u094b \u0932\u093e\u0917\u093f (k\u0101 l\u0101gi \/ ko l\u0101gi<\/i>) is a postpositional phrase used to express \u201cfor\u201d<\/span> in Nepali. It has two very common functions: First, it can mark a recipient\/beneficiary (\u201cfor you,\u201d \u201cfor children\u201d). Second, it can mark purpose (\u201cfor practice,\u201d \u201cfor study\u201d). In both uses, the noun phrase comes first, and \u0932\u093e\u0917\u093f follows it.<\/p>\r\n[table id=372 \/]","rendered":"

                                            Verbs<\/h1>\n

                                            A verb<\/span> is a word that expresses what is happening in a sentence. It can show an action<\/span> (what someone does), an event<\/span> (what happens), or a state\/condition<\/span> (how something is). In most sentences, the verb forms the predicate<\/span>, carrying the main meaning of the clause.<\/p>\n

                                            In Nepali, verbs also encode key grammatical information such as tense\/aspect<\/span> (time and type of action), polarity<\/span> (affirmative vs. negative), and often agreement and honorificity<\/span> (levels of respect).<\/p>\n

                                            You have already seen common Nepali verb forms like \u091b (cha<\/i>) and \u0939\u094b (ho<\/i>). These come from the verb \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941 (hunu<\/i>, \u201cto be\u201d) and are frequently used as linking verbs (copulas)<\/span> to connect a subject to an identity, description, or state, rather than to express a concrete action.<\/p>\n

                                            The dictionary form of Nepali verbs<\/h2>\n

                                            The dictionary form<\/span> (or citation form) is the form used to list verbs in Nepali dictionaries. It typically ends in \u2013\u0928\u0941 (\u2013nu<\/i>), and you can think of it as the verb\u2019s \u201cbase name\u201d (similar to English \u201cto do,\u201d \u201cto sit,\u201d \u201cto speak\u201d).<\/p>\n

                                            This form is non-finite<\/span>: it names the verb but is not usually used as the main verb in a complete sentence. To form full sentences, Nepali verbs take finite forms<\/span> (and sometimes auxiliaries) that show tense\/aspect, polarity (affirmative vs. negative), and agreement or honorific level.<\/p>\n

                                            \n

                                            Table 13.4.1 \u2013 Dictionary form basics: verb in \u2013\u0928\u0941 (\u2013nu), root, and infinitive ending<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                            Verb (Dictionary form)<\/th>\nTransliteration<\/th>\nMeaning<\/th>\nVerb root<\/th>\nInfinitive ending<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                                            \u0917\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0941<\/td>\ngarnu<\/em><\/td>\nto do<\/td>\n\u0917\u0930- (gar-<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u2013\u0928\u0941 (\u2013nu)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                            \u092c\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0941<\/td>\nbasnu<\/em><\/td>\nto sit \/ reside<\/td>\n\u092c\u0938- (bas-<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u2013\u0928\u0941 (\u2013nu)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                            \u092c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0928\u0941<\/td>\nbolnu<\/em><\/td>\nto speak<\/td>\n\u092c\u094b\u0932- (bol-<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u2013\u0928\u0941 (\u2013nu)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                            <\/p>\n

                                            Finding the Verb Base<\/h2>\n

                                            For learning purposes, it is useful to identify a verb base<\/span>\u2014the form to which many endings attach in Nepali.<\/p>\n

                                            For many verbs, you can find a practical base by removing \u2013\u0928\u0941 (\u2013nu<\/em>)<\/span> from the dictionary form. This helps you see how different verb forms are built and how sounds may change when endings are added.<\/p>\n

                                            Working rule:<\/p>\n

                                            verb base \u2248 dictionary form \u2212 \u2013\u0928\u0941<\/i><\/i><\/p>\n

                                            In other words, remove \u2013nu<\/i> to get the base.<\/p>\n

                                            Table 13.4.2 \u2013 Finding the verb base: dictionary form \u2192 base (remove \u2013\u0928\u0941)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                            Dictionary form<\/th>\nTransliteration<\/th>\nMeaning<\/th>\nVerb base<\/th>\nBase<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                                            \u0917\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0941<\/td>\ngarnu<\/em><\/td>\nto do<\/td>\n\u0917\u0930-<\/td>\ngar-<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                            \u092c\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0941<\/td>\nbasnu<\/em><\/td>\nto sit; live<\/td>\n\u092c\u0938-<\/td>\nbas-<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                            \u092c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0928\u0941<\/td>\nbolnu<\/em><\/td>\nto speak<\/td>\n\u092c\u094b\u0932-<\/td>\nbol-<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                            \u0916\u093e\u0928\u0941<\/td>\nkh\u0101nu<\/em><\/td>\nto eat<\/td>\n\u0916\u093e-<\/td>\nkh\u0101-<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                            \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0941<\/td>\nj\u0101nu<\/em><\/td>\nto go<\/td>\n\u091c\u093e-<\/td>\nj\u0101-<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                            \u0906\u0909\u0928\u0941<\/td>\n\u0101unu<\/em><\/td>\nto come<\/td>\n\u0906\u0909-<\/td>\n\u0101u-<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                            \u092a\u093f\u0909\u0928\u0941<\/td>\npiunu<\/em><\/td>\nto drink<\/td>\n\u092a\u093f\u0909-<\/td>\npiu-<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                            \u0932\u093f\u0928\u0941<\/td>\nlinu<\/em><\/td>\nto take<\/td>\n\u0932\u093f-<\/td>\nli-<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                            <\/p>\n

                                            The Habitual Present Tense<\/h1>\n

                                            Tense<\/span> shows when something happens (past vs. non-past), while aspect<\/span> shows how it happens (habit, routine, general truth, etc.). In Nepali, these work together. A key starting point is the non-past habitual<\/span>, used for routines, general truths, and sometimes scheduled future actions.<\/p>\n

                                            This form expresses what someone regularly does<\/span> or what is generally true<\/span>:<\/p>\n

                                              \n
                                            • \n

                                              \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0939\u0930\u0947\u0915 \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u091a\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092a\u093f\u0909\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964<\/p>\n

                                              tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 harek din ciy\u0101 piunuhuncha.<\/i><\/i><\/p>\n

                                              \u201cYou drink tea every day.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

                                            • \n

                                              \u0915\u093e\u0920\u092e\u093e\u0921\u094c\u0902 \u0928\u0947\u092a\u093e\u0932\u092e\u093e \u091b\u0964<\/p>\n

                                              k\u0101\u1e6dhm\u0101\u1e0dau\u0303 nep\u0101lm\u0101 cha.<\/i><\/i><\/p>\n

                                              \u201cKathmandu is in Nepal.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                              With a clear time expression, the same form can also refer to the future<\/span>:<\/p>\n

                                                \n
                                              • \n

                                                \u092d\u094b\u0932\u093f \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964<\/p>\n

                                                bholi tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 k\u0101ry\u0101laya j\u0101nuhuncha.<\/i><\/i><\/p>\n

                                                \u201cYou are going to the office tomorrow.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

                                              • \n

                                                \u0938\u094b\u092e\u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u093e\u092e\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0926\u093f\u0928\u094d\u091b\u094c\u0901\u0964<\/p>\n

                                                somb\u0101r h\u0101m\u012b par\u012bk\u1e63\u0101 dinchau\u0303.<\/i><\/i><\/p>\n

                                                \u201cWe have an exam on Monday.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                <\/p>\n

