{"id":2737,"date":"2025-12-14T14:43:12","date_gmt":"2025-12-14T19:43:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=2737"},"modified":"2026-04-29T17:29:18","modified_gmt":"2026-04-29T21:29:18","slug":"chapter-15-unit-4-grammar-focus","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/chapter\/chapter-15-unit-4-grammar-focus\/","title":{"raw":"Unit 4 \u2014 Grammar Focus","rendered":"Unit 4 \u2014 Grammar Focus"},"content":{"raw":"<h1>Likes and Dislikes<\/h1>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">In Nepali, likes and dislikes are most commonly expressed using the verb phrase \u092e\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u091b (<i>man parcha<\/i>) for \u201clike\u201d and \u092e\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0948\u0928 (<i>man pardaina<\/i>) for \u201cdon\u2019t like.\u201d<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Literally, \u092e\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0941 (<i>man parnu<\/i>) means \u201cto be pleasing to the mind\/heart,\u201d so preference is expressed as an experience rather than an action performed by the subject.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Because of this structure, the person who experiences the feeling is typically marked with \u2013\u0932\u093e\u0908 (<i>\u2013l\u0101\u012b<\/i>), while the thing liked or disliked functions as the grammatical subject.<\/p>\r\n[table id=379 \/]\r\n<h2><strong>Past Preference (\u092e\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u200d\u092f\u094b \/ \u092e\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u0947\u0928) (<em>man paryo \/ man parena<\/em>)<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">When expressing preference in the past\u2014especially after experiencing something such as tasting food, watching a movie, or visiting a place\u2014Nepali uses the forms \u092e\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u200d\u092f\u094b (<i>man paryo<\/i>) for \u201cliked\u201d and \u092e\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u0947\u0928 (<i>man parena<\/i>) for \u201cdidn\u2019t like.\u201d<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">This maintains the same <span class=\"s1\"><b>experiential structure<\/b><\/span> as the present tense. The meaning is still \u201csomething was pleasing\/unpleasing,\u201d but now located in the past.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">As with the present form, the experiencer (the person who felt the reaction) is usually marked with \u2013\u0932\u093e\u0908 (<i>\u2013l\u0101\u012b<\/i>), while the thing liked or disliked remains the grammatical subject.<\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"55\" data-end=\"643\">[table id=380 \/]<\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"55\" data-end=\"643\">[table id=381 \/]<\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"55\" data-end=\"643\">[table id=382 \/]<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2>Alternative Expression: \u092e\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0909\u0928\u0941 (<em>man par\u0101unu<\/em>)<\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Although everyday Nepali most commonly uses the experiencer pattern \u092e\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u2026 \u092e\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u091b (<i>mal\u0101\u012b \u2026 man parchha<\/i>), you may also encounter the verb \u092e\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0909\u0928\u0941 (<i>man par\u0101unu<\/i>, \u201cto like\u201d), especially in written Nepali or more careful\/formal speech.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Unlike the experiencer construction, \u092e\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0909\u0928\u0941 (<i>man par\u0101unu<\/i>) behaves more like a typical transitive verb. The person who likes something appears as the <span class=\"s1\"><b>grammatical subject<\/b><\/span>, which makes the structure closer to English.<\/p>\r\n[table id=383 \/]\r\n\r\n[table id=384 \/]\r\n<h2>Need\/Want and Availability<\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">In Nepali, meanings such as <\/span><b>\u201cneed\/want (right now)\u201d<\/b><span class=\"s1\"> and <\/span><b>\u201cavailability \/ ability to obtain something\u201d<\/b><span class=\"s1\"> are commonly expressed in an <\/span><b>impersonal (passive-like) structure<\/b><span class=\"s1\">.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p3\">Instead of saying \u201cI need X\u201d as a subject-based action, Nepali typically frames it as:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">\u201cX is needed for me\u201d<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">\u201cX is available\/obtainable (for me)\u201d<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Because of this structure, the <\/span><b>thing being needed or available functions like the grammatical subject<\/b><span class=\"s1\">, while the <\/span><b>person who needs or receives it is marked with \u2013\u0932\u093e\u0908 (\u2013l\u0101\u012b)<\/b><span class=\"s1\">.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<b>Core verbs<\/b>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">\u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0928\u0941 (<i>c\u0101hinu<\/i>) \u2014 \u201cto be needed \/ wanted\u201d<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">\u092a\u093e\u0907\u0928\u0941 (<i>p\u0101inu<\/i>) \u2014 \u201cto be available \/ obtainable \/ get (something)\u201d<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"p3\">These verbs often appear in forms like:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">\u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0928\u094d\u091b (<i>c\u0101hincha<\/i>) \u2014 is needed \/ want<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">\u092a\u093e\u0907\u0928\u094d\u091b (<i>p\u0101incha<\/i>) \u2014 is available \/ can be obtained<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2>1) \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0928\u094d\u091b \/ \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0901\u0926\u0948\u0928 (<em>c\u0101hincha \/ c\u0101h\u0129daina<\/em>)<\/h2>\r\n\u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0928\u094d\u091b (<em>c\u0101hincha<\/em>) \u201cis needed \/ is wanted\u201d and \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0901\u0926\u0948\u0928 (<em>c\u0101h\u0129daina<\/em>) \u201cis not needed \/ is not wanted\u201d are the most practical forms for stating what you want or need in the immediate situation.\r\n\r\nThey are especially common in caf\u00e9s and restaurants because they express a present request (what you want right now), not a general preference.\r\n\r\n<b>Grammar pattern<\/b>\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s2\">This is an <\/span><b>impersonal construction<\/b><span class=\"s2\">:<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The <span class=\"s1\"><b>item<\/b><\/span> behaves like the subject-like element<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The <span class=\"s1\"><b>person<\/b><\/span> is marked with \u2013\u0932\u093e\u0908 (<i>\u2013l\u0101\u012b<\/i>)<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nFor learners, the key contrast is simple: use \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0928\u094d\u091b \/ \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0901\u0926\u0948\u0928 for \u201cwant\/need now,\u201d and use \u092e\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u091b \/ \u092e\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0948\u0928 for \u201clike\/dislike in general.