{"id":3022,"date":"2025-12-25T15:07:07","date_gmt":"2025-12-25T20:07:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=3022"},"modified":"2026-05-15T21:43:14","modified_gmt":"2026-05-16T01:43:14","slug":"chapter-1-unit-4-consonants","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/chapter\/chapter-1-unit-4-consonants\/","title":{"raw":"Unit 4 \u2014 Consonants","rendered":"Unit 4 \u2014 Consonants"},"content":{"raw":"<section id=\"ch4-consonants\"><\/section><section><\/section>\r\n<h2 data-section-id=\"1og5t7q\" data-start=\"28\" data-end=\"43\"><span role=\"text\"><strong data-start=\"31\" data-end=\"43\">Overview<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p data-start=\"45\" data-end=\"220\">So far, you have learned how [pb_glossary id=\"7988\"]devan\u0101gar\u012b[\/pb_glossary] is structured into <em>[pb_glossary id=\"7989\"]ak\u1e63ara[\/pb_glossary]<\/em>\u00a0(Unit 1), the vowel letters (Unit 2), and how vowel signs (<em>m\u0101tr\u0101<\/em>) attach to consonants (Unit 3).<\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"222\" data-end=\"404\">In this unit, you will learn the <strong data-start=\"255\" data-end=\"282\">Nepali consonant system<\/strong>. Consonants in Devan\u0101gar\u012b are conventionally written with an inherent vowel <strong data-start=\"359\" data-end=\"366\">\/a\/<\/strong>, so each letter is typically read as:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul data-start=\"406\" data-end=\"444\">\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"yzfmcq\" data-start=\"406\" data-end=\"418\">\u0915 = <em data-start=\"412\" data-end=\"416\">ka<\/em><\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"16gsvc6\" data-start=\"419\" data-end=\"431\">\u091f = <em data-start=\"425\" data-end=\"429\">\u1e6da<\/em><\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"1xj6dpz\" data-start=\"432\" data-end=\"444\">\u092e = <em data-start=\"438\" data-end=\"442\">ma<\/em><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p data-start=\"446\" data-end=\"497\">The consonant chart is organized systematically by:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul data-start=\"499\" data-end=\"713\">\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"4g58nm\" data-start=\"499\" data-end=\"569\"><strong data-start=\"501\" data-end=\"526\">place of articulation<\/strong> (where sounds are produced in the mouth)<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"11pyxj6\" data-start=\"570\" data-end=\"635\"><strong data-start=\"572\" data-end=\"591\">manner features<\/strong> such as voicing, aspiration, and nasality<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"1y4tqcs\" data-start=\"636\" data-end=\"713\">additional groups such as <strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" data-start=\"5122\" data-end=\"5156\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Semivowel\">Semi-vowels<\/a> (<\/strong><strong data-start=\"664\" data-end=\"713\">glides), <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sibilant\">sibilants<\/a>, and special conjunct forms<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2 data-section-id=\"1sjsa7x\" data-start=\"720\" data-end=\"737\"><span role=\"text\"><strong data-start=\"723\" data-end=\"737\">Consonants<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p data-start=\"739\" data-end=\"840\">Nepali Devan\u0101gar\u012b includes <strong data-start=\"766\" data-end=\"796\">33 basic consonant letters<\/strong>, plus several commonly used conjunct forms.<\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"842\" data-end=\"922\">Each consonant contains an inherent vowel <strong data-start=\"884\" data-end=\"891\">\/a\/<\/strong> by default. This changes when:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul data-start=\"924\" data-end=\"1044\">\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"ncsyyp\" data-start=\"924\" data-end=\"988\">a <strong data-start=\"928\" data-end=\"950\">vowel sign ([pb_glossary id=\"7982\"]m\u0101tr\u0101[\/pb_glossary])<\/strong> is added (e.g., \u0915 \u2192 \u0915\u093e, \u0915\u093f, \u0915\u0941), or<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"1xsq70p\" data-start=\"989\" data-end=\"1044\">the <strong data-start=\"995\" data-end=\"1009\">[pb_glossary id=\"7993\"]halanta[\/pb_glossary] (\u094d)<\/strong> removes the vowel (e.g., \u0915\u094d = <em data-start=\"1040\" data-end=\"1043\">k<\/em>)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p data-start=\"1046\" data-end=\"1096\">You will also encounter frequently used conjuncts:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul data-start=\"1098\" data-end=\"1145\">\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"qumutr\" data-start=\"1098\" data-end=\"1113\">\u0915\u094d\u0937 (<em data-start=\"1105\" data-end=\"1110\">k\u1e63a<\/em>)<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"ke83br\" data-start=\"1114\" data-end=\"1129\">\u0924\u094d\u0930 (<em data-start=\"1121\" data-end=\"1126\">tra<\/em>)<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"1u2df98\" data-start=\"1130\" data-end=\"1145\">\u091c\u094d\u091e (<em data-start=\"1137\" data-end=\"1142\">j\u00f1a<\/em>)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p data-start=\"1147\" data-end=\"1245\">These are extremely common in Nepali vocabulary and are best recognized as <strong data-start=\"1222\" data-end=\"1244\">fixed visual units<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n[table id=434 \/]\r\n<div>\r\n<h2 data-section-id=\"1mnexg9\" data-start=\"1746\" data-end=\"1781\"><span role=\"text\"><strong data-start=\"1749\" data-end=\"1781\">The Five Main Consonant Rows<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p data-start=\"1783\" data-end=\"1897\">The consonants are organized into <strong data-start=\"1817\" data-end=\"1850\">five systematic rows (<em>wargas<\/em>)<\/strong> based on where they are produced in the mouth.