                                                Table 13.4.3 \u2013 Uses of the habitual present: habits, general truths, scheduled future<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                                Nepali<\/th>\nTransliteration<\/th>\nEnglish<\/th>\nUse<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                                                \u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u092c\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u092b\u0940 \u092a\u093f\u0909\u0901\u091b\u0941\u0964<\/td>\nma pr\u0101yah bih\u0101na kaph\u012b pi\u0169chu.<\/em><\/td>\nI usually drink coffee in the morning.<\/td>\nHabits and routines<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u0927\u0948\u0901 \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092c\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964<\/td>\nuh\u0101\u0303 sadhai\u0303 yah\u0101\u0303 basnuhuncha.<\/em><\/td>\nHe\/She (hon.) always lives\/stays here.<\/td>\nHabits and routines<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                \u091a\u093f\u0928\u0940 \u0917\u0941\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964<\/td>\ncin\u012b guliyo huncha.<\/em><\/td>\nSugar is sweet.<\/td>\nGeneral truths<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                \u0939\u093f\u0909\u0901 \u0938\u0947\u0924\u094b \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964<\/td>\nhiu\u0303 seto huncha.<\/em><\/td>\nSnow is white.<\/td>\nGeneral truths<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                \u0938\u0942\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u092c\u093e\u091f \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0909\u0901\u091b\u0964<\/td>\ns\u016brya p\u016brbab\u0101\u1e6da ud\u0101\u0169cha.<\/em><\/td>\nThe sun rises in the east.<\/td>\nGeneral truths<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                \u092e \u092d\u094b\u0932\u093f \u0915\u093e\u0920\u092e\u093e\u0921\u094c\u0901 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0941\u0964<\/td>\nma bholi k\u0101\u1e6dham\u0101\u1e0dau\u0303 j\u0101nchu.<\/em><\/td>\nI\u2019m going to Kathmandu tomorrow.<\/td>\nScheduled or expected future<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u092d\u094b\u0932\u093f \u0906\u0909\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964<\/td>\ntap\u0101\u012b\u0303 bholi \u0101unuhuncha.<\/em><\/td>\nYou (polite) are coming tomorrow.<\/td>\nScheduled or expected future<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                \u090f\u0915 \u0918\u0923\u094d\u091f\u093e\u092a\u091b\u093f \u092e \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0909\u0901\u091b\u0941\u0964<\/td>\nek gha\u1e47\u1e6d\u0101 pachi ma tap\u0101\u012b\u0303l\u0101\u012b bat\u0101\u0169chu.<\/em><\/td>\nIn an hour I\u2019ll tell you.<\/td>\nScheduled or expected future<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                                <\/span><\/p>\n

                                                \n

                                                Forming the Habitual Present<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n

                                                In Nepali, the habitual present is used for routines, regular actions, and general facts. It is formed by combining a lexical verb<\/span> with markers of non-past tense<\/span>, polarity<\/span> (affirmative\/negative), and agreement<\/span> (including honorific level).<\/p>\n

                                                A simple way to think of the structure is:<\/p>\n

                                                verb base + non-past \/ polarity \/ agreement<\/p>\n

                                                Nepali uses two main patterns:<\/p>\n

                                                  \n
                                                • \n

                                                  Non-honorific (plain) pattern:<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                  the verb base takes endings from the \u2013\u091b (\u2013cha<\/em>) family<\/span> (affirmative) and the \u2013\u0926\u0948\u0928 (\u2013daina<\/em>) family<\/span> (negative)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

                                                • \n

                                                  Honorific (respectful) pattern:<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                  with \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 (tap\u0101\u012b\u0303<\/i>) or \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 (uh\u0101\u0303<\/i>), verbs typically use forms like<\/p>\n

                                                  \u2013\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b (\u2013nuhuncha<\/em>) (affirmative) and <\/span>\u2013\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928 (\u2013nuhunna<\/em>) (negative)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                  Key idea<\/p>\n

                                                  The verb form changes not only for tense, but also for respect level<\/span>, which is a central feature of Nepali grammar.<\/p>\n

                                                  Table 13.4.4 \u2013 Stem-based non-honorific endings (affirmative vs. negative)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                                  Subject<\/th>\nAffirmative ending<\/th>\nNegative ending<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                                                  \u092e (ma<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u2013\u091b\u0941 (-chu<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u2013\u0926\u093f\u0928 (-din<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                  \u0939\u093e\u092e\u0940 (h\u0101m\u012b<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u2013\u091b\u094c\u0901 (-chau\u0303<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u2013\u0926\u0948\u0928\u094c\u0901 (-dainau\u0303<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                  \u0924\u093f\u092e\u0940 (tim\u012b<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u2013\u091b\u094c (-chau<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u2013\u0926\u0948\u0928\u094c (-dainau<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                  \u090a (\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u2013\u091b (-cha<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u2013\u0926\u0948\u0928 (-daina<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                  \u0909\u0928\u0940 \/ \u092f\u093f\u0928\u0940 \/ \u0924\u093f\u0928\u0940\u2026 (un\u012b \/ yin\u012b \/ tin\u012b\u2026<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u2013\u091b\u093f\u0928\u094d (-chin<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u2013\u0926\u093f\u0928\u0928\u094d (-dinan<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                  \u0909\u0928\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 (un\u012bhar\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u2013\u091b\u0928\u094d (-chan<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u2013\u0926\u0948\u0928\u0928\u094d (-dainan<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                                  <\/p>\n

                                                  Table 13.4.5 \u2013 Honorific pattern endings<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                                  Subject (honorific)<\/th>\nAffirmative form<\/th>\nNegative form<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                                                  \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 (tap\u0101\u012b\u0303<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u2013\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b (-nuhuncha<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u2013\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928 (-nuhunna<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                  \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 (uh\u0101\u0303<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u2013\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b (-nuhuncha<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u2013\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928 (-nuhunna<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                  \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0939\u0930\u0942 (uh\u0101\u0303har\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u2013\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b (-nuhuncha<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u2013\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928 (-nuhunna<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                                  <\/p>\n

                                                  Table 13.4.6 \u2013 Example verb \u092c\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0941: non-honorific (affirmative\/negative)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                                  Subject<\/th>\nAffirmative<\/th>\nNegative<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                                                  \u092e (ma<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u092e \u092c\u0938\u094d\u091b\u0941\u0964 (ma baschu.<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u092e \u092c\u0938\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0928\u0964 (ma basdina.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                  \u0939\u093e\u092e\u0940 (h\u0101m\u012b<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0939\u093e\u092e\u0940 \u092c\u0938\u094d\u091b\u094c\u0901\u0964 (h\u0101m\u012b baschau\u0303.<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0939\u093e\u092e\u0940 \u092c\u0938\u094d\u0926\u0948\u0928\u094c\u0901\u0964 (h\u0101m\u012b basdainau\u0303.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                  \u0924\u093f\u092e\u0940 (tim\u012b<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0924\u093f\u092e\u0940 \u092c\u0938\u094d\u091b\u094c\u0964 (tim\u012b baschau.<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0924\u093f\u092e\u0940 \u092c\u0938\u094d\u0926\u0948\u0928\u094c\u0964 (tim\u012b basdainau.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                  \u090a (\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u090a \u092c\u0938\u094d\u091b\u0964 (\u016b bascha.<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u090a \u092c\u0938\u094d\u0926\u0948\u0928\u0964 (\u016b basdaina.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                  \u0909\u0928\u0940 \/ \u092f\u093f\u0928\u0940 \/ \u0924\u093f\u0928\u0940\u2026 (un\u012b \/ yin\u012b \/ tin\u012b\u2026<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u2026 \u092c\u0938\u094d\u091b\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0964 (\u2026 baschin.<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u2026 \u092c\u0938\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0928\u0928\u094d\u0964 (\u2026 basdinan.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                  \u0909\u0928\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 (un\u012bhar\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0909\u0928\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u092c\u0938\u094d\u091b\u0928\u094d\u0964 (un\u012bhar\u016b baschan.<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0909\u0928\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u092c\u0938\u094d\u0926\u0948\u0928\u0928\u094d\u0964 (un\u012bhar\u016b basdainan.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                                  <\/p>\n

                                                  Table 13.4.7 \u2013 Example verb \u092c\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0941: honorific (affirmative\/negative)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                                  Subject<\/th>\nAffirmative<\/th>\nNegative<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                                                  \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 (tap\u0101\u012b\u0303<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u092c\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964 (tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 basnuhuncha.<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u092c\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0964 (tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 basnuhunna.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                  \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 (uh\u0101\u0303<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092c\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964 (uh\u0101\u0303 basnuhuncha.<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092c\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0964 (uh\u0101\u0303 basnuhunna.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                  \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0939\u0930\u0942 (uh\u0101\u0303har\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u092c\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964 (uh\u0101\u0303har\u016b basnuhuncha.<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u092c\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0964 (uh\u0101\u0303har\u016b basnuhunna.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                                  <\/p>\n

                                                  Verb Categories in Nepali: Three Stem-Based Types<\/h1>\n

                                                  A useful way to classify Nepali verbs is by the shape of the verb base<\/span>, which you get by removing \u2013\u0928\u0941 (\u2013nu<\/i>) from the dictionary form. This is a form-based system<\/span> that helps you predict how present-tense endings attach and where sound changes may occur at the boundary between stem and suffix.<\/p>\n