\u201d\r\n\r\n[table id=385 \/]\r\n\r\n[table id=386 \/]\r\n<h2>2) \u092a\u093e\u0907\u0928\u094d\u091b \/ \u092a\u093e\u0907\u0901\u0926\u0948\u0928 (<em>p\u0101incha \/ p\u0101\u0129daina<\/em>)<\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">\u092a\u093e\u0907\u0928\u094d\u091b (<i>p\u0101incha<\/i>) means \u201cis obtainable \/ is available,\u201d and \u092a\u093e\u0907\u0901\u0926\u0948\u0928 (<i>p\u0101\u0129daina<\/i>) means \u201cis not obtainable \/ is not available.\u201d These are the most common expressions for <span class=\"s1\"><b>availability<\/b><\/span> in everyday settings such as shops, caf\u00e9s, restaurants, and services.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Instead of directly asking \u201cDo you have X?\u201d, Nepali often frames the question as whether something <span class=\"s1\"><b>can be obtained at a place<\/b><\/span>.<\/p>\r\n<b>Grammar pattern<\/b>\r\n<p class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s3\">This is an <\/span><b>impersonal construction<\/b><span class=\"s3\">:<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The <span class=\"s1\"><b>item<\/b><\/span> acts like the subject-like element<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The <span class=\"s1\"><b>place<\/b><\/span> (often \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 (<i>yah\u0101\u0303<\/i>) \u201chere\u201d) provides the location of availability<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nPractically: use \u092a\u093e\u0907\u0928\u094d\u091b to confirm something is available to buy\/order, and use \u092a\u093e\u0907\u0901\u0926\u0948\u0928 to understand or state that it is not available.\r\n\r\n[table id=387 \/]\r\n<h2>3) \u201cAvailable\u201d vs. \u201cCan you get\u2026?\u201d<\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Literally, \u092a\u093e\u0907\u0928\u094d\u091b (<i>p\u0101incha<\/i>) means \u201cis found \/ is available \/ can be obtained.\u201d In natural English, this is often translated as \u201cyou can get \u2026,\u201d because English tends to express availability from the <span class=\"s1\"><b>customer\u2019s perspective<\/b><\/span>.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Nepali, however, does not explicitly mention the person doing the action. The meaning is <span class=\"s1\"><b>impersonal and general<\/b><\/span>, so the \u201csomeone\/you\u201d interpretation is already understood from context.<\/p>\r\n[table id=388 \/]\r\n<h1>Asking Yes\/No Questions with <em>ki<\/em> (\u201c\u2026or?\u201d)<\/h1>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">In Nepali, yes\/no questions usually keep the same word order as statements. In speech, they are marked mainly by <span class=\"s1\"><b>rising intonation at the end<\/b><\/span>, while in writing the question mark (?) signals the interrogative form.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">A very common feature of Nepali questions is the particle <span class=\"s1\"><b>\u0915\u093f (ki)<\/b><\/span>, which literally means <span class=\"s1\"><b>\u201cor.\u201d<\/b><\/span> When used in questions, it creates a structure similar to <span class=\"s1\"><b>\u201c\u2026or not?\u201d<\/b><\/span>, making the question more natural and conversational.<\/p>\r\n<strong>Basic use of <em>ki<\/em><\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">\u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u091b \u0915\u093f?<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><i>yah\u0101\u0303 p\u0101n\u012b cha ki?<\/i><i><\/i><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">\u201cIs there water here (or not)?\u201d<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<b>Explicit alternative form<\/b>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">You can also state both options directly:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">\u0939\u094b \u0915\u093f \u0939\u094b\u0907\u0928?<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><i>ho ki hoina?<\/i><i><\/i><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">\u201cIs it or isn\u2019t it?\u201d<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">\u091b \u0915\u093f \u091b\u0948\u0928?<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><i>cha ki chaina?<\/i><i><\/i><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">\u201cIs there or isn\u2019t there?\u201d<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<b>Pragmatic note<\/b>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Questions like:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">\u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u091b \u0915\u093f?<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><i>yah\u0101\u0303 p\u0101n\u012b cha ki?<\/i><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">often carry an implied <span class=\"s1\"><b>polite request or expectation<\/b><\/span>, such as the speaker being interested in getting water if it is available.<\/p>\r\n[table id=389 \/]\r\n<h1>Saying \u201cbecause\u201d with <em>kinabhane<\/em><\/h1>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">In everyday Nepali, the most common way to say \u201cbecause\u201d is <span class=\"s1\"><b>\u0915\u093f\u0928\u092d\u0928\u0947 (kinabhane)<\/b><\/span>. It is used to introduce a reason or explanation, especially in response to <span class=\"s1\"><b>\u0915\u093f\u0928? (kina? \u201cwhy?\u201d)<\/b><\/span>.<\/p>\r\n<b>Basic pattern<\/b>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">\u0915\u093f\u0928? (<i>kina?<\/i>) \u2014 \u201cwhy?\u201d<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">\u0915\u093f\u0928\u092d\u0928\u0947 + \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 (<i>kinabhane + k\u0101ra\u1e47<\/i>) \u2014 \u201cbecause + reason\u201d<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<b>Examples<\/b>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0906\u0909\u0928\u0941\u092d\u090f\u0928?<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><i>kina \u0101unubhaena?<\/i><i><\/i><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">\u201cWhy didn\u2019t you come?\u201d<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">\u0915\u093f\u0928\u092d\u0928\u0947 \u092e \u092c\u093f\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0940 \u0925\u093f\u090f\u0901\u0964<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><i>kinabhane ma bir\u0101m\u012b thie\u0303.<\/i><i><\/i><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">\u201cBecause I was sick.\u201d<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<b>Alternative form<\/b>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">A more formal or written equivalent is:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">\u0915\u093f\u0928\u0915\u093f (<i>kinki<\/i>) \u2014 \u201cbecause\u201d<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<b>Key idea<\/b>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">\u0915\u093f\u0928\u092d\u0928\u0947 (<i>kinabhane<\/i>) = everyday spoken \u201cbecause\u201d<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">\u0915\u093f\u0928\u0915\u093f (<i>kinaki<\/i>) = more formal\/written \u201cbecause\u201d<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s3\">The structure is straightforward: <\/span><b>reason follows \u0915\u093f\u0928\u092d\u0928\u0947 (<em>kinabhane<\/em>) without changing word order.