<\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"1899\" data-end=\"1937\">Each row follows a consistent pattern:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul data-start=\"1939\" data-end=\"2042\">\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"2qbyu9\" data-start=\"1939\" data-end=\"1964\">voiceless unaspirated<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"bvcmwq\" data-start=\"1965\" data-end=\"1988\">voiceless aspirated<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"ayw0h8\" data-start=\"1989\" data-end=\"2011\">voiced unaspirated<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"1q6rk1j\" data-start=\"2012\" data-end=\"2032\">voiced aspirated<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"cx1me1\" data-start=\"2033\" data-end=\"2042\">nasal<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\u200bIn the Nepali consonant chart, the \u201cfive main consonant rows\u201d are the basic backbone of the system. Each row is called a <em data-start=\"121\" data-end=\"128\">varga<\/em> (series) and has five consonants made in a similar place in the mouth: the <em>ka<\/em>-series (\u0915 <em data-start=\"221\" data-end=\"225\">ka<\/em>, \u0916 <em data-start=\"229\" data-end=\"234\">kha<\/em>, \u0917 <em data-start=\"238\" data-end=\"242\">ga<\/em>, \u0918 <em data-start=\"246\" data-end=\"251\">gha<\/em>, \u0919 <em data-start=\"255\" data-end=\"259\">\u1e45a<\/em>) at the back of the mouth, the <em>ca<\/em>-series (\u091a <em data-start=\"308\" data-end=\"312\">ca<\/em>, \u091b <em data-start=\"316\" data-end=\"321\">cha<\/em>, \u091c <em data-start=\"325\" data-end=\"329\">ja<\/em>, \u091d <em data-start=\"333\" data-end=\"338\">jha<\/em>, \u091e <em data-start=\"342\" data-end=\"346\">\u00f1a<\/em>) at the hard palate, the <em>\u1e6da<\/em>-series (\u091f <em data-start=\"389\" data-end=\"393\">\u1e6da<\/em>, \u0920 <em data-start=\"397\" data-end=\"402\">\u1e6dha<\/em>, \u0921 <em data-start=\"406\" data-end=\"410\">\u1e0da<\/em>, \u0922 <em data-start=\"414\" data-end=\"419\">\u1e0dha<\/em>, \u0923 <em data-start=\"423\" data-end=\"427\">\u1e47a<\/em>) with the tongue curled back (retroflex), the <em>ta<\/em>-series (\u0924 <em data-start=\"491\" data-end=\"495\">ta<\/em>, \u0925 <em data-start=\"499\" data-end=\"504\">tha<\/em>, \u0926 <em data-start=\"508\" data-end=\"512\">da<\/em>, \u0927 <em data-start=\"516\" data-end=\"521\">dha<\/em>, \u0928 <em data-start=\"525\" data-end=\"529\">na<\/em>) at the teeth, and the <em>pa<\/em>-series (\u092a <em data-start=\"570\" data-end=\"574\">pa<\/em>, \u092b <em data-start=\"578\" data-end=\"583\">pha<\/em>, \u092c <em data-start=\"587\" data-end=\"591\">ba<\/em>, \u092d <em data-start=\"595\" data-end=\"600\">bha<\/em>, \u092e <em data-start=\"604\" data-end=\"608\">ma<\/em>) with the lips (dental). In each row, the first two are voiceless, the next two voiced, and the last one is a nasal.\r\n\r\n[table id=12 \/]\r\n<h2>Velar consonants<\/h2>\r\n<p data-start=\"2633\" data-end=\"2729\">Velar consonants are produced at the back of the mouth where the tongue touches the soft palate.<\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"2731\" data-end=\"2765\">This group includes: \u0915, \u0916, \u0917, \u0918, \u0919<\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"2767\" data-end=\"2781\">Key contrasts:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul data-start=\"2783\" data-end=\"2890\">\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"1mo0a3g\" data-start=\"2783\" data-end=\"2821\">aspiration: \u0916, \u0918 have extra breath<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"1ph7hl2\" data-start=\"2822\" data-end=\"2850\">voicing: \u0917, \u0918 are voiced<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"o8wbpa\" data-start=\"2851\" data-end=\"2890\">nasal: \u0919 appears mainly in clusters<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3 data-start=\"59\" data-end=\"102\">Table 1.4.3 \u2013 Velar consonants<\/h3>\r\n<table class=\"lines landscape\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 98.639%;height: 87px\" border=\"0\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 25.0543%;height: 15px\">Letter<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 24.9819%;height: 15px\">Transliteration<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 43.543896%;height: 15px\">Pronunciation Note<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 80.163104%;height: 15px\">Audio<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 31px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 25.0543%;height: 20px\">\u0915<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 24.9819%;height: 20px\"><em>ka<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 43.543896%;height: 20px\">\u201ck\u201d as