{"id":3010,"date":"2025-12-25T14:52:42","date_gmt":"2025-12-25T19:52:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=3010"},"modified":"2026-05-08T13:16:57","modified_gmt":"2026-05-08T17:16:57","slug":"chapter-1-unit-3-vowel-signs","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/chapter\/chapter-1-unit-3-vowel-signs\/","title":{"raw":"Unit 3 \u2014 Vowel Signs","rendered":"Unit 3 \u2014 Vowel Signs"},"content":{"raw":"<h2 data-section-id=\"1og5t7q\" data-start=\"28\" data-end=\"43\"><span role=\"text\"><strong data-start=\"31\" data-end=\"43\">Overview<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p data-start=\"45\" data-end=\"291\">In Unit 2, you learned the 11 independent Nepali vowel letters\u2014\u0905 (<em data-start=\"111\" data-end=\"114\">a<\/em>), \u0906 (<em data-start=\"120\" data-end=\"123\">\u0101<\/em>), \u0907 (<em data-start=\"129\" data-end=\"132\">i<\/em>), \u0908 (<em data-start=\"138\" data-end=\"141\">\u012b<\/em>), \u0909 (<em data-start=\"147\" data-end=\"150\">u<\/em>), \u090a (<em data-start=\"156\" data-end=\"159\">\u016b<\/em>), \u090b (<em data-start=\"165\" data-end=\"168\">\u1e5b<\/em>), \u090f (<em data-start=\"174\" data-end=\"177\">e<\/em>), \u0910 (<em data-start=\"183\" data-end=\"187\">ai<\/em>), \u0913 (<em data-start=\"193\" data-end=\"196\">o<\/em>), and \u0914 (<em data-start=\"206\" data-end=\"210\">au<\/em>). These are full [pb_glossary id=\"7989\"]ak\u1e63ara[\/pb_glossary], meaning they can stand alone as complete written units.<\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"293\" data-end=\"495\">In this unit, you will learn how the same vowel sounds appear as <strong data-start=\"358\" data-end=\"381\">vowel signs (<em>m\u0101tr\u0101<\/em>)<\/strong>. Unlike vowel letters, vowel signs cannot stand alone. They must attach to a consonant to form a complete ak\u1e63ara.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3 data-start=\"497\" data-end=\"509\">For example:<\/h3>\r\n<ul data-start=\"511\" data-end=\"551\">\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"riorh2\" data-start=\"511\" data-end=\"523\">\u0915 (<em data-start=\"516\" data-end=\"520\">ka<\/em>)<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"18fb6w\" data-start=\"524\" data-end=\"537\">\u0915\u093e (<em data-start=\"530\" data-end=\"534\">k\u0101<\/em>)<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"1em6zq9\" data-start=\"538\" data-end=\"551\">\u0915\u093f (<em data-start=\"544\" data-end=\"548\">ki<\/em>)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p data-start=\"553\" data-end=\"718\">The consonant remains the same; only the vowel sign changes the sound. This <strong data-start=\"629\" data-end=\"665\">consonant + vowel sign structure<\/strong> is the core mechanism of Nepali reading and writing.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2 data-section-id=\"4pkobn\" data-start=\"725\" data-end=\"761\"><span role=\"text\"><strong data-start=\"728\" data-end=\"761\">Vowel Letters and Vowel Signs<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p data-start=\"763\" data-end=\"797\">Nepali vowels appear in two forms:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul data-start=\"799\" data-end=\"955\">\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"mdh67o\" data-start=\"799\" data-end=\"875\"><strong data-start=\"801\" data-end=\"830\">Independent vowel letters<\/strong> \u2192 used when a syllable begins with a vowel<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"1dfibd8\" data-start=\"876\" data-end=\"955\"><strong data-start=\"878\" data-end=\"901\">Vowel signs (<em>m\u0101tr\u0101<\/em>)<\/strong> \u2192 attached to consonants to modify the inherent vowel<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p data-start=\"957\" data-end=\"1086\">By default, every consonant carries an inherent <strong data-start=\"1005\" data-end=\"1010\">a<\/strong> sound (e.g., \u0915 = <em data-start=\"1028\" data-end=\"1032\">ka<\/em>). When a vowel sign is added, it replaces that sound.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3 data-start=\"1088\" data-end=\"1097\">Examples:<\/h3>\r\n<ul data-start=\"1099\" data-end=\"1171\">\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"19cm39g\" data-start=\"1099\" data-end=\"1123\">\u0915 (<em data-start=\"1104\" data-end=\"1108\">ka<\/em>) \u2192 \u0915\u093e (<em data-start=\"1116\" data-end=\"1120\">k\u0101<\/em>)<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"3rmabx\" data-start=\"1124\" data-end=\"1148\">\u0915 (<em data-start=\"1129\" data-end=\"1133\">ka<\/em>) \u2192 \u0915\u093f (<em data-start=\"1141\" data-end=\"1145\">ki<\/em>)<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"1rcvt4f\" data-start=\"1149\" data-end=\"1171\">\u0915 (<em data-start=\"1154\" data-end=\"1158\">ka<\/em>) \u2192 \u0915\u0941 (<em data-start=\"1166\" data-end=\"1170\">ku<\/em>)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[table id=6 \/]\r\n<div class=\"flex flex-col text-sm pb-25\"><article class=\"text-token-text-primary w-full focus:outline-none [--shadow-height:45px] has-data-writing-block:pointer-events-none has-data-writing-block:-mt-(--shadow-height) has-data-writing-block:pt-(--shadow-height) [&amp;:has([data-writing-block])&gt;*]:pointer-events-auto scroll-mt-[calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))]\" dir=\"auto\" data-turn-id=\"request-WEB:761ee7f7-81dc-4d54-8735-e76ccdafcaa5-54\" data-testid=\"conversation-turn-98\" data-scroll-anchor=\"true\" data-turn=\"assistant\">\r\n<div class=\"text-base my-auto mx-auto pb-10 [--thread-content-margin:--spacing(4)] @w-sm\/main:[--thread-content-margin:--spacing(6)] @w-lg\/main:[--thread-content-margin:--spacing(16)] px-(--thread-content-margin)\">\r\n<div class=\"[--thread-content-max-width:40rem] @w-lg\/main:[--thread-content-max-width:48rem] mx-auto max-w-(--thread-content-max-width) flex-1 group\/turn-messages focus-visible:outline-hidden relative flex w-full min-w-0 flex-col agent-turn\">\r\n<div class=\"flex max-w-full flex-col grow\">\r\n<div class=\"min-h-8 text-message relative flex w-full flex-col items-end gap-2 text-start break-words whitespace-normal [.text-message+&amp;]:mt-1\" dir=\"auto\" data-message-author-role=\"assistant\" data-message-id=\"87ed2d57-dcbc-4924-bb8e-4cd7c6e97522\" data-message-model-slug=\"gpt-5-2-thinking\">\r\n<div class=\"flex w-full flex-col gap-1 empty:hidden first:pt-[1px]\">\r\n<div class=\"markdown prose dark:prose-invert w-full wrap-break-word light markdown-new-styling\">\r\n<h3 data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"52\"><strong data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"52\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">Table 1.3.2 \u2013 Vowel signs with (<em data-start=\"45\" data-end=\"49\">ka<\/em>)<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/article><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"flex flex-col text-sm pb-25\"><article class=\"text-token-text-primary w-full focus:outline-none [--shadow-height:45px] has-data-writing-block:pointer-events-none has-data-writing-block:-mt-(--shadow-height) has-data-writing-block:pt-(--shadow-height) [&amp;:has([data-writing-block])&gt;*]:pointer-events-auto scroll-mt-[calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))]\" dir=\"auto\" data-turn-id=\"request-WEB:761ee7f7-81dc-4d54-8735-e76ccdafcaa5-51\" data-testid=\"conversation-turn-92\" data-scroll-anchor=\"true\" data-turn=\"assistant\">\r\n<div class=\"text-base my-auto mx-auto pb-10 [--thread-content-margin:--spacing(4)] @w-sm\/main:[--thread-content-margin:--spacing(6)] @w-lg\/main:[--thread-content-margin:--spacing(16)] px-(--thread-content-margin)\">\r\n<div class=\"[--thread-content-max-width:40rem] @w-lg\/main:[--thread-content-max-width:48rem] mx-auto max-w-(--thread-content-max-width) flex-1 group\/turn-messages focus-visible:outline-hidden relative flex w-full min-w-0 flex-col agent-turn\">\r\n<div class=\"flex max-w-full flex-col grow\">\r\n<div class=\"min-h-8 text-message relative flex w-full flex-col items-end gap-2 text-start break-words whitespace-normal [.text-message+&amp;]:mt-1\" dir=\"auto\" data-message-author-role=\"assistant\" data-message-id=\"fd3c6a82-1e66-44b4-9dde-b0320a53dd66\" data-message-model-slug=\"gpt-5-2-thinking\">\r\n<div class=\"flex w-full flex-col gap-1 empty:hidden first:pt-[1px]\">\r\n<div class=\"streaming-animation markdown prose dark:prose-invert w-full wrap-break-word light markdown-new-styling\">\r\n\r\nThis table shows how vowel signs attach to the consonant \u0915 (<em data-start=\"1578\" data-end=\"1582\">ka<\/em>). The base consonant always carries an inherent <em data-start=\"1631\" data-end=\"1634\">a<\/em> sound unless modified by a vowel sign.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/article><\/div>\r\n<table class=\"lines landscape\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\" border=\"0\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\r\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 24.9811%\">Vowel letter<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 22.6415%\">Vowel sign<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 43.261918%\">Syllable with \u0915 (ka)<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 9.039982%\">Audio<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\r\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 24.9811%\">\u0905 (<em>a<\/em>)<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 22.6415%\">\u2014<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 43.261918%\">\u0915 (<em>ka<\/em>)<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 9.039982%\">[h5p