                                                  Nepali verbs fall into three main categories:<\/p>\n

                                                    \n
                                                  • \n

                                                    C-verbs<\/span>: verb base ends in a consonant<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

                                                  • \n

                                                    V-verbs<\/span>: verb base ends in a single vowel<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

                                                  • \n

                                                    VV-verbs<\/span>: verb base ends in a vowel sequence (often \u0906\u0909- (\u0101u-<\/i>) or \u092a\u093f\u0909- (piu-<\/i>))<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                    To identify the category:<\/p>\n

                                                      \n
                                                    1. \n

                                                      Start with the dictionary form (\u2013\u0928\u0941 form)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

                                                    2. \n

                                                      Remove \u2013\u0928\u0941 (\u2013nu<\/i>) to find the verb base<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

                                                    3. \n

                                                      Check the final sound of the base<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                        \n
                                                      • \n

                                                        consonant \u2192 C-verb<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

                                                      • \n

                                                        single vowel \u2192 V-verb<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

                                                      • \n

                                                        vowel sequence \u2192 VV-verb<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                        Table 13.4.8 \u2013 Verb categories (C \/ V \/ VV): base shape \u2192 category<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                                        Dictionary form<\/th>\nMeaning<\/th>\nBase<\/th>\nCategory<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                                                        \u0917\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0941 (garnu<\/em>)<\/td>\nto do<\/td>\n\u0917\u0930\u094d- (gar-<\/em>)<\/td>\nC-verb<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                        \u092c\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0941 (basnu<\/em>)<\/td>\nto sit \/ live<\/td>\n\u092c\u0938\u094d- (bas-<\/em>)<\/td>\nC-verb<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                        \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941 (hunu<\/em>)<\/td>\nto be<\/td>\n\u0939\u0941- (hu-<\/em>)<\/td>\nV-verb<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                        \u0916\u093e\u0928\u0941 (kh\u0101nu<\/em>)<\/td>\nto eat<\/td>\n\u0916\u093e- (kh\u0101-<\/em>)<\/td>\nV-verb<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                        \u0932\u093f\u0928\u0941 (linu<\/em>)<\/td>\nto take<\/td>\n\u0932\u093f- (li-<\/em>)<\/td>\nV-verb<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                        \u0906\u0909\u0928\u0941 (\u0101unu<\/em>)<\/td>\nto come<\/td>\n\u0906\u0909- (\u0101u-<\/em>)<\/td>\nVV-verb<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                        \u092a\u093f\u0909\u0928\u0941 (piunu<\/em>)<\/td>\nto drink<\/td>\n\u092a\u093f\u0909- (piu-<\/em>)<\/td>\nVV-verb<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                                        <\/p>\n

                                                        Why verb \u201ccategories\u201d matter in Nepali present tense<\/h2>\n

                                                        Verb categories are useful in Nepali because the shape of the verb base directly affects how present-tense endings attach<\/span>. When you add common endings such as \u2013\u091b\u0941 \/ \u2013\u091b (\u2013chu \/ \u2013cha<\/i>) in the affirmative or \u2013\u0926\u093f\u0928 \/ \u2013\u0926\u0948\u0928 (\u2013dina \/ \u2013daina<\/i>) in the negative, the boundary between the verb base and the ending follows predictable patterns.<\/p>\n

                                                        These three categories (C, V, VV) are a learner-friendly way to understand and anticipate those patterns, so you can both read and form present-tense verbs more accurately<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                                                        The key idea is:<\/p>\n

                                                        present form = verb base + ending<\/span>, but the joining changes depending on how the base ends.<\/p>\n

                                                        \n

                                                        C-verbs (consonant-final bases)<\/h3>\n
                                                          \n
                                                        • \n

                                                          Base ends in a consonant<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

                                                        • \n

                                                          Endings attach directly with minimal change<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

                                                        • \n

                                                          Pattern is generally stable and straightforward<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                          \n

                                                          V-verbs (vowel-final bases)<\/h3>\n
                                                            \n
                                                          • \n

                                                            Base ends in a single vowel (often \u0906 \/ \u0101<\/i>)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

                                                          • \n

                                                            Joining often triggers changes at the boundary<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

                                                          • \n

                                                            Common patterns include the appearance of \u0928\u094d (n<\/em>)<\/span> in affirmative forms and nasalization\u00a0(\u0901\u0901)<\/span> in negatives<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                            \n

                                                            VV-verbs (vowel sequence bases)<\/h3>\n
                                                              \n
                                                            • \n

                                                              Base ends in a vowel sequence (e.g., \u0906\u0909- \/ \u0101u-<\/i>, \u092a\u093f\u0909- \/ piu-<\/i>)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

                                                            • \n

                                                              The vowel sequence is preserved in formation<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

                                                            • \n

                                                              Nasalization \u00a0(\u0901)<\/span> may appear, but the final vowel is not dropped<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                              Core takeaway<\/p>\n

                                                              Verb categories do not change meaning\u2014they simply help you predict how present-tense endings attach to different verb stems<\/span> in a systematic way.<\/p>\n

                                                              1) C-verbs: \u201cattach directly\u201d<\/h3>\n

                                                              In C-verbs, the verb base ends in a consonant. As a result, present-tense endings usually attach directly to the base with minimal or no change<\/span>. In most cases, the structure is simply:<\/p>\n

                                                              verb base + ending<\/p>\n

                                                              Because a consonant-final base meets a consonant-initial ending, Nepali often forms clear consonant clusters<\/span> in Devan\u0101gar\u012b. This makes the boundary between the stem and the ending easy to see in written forms (e.g., clusters found in forms like \u0917\u0930\u094d\u091b\u0941 (garchu<\/i>) or \u092c\u0938\u094d\u091b\u0941 (baschu<\/i>)).<\/p>\n

                                                              <\/p>\n

                                                              Table 13.4.9 \u2013 C-verbs in the habitual present: base + ending (joining examples)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                                              Base + ending<\/th>\nResult<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                                                              \u0917\u0930\u094d- + \u091b\u0941 (gar- + -chhu<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0917\u0930\u094d\u091b\u0941 (garchu<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                              \u092c\u0938\u094d- + \u091b\u0941 (bas- + -chhu<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u092c\u0938\u094d\u091b\u0941 (baschu<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                              \u092c\u094b\u0932\u094d- + \u091b\u0941 (bol- + -chhu<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u092c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u091b\u0941 (bolchu<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                              \u0917\u0930\u094d- + \u0926\u093f\u0928 (gar- + -din<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0917\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0928 (gardina<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                              \u092c\u0938\u094d- + \u0926\u093f\u0928 (bas- + -din<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u092c\u0938\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0928 (basdina<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                              \u092c\u094b\u0932\u094d- + \u0926\u093f\u0928 (bol- + -din<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u092c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0928 (boldina<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                                              <\/span><\/p>\n

                                                              \n

                                                              Table 13.4.10 \u2013 C-verb \u092a\u0922\u094d\u0928\u0941 (pa\u1e0dhnu): non-honorific (affirmative\/negative)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                                              Subject<\/th>\nAffirmative<\/th>\nNegative<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                                                              \u092e (ma<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u092e \u092a\u0922\u094d\u091b\u0941\u0964 (ma pa\u1e0dhchu.<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u092e \u092a\u0922\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0928\u0964 (ma pa\u1e0dhdina.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                              \u0939\u093e\u092e\u0940 (h\u0101m\u012b<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0939\u093e\u092e\u0940 \u092a\u0922\u094d\u091b\u094c\u0901\u0964 (h\u0101m\u012b pa\u1e0dhchau\u0303.<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0939\u093e\u092e\u0940 \u092a\u0922\u094d\u0926\u0948\u0928\u094c\u0901\u0964 (h\u0101m\u012b pa\u1e0dhdainau\u0303.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                              \u0924\u093f\u092e\u0940 (tim\u012b<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0924\u093f\u092e\u0940 \u092a\u0922\u094d\u091b\u094c\u0964 (tim\u012b pa\u1e0dhchau.<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0924\u093f\u092e\u0940 \u092a\u0922\u094d\u0926\u0948\u0928\u094c\u0964 (tim\u012b pa\u1e0dhdainau.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                              \u090a (\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u090a \u092a\u0922\u094d\u091b\u0964 (\u016b pa\u1e0dhcha.<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u090a \u092a\u0922\u094d\u0926\u0948\u0928\u0964 (\u016b pa\u1e0dhdaina.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                              \u0909\u0928\u0940 \/ \u092f\u093f\u0928\u0940 \/ \u0924\u093f\u0928\u0940\u2026 (un\u012b \/ yin\u012b \/ tin\u012b\u2026<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u2026 \u092a\u0922\u094d\u091b\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0964 (\u2026 pa\u1e0dhchin.<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u2026 \u092a\u0922\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0928\u0928\u094d\u0964 (\u2026 pa\u1e0dhdinan.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                              \u0909\u0928\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 (un\u012bhar\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0909\u0928\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u092a\u0922\u094d\u091b\u0928\u094d\u0964 (un\u012bhar\u016b pa\u1e0dhchan.<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0909\u0928\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u092a\u0922\u094d\u0926\u0948\u0928\u0928\u094d\u0964 (un\u012bhar\u016b pa\u1e0dhdainan.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                                              <\/p>\n