in <em>kit<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 80.163104%;height: 20px\">[h5p id=\"478\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 63px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 25.0543%;height: 10px\">\u0916<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 24.9819%;height: 10px\"><em>kha<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 43.543896%;height: 10px\">\u201ckh\u201d with a strong puff of air<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 80.163104%;height: 10px\">[h5p id=\"479\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 12px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 25.0543%;height: 12px\">\u0917<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 24.9819%;height: 12px\"><em>ga<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 43.543896%;height: 12px\">\u201cg\u201d as in <em>go<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 80.163104%;height: 12px\">[h5p id=\"480\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 25.0543%;height: 15px\">\u0918<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 24.9819%;height: 15px\"><em>gha<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 43.543896%;height: 15px\">\u201cgh\u201d with a strong puff of air<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 80.163104%;height: 15px\">[h5p id=\"481\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 25.0543%;height: 15px\">\u0919<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 24.9819%;height: 15px\"><em>\u1e45a<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 43.543896%;height: 15px\">\u201cng\u201d as in <em>sing<\/em> (mainly in clusters)<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 80.163104%;height: 15px\">[h5p id=\"482\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<h2 class=\"textbox__title\">Palatal consonants<\/h2>\r\nPalatal consonants are made in the front part of the mouth, with the tongue raised toward the hard palate (or close to the upper gum-line, just behind the teeth).\r\n<p data-start=\"3267\" data-end=\"3290\">Includes: \u091a, \u091b, \u091c, \u091d, \u091e<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3 data-start=\"105\" data-end=\"150\">Table 1.4.4 \u2013 Palatal consonants<\/h3>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<table class=\"lines landscape\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 97.5645%;height: 87px\" border=\"0\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 31px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 25.0543%;height: 20px\">Letter<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 24.9819%;height: 20px\">Transliteration<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 41.648567%;height: 20px\">Pronunciation Note<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 79.186433%;height: 20px\">Audio<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\r\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 25.0543%\">\u091a<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 24.9819%\"><em>ca<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 41.648567%\">\"ch\" as in chair<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 79.186433%\">[h5p id=\"483\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\r\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 25.0543%\">\u091b<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 24.9819%\"><em>cha<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 41.648567%\">\u201cchh\u201d with extra air<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 79.186433%\">[h5p id=\"484\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\r\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 25.0543%\">\u091c<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 24.9819%\"><em>ja<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 41.648567%\">\u201cj\u201d as in\u00a0<em>jam<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 79.186433%\">[h5p id=\"485\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\r\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 25.0543%\">\u091d<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 24.9819%\"><em>jha<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 41.648567%\">\u201cjh\u201d with extra air<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 79.186433%\">[h5p id=\"486\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\r\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 25.0543%\">\u091e<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 24.9819%\"><em>\u00f1a<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 41.648567%\">\u201cny\u201d as in\u00a0<em>canyon<\/em>\u00a0(mainly in clusters)<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 79.186433%\">[h5p id=\"487\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<div>\r\n<h2 class=\"textbox__title\">Retroflex consonants<\/h2>\r\nRetroflex consonants are made by curling the tongue slightly back so the tongue tip touches the area behind the alveolar ridge (toward the palate). This group includes \u091f, \u0920, \u0921, \u0922, and the nasal \u0923.\r\n<p data-start=\"3671\" data-end=\"3694\">Includes: \u091f, \u0920, \u0921, \u0922, \u0923<\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"3671\" data-end=\"3694\">These sounds often feel \u201charder\u201d than the dental sounds, and the key contrasts are again aspiration (\u091f vs \u0920, \u0921 vs \u0922) and voicing (\u091f\/\u0920 unvoiced vs \u0921\/\u0922 voiced). The nasal \u0923 is a retroflex \u201c\u1e47\u201d and appears in many common Nepali words.