id=\"467\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\r\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 24.9811%\">\u0906 (<em>\u0101<\/em>)<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 22.6415%\">\u093e<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 43.261918%\">\u0915\u093e (<em>k\u0101<\/em>)<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 9.039982%\">[h5p id=\"468\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\r\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 24.9811%\">\u0907 (<em>i<\/em>)<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 22.6415%\">\u093f<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 43.261918%\">\u0915\u093f (<em>ki<\/em>)<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 9.039982%\">[h5p id=\"469\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\r\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 24.9811%\">\u0908 (<em>\u012b<\/em>)<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 22.6415%\">\u0940<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 43.261918%\">\u0915\u0940 (<em>k\u012b<\/em>)<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 9.039982%\">[h5p id=\"469\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"row-6\">\r\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 24.9811%\">\u0909 (<em>u<\/em>)<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 22.6415%\">\u0941<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 43.261918%\">\u0915\u0941 (<em>ku<\/em>)<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 9.039982%\">[h5p id=\"471\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"row-7\">\r\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 24.9811%\">\u090a (<em>\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 22.6415%\">\u0942<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 43.261918%\">\u0915\u0942 (<em>k\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 9.039982%\">[h5p id=\"471\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"row-8\">\r\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 24.9811%\">\u090f (<em>e<\/em>)<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 22.6415%\">\u0947<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 43.261918%\">\u0915\u0947 (<em>ke<\/em>)<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 9.039982%\">[h5p id=\"473\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"row-9\">\r\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 24.9811%\">\u0910 (<em>ai<\/em>)<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 22.6415%\">\u0948<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 43.261918%\">\u0915\u0948 (<em>kai<\/em>)<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 9.039982%\">[h5p id=\"474\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"row-10\">\r\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 24.9811%\">\u0913 (<em>o<\/em>)<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 22.6415%\">\u094b<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 43.261918%\">\u0915\u094b (<em>ko<\/em>)<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 9.039982%\">[h5p id=\"475\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"row-11\">\r\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 24.9811%\">\u0914 (<em>au<\/em>)<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 22.6415%\">\u094c<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 43.261918%\">\u0915\u094c (<em>kau<\/em>)<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 9.039982%\">[h5p id=\"476\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"row-12\">\r\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 24.9811%\">\u090b (<em>\u1e5b<\/em>)<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 22.6415%\">\u0943<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 43.261918%\">\u0915\u0943 (<em>k\u1e5b<\/em>)<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 9.039982%\">[h5p id=\"477\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<div class=\"textbox videobox\">\r\n<h2>Watch and Practice<\/h2>\r\nLet\u2019s watch this short video (about 1 minute) created by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@josephwralte2490\">Joseph Wralte<\/a> to learn and practise Nepali vowels and vowel signs (it was designed for Hindi but works for Nepali also):\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n[embed]https:\/\/youtu.be\/hrfPhIx9i48?si=1KlA31nGKV9RKXpA[\/embed]\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\nLet\u2019s watch this short video (about 3 minutes) created by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@SharadDhakal\">Sharad Dhakal<\/a>\u200b to learn and practise how to write Nepali vowel signs:\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n[embed]https:\/\/youtu.be\/IpdSTY_d960?si=COjC771OsbD__8Ny[\/embed]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox\">\r\n<h2><span