<\/b><\/p>\r\n[table id=390 \/]","rendered":"<h1>Likes and Dislikes<\/h1>\n<p class=\"p1\">In Nepali, likes and dislikes are most commonly expressed using the verb phrase \u092e\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u091b (<i>man parcha<\/i>) for \u201clike\u201d and \u092e\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0948\u0928 (<i>man pardaina<\/i>) for \u201cdon\u2019t like.\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Literally, \u092e\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0941 (<i>man parnu<\/i>) means \u201cto be pleasing to the mind\/heart,\u201d so preference is expressed as an experience rather than an action performed by the subject.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Because of this structure, the person who experiences the feeling is typically marked with \u2013\u0932\u093e\u0908 (<i>\u2013l\u0101\u012b<\/i>), while the thing liked or disliked functions as the grammatical subject.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-379-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-379\">Table 15.4.1 \u2013 Likes\/dislikes in the present: \u092e\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u091b \/ \u092e\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0948\u0928 (man parchha \/ man pardaina)<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-379\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-379\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-379-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\"> Nepali                      <\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\"> English                         <\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\"> \u092e\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u091a\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u091b\u0964          <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"> <i>mal\u0101\u012b ciy\u0101 man parcha.<\/i>          <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\"> I like tea.                     <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\"> \u092e\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u092b\u0940 \u092e\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0948\u0928\u0964         <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"> <i>mal\u0101\u012b kaph\u012b man pardaina.<\/i>        <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\"> I don\u2019t like coffee.            <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\"> \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u092e\u094b\u092e\u094b \u092e\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u091b\u0964       <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"> <i>uh\u0101\u0303l\u0101\u012b momo man parcha.<\/i>        <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\"> He\/She likes momo.              <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\"> \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u092a\u093f\u0930\u094b \u092e\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0948\u0928\u0964     <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"> <i>uh\u0101\u0303l\u0101\u012b piro man pardaina.<\/i>       <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\"> He\/She doesn\u2019t like spicy food. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6\">\n<td class=\"column-1\"> \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0926\u093e\u0932-\u092d\u093e\u0924 \u092e\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u091b\u0964   <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"> <i>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303l\u0101\u012b d\u0101lbh\u0101t man parcha.<\/i>  <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\"> You like daal-bhaat.            <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-7\">\n<td class=\"column-1\"> \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0926\u093e\u0932-\u092d\u093e\u0924 \u092e\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0948\u0928\u0964 <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"> <i>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303l\u0101\u012b d\u0101lbh\u0101t man pardaina.<\/i> <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\"> You don\u2019t like daal-bhaat.      <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-379 from cache --><\/p>\n<h2><strong>Past Preference (\u092e\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u200d\u092f\u094b \/ \u092e\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u0947\u0928) (<em>man paryo \/ man parena<\/em>)<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\">When expressing preference in the past\u2014especially after experiencing something such as tasting food, watching a movie, or visiting a place\u2014Nepali uses the forms \u092e\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u200d\u092f\u094b (<i>man paryo<\/i>) for \u201cliked\u201d and \u092e\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u0947\u0928 (<i>man parena<\/i>) for \u201cdidn\u2019t like.\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">This maintains the same <span class=\"s1\"><b>experiential structure<\/b><\/span> as the present tense. The meaning is still \u201csomething was pleasing\/unpleasing,\u201d but now located in the past.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">As with the present form, the experiencer (the person who felt the reaction) is usually marked with \u2013\u0932\u093e\u0908 (<i>\u2013l\u0101\u012b<\/i>), while the thing liked or disliked remains the grammatical subject.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"55\" data-end=\"643\">\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-380-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-380\">Table 15.4.2 \u2013 Past preference: \u092e\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u200d\u092f\u094b \/ \u092e\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u0947\u0928 (man paryo \/ man parena)<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-380\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-380\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-380-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\"> Nepali                      <\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\"> Transliteration                       <\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\"> English                        <\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\"> \u092e\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u091a\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u200d\u092f\u094b\u0964        <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"> <i>mal\u0101\u012b ciy\u0101 man paryo.<\/i>          <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\"> I liked the tea.               <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\"> \u092e\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u092b\u0940 \u092e\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u0947\u0928\u0964           <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"> <i>mal\u0101\u012b kaph\u012b man parena.<\/i>        <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\"> I didn\u2019t like the coffee.      <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\"> \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u092e\u094b\u092e\u094b \u092e\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u200d\u092f\u094b\u0964     <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"> <i>uh\u0101\u0303l\u0101\u012b momo man paryo.<\/i>        <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\"> He\/She liked momo.             <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\"> \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u092a\u093f\u0930\u094b \u092e\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u0947\u0928\u0964       <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"> <i>uh\u0101\u0303l\u0101\u012b piro man parena.<\/i>       <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\"> He\/She didn\u2019t like spicy food. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6\">\n<td class=\"column-1\"> \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0926\u093e\u0932-\u092d\u093e\u0924 \u092e\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u200d\u092f\u094b\u0964 <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"> <i>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303l\u0101\u012b d\u0101lbh\u0101t man paryo.<\/i>  <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\"> You liked daal-bhaat.          <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-7\">\n<td class=\"column-1\"> \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0926\u093e\u0932-\u092d\u093e\u0924 \u092e\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u0947\u0928\u0964   <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"> <i>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303l\u0101\u012b d\u0101lbh\u0101t man parena.<\/i> <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\"> You didn\u2019t like daal-bhaat.    <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-380 from cache --><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"55\" data-end=\"643\">\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-381-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-381\">Table 15.4.3 \u2013 Common questions for preferences (present and past)<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-381\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-381\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-381-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\"> Nepali                   <\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\"> Transliteration                    <\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\"> English                   <\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\"> \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u091b?     <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"> <i>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303l\u0101\u012b ke man parcha?<\/i>   <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\"> What do you like?         <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\"> \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u091a\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u091b?   <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"> <i>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303l\u0101\u012b ciy\u0101 man parcha?<\/i> <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\"> Do you like tea?          <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\"> \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u092a\u093f\u0930\u094b \u092e\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u091b?   <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"> <i>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303l\u0101\u012b piro man parcha?<\/i> <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\"> Do you like spicy food?   <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\"> \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u091a\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u200d\u092f\u094b? <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"> <i>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303l\u0101\u012b ciy\u0101 man paryo?<\/i>   <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\"> Did you like the tea?     <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6\">\n<td class=\"column-1\"> \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u092e\u094b\u092e\u094b \u092e\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u0947\u0928?   <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"> <i>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303l\u0101\u012b momo man parena?<\/i>  <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\"> Didn\u2019t you like the momo? <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-381 from cache --><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"55\" data-end=\"643\">\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-382-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-382\">Table 15.4.4 \u2013 Short answers for preferences<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-382\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-382\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-382-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\"> Nepali                <\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\"> Transliteration                   <\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\"> English               <\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\"> \u0939\u094b, \u092e\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u092e\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u091b\u0964     <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"> <i>ho, mal\u0101\u012b man parcha.<\/i>     <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\"> Yes, I do.            <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\"> \u0939\u094b\u0907\u0928, \u092e\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u092e\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0948\u0928\u0964 <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"> <i>hoina, mal\u0101\u012b man pardaina.<\/i> <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\"> No, I don\u2019t.          <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\"> \u0939\u094b, \u092e\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u092e\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u200d\u092f\u094b\u0964   <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"> <i>ho, mal\u0101\u012b man paryo.<\/i>       <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\"> Yes, I liked it.      <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\"> \u0939\u094b\u0907\u0928, \u092e\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u092e\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u0947\u0928\u0964   <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"> <i>hoina, mal\u0101\u012b man parena.<\/i>   <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\"> No, I didn\u2019t like it. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-382 from cache --><\/p>\n<h2>Alternative Expression: \u092e\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0909\u0928\u0941 (<em>man par\u0101unu<\/em>)<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\">Although everyday Nepali most commonly uses the experiencer pattern \u092e\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u2026 \u092e\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u091b (<i>mal\u0101\u012b \u2026 man parchha<\/i>), you may also encounter the verb \u092e\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0909\u0928\u0941 (<i>man par\u0101unu<\/i>, \u201cto like\u201d), especially in written Nepali or more careful\/formal speech.