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3 data-start=\"153\" data-end=\"200\">Table 1.4.5 \u2013 Retroflex consonants<\/h3>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<table class=\"lines landscape\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 97.1347%;height: 87px\" border=\"0\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 31px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 24.9811%;height: 20px\">Letter<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 23.9487%;height: 20px\">Transliteration<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 42.537583%;height: 20px\">Pronunciation Note<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 78.469417%;height: 20px\">Audio<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\r\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 24.9811%\">\u091f<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 23.9487%\"><em>\u1e6da<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 42.537583%\">hard \u201ct\u201d (tongue slightly curled)<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 78.469417%\">[h5p id=\"488\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\r\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 24.9811%\">\u0920<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 23.9487%\"><em>\u1e6dha<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 42.537583%\">hard \u201cth\u201d with air<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 78.469417%\">[h5p id=\"489\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\r\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 24.9811%\">\u0921<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 23.9487%\"><em>\u1e0da<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 42.537583%\">hard \u201cd\u201d<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 78.469417%\">[h5p id=\"490\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\r\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 24.9811%\">\u0922<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 23.9487%\"><em>\u1e0dha<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 42.537583%\">hard \u201cdh\u201d with air<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 78.469417%\">[h5p id=\"491\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\r\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 24.9811%\">\u0923<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 23.9487%\"><em>\u1e47a<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 42.537583%\">retroflex \u201cn\u201d<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 78.469417%\">[h5p id=\"492\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<div>\r\n<h2 class=\"textbox__title\">Dental consonants<\/h2>\r\n<p data-start=\"4018\" data-end=\"4062\">Produced with the tongue at the upper teeth.<\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"4064\" data-end=\"4087\">Includes: \u0924, \u0925, \u0926, \u0927, \u0928<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Table 1.4.6 \u2013 Dental consonants<\/h3>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<table class=\"lines landscape\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 97.1347%;height: 87px\" border=\"0\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 31px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 162.375px;height: 20px\">Letter<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 222.5px;height: 20px\">Transliteration<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 218.5px;height: 20px\">Pronunciation Note<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 40.90625px;height: 20px\">Audio<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\r\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 162.375px\">\u0924<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 222.5px\"><em>ta<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 218.5px\">\u201ct\u201d with tongue at the teeth<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 40.90625px\">[h5p id=\"493\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\r\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 162.375px\">\u0925<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 222.5px\"><em>tha<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 218.5px\">\u201cth\u201d with extra air<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 40.90625px\">[h5p id=\"494\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\r\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 162.375px\">\u0926<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 222.5px\"><em>da<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 218.5px\">\u201cd\u201d with tongue at the teeth<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 40.90625px\">[h5p id=\"495\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\r\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 162.375px\">\u0927<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 222.5px\"><em>dha<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 218.5px\">\u201cdh\u201d with extra air<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 40.90625px\">[h5p id=\"496\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\r\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 162.375px\">\u0928<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 222.5px\"><em>na<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 218.5px\">\u201cn\u201d as in\u00a0<em>no<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 40.90625px\">[h5p id=\"497\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<div>\r\n<h2 class=\"textbox__title\">Labial consonants<\/h2>\r\n<p data-start=\"4392\" data-end=\"4417\">Produced using both lips.