style=\"color: #000080\">Check Your Understanding<\/span><\/h2>\r\n[h5p id=\"27\"]\r\n\r\n\u200b[h5p id=\"7\"]\u200b\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox reflectbox\">\r\n<h2>Self Reflection<\/h2>\r\n[h5p id=\"578\"]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Key Takeaways<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"705dxt\" data-start=\"2789\" data-end=\"2855\">Vowel letters (\u0905, \u0906, \u0907, \u2026) are full ak\u1e63ara and can stand alone<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"1zmbt6\" data-start=\"2856\" data-end=\"2939\">Vowel signs (\u093e, \u093f, \u0940, \u0941, \u2026) cannot stand alone; they must attach to a consonant<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"1l2u7yv\" data-start=\"2940\" data-end=\"2996\">One consonant + one vowel sign = one complete ak\u1e63ara<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"5bybof\" data-start=\"2997\" data-end=\"3133\">The pronunciation follows consonant \u2192 vowel order, even if the sign appears before or around the letter (e.g., \u0915\u093f is <em data-start=\"3116\" data-end=\"3120\">ki<\/em>, not <em data-start=\"3126\" data-end=\"3130\">ik<\/em>)<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"1vi3pfi\" data-start=\"3134\" data-end=\"3218\">You can now read the full <em data-start=\"3162\" data-end=\"3166\">ka<\/em> series: \u0915, \u0915\u093e, \u0915\u093f, \u0915\u0940, \u0915\u0941, \u0915\u0942, \u0915\u0947, \u0915\u0948, \u0915\u094b, \u0915\u094c, \u0915\u0943<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"w9hr97\" data-start=\"3219\" data-end=\"3273\">You can recognize vowel signs in real Nepali words<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<h2 data-section-id=\"1og5t7q\" data-start=\"28\" data-end=\"43\"><span role=\"text\"><strong data-start=\"31\" data-end=\"43\">Overview<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"45\" data-end=\"291\">In Unit 2, you learned the 11 independent Nepali vowel letters\u2014\u0905 (<em data-start=\"111\" data-end=\"114\">a<\/em>), \u0906 (<em data-start=\"120\" data-end=\"123\">\u0101<\/em>), \u0907 (<em data-start=\"129\" data-end=\"132\">i<\/em>), \u0908 (<em data-start=\"138\" data-end=\"141\">\u012b<\/em>), \u0909 (<em data-start=\"147\" data-end=\"150\">u<\/em>), \u090a (<em data-start=\"156\" data-end=\"159\">\u016b<\/em>), \u090b (<em data-start=\"165\" data-end=\"168\">\u1e5b<\/em>), \u090f (<em data-start=\"174\" data-end=\"177\">e<\/em>), \u0910 (<em data-start=\"183\" data-end=\"187\">ai<\/em>), \u0913 (<em data-start=\"193\" data-end=\"196\">o<\/em>), and \u0914 (<em data-start=\"206\" data-end=\"210\">au<\/em>). These are full <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_3010_7989\">ak\u1e63ara<\/a>, meaning they can stand alone as complete written units.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"293\" data-end=\"495\">In this unit, you will learn how the same vowel sounds appear as <strong data-start=\"358\" data-end=\"381\">vowel signs (<em>m\u0101tr\u0101<\/em>)<\/strong>. Unlike vowel letters, vowel signs cannot stand alone. They must attach to a consonant to form a complete ak\u1e63ara.<\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"497\" data-end=\"509\">For example:<\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"511\" data-end=\"551\">\n<li data-section-id=\"riorh2\" data-start=\"511\" data-end=\"523\">\u0915 (<em data-start=\"516\" data-end=\"520\">ka<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"18fb6w\" data-start=\"524\" data-end=\"537\">\u0915\u093e (<em data-start=\"530\" data-end=\"534\">k\u0101<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1em6zq9\" data-start=\"538\" data-end=\"551\">\u0915\u093f (<em data-start=\"544\" data-end=\"548\">ki<\/em>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"553\" data-end=\"718\">The consonant remains the same; only the vowel sign changes the sound. This <strong data-start=\"629\" data-end=\"665\">consonant + vowel sign structure<\/strong> is the core mechanism of Nepali reading and writing.<\/p>\n<h2 data-section-id=\"4pkobn\" data-start=\"725\" data-end=\"761\"><span role=\"text\"><strong data-start=\"728\" data-end=\"761\">Vowel Letters and Vowel Signs<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"763\" data-end=\"797\">Nepali vowels appear in two forms:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"799\" data-end=\"955\">\n<li data-section-id=\"mdh67o\" data-start=\"799\" data-end=\"875\"><strong data-start=\"801\" data-end=\"830\">Independent vowel letters<\/strong> \u2192 used when a syllable begins with a vowel<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1dfibd8\" data-start=\"876\" data-end=\"955\"><strong data-start=\"878\" data-end=\"901\">Vowel signs (<em>m\u0101tr\u0101<\/em>)<\/strong> \u2192 attached to consonants to modify the inherent vowel<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"957\" data-end=\"1086\">By default, every consonant carries an inherent <strong data-start=\"1005\" data-end=\"1010\">a<\/strong> sound (e.g., \u0915 = <em data-start=\"1028\" data-end=\"1032\">ka<\/em>). When a vowel sign is added, it replaces that sound.