                                                              \n

                                                              Table 13.4.11 \u2013 C-verb \u092a\u0922\u094d\u0928\u0941 (pa\u1e0dhnu): honorific (affirmative\/negative)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                                              Subject<\/th>\nAffirmative<\/th>\nNegative<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                                                              \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 (tap\u0101\u012b\u0303<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u092a\u0922\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964 (tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 pa\u1e0dhnuhuncha.<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u092a\u0922\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0964 (tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 pa\u1e0dhnuhunna.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                              \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902\u0939\u0930\u0942 (tap\u0101\u012b\u0303har\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u092a\u0922\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964 (tap\u0101\u012b\u0303har\u016b pa\u1e0dhnuhuncha.<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u092a\u0922\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0964 (tap\u0101\u012b\u0303har\u016b pa\u1e0dhnuhunna.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                              \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 (uh\u0101\u0303<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u0922\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964 (uh\u0101\u0303 pa\u1e0dhnuhuncha.<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u0922\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0964 (uh\u0101\u0303 pa\u1e0dhnuhunna.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                              \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0939\u0930\u0942 (uh\u0101\u0303har\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u092a\u0922\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964 (uh\u0101\u0303har\u016b pa\u1e0dhnuhuncha.<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u092a\u0922\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0964 (uh\u0101\u0303har\u016b pa\u1e0dhnuhunna.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                                              <\/p>\n

                                                              2) V-verbs: how the joining works<\/h3>\n

                                                              In V-verbs, attention should be given to what happens at the point where a vowel-final verb base meets the present-tense endings. These forms follow predictable joining patterns that help learners recognize and build correct present-tense verbs.<\/p>\n

                                                              With affirmative \u2013\u091b endings (\u2013ch\u2026<\/em>), Nepali commonly inserts a linking \u0928\u094d (n<\/em>)<\/span> between the verb base and the ending. As a result, a base like \u0916\u093e- (kh\u0101-<\/i>) appears as \u0916\u093e\u0928\u094d- (kh\u0101n-<\/i>) before the ending:<\/p>\n

                                                                \n
                                                              • \n

                                                                \u0916\u093e- (kh\u0101-<\/i>) + \u2013\u091b\u0941 \u2192 \u0916\u093e\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0941 (kh\u0101nchu<\/i>)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                With negative endings (\u2013\u0926\u0948\u0928 \/ \u2013\u0926\u093f\u0928, \u2013daina \/ \u2013dina<\/i>), the vowel-final base is commonly nasalized<\/span>, written with \u091a\u0928\u094d\u0926\u094d\u0930\u092c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0941 \u0901 (candrabindu)<\/em><\/span>. The same base therefore appears as \u0916\u093e\u0901- (kh\u0101\u0303-<\/i>) in negative forms:<\/p>\n

                                                                  \n
                                                                • \n

                                                                  \u0916\u093e- (kh\u0101-<\/i>) + \u2013\u0926\u0948\u0928 \u2192 \u0916\u093e\u0901\u0926\u0948\u0928 (kh\u0101\u0303daina<\/i>)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

                                                                • \n

                                                                  \u0916\u093e- (kh\u0101-<\/i>) + \u2013\u0926\u093f\u0928 \u2192 \u0916\u093e\u0901\u0926\u093f\u0928 (kh\u0101\u0303dina<\/i>)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                  These two cues\u2014<\/span>\u0928\u094d (n<\/em>) in affirmative forms and (\u0901) in negative forms\u2014are the main joining signals that help learners identify and form V-verb present-tense patterns.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                                  Table 13.4.12 \u2013 V-verb \u0916\u093e\u0928\u0941 (kh\u0101nu): non-honorific (affirmative\/negative)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                                                  Subject<\/th>\nAffirmative<\/th>\nNegative<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                                                                  \u092e (ma<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u092e \u0916\u093e\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0941\u0964 (ma kh\u0101nchu.<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u092e \u0916\u093e\u0901\u0926\u093f\u0928\u0964 (ma kh\u0101\u0303dina.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                                  \u0939\u093e\u092e\u0940 (h\u0101m\u012b<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0939\u093e\u092e\u0940 \u0916\u093e\u0928\u094d\u091b\u094c\u0901\u0964 (h\u0101m\u012b kh\u0101nchau\u0303.<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0939\u093e\u092e\u0940 \u0916\u093e\u0901\u0926\u0948\u0928\u094c\u0901\u0964 (h\u0101m\u012b kh\u0101\u0303dainau\u0303.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                                  \u0924\u093f\u092e\u0940 (tim\u012b<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0924\u093f\u092e\u0940 \u0916\u093e\u0928\u094d\u091b\u094c\u0964 (tim\u012b kh\u0101nchau.<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0924\u093f\u092e\u0940 \u0916\u093e\u0901\u0926\u0948\u0928\u094c\u0964 (tim\u012b kh\u0101\u0303dainau.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                                  \u090a (\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u090a \u0916\u093e\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964 (\u016b kh\u0101ncha.<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u090a \u0916\u093e\u0901\u0926\u0948\u0928\u0964 (\u016b kh\u0101\u0303daina.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                                  \u0909\u0928\u0940 \/ \u092f\u093f\u0928\u0940 \/ \u0924\u093f\u0928\u0940\u2026 (un\u012b \/ yin\u012b \/ tin\u012b\u2026<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u2026 \u0916\u093e\u0928\u094d\u091b\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0964 (\u2026 kh\u0101nchin.<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u2026 \u0916\u093e\u0901\u0926\u093f\u0928\u0928\u094d\u0964 (\u2026 kh\u0101\u0303dinan.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                                  \u0909\u0928\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 (un\u012bhar\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0909\u0928\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u0916\u093e\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0928\u094d\u0964 (un\u012bhar\u016b kh\u0101nchan.<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0909\u0928\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u0916\u093e\u0901\u0926\u0948\u0928\u0928\u094d\u0964 (un\u012bhar\u016b kh\u0101\u0303dainan.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                                                  <\/p>\n

                                                                  Table 13.4.13 \u2013 V-verb \u0916\u093e\u0928\u0941 (kh\u0101nu): honorific (affirmative\/negative)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                                                  Subject<\/th>\nAffirmative<\/th>\nNegative<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                                                                  \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 (tap\u0101\u012b\u0303<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0916\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964 (tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 kh\u0101nuhuncha.<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0916\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0964 (tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 kh\u0101nuhunna.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                                  \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902\u0939\u0930\u0942 (tap\u0101\u012b\u0303har\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u0916\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964 (tap\u0101\u012b\u0303har\u016b kh\u0101nuhuncha.<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u0916\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0964 (tap\u0101\u012b\u0303har\u016b kh\u0101nuhunna.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                                  \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 (uh\u0101\u0303<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0916\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964 (uh\u0101\u0303 kh\u0101nuhuncha.<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0916\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0964 (uh\u0101\u0303 kh\u0101nuhunna.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                                  \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0939\u0930\u0942 (uh\u0101\u0303har\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u0916\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964 (uh\u0101\u0303har\u016b kh\u0101nuhuncha.<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u0916\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0964 (uh\u0101\u0303har\u016b kh\u0101nuhunna.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                                                  <\/p>\n

                                                                  3) VV-verbs: \u201ckeep both vowels (\u0909 (u<\/em>) is not dropped)\u201d<\/h3>\n