<\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"4419\" data-end=\"4442\">Includes: \u092a, \u092b, \u092c, \u092d, \u092e<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Table 1.4.7 \u2013 Labial consonants<\/h3>\r\n<table class=\"lines landscape\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 97.1347%;height: 87px\" border=\"0\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 31px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 167.078125px;height: 20px\">Letter<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 205.4375px;height: 20px\">Transliteration<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 230.984375px;height: 20px\">Pronunciation Note<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 40.78125px;height: 20px\">Audio<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\r\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 167.078125px\">\u092a<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 205.4375px\"><em>pa<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 230.984375px\">\u201cp\u201d as in\u00a0<em>pen<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 40.78125px\">[h5p id=\"498\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\r\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 167.078125px\">\u092b<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 205.4375px\"><em>pha<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 230.984375px\">aspirated \u201cph\u201d (often like English\u00a0<em>f<\/em>\u00a0in loans)<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 40.78125px\">[h5p id=\"499\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\r\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 167.078125px\">\u092c<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 205.4375px\"><em>ba<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 230.984375px\">\u201cb\u201d as in\u00a0<em>bat<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 40.78125px\">[h5p id=\"500\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\r\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 167.078125px\">\u092d<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 205.4375px\"><em>bha<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 230.984375px\">\u201cbh\u201d with extra air<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 40.78125px\">[h5p id=\"501\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\r\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 167.078125px\">\u092e<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 205.4375px\"><em>ma<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 230.984375px\">\u201cm\u201d as in\u00a0<em>man<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 40.78125px\">[h5p id=\"502\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<h2 data-section-id=\"n2s2me\" data-start=\"4756\" data-end=\"4785\"><span role=\"text\"><strong data-start=\"4759\" data-end=\"4785\">Other Consonant Groups<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p data-start=\"4787\" data-end=\"4862\">Beyond the five main rows, Nepali includes additional consonant categories.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h3>Table 1.4.8 - Other consonant groups in Nepali<\/h3>\r\n<table class=\"lines landscape\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 95.2722%;height: 87px\" border=\"0\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 31px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 28.458625%;height: 20px\">Categories<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 30.112791%;height: 20px\">Label<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 32.368385%;height: 20px\">Letters<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"row-2\" style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 28.458625%;height: 15px\">Glides \/ liquids<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 30.112791%;height: 15px\">Semi-vowels<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 32.368385%;height: 15px\">\u092f (<em>ya<\/em>), \u0930 (<em>ra<\/em>), \u0932 (<em>la<\/em>), \u0935 (<em>wa<\/em>)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"row-3\" style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 28.458625%;height: 15px\">Sibilant fricatives<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 30.112791%;height: 15px\">Sibilant consonants<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 32.368385%;height: 15px\">\u0936 (<em>\u015ba<\/em>), \u0937 (<em>\u1e63a<\/em>), \u0938 (<em>sa<\/em>)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"row-4\" style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 28.458625%;height: 15px\">Glottal fricative<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 30.112791%;height: 15px\">Aspirated consonant<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 