<\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"1088\" data-end=\"1097\">Examples:<\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"1099\" data-end=\"1171\">\n<li data-section-id=\"19cm39g\" data-start=\"1099\" data-end=\"1123\">\u0915 (<em data-start=\"1104\" data-end=\"1108\">ka<\/em>) \u2192 \u0915\u093e (<em data-start=\"1116\" data-end=\"1120\">k\u0101<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"3rmabx\" data-start=\"1124\" data-end=\"1148\">\u0915 (<em data-start=\"1129\" data-end=\"1133\">ka<\/em>) \u2192 \u0915\u093f (<em data-start=\"1141\" data-end=\"1145\">ki<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1rcvt4f\" data-start=\"1149\" data-end=\"1171\">\u0915 (<em data-start=\"1154\" data-end=\"1158\">ka<\/em>) \u2192 \u0915\u0941 (<em data-start=\"1166\" data-end=\"1170\">ku<\/em>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-6-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-6\">Table 1.3.1 \u2013 Nepali Vowels: Letters and Vowel Signs<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-6\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-6\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-6-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Vowel letter<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Vowel sign<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0905 (a)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0906 (\u0101)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u093e<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0907 (i)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u093f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0908 (\u012b)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0940<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909 (u)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0941<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-7\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u090a (\u016b)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0942<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-8\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u090b (\u1e5b)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0943<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-9\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u090f (e)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0947<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-10\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0910 (ai)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0948<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-11\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0913 (o)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u094b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-12\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0914 (au)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u094c<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-6 from cache --><\/p>\n<div class=\"flex flex-col text-sm pb-25\">\n<article class=\"text-token-text-primary w-full focus:outline-none [--shadow-height:45px] has-data-writing-block:pointer-events-none has-data-writing-block:-mt-(--shadow-height) has-data-writing-block:pt-(--shadow-height) [&amp;:has([data-writing-block])&gt;*]:pointer-events-auto scroll-mt-[calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))]\" dir=\"auto\" data-turn-id=\"request-WEB:761ee7f7-81dc-4d54-8735-e76ccdafcaa5-54\" data-testid=\"conversation-turn-98\" data-scroll-anchor=\"true\" data-turn=\"assistant\">\n<div class=\"text-base my-auto mx-auto pb-10 [--thread-content-margin:--spacing(4)] @w-sm\/main:[--thread-content-margin:--spacing(6)] @w-lg\/main:[--thread-content-margin:--spacing(16)] px-(--thread-content-margin)\">\n<div class=\"[--thread-content-max-width:40rem] @w-lg\/main:[--thread-content-max-width:48rem] mx-auto max-w-(--thread-content-max-width) flex-1 group\/turn-messages focus-visible:outline-hidden relative flex w-full min-w-0 flex-col agent-turn\">\n<div class=\"flex max-w-full flex-col grow\">\n<div class=\"min-h-8 text-message relative flex w-full flex-col items-end gap-2 text-start break-words whitespace-normal [.text-message+&amp;]:mt-1\" dir=\"auto\" data-message-author-role=\"assistant\" data-message-id=\"87ed2d57-dcbc-4924-bb8e-4cd7c6e97522\" data-message-model-slug=\"gpt-5-2-thinking\">\n<div class=\"flex