                                                                  VV-verbs are verbs whose base ends in a two-vowel sequence<\/span>, most commonly \u0101u<\/span> or iu<\/span>, such as \u0906\u0909- (\u0101u-<\/i>) and \u092a\u093f\u0909- (piu-<\/i>). The key point is that this vowel sequence is retained in all inflected forms<\/span> in the habitual present\u2014Nepali does not drop the final \u0909 (u<\/em>)<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                                                                  In many VV-verbs, the habitual present stem is written with \u091a\u0928\u094d\u0926\u094d\u0930\u092c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0941 \u0901 (candrabindu)<\/em><\/span>, producing nasalized stems such as \u0906\u0909\u0901- (\u0101\u0169-<\/i>) and \u092a\u093f\u0909\u0901- (pi\u0169-<\/i>). After these stems, the regular present-tense endings attach in the usual way:<\/p>\n

                                                                    \n
                                                                  • \n

                                                                    \u0906\u0909\u0901\u091b\u0941 (\u0101\u0169chu<\/i>)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

                                                                  • \n

                                                                    \u0906\u0909\u0901\u091b (\u0101\u0169cha<\/i>)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

                                                                  • \n

                                                                    \u092a\u093f\u0909\u0901\u091b\u0941 (pi\u0169chu<\/i>)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                    In negative forms, the same stem is used:<\/p>\n

                                                                      \n
                                                                    • \n

                                                                      \u0906\u0909\u0901\u0926\u093f\u0928 (\u0101\u0169dina<\/i>)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

                                                                    • \n

                                                                      \u0906\u0909\u0901\u0926\u0948\u0928 (\u0101\u0169daina<\/i>)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

                                                                    • \n

                                                                      \u0906\u0909\u0901\u0926\u0948\u0928\u0928\u094d (\u0101\u0169dainan<\/i>)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                      The \u0901 (candrabindu)<\/em><\/span> does not indicate that a vowel has been removed. Instead, it signals nasalization of the vowel sequence<\/span>, so \u0101u \u2192 \u0101\u0169<\/span> and iu \u2192 i\u0169<\/span>, while the underlying vowel structure remains intact in both pronunciation and grammar.<\/p>\n

                                                                      Table 13.4.13 \u2013 VV-verb: \u0906\u0909\u0928\u0941 (\u0101unu) \u2014 non-honorific habitual<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                                                      Subject<\/th>\nAffirmative<\/th>\nNegative<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                                                                      \u092e (ma<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u092e \u0906\u0909\u0901\u091b\u0941\u0964 (ma \u0101\u0169chu.<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u092e \u0906\u0909\u0901\u0926\u093f\u0928\u0964 (ma \u0101\u0169dina.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                                      \u0939\u093e\u092e\u0940 (h\u0101m\u012b<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0939\u093e\u092e\u0940 \u0906\u0909\u0901\u091b\u094c\u0901\u0964 (h\u0101m\u012b \u0101\u0169chau\u0303.<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0939\u093e\u092e\u0940 \u0906\u0909\u0901\u0926\u0948\u0928\u094c\u0901\u0964 (h\u0101m\u012b \u0101\u0169dainau\u0303.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                                      \u0924\u093f\u092e\u0940 (tim\u012b<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0924\u093f\u092e\u0940 \u0906\u0909\u0901\u091b\u094c\u0964 (tim\u012b \u0101\u0169chau.<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0924\u093f\u092e\u0940 \u0906\u0909\u0901\u0926\u0948\u0928\u094c\u0964 (tim\u012b \u0101\u0169dainau.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                                      \u090a (\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u090a \u0906\u0909\u0901\u091b\u0964 (\u016b \u0101\u0169cha.<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u090a \u0906\u0909\u0901\u0926\u0948\u0928\u0964 (\u016b \u0101\u0169daina.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                                      \u0909\u0928\u0940 \/ \u092f\u093f\u0928\u0940 \/ \u0924\u093f\u0928\u0940\u2026 (un\u012b \/ yin\u012b \/ tin\u012b\u2026<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u2026 \u0906\u0909\u0901\u091b\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0964 (\u2026 \u0101\u0169chin.<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u2026 \u0906\u0909\u0901\u0926\u093f\u0928\u0928\u094d\u0964 (\u2026 \u0101\u0169dinan.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                                      \u0909\u0928\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 (un\u012bhar\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0909\u0928\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u0906\u0909\u0901\u091b\u0928\u094d\u0964 (un\u012bhar\u016b \u0101\u0169chan.<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0909\u0928\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u0906\u0909\u0901\u0926\u0948\u0928\u0928\u094d\u0964 (un\u012bhar\u016b \u0101\u0169dainan.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                                                      <\/p>\n

                                                                      Table 13.4.14 \u2013 VV-verb: \u0906\u0909\u0928\u0941 (\u0101unu) \u2014 honorific habitual<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                                                      Subject<\/th>\nAffirmative<\/th>\nNegative<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                                                                      \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 (tap\u0101\u012b\u0303<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0906\u0909\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964 (tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 \u0101unuhuncha.<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0906\u0909\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0964 (tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 \u0101unuhunna.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                                      \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902\u0939\u0930\u0942 (tap\u0101\u012b\u0303har\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u0906\u0909\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964 (tap\u0101\u012b\u0303har\u016b \u0101unuhuncha.<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u0906\u0909\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0964 (tap\u0101\u012b\u0303har\u016b \u0101unuhunna.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                                      \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 (uh\u0101\u0303<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0906\u0909\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964 (uh\u0101\u0303 \u0101unuhuncha.<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0906\u0909\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0964 (uh\u0101\u0303 \u0101unuhunna.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                                      \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0939\u0930\u0942 (uh\u0101\u0303har\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u0906\u0909\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964 (uh\u0101\u0303har\u016b \u0101unuhuncha.<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u0906\u0909\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0964 (uh\u0101\u0303har\u016b \u0101unuhunna.<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                                                      <\/p>\n

                                                                      Temporal interrogatives and frequency adverbials<\/h2>\n

                                                                      Time expressions and frequency expressions serve different functions in Nepali grammar.<\/p>\n

                                                                      Temporal interrogatives<\/span> ask for a specific time reference\u2014either a point in time or a time span (e.g., \u201cwhen?\u201d). They request information about when an event happens<\/i>.<\/p>\n

                                                                      Frequency adverbials<\/span>, by contrast, describe how often something happens (e.g., always, sometimes, every day). They quantify repetition over time rather than identifying a specific time.<\/p>\n

                                                                      In Nepali, both types function as clause-level modifiers<\/span>. They typically appear after the subject and before the verb phrase<\/span>, although word order can shift for emphasis or discourse focus.<\/p>\n

                                                                      Asking about time – kahile<\/em><\/h3>\n

                                                                      \u0915\u0939\u093f\u0932\u0947 (kahile<\/i>) is the basic temporal interrogative adverb meaning \u201cwhen?\u201d<\/span>. It is used to ask for a time reference, such as a specific point in time or a time period (e.g., tomorrow, next week, in the morning).<\/p>\n

                                                                      Typical answers include expressions like:<\/p>\n

                                                                        \n
                                                                      • \n

                                                                        \u092d\u094b\u0932\u093f (bholi<\/i>) \u2014 tomorrow<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

                                                                      • \n

                                                                        \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0915\u094b \u0939\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093e (arko hapt\u0101<\/i>) \u2014 next week<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                        Because kahile<\/i> already forms a wh-question, Nepali normally does not<\/span> add the yes\/no particle \u0915\u0947 (ke<\/i>) in these questions.<\/p>\n

                                                                        Table 13.4.15 \u2013 Temporal interrogative \u0915\u0939\u093f\u0932\u0947 (kahile): question\u2013answer<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                                                        Question<\/th>\nEnglish<\/th>\nAnswer<\/th>\nEnglish<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                                                                        \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0915\u0939\u093f\u0932\u0947 \u0906\u0909\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b? (tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 kahile \u0101unuhuncha?<\/em>)<\/td>\nWhen do you come?<\/td>\n\u092e \u092d\u094b\u0932\u093f \u0906\u0909\u0901\u091b\u0941\u0964 (ma bholi \u0101\u0169chu.<\/em>)<\/td>\nI\u2019m coming tomorrow.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                                        \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0915\u0939\u093f\u0932\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b? (tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 kahile j\u0101nuhuncha?<\/em>)<\/td>\nWhen do you go?<\/td>\n\u092e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0915\u094b \u0939\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0941\u0964 (ma arko hapt\u0101 j\u0101nchu.<\/em>)<\/td>\nI\u2019ll go next week.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                                        \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0915\u0939\u093f\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u0922\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b? (tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 kahile pa\u1e0dhnuhuncha?<\/em>)<\/td>\nWhen do you study?<\/td>\n\u092e \u092c\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0922\u094d\u091b\u0941\u0964 (ma bih\u0101na pa\u1e0dhchu.<\/em>)<\/td>\nI study in the morning.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                                                        <\/p>\n