32.368385%;height: 15px\">\u0939 (<em>ha<\/em>)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"row-5\" style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 28.458625%;height: 15px\">Consonant clusters<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 30.112791%;height: 15px\">Conjunct consonants<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 32.368385%;height: 15px\">\u0915\u094d\u0937 (<em>k\u1e63a<\/em>), \u0924\u094d\u0930 (<em>tra<\/em>), \u091c\u094d\u091e (<em>j\u00f1a<\/em>)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<div>\r\n<h2 data-section-id=\"1kj4x2n\" data-start=\"5119\" data-end=\"5156\"><span role=\"text\"><strong data-start=\"5122\" data-end=\"5156\">Semi-vowels (Glides \/ Liquids)<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p data-start=\"5158\" data-end=\"5222\">These behave like consonants but flow smoothly in pronunciation.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h3>Table 1.4.9 - Semi-vowels (glides \/ liquids)<\/h3>\r\n<div>\r\n<table class=\"lines landscape\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 95.7736%;height: 87px\" border=\"0\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 19.9888%\">Letter<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 26.1967%\">Transliteration<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 48.147673%\">Pronunciation Note<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 72.938227%\">Audio<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\r\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 19.9888%\">\u092f<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 26.1967%\"><em>ya<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 48.147673%\">\u201cy\u201d as in\u00a0<em>yes<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 72.938227%\">[h5p id=\"503\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\r\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 19.9888%\">\u0930<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 26.1967%\"><em>ra<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 48.147673%\">Nepali \u201cr\u201d (flap\/roll)<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 72.938227%\">[h5p id=\"504\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\r\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 19.9888%\">\u0932<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 26.1967%\"><em>la<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 48.147673%\">\u201cl\u201d as in\u00a0<em>love<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 72.938227%\">[h5p id=\"505\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\r\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 19.9888%\">\u0935<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 26.1967%\"><em>wa<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 48.147673%\">blend of \u201cv\/w\u201d (often sounds like\u00a0<em>wa<\/em>\u00a0in speech)<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 72.938227%\">[h5p id=\"506\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<h2 data-section-id=\"1eo40qj\" data-start=\"5434\" data-end=\"5460\"><span role=\"text\"><strong data-start=\"5437\" data-end=\"5460\">Sibilant Consonants<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p data-start=\"5462\" data-end=\"5489\">These are \u201chissing\u201d sounds.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3 data-start=\"5462\" data-end=\"5489\">Table 1.4.10 - Sibilant consonants<\/h3>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n<table class=\"lines landscape\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 95.4877%;height: 60px\" border=\"0\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr class=\"row-1\" style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<th class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 18.5211%;height: 15px\">Letter<\/th>\r\n<th class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 26.3115%;height: 15px\">Transliteration<\/th>\r\n<th class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 46.024022%;height: 15px\">Pronunciation Note<\/th>\r\n<th class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 67.078778%;height: 15px\">Audio<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"row-2\" style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 18.5211%;height: 15px\">\u0936<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 26.3115%;height: 15px\"><em>\u015ba<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 46.024022%;height: 15px\">\u201csh\u201d (often realized as \/s\/)<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 67.078778%\">[h5p id=\"507\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"row-3\" style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 18.5211%;height: 15px\">\u0937<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 26.3115%;height: 15px\"><em>\u1e63a<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 46.024022%;height: 15px\">\u201csh\u201d (often \/s\/)<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 67.078778%\">[h5p id=\"509\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"row-4\" style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 18.5211%;height: 15px\">\u0938<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 26.3115%;height: 15px\"><em>sa<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 46.024022%;height: 15px\">\u201cs\u201d as in\u00a0<em>sun<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 67.078778%\">[h5p id=\"510\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<h2>Aspirated consonants<\/h2>\r\nAspirated consonants (\u0939) refers here to \u0939 (<em>ha<\/em>), which is a <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Voiced_glottal_fricative\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">glottal fricative<\/a>\u2014a breathy \u201ch\u201d sound made by air flowing through the open vocal folds. It is similar to the \u201ch\u201d in English <em data-start=\"1478\" data-end=\"1483\">hat<\/em>. You will see \u0939 frequently in common vocabulary and in many verb forms.