{"id":2954,"date":"2025-12-25T01:12:05","date_gmt":"2025-12-25T06:12:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/?post_type=chapter&p=2954"},"modified":"2026-04-26T16:53:42","modified_gmt":"2026-04-26T20:53:42","slug":"chapter-2-unit-4-grammar-focus","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/chapter\/chapter-2-unit-4-grammar-focus\/","title":{"raw":"Unit 4 \u2014 Grammar Focus","rendered":"Unit 4 \u2014 Grammar Focus"},"content":{"raw":"

Respectful endings in polite requests<\/h2>\r\n

In Nepali, polite requests are commonly formed using the respectful imperative ending \u2013\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d<\/b><\/span> (\u2013nuhos<\/i>). This suffix marks the verb as honorific (High register) and is used in interactions with strangers, elders, teachers, and in public contexts.<\/p>\r\n

Common examples:<\/p>\r\n

\u0906\u0909\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d (\u0101unuhos<\/i>) \u2014 please come<\/p>\r\n

\u092c\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d (basnuhos<\/i>) \u2014 please sit<\/p>\r\n

\u092c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d (bolnuhos<\/i>) \u2014 please speak<\/p>\r\n

\u092d\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d (bhannuhos<\/i>) \u2014 please say<\/p>\r\n

\u0917\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d (garnuhos<\/i>) \u2014 please do<\/p>\r\n

In everyday spoken Nepali, shortened forms are also very common:<\/p>\r\n

\u0906\u0909\u0928\u0941\u0938\u094d (\u0101unus<\/i>)<\/p>\r\n

\u092c\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0938\u094d (basnus<\/i>)<\/p>\r\n

\u092d\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0938\u094d (bhannus<\/i>)<\/p>\r\n

Both full and shortened forms are widely used. In this book, the full form \u2013\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d<\/b><\/span> (\u2013nuhos<\/i>) is introduced first for clarity and consistency.<\/p>\r\n

Politeness in Nepali is primarily expressed through verb morphology. For this reason, the word \u0915\u0943\u092a\u092f\u093e (k<\/i>\u1e5b<\/em>pay\u0101<\/i>, \u201cplease\u201d) is optional. Forms such as \u092c\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d (basnuhos<\/i>) are fully natural on their own, while \u0915\u0943\u092a\u092f\u093e \u092c\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d is more formal and less common in everyday speech.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Common phrase endings: \u091b \/ \u091b\u0948\u0928<\/h3>\r\n

Many common expressions in Nepali end with \u091b<\/b><\/span> (cha<\/i>) or \u091b\u0948\u0928<\/b><\/span> (chaina<\/i>). These forms express state, condition, or existence.<\/p>\r\n

Examples:<\/p>\r\n

\u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u091b (sw\u0101gat cha<\/i>) \u2014 welcome<\/p>\r\n

\u0920\u0940\u0915 \u091b (\u1e6dh\u012bk cha<\/i>) \u2014 okay \/ all right<\/p>\r\n

\u0920\u0940\u0915 \u091b\u0948\u0928 (\u1e6dh\u012bk chaina<\/i>) \u2014 not okay \/ not all right<\/p>\r\n

\u092e\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0925\u093e\u0939\u093e \u091b\u0948\u0928 (mal\u0101\u012b th\u0101h\u0101 chaina<\/i>) \u2014 I don\u2019t know<\/p>\r\n

At this stage, these expressions should be learned as complete units. The grammatical structure of \u091b \/ \u091b\u0948\u0928 will be introduced in later sections.<\/p>","rendered":"

Respectful endings in polite requests<\/h2>\n

In Nepali, polite requests are commonly formed using the respectful imperative ending \u2013\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d<\/b><\/span> (\u2013nuhos<\/i>). This suffix marks the verb as honorific (High register) and is used in interactions with strangers, elders, teachers, and in public contexts.<\/p>\n

Common examples:<\/p>\n

\u0906\u0909\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d (\u0101unuhos<\/i>) \u2014 please come<\/p>\n

\u092c\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d (basnuhos<\/i>) \u2014 please sit<\/p>\n

\u092c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d (bolnuhos<\/i>) \u2014 please speak<\/p>\n

\u092d\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d (bhannuhos<\/i>) \u2014 please say<\/p>\n

\u0917\u0930\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d (garnuhos<\/i>) \u2014 please do<\/p>\n

In everyday spoken Nepali, shortened forms are also very common:<\/p>\n

\u0906\u0909\u0928\u0941\u0938\u094d (\u0101unus<\/i>)<\/p>\n

\u092c\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0938\u094d (basnus<\/i>)<\/p>\n

\u092d\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0938\u094d (bhannus<\/i>)<\/p>\n

Both full and shortened forms are widely used. In this book, the full form \u2013\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d<\/b><\/span> (\u2013nuhos<\/i>) is introduced first for clarity and consistency.<\/p>\n

Politeness in Nepali is primarily expressed through verb morphology. For this reason, the word \u0915\u0943\u092a\u092f\u093e (k<\/i>\u1e5b<\/em>pay\u0101<\/i>, \u201cplease\u201d) is optional. Forms such as \u092c\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d (basnuhos<\/i>) are fully natural on their own, while \u0915\u0943\u092a\u092f\u093e \u092c\u0938\u094d\u0928\u0941\u0939\u094b\u0938\u094d is more formal and less common in everyday speech.<\/p>\n

Common phrase endings: \u091b \/ \u091b\u0948\u0928<\/h3>\n

Many common expressions in Nepali end with \u091b<\/b><\/span> (cha<\/i>) or \u091b\u0948\u0928<\/b><\/span> (chaina<\/i>). These forms express state, condition, or existence.<\/p>\n

Examples:<\/p>\n

\u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u091b (sw\u0101gat cha<\/i>) \u2014 welcome<\/p>\n

\u0920\u0940\u0915 \u091b (\u1e6dh\u012bk cha<\/i>) \u2014 okay \/ all right<\/p>\n

\u0920\u0940\u0915 \u091b\u0948\u0928 (\u1e6dh\u012bk chaina<\/i>) \u2014 not okay \/ not all right<\/p>\n

\u092e\u0932\u093e\u0908 \u0925\u093e\u0939\u093e \u091b\u0948\u0928 (mal\u0101\u012b th\u0101h\u0101 chaina<\/i>) \u2014 I don\u2019t know<\/p>\n

At this stage, these expressions should be learned as complete units. The grammatical structure of \u091b \/ \u091b\u0948\u0928 will be introduced in later sections.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2466,"menu_order":4,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"Grammar Focus","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":"cc-by-nc"},"chapter-type":[49],"contributor":[],"license":[56],"class_list":["post-2954","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","chapter-type-numberless","license-cc-by-nc"],"part":100,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2954","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2466"}],"version-history":[{"count":21,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2954\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12005,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2954\/revisions\/12005"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/100"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2954\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2954"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=2954"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=2954"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=2954"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}