w-full flex-col gap-1 empty:hidden first:pt-[1px]\">\n<div class=\"markdown prose dark:prose-invert w-full wrap-break-word light markdown-new-styling\">\n<h3 data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"52\"><strong data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"52\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">Table 1.3.2 \u2013 Vowel signs with (<em data-start=\"45\" data-end=\"49\">ka<\/em>)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"flex flex-col text-sm pb-25\">\n<article class=\"text-token-text-primary w-full focus:outline-none [--shadow-height:45px] has-data-writing-block:pointer-events-none has-data-writing-block:-mt-(--shadow-height) has-data-writing-block:pt-(--shadow-height) [&amp;:has([data-writing-block])&gt;*]:pointer-events-auto scroll-mt-[calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))]\" dir=\"auto\" data-turn-id=\"request-WEB:761ee7f7-81dc-4d54-8735-e76ccdafcaa5-51\" data-testid=\"conversation-turn-92\" data-scroll-anchor=\"true\" data-turn=\"assistant\">\n<div class=\"text-base my-auto mx-auto pb-10 [--thread-content-margin:--spacing(4)] @w-sm\/main:[--thread-content-margin:--spacing(6)] @w-lg\/main:[--thread-content-margin:--spacing(16)] px-(--thread-content-margin)\">\n<div class=\"[--thread-content-max-width:40rem] @w-lg\/main:[--thread-content-max-width:48rem] mx-auto max-w-(--thread-content-max-width) flex-1 group\/turn-messages focus-visible:outline-hidden relative flex w-full min-w-0 flex-col agent-turn\">\n<div class=\"flex max-w-full flex-col grow\">\n<div class=\"min-h-8 text-message relative flex w-full flex-col items-end gap-2 text-start break-words whitespace-normal [.text-message+&amp;]:mt-1\" dir=\"auto\" data-message-author-role=\"assistant\" data-message-id=\"fd3c6a82-1e66-44b4-9dde-b0320a53dd66\" data-message-model-slug=\"gpt-5-2-thinking\">\n<div class=\"flex w-full flex-col gap-1 empty:hidden first:pt-[1px]\">\n<div class=\"streaming-animation markdown prose dark:prose-invert w-full wrap-break-word light markdown-new-styling\">\n<p>This table shows how vowel signs attach to the consonant \u0915 (<em data-start=\"1578\" data-end=\"1582\">ka<\/em>). The base consonant always carries an inherent <em data-start=\"1631\" data-end=\"1634\">a<\/em> sound unless modified by a vowel sign.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n<\/div>\n<table class=\"lines landscape\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 24.9811%\">Vowel letter<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 22.6415%\">Vowel sign<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 43.261918%\">Syllable with \u0915 (ka)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 9.039982%\">Audio<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 24.9811%\">\u0905 (<em>a<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 22.6415%\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 43.261918%\">\u0915 (<em>ka<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 9.039982%\">\n<div id=\"h5p-467\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-467\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"467\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Vowel_Chap1_Unit3_Table1.3.2_1.mp3\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 24.9811%\">\u0906 (<em>\u0101<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 22.6415%\">\u093e<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 43.261918%\">\u0915\u093e (<em>k\u0101<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 9.039982%\">\n<div id=\"h5p-468\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-468\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"468\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Vowel_Chap1_Unit3_Table1.3.2_2.mp3\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 24.9811%\">\u0907 (<em>i<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 22.6415%\">\u093f<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 43.261918%\">\u0915\u093f (<em>ki<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 9.039982%\">\n<div id=\"h5p-469\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-469\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"469\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Vowel_Chap1_Unit3_Table1.3.2_3.mp3\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 24.9811%\">\u0908 (<em>\u012b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 22.6415%\">\u0940<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 43.261918%\">\u0915\u0940 (<em>k\u012b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 9.039982%\">\n<div id=\"h5p-469\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-469\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"469\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Vowel_Chap1_Unit3_Table1.3.2_3.mp3\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6\">\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 