                                                                        Frequency adverbials<\/h2>\n

                                                                        Frequency adverbials express how often<\/span> an event occurs. Unlike manner or degree modifiers, they do not describe a single action or participant, but rather quantify the recurrence of the entire situation<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                                                                        Structurally, frequency adverbials function as clause-level modifiers<\/span>. In neutral declarative sentences, they most commonly appear in the middle field<\/span>\u2014after the subject (and any topical elements) and before the finite verb phrase. However, they can also be placed at the beginning of the clause<\/span> when used for emphasis, contrast, or discourse focus.<\/p>\n

                                                                        Table 13.4.16 \u2013 Common frequency adverbials<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                                                        Nepali<\/th>\nTransliteration<\/th>\nEnglish<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                                                                        \u0939\u0930\u0947\u0915 \u0926\u093f\u0928 (harekdin<\/em>)<\/td>\nharek din<\/em><\/td>\nevery day<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                                        \u0938\u0927\u0948\u0901 (sadhai\u0303<\/em>)<\/td>\nsadhai\u0303<\/em><\/td>\nalways<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                                        \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 (pr\u0101ya\u1e25<\/em>)<\/td>\npr\u0101yah<\/em><\/td>\nusually<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                                        \u0927\u0947\u0930\u0948\u091c\u0938\u094b (dherai-jaso<\/em>)<\/td>\ndheraijaso<\/em><\/td>\nmostly; for the most part<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                                        \u0915\u0939\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0915\u093e\u0939\u0940\u0901 (kahilek\u0101h\u012b\u0303<\/em>)<\/td>\nkahilek\u0101h\u012b\u0303<\/em><\/td>\nsometimes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                                        \u0906\u091c\u0915\u0932 (\u0101jakal<\/em>)<\/td>\n\u0101jakal<\/em><\/td>\nnowadays<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                                                        <\/p>\n

                                                                        Table 13.4.17 \u2013 Frequency adverbials in sentences: example patterns<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                                                        Nepali<\/th>\nTransliteration<\/th>\nEnglish<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                                                                        \u092e \u0939\u0930\u0947\u0915 \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0941\u0964 <\/td>\nma harek din k\u0101ry\u0101laya j\u0101nchu.<\/em><\/td>\nI go to the office every day.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                                        \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u0927\u0948\u0901 \u0924\u094d\u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964 <\/td>\nuh\u0101\u0303 sadhai\u0303 tyah\u0101\u0303 hunuhuncha.<\/em><\/td>\nHe\/She is always there.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                                        \u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u092c\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0928 \u091a\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092a\u093f\u0909\u0901\u091b\u0941\u0964 <\/td>\nma pr\u0101yah bih\u0101na ciy\u0101 pi\u0169chu.<\/em><\/td>\nI usually drink tea in the morning.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                                        \u0939\u093e\u092e\u0940 \u0927\u0947\u0930\u0948\u091c\u0938\u094b \u0936\u0928\u093f\u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0918\u0930\u092e\u0948 \u092c\u0938\u094d\u091b\u094c\u0901\u0964 <\/td>\nh\u0101m\u012b dheraijaso \u015banib\u0101r gharm\u0101i baschau\u0303.<\/em><\/td>\nWe mostly stay at home on Saturdays.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                                        \u092e \u0915\u0939\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0915\u093e\u0939\u0940\u0901 \u0922\u093f\u0932\u094b \u0906\u0909\u0901\u091b\u0941\u0964 <\/td>\nma kahilek\u0101h\u012b\u0303 \u1e0dhilo \u0101\u0169chu.<\/em><\/td>\nI sometimes come late.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                                        \u0906\u091c\u0915\u0932 \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u093e\u0920\u092e\u093e\u0921\u094c\u0902\u092e\u093e \u092c\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964 <\/td>\n\u0101jakal uh\u0101\u0303 k\u0101\u1e6dham\u0101\u1e0dau\u0303m\u0101 basnuhuncha.<\/em><\/td>\nNowadays he\/she lives in Kathmandu.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                                                        <\/p>\n

                                                                        Never \/ Ever<\/h3>\n

                                                                        \u0915\u0939\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0948 (kahilyai<\/i>) is a polarity-sensitive temporal adverb<\/span>, meaning its interpretation depends on the grammatical environment in which it appears.<\/p>\n

                                                                        In negative clauses<\/span>, it expresses \u201cnever\u201d<\/span>, indicating the absence of an event at all times:<\/p>\n

                                                                          \n
                                                                        • \n

                                                                          \u092e \u0915\u0939\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0948 \u091a\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092a\u093f\u0909\u0901\u0926\u093f\u0928\u0964<\/p>\n

                                                                          ma kahilyai ciy\u0101 pi\u0169dina.<\/i><\/i><\/p>\n

                                                                          \u201cI never drink tea.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                          In questions<\/span>, it is typically interpreted as \u201cever?\u201d<\/span>, asking whether an event has occurred at any time:<\/p>\n

                                                                            \n
                                                                          • \n

                                                                            \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0915\u0939\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0948 \u0928\u0947\u092a\u093e\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0941\u092d\u090f\u0915\u094b \u091b?<\/p>\n

                                                                            ke tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 kahilyai nep\u0101l j\u0101nubhaeko cha?<\/i><\/i><\/p>\n

                                                                            \u201cHave you ever been to Nepal?\u201d<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                            Table 13.4.18 \u2013 \u0915\u0939\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0948 (kahilyai) \u201cnever \/ ever\u201d: negative vs. question meaning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                                                            Nepali<\/th>\nTransliteration<\/th>\nEnglish<\/th>\nType<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                                                                            \u092e \u0915\u0939\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0948 \u0927\u0942\u092e\u094d\u0930\u092a\u093e\u0928 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0928\u0964 <\/td>\nma kahilyai dh\u016bmrp\u0101n gardina.<\/em><\/td>\nI never smoke.<\/td>\nNegative (\u201cnever\u201d)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                                            \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u0939\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0948 \u0922\u093f\u0932\u094b \u0906\u0909\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0964 <\/td>\nuh\u0101\u0303 kahilyai \u1e0dhilo \u0101unuhunna.<\/em><\/td>\nHe\/She (hon.) never comes late.<\/td>\nNegative (\u201cnever\u201d)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                                            \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0915\u0939\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0948 \u0928\u0947\u092a\u093e\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b? <\/td>\nke tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 kahilyai nep\u0101l j\u0101nuhuncha?<\/em><\/td>\nDo you ever go to Nepal?<\/td>\nQuestion (\u201cever?\u201d)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                                            \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0915\u0939\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092f\u0948 \u092a\u094b\u0916\u0930\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b? <\/td>\ntap\u0101\u012b\u0303 kahilyai pokhar\u0101 j\u0101nuhuncha?<\/em><\/td>\nDo you ever go to Pokhara?<\/td>\nQuestion (\u201cever?\u201d)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                                                            <\/p>\n

                                                                            Instrumental\/locative marking with \u2013\u092c\u093e\u091f (\u2013b\u0101\u1e6da<\/em>) and \u2013\u092e\u093e (\u2013m\u0101<\/em>)<\/h2>\n

                                                                            Nepali expresses \u201cby (a means of transport)\u201d using more than one construction. Two common options are a \u2013\u092c\u093e\u091f (\u2013b\u0101\u1e6da) phrase<\/span> and a \u2013\u092e\u093e (\u2013m\u0101) phrase<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                                                                            Although \u2013\u092c\u093e\u091f (\u2013b\u0101\u1e6da<\/i>) is primarily an ablative marker<\/span> meaning \u201cfrom,\u201d it is frequently extended to express an instrumental-like meaning<\/span>, especially in motion contexts. In this use, it marks the means by which an action is carried out<\/span>, roughly corresponding to \u201cby means of\u201d in English.<\/p>\n