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Unlike the experiencer construction, \u092e\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0909\u0928\u0941 (<i>man par\u0101unu<\/i>) behaves more like a typical transitive verb. The person who likes something appears as the <span class=\"s1\"><b>grammatical subject<\/b><\/span>, which makes the structure closer to English.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-383-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-383\">Table 15.4.5 \u2013 Alternative \u201clike\u201d verb (more subject-style): present<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-383\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-383\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-383-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\"> Nepali                        <\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\"> Transliteration                            <\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\"> English                       <\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\"> \u092e \u092a\u0939\u0947\u0902\u0932\u094b \u0930\u0919 \u092e\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0909\u0901\u091b\u0941\u0964       <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"> <i>ma pahe\u0303lo ra\u1e45 man par\u0101\u0169chu.<\/i>      <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\"> I like the color yellow.      <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\"> \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0939\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0930\u0919 \u092e\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0909\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964 <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"> <i>uh\u0101\u0303 hariyo ra\u1e45 man par\u0101unuhuncha.<\/i> <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\"> He\/She likes the color green. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-383 from cache --><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-384-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-384\">Table 15.4.6 \u2013 \u092e\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0909\u0928\u0941 (man par\u0101unu) in the past: <em>par\u0101e\u0303 \/ par\u0101unubhayo<em><\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-384\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-384\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-384-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\"> Nepali                        <\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\"> Transliteration                            <\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\"> English                       <\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\"> \u092e\u0948\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0947\u0902\u0932\u094b \u0930\u0919 \u092e\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u090f\u0901\u0964      <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"> <i>maile pahe\u0303lo ra\u1e45 man par\u0101e\u0303.<\/i>       <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\"> I liked the color yellow.     <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\"> \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0930\u0919 \u092e\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0909\u0928\u0941\u092d\u092f\u094b\u0964 <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"> <i>uh\u0101\u0303le hariyo ra\u1e45 man par\u0101unubhayo.<\/i> <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\"> He\/She liked the color green. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-384 from cache --><\/p>\n<h2>Need\/Want and Availability<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">In Nepali, meanings such as <\/span><b>\u201cneed\/want (right now)\u201d<\/b><span class=\"s1\"> and <\/span><b>\u201cavailability \/ ability to obtain something\u201d<\/b><span class=\"s1\"> are commonly expressed in an <\/span><b>impersonal (passive-like) structure<\/b><span class=\"s1\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p3\">Instead of saying \u201cI need X\u201d as a subject-based action, Nepali typically frames it as:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">\u201cX is needed for me\u201d<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">\u201cX is available\/obtainable (for me)\u201d<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Because of this structure, the <\/span><b>thing being needed or available functions like the grammatical subject<\/b><span class=\"s1\">, while the <\/span><b>person who needs or receives it is marked with \u2013\u0932\u093e\u0908 (\u2013l\u0101\u012b)<\/b><span class=\"s1\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Core verbs<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">\u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0928\u0941 (<i>c\u0101hinu<\/i>) \u2014 \u201cto be needed \/ wanted\u201d<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">\u092a\u093e\u0907\u0928\u0941 (<i>p\u0101inu<\/i>) \u2014 \u201cto be available \/ obtainable \/ get (something)\u201d<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p3\">These verbs often appear in forms like:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">\u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0928\u094d\u091b (<i>c\u0101hincha<\/i>) \u2014 is needed \/ want<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">\u092a\u093e\u0907\u0928\u094d\u091b (<i>p\u0101incha<\/i>) \u2014 is available \/ can be obtained<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>1) \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0928\u094d\u091b \/ \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0901\u0926\u0948\u0928 (<em>c\u0101hincha \/ c\u0101h\u0129daina<\/em>)<\/h2>\n<p>\u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0928\u094d\u091b (<em>c\u0101hincha<\/em>) \u201cis needed \/ is wanted\u201d and \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0901\u0926\u0948\u0928 (<em>c\u0101h\u0129daina<\/em>) \u201cis not needed \/ is not wanted\u201d are the most practical forms for stating what you want or need in the immediate situation.<\/p>\n<p>They are especially common in caf\u00e9s and restaurants because they express a present request (what you want right now), not a general preference.<\/p>\n<p><b>Grammar pattern<\/b><\/p>\n<p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s2\">This is an <\/span><b>impersonal construction<\/b><span class=\"s2\">:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">The <span class=\"s1\"><b>item<\/b><\/span> behaves like the subject-like element<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">The <span class=\"s1\"><b>person<\/b><\/span> is marked with \u2013\u0932\u093e\u0908 (<i>\u2013l\u0101\u012b<\/i>)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>For learners, the key contrast is simple: use \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0928\u094d\u091b \/ \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0901\u0926\u0948\u0928 for \u201cwant\/need now,\u201d and use \u092e\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u091b \/ \u092e\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0948\u0928 for \u201clike\/dislike in general.