24.9811%\">\u0909 (<em>u<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 22.6415%\">\u0941<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 43.261918%\">\u0915\u0941 (<em>ku<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 9.039982%\">\n<div id=\"h5p-471\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-471\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"471\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Vowel_Chap1_Unit3_Table1.3.2_5.mp3\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-7\">\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 24.9811%\">\u090a (<em>\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 22.6415%\">\u0942<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 43.261918%\">\u0915\u0942 (<em>k\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 9.039982%\">\n<div id=\"h5p-471\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-471\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"471\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Vowel_Chap1_Unit3_Table1.3.2_5.mp3\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-8\">\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 24.9811%\">\u090f (<em>e<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 22.6415%\">\u0947<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 43.261918%\">\u0915\u0947 (<em>ke<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 9.039982%\">\n<div id=\"h5p-473\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-473\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"473\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Vowel_Chap1_Unit3_Table1.3.2_7.mp3\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-9\">\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 24.9811%\">\u0910 (<em>ai<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 22.6415%\">\u0948<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 43.261918%\">\u0915\u0948 (<em>kai<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 9.039982%\">\n<div id=\"h5p-474\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-474\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"474\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Vowel_Chap1_Unit3_Table1.3.2_8.mp3\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-10\">\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 24.9811%\">\u0913 (<em>o<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 22.6415%\">\u094b<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 43.261918%\">\u0915\u094b (<em>ko<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 9.039982%\">\n<div id=\"h5p-475\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-475\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"475\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Vowel_Chap1_Unit3_Table1.3.2_9.mp3\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-11\">\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 24.9811%\">\u0914 (<em>au<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 22.6415%\">\u094c<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 43.261918%\">\u0915\u094c (<em>kau<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 9.039982%\">\n<div id=\"h5p-476\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-476\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"476\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Vowel_Chap1_Unit3_Table1.3.2_10.mp3\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-12\">\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 24.9811%\">\u090b (<em>\u1e5b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 22.6415%\">\u0943<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 43.261918%\">\u0915\u0943 (<em>k\u1e5b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 9.039982%\">\n<div id=\"h5p-477\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-477\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"477\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Vowel_Chap1_Unit3_Table1.3.2_11.mp3\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"textbox videobox\">\n<h2>Watch and Practice<\/h2>\n<p>Let\u2019s watch this short video (about 1 minute) created by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@josephwralte2490\">Joseph Wralte<\/a> to learn and practise Nepali vowels and vowel signs (it was designed for Hindi but works for Nepali also):<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"Hindi Vowels  and Symbols\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/hrfPhIx9i48?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>Let\u2019s watch this short video (about 3 minutes) created by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@SharadDhakal\">Sharad Dhakal<\/a>\u200b to learn and practise how to write Nepali vowel signs:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-2\" title=\"Nepali Vowels in 3 Minutes. Nepali Language Lessons.