                                                                            By contrast, \u2013\u092e\u093e (\u2013m\u0101<\/i>) is a locative marker<\/span> meaning \u201cin\/on\/at.\u201d With vehicle nouns, it commonly produces an everyday meaning equivalent to \u201cin\/on\/by (a vehicle),\u201d depending on context and interpretation.<\/p>\n

                                                                            Both patterns are widely used in natural Nepali. However, \u2013\u092c\u093e\u091f (\u2013b\u0101\u1e6da<\/i>) is often treated in pedagogical descriptions as the more systematic or \u201cstandard\u201d way to express transport as a means of movement, while \u2013\u092e\u093e (\u2013m\u0101<\/i>) is especially common in colloquial usage with specific vehicles.<\/p>\n

                                                                            Table 13.4.19 \u2013 Transport by \u2013\u092c\u093e\u091f (\u2013b\u0101\u1e6da): vehicle phrases<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                                                            Vehicle phrase<\/th>\nTransliteration<\/th>\nMeaning<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                                                                            \u092c\u0938\u092c\u093e\u091f <\/td>\nbasb\u0101\u1e6da<\/em><\/td>\nby bus<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                                            \u091f\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u092c\u093e\u091f <\/td>\n\u1e6dy\u0101ks\u012bb\u0101\u1e6da<\/em><\/td>\nby taxi<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                                            \u0915\u093e\u0930\u092c\u093e\u091f<\/td>\nk\u0101rb\u0101\u1e6da<\/em><\/td>\nby car<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                                            \u0935\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928\u092c\u093e\u091f<\/td>\nwim\u0101nb\u0101\u1e6da<\/em><\/td>\nby plane<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                                                            <\/p>\n

                                                                            Table 13.4.20 \u2013 Transport by \u2013\u092c\u093e\u091f (\u2013b\u0101\u1e6da): sentence examples<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                                                            Nepali<\/th>\nTransliteration<\/th>\nEnglish<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                                                                            \u092e \u092c\u0938\u092c\u093e\u091f \u0918\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0941\u0964 <\/td>\nma basb\u0101\u1e6da ghar j\u0101nchu.<\/em><\/td>\nI go home by bus.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                                            \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u091f\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u092c\u093e\u091f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b? <\/td>\ntap\u0101\u012b\u0303 \u1e6dy\u0101ks\u012bb\u0101\u1e6da k\u0101ry\u0101laya j\u0101nuhuncha?<\/em><\/td>\nDo you go to the office by taxi?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                                            \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0935\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928\u092c\u093e\u091f \u0915\u093e\u0920\u092e\u093e\u0921\u094c\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964<\/td>\nuh\u0101\u0303 wim\u0101nb\u0101\u1e6da k\u0101\u1e6dham\u0101\u1e0dau\u0303 j\u0101nuhuncha.<\/em><\/td>\nHe\/She (hon.) goes to Kathmandu by plane.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                                                            <\/p>\n

                                                                            Vehicle + \u2013\u092e\u093e (-m\u0101<\/em>)<\/h2>\n

                                                                            With vehicle nouns, \u2013\u092e\u093e (\u2013m\u0101<\/i>) is commonly used in everyday Nepali as a natural way to express travel or transport.<\/p>\n

                                                                            In English, the meaning can vary between \u201cin,\u201d \u201con,\u201d or \u201cby,\u201d<\/span> depending on the type of vehicle and the context. Functionally, this construction emphasizes being inside or on a vehicle while travelling<\/span>, rather than the abstract idea of \u201cmeans.\u201d<\/p>\n

                                                                            Examples:<\/p>\n

                                                                              \n
                                                                            • \n

                                                                              \u092e \u092c\u0938\u092e\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0941\u0964<\/p>\n

                                                                              ma basm\u0101 j\u0101nchu.<\/i><\/i><\/p>\n

                                                                              \u201cI go by bus \/ I travel on the bus.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

                                                                            • \n

                                                                              \u090a \u0915\u093e\u0930\u092e\u093e \u0906\u0909\u0901\u091b\u0964<\/p>\n

                                                                              \u016b k\u0101rm\u0101 \u0101\u0169cha.<\/i><\/i><\/p>\n

                                                                              \u201cHe\/She comes by car \/ in the car.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                              Overall, \u2013\u092e\u093e (\u2013m\u0101<\/i>) in vehicle contexts reflects locative framing of travel situations<\/span> in everyday Nepali.<\/p>\n

                                                                              Table 13.4.21 \u2013 Vehicle + \u2013\u092e\u093e (\u2013m\u0101): everyday alternative (\u201cby\/on\/in\u201d)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                                                              Nepali<\/th>\nTransliteration<\/th>\nEnglish<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                                                                              \u092e \u092c\u0938\u092e\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0941\u0964 <\/td>\nma basm\u0101 j\u0101nchu.<\/em><\/td>\nI go by bus.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                                              \u092e \u092c\u0938\u092e\u093e \u0918\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0941\u0964 <\/td>\nma basm\u0101 ghar j\u0101nchu.<\/em><\/td>\nI go home by bus.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                                              \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u091f\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b? <\/td>\ntap\u0101\u012b\u0303 \u1e6dy\u0101ks\u012bm\u0101 k\u0101ry\u0101laya j\u0101nuhuncha?<\/em><\/td>\nDo you go to the office by taxi?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                                                              <\/p>\n

                                                                              Quick contrast<\/p>\n

                                                                                \n
                                                                              • \u092c\u0938\u092c\u093e\u091f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0941 = \u201cI go by means of the bus.\u201d (clear transport-as-means)<\/li>\n
                                                                              • \u092c\u0938\u092e\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0941 = \u201cI go on\/in the bus.\u201d (highlights being on the bus while travelling)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                                Postpositions: \u092a\u091b\u093f, \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e, \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093f\u2026\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e, \u0915\u093e \u0932\u093e\u0917\u093f \/ \u0915\u094b \u0932\u093e\u0917\u093f<\/h2>\n

                                                                                In Nepali, many relational meanings are expressed using postpositions<\/span>, which come after<\/span> a noun or time expression. These elements help express meanings such as after, until, from\u2026to, and for<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                                                                                Because they follow the noun they modify, Nepali uses a noun + postposition<\/span> order (for example: \u201cclass + after,\u201d \u201csix o\u2019clock + until\u201d).<\/p>\n

                                                                                Table 13.4.22 \u2013 Postpositions (quick examples)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                                                                Item<\/th>\nNepali<\/th>\nTransliteration<\/th>\nEnglish<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                                                                                \u092a\u091b\u093f (pachi)<\/td>\n\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u092a\u091b\u093f<\/td>\nkak\u1e63\u0101 pachi<\/em><\/td>\nafter class<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                                                \u092a\u091b\u093f (pachi)<\/td>\n\u0916\u093e\u0928\u093e\u092a\u091b\u093f<\/td>\nkh\u0101n\u0101 pachi<\/em><\/td>\nafter the meal<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                                                \u092a\u091b\u093f (pachi)<\/td>\n\u0926\u0941\u0908 \u0918\u0923\u094d\u091f\u093e\u092a\u091b\u093f<\/td>\ndu\u012b gha\u1e47\u1e6d\u0101 pachi<\/em><\/td>\nafter two hours<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                                                \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e (samma)<\/td>\n\u092d\u094b\u0932\u093f\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e<\/td>\nbholisamma<\/em><\/td>\nuntil tomorrow<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                                                \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e (samma)<\/td>\n\u091b \u092c\u091c\u0947\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e<\/td>\ncha bajesamma<\/em><\/td>\nuntil 6 o\u2019clock<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                                                \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093f\u2026\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e (dekhi \u2026samma)<\/td>\n\u0926\u0941\u0908 \u092c\u091c\u0947\u0926\u0947\u0916\u093f \u091b \u092c\u091c\u0947\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e<\/td>\ndu\u012b baje dekhi cha bajesamma<\/em><\/td>\nfrom 2 o\u2019clock until 6 o\u2019clock<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                                                \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093f\u2026\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e (dekhi \u2026samma)<\/td>\n\u0926\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0940\u0926\u0947\u0916\u093f \u0915\u093e\u0920\u092e\u093e\u0921\u094c\u0902\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e<\/td>\ndill\u012b dekhi k\u0101\u1e6dham\u0101\u1e0dau\u0303 samma<\/em><\/td>\nfrom Delhi to Kathmandu<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                                                                <\/p>\n