\r\n<h3>Table 1.4.11 - Aspirated consonants<\/h3>\r\n<div>\r\n<table class=\"lines landscape\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 95.9169%;height: 39px\" border=\"0\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr class=\"row-1\" style=\"height: 10px\">\r\n<th style=\"width: 17.2387%;height: 10px\">Letter<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"width: 26.656%;height: 10px\">Transliteration<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"width: 48.498175%;height: 10px\">Pronunciation Note<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"width: 85.465225%;height: 10px\">Audio<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"row-2\" style=\"height: 29px\">\r\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 17.2387%;height: 29px\">\u0939<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 26.656%;height: 29px\"><em>ha<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 48.498175%;height: 29px\">\u201ch\u201d as in\u00a0<em>hat<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 85.465225%;height: 29px\">[h5p id=\"511\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<h2>Common conjuncts<\/h2>\r\n<p data-start=\"5834\" data-end=\"5887\">Some consonant clusters appear as fixed visual units.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Table 1.4.12 - Common conjuncts<\/h3>\r\n<table class=\"lines landscape\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 95.9885%;height: 87px\" border=\"0\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\r\n<th class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 11.8035%\">Conjunct<\/th>\r\n<th class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 17.1344%\">Transliteration<\/th>\r\n<th class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 16.1368%\">Composition<\/th>\r\n<th class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 46.54798%\">Pronunciation note<\/th>\r\n<th class=\"column-5\" style=\"width: 92.42722%\">Audio<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\r\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 11.8035%\">\u0915\u094d\u0937<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 17.1344%\"><em>k\u1e63a<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 16.1368%\">\u0915\u094d + \u0937<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 46.54798%\">often pronounced like\u00a0<em>k\u1e63a<\/em>\u00a0\/\u00a0<em>ksha<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 92.42722%\">[h5p id=\"512\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\r\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 11.8035%\">\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 17.1344%\"><em>tra<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 16.1368%\">\u0924\u094d + \u0930<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 46.54798%\"><em>tra<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 92.42722%\">[h5p id=\"513\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\r\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 11.8035%\">\u091c\u094d\u091e<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 17.1344%\"><em>j\u00f1a<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 16.1368%\">\u091c\u094d + \u091e<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 46.54798%\">often closer to\u00a0<em>gya\/gy\u0101<\/em>\u00a0in modern Nepali<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 92.42722%\">[h5p id=\"514\"]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox videobox\">\r\n<h2>Watch and Practices<\/h2>\r\nLet\u2019s watch this short video (about 3 minute long) created by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@elsantosonlineschool3020\">El Santos Teaches<\/a> (for Hindi, but it applies to Nepali also) to learn and practise consonants:\r\n\r\n[embed]https:\/\/youtu.be\/-I7iUUp-cX8?si=9-lxa6qteQKRLVnS[\/embed]\r\n\r\nLet\u2019s watch this short video (about 3 minute long) created by\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@SharadDhakal\">Sharad Dhakal<\/a>\u200b to learn and practise how to write Nepali consonants:\r\n\r\n[embed]https:\/\/youtu.be\/OZUBNfN0JL8?si=HbtJDtNaF9oguM2M[\/embed]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox\">\r\n<h2>Check Your Understanding<\/h2>\r\n[h5p id=\"16\"]\r\n\r\nMemory Game: Nepali Consonants &amp; Transliteration\r\n\r\n[h5p id=\"17\"]\r\n\r\n[h5p id=\"5\"]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox reflectbox\">\r\n<h2>Self Reflection<\/h2>\r\n<p data-start=\"1428\" data-end=\"1553\">[h5p id=\"571\"]<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Key Takeaways<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<ul