\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/IpdSTY_d960?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<h2><span style=\"color: #000080\">Check Your Understanding<\/span><\/h2>\n<div id=\"h5p-27\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-27\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"27\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Interactive matching activity: drag each Nepali vowel sign (m\u0101tr\u0101) to the correct vowel letter (\u0905 \u0906 \u0907 \u0908 \u0909 \u090a \u090b \u090f \u0910 \u0913 \u0914).\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u200b<\/p>\n<div id=\"h5p-7\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-7\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"7\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Interactive selection activity: for each independent Nepali vowel (\u0905 \u0906 \u0907 \u0908 \u0909 \u090a \u090b \u090f \u0910 \u0913 \u0914), choose the correct dependent vowel sign (m\u0101tr\u0101).\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u200b<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox reflectbox\">\n<h2>Self Reflection<\/h2>\n<div id=\"h5p-578\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-578\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"578\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Self-Reflection \u2013 Vowel Signs (M\u0101tr\u0101)\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Key Takeaways<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<ul>\n<li data-section-id=\"705dxt\" data-start=\"2789\" data-end=\"2855\">Vowel letters (\u0905, \u0906, \u0907, \u2026) are full ak\u1e63ara and can stand alone<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1zmbt6\" data-start=\"2856\" data-end=\"2939\">Vowel signs (\u093e, \u093f, \u0940, \u0941, \u2026) cannot stand alone; they must attach to a consonant<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1l2u7yv\" data-start=\"2940\" data-end=\"2996\">One consonant + one vowel sign = one complete ak\u1e63ara<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"5bybof\" data-start=\"2997\" data-end=\"3133\">The pronunciation follows consonant \u2192 vowel order, even if the sign appears before or around the letter (e.g., \u0915\u093f is <em data-start=\"3116\" data-end=\"3120\">ki<\/em>, not <em data-start=\"3126\" data-end=\"3130\">ik<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1vi3pfi\" data-start=\"3134\" data-end=\"3218\">You can now read the full <em data-start=\"3162\" data-end=\"3166\">ka<\/em> series: \u0915, \u0915\u093e, \u0915\u093f, \u0915\u0940, \u0915\u0941, \u0915\u0942, \u0915\u0947, \u0915\u0948, \u0915\u094b, \u0915\u094c, \u0915\u0943<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"w9hr97\" data-start=\"3219\" data-end=\"3273\">You can recognize vowel signs in real Nepali words<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"glossary\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\" id=\"definition\">definition<\/span><template id=\"term_3010_7989\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_3010_7989\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p><em>ak\u1e63ara<\/em> means a syllabic writing unit in <em>devanagari<\/em>\u2014typically a vowel (\u0905) or a consonant with its vowel (\u0915 = <em>ka<\/em>), and it can include vowel sign (<em>m\u0101tr\u0101)<\/em> (\u0915\u093f, \u0915\u093e) or conjuncts (\u0915\u094d\u0924, \u0938\u094d\u0924) as one written unit.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><\/div>","protected":false},"author":2466,"menu_order":3,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"Vowel Signs","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":"cc-by-nc"},"chapter-type":[49],"contributor":[],"license":[56],"class_list":["post-3010","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","chapter-type-numberless","license-cc-by-nc"],"part":2986,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/3010","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2466"}],"version-history":[{"count":26,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/3010\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12190,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/3010\/revisions\/12190"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/2986"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/3010\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3010"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=3010"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=3010"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=3010"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}