                                                                                \u092a\u091b\u093f (pachi<\/em>) = \u201cafter\u201d<\/h3>\n

                                                                                \u092a\u091b\u093f (pachi<\/i>) is a postposition used to show that one event happens later than another event<\/span>. It marks temporal sequence<\/span>, where Event A occurs first, and Event B happens afterward.<\/p>\n

                                                                                It can attach directly to a time expression<\/span> or to an event phrase<\/span>, depending on what you want to sequence.<\/p>\n

                                                                                Table 13.4.23 \u2013 \u092a\u091b\u093f (pachhi) \u201cafter\u201d: sentence examples<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                                                                Nepali<\/th>\nTranlsiteration<\/th>\nEnglish<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                                                                                \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u092a\u091b\u093f \u092e \u0918\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0941\u0964 <\/td>\nkak\u1e63\u0101 pachi ma ghar j\u0101nchu.<\/em><\/td>\nAfter class I go home.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                                                \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0916\u093e\u0928\u093e\u092a\u091b\u093f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964 <\/td>\nuh\u0101\u0303 kh\u0101n\u0101 pachi k\u0101ry\u0101laya j\u0101nuhuncha.<\/em><\/td>\nHe\/She goes to the office after eating.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                                                                <\/p>\n

                                                                                \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e (samma<\/em>) = \u201cuntil \/ up to \/ as far as\u201d<\/h3>\n

                                                                                \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e (samma<\/i>) is a postposition that marks an endpoint<\/span>. This endpoint can be:<\/p>\n

                                                                                  \n
                                                                                • \n

                                                                                  a point in time<\/span> (\u201cuntil 6 o\u2019clock\u201d)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

                                                                                • \n

                                                                                  a place or distance<\/span> (\u201cas far as Pokhara\u201d)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                                  The core meaning is consistent in both uses: it indicates the limit or boundary up to which something continues<\/span>.<\/p>\n

                                                                                  Table 13.4.24 \u2013 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e (samma) \u201cuntil \/ up to \/ as far as\u201d: sentence examples<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                                                                  Nepali<\/th>\nTransliteration<\/th>\nEnglish<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                                                                                  \u092e \u091b \u092c\u091c\u0947\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e \u0918\u0930\u092e\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0941\u0964 <\/td>\nma cha bajesamma gharm\u0101 hunchu.<\/em><\/td>\nI am at home until 6 o\u2019clock.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                                                  \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u092d\u094b\u0932\u093f\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b? <\/td>\ntap\u0101\u012b\u0303 bholisamma yah\u0101\u0303 hunuhuncha?<\/em><\/td>\nAre you here until tomorrow?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                                                  \u0909\u0928\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u092e\u0947\u0930\u094b \u0918\u0930\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e \u0906\u0909\u0901\u091b\u0928\u094d\u0964 <\/td>\nun\u012bhar\u016b mero gharsamma \u0101\u0169chan.<\/em><\/td>\nThey come as far as my house.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                                                  \u092e \u092a\u094b\u0916\u0930\u093e\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0941\u0964 <\/td>\nma pokhar\u0101samma j\u0101nchu.<\/em><\/td>\nI go up to\/as far as Pokhara.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                                                                  <\/p>\n

                                                                                  \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093f\u2026\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e (dekhi\u2026samma<\/em>) = \u201cfrom\u2026to \/ from\u2026until\u201d<\/h3>\n

                                                                                  \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093f\u2026\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e (dekhi\u2026samma<\/i>) is used when you want to express a <\/span>bounded interval with both a starting point and an ending point.<\/span><\/p>\n

                                                                                  It is the most direct way in Nepali to show a range in:<\/p>\n

                                                                                    \n
                                                                                  • \n

                                                                                    time<\/span> (\u201cfrom 2 to 6\u201d)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

                                                                                  • \n

                                                                                    place\/route<\/span> (\u201cfrom Delhi to Kathmandu\u201d)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                                    The structure has two clear parts:<\/p>\n

                                                                                      \n
                                                                                    • \n

                                                                                      \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093f (dekhi<\/em>)<\/span> marks the starting point (\u201cfrom\u201d)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

                                                                                    • \n

                                                                                      \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e (samma<\/em>)<\/span> marks the ending point (\u201cto \/ until\u201d)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                                                                      Table 13.4.25 \u2013 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093f\u2026\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e (dekhi\u2026samma) \u201cfrom\u2026to \/ from\u2026until\u201d: sentence examples<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                                                                      Nepali<\/th>\nTranlsiteration<\/th>\nEnglish<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                                                                                      \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0926\u0941\u0908 \u092c\u091c\u0947\u0926\u0947\u0916\u093f \u091b \u092c\u091c\u0947\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e \u0918\u0930\u092e\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964 <\/td>\nuh\u0101\u0303 du\u012b baje dekhi cha bajesamma gharm\u0101 hunuhuncha.<\/em><\/td>\nHe\/She is at home from 2 to 6.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                                                      \u092e \u0926\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0940\u0926\u0947\u0916\u093f \u0915\u093e\u0920\u092e\u093e\u0921\u094c\u0902\u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0941\u0964<\/td>\nma dill\u012b dekhi k\u0101\u1e6dham\u0101\u1e0dau\u0303 samma j\u0101nchu.<\/em><\/td>\nI go from Delhi to Kathmandu.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                                                                                      <\/p>\n

                                                                                      \u0915\u093e \u0932\u093e\u0917\u093f \/ \u0915\u094b \u0932\u093e\u0917\u093f (k\u0101 l\u0101gi<\/em> \/ ko l\u0101gi<\/em>) = \u201cfor\u201d<\/h3>\n

                                                                                      \u0915\u093e \u0932\u093e\u0917\u093f \/ \u0915\u094b \u0932\u093e\u0917\u093f (k\u0101 l\u0101gi \/ ko l\u0101gi<\/i>) is a postpositional phrase used to express \u201cfor\u201d<\/span> in Nepali. It has two very common functions: First, it can mark a recipient\/beneficiary (\u201cfor you,\u201d \u201cfor children\u201d). Second, it can mark purpose (\u201cfor practice,\u201d \u201cfor study\u201d). In both uses, the noun phrase comes first, and \u0932\u093e\u0917\u093f follows it.<\/p>\n

                                                                                      Table 13.4.26 \u2013 \u0915\u093e \u0932\u093e\u0917\u093f \/ \u0915\u094b \u0932\u093e\u0917\u093f (k\u0101 l\u0101gi \/ ko l\u0101gi) \u201cfor\u201d: sentence examples<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                                                                                      Nepali<\/th>\nTransliteration<\/th>\nEnglish<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                                                                                      \u092f\u094b \u0909\u092a\u0939\u093e\u0930 \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902\u0915\u094b \u0932\u093e\u0917\u093f \u0939\u094b\u0964 <\/td>\nyo upah\u0101r tap\u0101\u012b\u0303ko l\u0101gi ho.<\/em><\/td>\nThis gift is for you.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                                                      \u092f\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0942\u0915\u093e \u0932\u093e\u0917\u093f \u0939\u094b\u0964 <\/td>\nyo kit\u0101b bacc\u0101har\u016bk\u0101 l\u0101gi ho.<\/em><\/td>\nThis book is for children.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                                                      \u092a\u0922\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094b \u0932\u093e\u0917\u093f \u092f\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0930\u093e\u092e\u094d\u0930\u094b \u091b\u0964<\/td>\npa\u1e0dh\u0101\u012bko l\u0101gi yo kit\u0101b r\u0101mro cha.<\/em><\/td>\nThis book is good for studying.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                                                      \u0915\u093e\u092e\u0915\u094b \u0932\u093e\u0917\u093f \u092f\u094b \u0915\u092e\u094d\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0941\u091f\u0930 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964 <\/td>\nk\u0101mko l\u0101gi yo kampy\u016b\u1e6dar c\u0101hincha.<\/em><\/td>\nThis computer is needed for work.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                                                                                      \u0916\u0947\u0932\u0915\u094b \u0932\u093e\u0917\u093f \u092f\u094b \u092e\u0948\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0920\u0941\u0932\u094b \u091b\u0964 <\/td>\nkhelko l\u0101gi yo maid\u0101n \u1e6dhulo cha.<\/em><\/td>\nThis ground is big for playing.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

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