\u201d<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-385-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-385\">Table 15.4.7 \u2013 Want\/need now: \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0928\u094d\u091b \/ \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0901\u0926\u0948\u0928 (<em>c\u0101hinchha \/ c\u0101h\u0129daina<em>)<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-385\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-385\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-385-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\"> Nepali                     <\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\"> Transliteration                      <\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\"> English                        <\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\"> \u092e\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964         <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"> <i>mal\u0101\u012b p\u0101n\u012b c\u0101hincha.<\/i>         <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\"> I want\/need water.             <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\"> \u092e\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u091a\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964         <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"> <i>mal\u0101\u012b ciy\u0101 c\u0101hincha.<\/i>         <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\"> I want tea (now).              <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\"> \u092e\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u092b\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0901\u0926\u0948\u0928\u0964         <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"> <i>mal\u0101\u012b kaph\u012b c\u0101h\u0129daina.<\/i>        <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\"> I don\u2019t want coffee (now).     <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\"> \u0905\u0939\u093f\u0932\u0947 \u092e\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u092e\u093f\u0920\u093e\u0908 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0901\u0926\u0948\u0928\u0964 <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"> <i>ahile mal\u0101\u012b mi\u1e6dh\u0101\u012b c\u0101h\u0129daina.<\/i> <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\"> I don\u2019t want sweets right now. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-385 from cache --><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-386-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-386\">Table 15.4.8 \u2013 Polite want\/need questions<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-386\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-386\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-386-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\"> Nepali                 <\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\"> Transliteration                  <\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\"> English                <\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\"> \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0928\u094d\u091b?   <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"> <i>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303l\u0101\u012b ke c\u0101hincha?<\/i>   <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\"> What do you want\/need? <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\"> \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0928\u094d\u091b? <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"> <i>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303l\u0101\u012b p\u0101n\u012b c\u0101hincha?<\/i> <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\"> Do you want water?     <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\"> \u0905\u0930\u0942 \u0915\u0947\u0939\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0928\u094d\u091b?      <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"> <i>ar\u016b kehi c\u0101hincha?<\/i>       <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\"> Anything else?         <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-386 from cache --><\/p>\n<h2>2) \u092a\u093e\u0907\u0928\u094d\u091b \/ \u092a\u093e\u0907\u0901\u0926\u0948\u0928 (<em>p\u0101incha \/ p\u0101\u0129daina<\/em>)<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\">\u092a\u093e\u0907\u0928\u094d\u091b (<i>p\u0101incha<\/i>) means \u201cis obtainable \/ is available,\u201d and \u092a\u093e\u0907\u0901\u0926\u0948\u0928 (<i>p\u0101\u0129daina<\/i>) means \u201cis not obtainable \/ is not available.\u201d These are the most common expressions for <span class=\"s1\"><b>availability<\/b><\/span> in everyday settings such as shops, caf\u00e9s, restaurants, and services.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Instead of directly asking \u201cDo you have X?\u201d, Nepali often frames the question as whether something <span class=\"s1\"><b>can be obtained at a place<\/b><\/span>.<\/p>\n<p><b>Grammar pattern<\/b><\/p>\n<p class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s3\">This is an <\/span><b>impersonal construction<\/b><span class=\"s3\">:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">The <span class=\"s1\"><b>item<\/b><\/span> acts like the subject-like element<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">The <span class=\"s1\"><b>place<\/b><\/span> (often \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 (<i>yah\u0101\u0303<\/i>) \u201chere\u201d) provides the location of availability<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Practically: use \u092a\u093e\u0907\u0928\u094d\u091b to confirm something is available to buy\/order, and use \u092a\u093e\u0907\u0901\u0926\u0948\u0928 to understand or state that it is not available.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-387-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-387\">Table 15.4.9 \u2013 Availability: \u092a\u093e\u0907\u0928\u094d\u091b \/ \u092a\u093e\u0907\u0901\u0926\u0948\u0928 (<em>p\u0101inchha \/ p\u0101\u0129daina<em>)<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-387\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-387\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-387-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\"> Nepali                <\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\"> Transliteration                   <\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\"> English                                                          <\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\"> \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092e\u094b\u092e\u094b \u092a\u093e\u0907\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964     <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"> <i>yah\u0101\u0303 momo p\u0101incha.<\/i>       <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\"> Momo is available here.                                          <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\"> \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0926\u0942\u0927 \u091a\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0907\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964 <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"> <i>yah\u0101\u0303 d\u016bdh ciy\u0101 p\u0101incha.<\/i>  <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\"> Milk tea is available here.                                      <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\"> \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u093e\u0932\u094b \u0915\u092b\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0907\u0928\u094d\u091b? <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"> <i>yah\u0101\u0303 k\u0101lo kaph\u012b p\u0101incha?<\/i> <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\"> Is black coffee available here? \/ Can you get black coffee here? <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\"> \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u091c\u0941\u0938 \u092a\u093e\u0907\u0901\u0926\u0948\u0928\u0964     <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"> <i>yah\u0101\u0303 jus p\u0101\u0129daina.<\/i>        <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\"> Juice isn\u2019t available here.                                      <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-387 from cache --><\/p>\n<h2>3) \u201cAvailable\u201d vs. \u201cCan you get\u2026?\u201d<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\">Literally, \u092a\u093e\u0907\u0928\u094d\u091b (<i>p\u0101incha<\/i>) means \u201cis found \/ is available \/ can be obtained.\u201d In natural English, this is often translated as \u201cyou can get \u2026,\u201d because English tends to express availability from the <span class=\"s1\"><b>customer\u2019s perspective<\/b><\/span>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Nepali, however, does not explicitly mention the person doing the action. The meaning is <span class=\"s1\"><b>impersonal and general<\/b><\/span>, so the \u201csomeone\/you\u201d interpretation is already understood from context.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-388-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-388\">Table 15.4.10 \u2013 Availability questions: <em>kah\u0101\u0303 p\u0101incha? \/ \u2026 p\u0101incha<em>?<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-388\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-388\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-388-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\"> Nepali                         <\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\"> Transliteration                            <\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\"> English                                                <\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\"> \u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0915\u0941\u092d\u0930\u092e\u093e \u092e\u094b\u092e\u094b \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u093e\u0907\u0928\u094d\u091b? <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"> <i>bhy\u0101nkubharm\u0101 momo kah\u0101\u0303 p\u0101incha?<\/i> <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\"> Where can you get momo in Vancouver?                   <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\"> \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u093e\u0932\u094b \u0915\u092b\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0907\u0928\u094d\u091b?          <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"> <i>yah\u0101\u0303 k\u0101lo kaph\u012b p\u0101incha?<\/i>          <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\"> Can you get black coffee here? \/ Is it available here? <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-388 from cache --><\/p>\n<h1>Asking Yes\/No Questions with <em>ki<\/em> (\u201c\u2026or?\u201d)<\/h1>\n<p class=\"p1\">In Nepali, yes\/no questions usually keep the same word order as statements. In speech, they are marked mainly by <span class=\"s1\"><b>rising intonation at the end<\/b><\/span>, while in writing the question mark (?) signals the interrogative form.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">A very common feature of Nepali questions is the particle <span class=\"s1\"><b>\u0915\u093f (ki)<\/b><\/span>, which literally means <span class=\"s1\"><b>\u201cor.\u201d<\/b><\/span> When used in questions, it creates a structure similar to <span class=\"s1\"><b>\u201c\u2026or not?\u201d<\/b><\/span>, making the question more natural and conversational.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Basic use of <em>ki<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">\u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u091b \u0915\u093f?<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><i>yah\u0101\u0303 p\u0101n\u012b cha ki?<\/i><i><\/i><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">\u201cIs there water here (or not)?\u201d<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Explicit alternative form<\/b><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">You can also state both options directly:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">\u0939\u094b \u0915\u093f \u0939\u094b\u0907\u0928?<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><i>ho ki hoina?<\/i><i><\/i><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">\u201cIs it or isn\u2019t it?\u201d<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">\u091b \u0915\u093f \u091b\u0948\u0928?<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><i>cha ki chaina?<\/i><i><\/i><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">\u201cIs there or isn\u2019t there?\u201d<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Pragmatic note<\/b><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Questions like:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">\u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u091b \u0915\u093f?<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><i>yah\u0101\u0303 p\u0101n\u012b cha ki?<\/i><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p1\">often carry an implied <span class=\"s1\"><b>polite request or expectation<\/b><\/span>, such as the speaker being interested in getting water if it is available.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-389-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-389\">Table 15.4.11 \u2013 Yes\/no questions with \u0915\u093f (<em>ki<em>)<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-389\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-389\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-389-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\"> Nepali               <\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\"> Transliteration                    <\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\"> English                       <\/th>\n<th class=\"column-4\"> Pattern type              <\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\"> \u092f\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0939\u094b?         <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"> <i>yo kit\u0101b ho?<\/i>                <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\"> Is this a book?               <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\"> Simple question with ho   <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\"> \u092f\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0939\u094b \u0915\u093f?      <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"> <i>yo kit\u0101b ho ki?<\/i>             <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\"> Is this a book (or not)?      <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\"> With ki                   <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\"> \u092f\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0939\u094b \u0915\u093f \u0939\u094b\u0907\u0928? <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"> <i>yo kit\u0101b ho ki hoina?<\/i>       <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\"> Is this a book or not?        <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\"> \u201cor not\u201d (explicit)       <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\"> \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u091b?         <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"> <i>yah\u0101\u0303 p\u0101n\u012b cha?<\/i>            <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\"> Is there water here?          <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\"> Simple question with chha <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6\">\n<td class=\"column-1\"> \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u091b \u0915\u093f?      <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"> <i>yah\u0101\u0303 p\u0101n\u012b cha ki?<\/i>         <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\"> Is there water here (or not)? <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\"> With ki                   <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-7\">\n<td class=\"column-1\"> \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u091b \u0915\u093f \u091b\u0948\u0928?  <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"> <i>yah\u0101\u0303 p\u0101n\u012b cha ki chaina?<\/i> <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\"> Is there water here or not?   <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\"> \u201cor not\u201d (explicit)       <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-389 from cache --><\/p>\n<h1>Saying \u201cbecause\u201d with <em>kinabhane<\/em><\/h1>\n<p class=\"p1\">In everyday Nepali, the most common way to say \u201cbecause\u201d is <span class=\"s1\"><b>\u0915\u093f\u0928\u092d\u0928\u0947 (kinabhane)<\/b><\/span>. It is used to introduce a reason or explanation, especially in response to <span class=\"s1\"><b>\u0915\u093f\u0928? (kina? \u201cwhy?\u201d)<\/b><\/span>.<\/p>\n<p><b>Basic pattern<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">\u0915\u093f\u0928? (<i>kina?<\/i>) \u2014 \u201cwhy?\u201d<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">\u0915\u093f\u0928\u092d\u0928\u0947 + \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 (<i>kinabhane + k\u0101ra\u1e47<\/i>) \u2014 \u201cbecause + reason\u201d<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Examples<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0906\u0909\u0928\u0941\u092d\u090f\u0928?<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><i>kina \u0101unubhaena?<\/i><i><\/i><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">\u201cWhy didn\u2019t you come?\u201d<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">\u0915\u093f\u0928\u092d\u0928\u0947 \u092e \u092c\u093f\u0930\u093e\u092e\u0940 \u0925\u093f\u090f\u0901\u0964<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><i>kinabhane ma bir\u0101m\u012b thie\u0303.<\/i><i><\/i><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">\u201cBecause I was sick.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Alternative form<\/b><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">A more formal or written equivalent is:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">\u0915\u093f\u0928\u0915\u093f (<i>kinki<\/i>) \u2014 \u201cbecause\u201d<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Key idea<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">\u0915\u093f\u0928\u092d\u0928\u0947 (<i>kinabhane<\/i>) = everyday spoken \u201cbecause\u201d<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">\u0915\u093f\u0928\u0915\u093f (<i>kinaki<\/i>) = more formal\/written \u201cbecause\u201d<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s3\">The structure is straightforward: <\/span><b>reason follows \u0915\u093f\u0928\u092d\u0928\u0947 (<em>kinabhane<\/em>) without changing word order.<\/b><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-390-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-390\">Table 15.4.12 \u2013 Giving reasons with \u0915\u093f\u0928\u092d\u0928\u0947 (<em>kinabhane<em>)<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-390\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-390\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-390-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\"> Nepali                                            <\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\"> Transliteration                                                     <\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\"> English                                         <\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\"> \u092e\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0926\u0942\u0927 \u091a\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u091b, \u0915\u093f\u0928\u092d\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b \u092e\u0940\u0920\u094b \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964      <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"> <i>mal\u0101\u012b d\u016bdh ciy\u0101 man parcha, kinabhane yo m\u012b\u1e6dho huncha.<\/i>     <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\"> I like milk tea because it is tasty\/sweet.      <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\"> \u092e\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u093e\u0932\u094b \u0915\u092b\u0940 \u092e\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0948\u0928, \u0915\u093f\u0928\u092d\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b \u0924\u093f\u0924\u094b \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964    <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"> <i>mal\u0101\u012b k\u0101lo kaph\u012b man pardaina, kinabhane yo tito huncha.<\/i>    <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\"> I don\u2019t like black coffee because it is bitter. <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\"> \u092e\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u092e\u094b\u092e\u094b \u092e\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u091b, \u0915\u093f\u0928\u092d\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b \u0927\u0947\u0930\u0948 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0932\u094b \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964 <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"> <i>mal\u0101\u012b momo man parcha, kinabhane yo dherai sw\u0101dilo huncha.<\/i> <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\"> I like momo because it is very delicious.       <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\"> \u092e\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u0947\u0915 \u092e\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u091b, \u0915\u093f\u0928\u092d\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b \u0917\u0941\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964         <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"> <i>mal\u0101\u012b kek man parcha, kinabhane yo guliyo huncha.<\/i>          <\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\"> I like cake because it is sweet.                <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-390 from cache 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