data-start=\"6669\" data-end=\"7090\">\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"jaifo2\" data-start=\"6669\" data-end=\"6746\">Nepali consonants include <strong data-start=\"6697\" data-end=\"6717\">33 basic letters<\/strong> plus common conjunct forms<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"1ganagu\" data-start=\"6747\" data-end=\"6812\">Every consonant carries an inherent vowel <em data-start=\"6791\" data-end=\"6794\">a<\/em> unless modified<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"1t9tm8l\" data-start=\"6813\" data-end=\"6871\">The five articulation rows structure the entire system<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"aan3in\" data-start=\"6872\" data-end=\"6941\">Consonants differ by <strong data-start=\"6895\" data-end=\"6939\">place, voicing, aspiration, and nasality<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"1q2a3oh\" data-start=\"6942\" data-end=\"7008\">Semi-vowels, sibilants, and \u0939 form additional important groups<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-section-id=\"myb3zc\" data-start=\"7009\" data-end=\"7090\">Conjuncts like \u0915\u094d\u0937, \u0924\u094d\u0930, and \u091c\u094d\u091e are frequent and must be recognized visually<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<section id=\"ch4-consonants\"><\/section><\/div>","rendered":"<section id=\"ch4-consonants\"><\/section>\n<section><\/section>\n<h2 data-section-id=\"1og5t7q\" data-start=\"28\" data-end=\"43\"><span role=\"text\"><strong data-start=\"31\" data-end=\"43\">Overview<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"45\" data-end=\"220\">So far, you have learned how <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_3022_7988\">devan\u0101gar\u012b<\/a> is structured into <em><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_3022_7989\">ak\u1e63ara<\/a><\/em>\u00a0(Unit 1), the vowel letters (Unit 2), and how vowel signs (<em>m\u0101tr\u0101<\/em>) attach to consonants (Unit 3).<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"222\" data-end=\"404\">In this unit, you will learn the <strong data-start=\"255\" data-end=\"282\">Nepali consonant system<\/strong>. Consonants in Devan\u0101gar\u012b are conventionally written with an inherent vowel <strong data-start=\"359\" data-end=\"366\">\/a\/<\/strong>, so each letter is typically read as:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"406\" data-end=\"444\">\n<li data-section-id=\"yzfmcq\" data-start=\"406\" data-end=\"418\">\u0915 = <em data-start=\"412\" data-end=\"416\">ka<\/em><\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"16gsvc6\" data-start=\"419\" data-end=\"431\">\u091f = <em data-start=\"425\" data-end=\"429\">\u1e6da<\/em><\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1xj6dpz\" data-start=\"432\" data-end=\"444\">\u092e = <em data-start=\"438\" data-end=\"442\">ma<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"446\" data-end=\"497\">The consonant chart is organized systematically by:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"499\" data-end=\"713\">\n<li data-section-id=\"4g58nm\" data-start=\"499\" data-end=\"569\"><strong data-start=\"501\" data-end=\"526\">place of articulation<\/strong> (where sounds are produced in the mouth)<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"11pyxj6\" data-start=\"570\" data-end=\"635\"><strong data-start=\"572\" data-end=\"591\">manner features<\/strong> such as voicing, aspiration, and nasality<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1y4tqcs\" data-start=\"636\" data-end=\"713\">additional groups such as <strong style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\" data-start=\"5122\" data-end=\"5156\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Semivowel\">Semi-vowels<\/a> (<\/strong><strong data-start=\"664\" data-end=\"713\">glides), <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sibilant\">sibilants<\/a>, and special conjunct forms<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 data-section-id=\"1sjsa7x\" data-start=\"720\" data-end=\"737\"><span role=\"text\"><strong data-start=\"723\" data-end=\"737\">Consonants<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"739\" data-end=\"840\">Nepali Devan\u0101gar\u012b includes <strong data-start=\"766\" data-end=\"796\">33 basic consonant letters<\/strong>, plus several commonly used conjunct forms.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"842\" data-end=\"922\">Each consonant contains an inherent vowel <strong data-start=\"884\" data-end=\"891\">\/a\/<\/strong> by default. This changes when:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"924\" data-end=\"1044\">\n<li data-section-id=\"ncsyyp\" data-start=\"924\" data-end=\"988\">a <strong data-start=\"928\" data-end=\"950\">vowel sign (<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_3022_7982\">m\u0101tr\u0101<\/a>)<\/strong> is added (e.g., \u0915 \u2192 \u0915\u093e, \u0915\u093f, \u0915\u0941), or<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1xsq70p\" data-start=\"989\" data-end=\"1044\">the <strong data-start=\"995\" data-end=\"1009\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_3022_7993\">halanta<\/a> (\u094d)<\/strong> removes the vowel (e.g., \u0915\u094d = <em data-start=\"1040\" data-end=\"1043\">k<\/em>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"1046\" data-end=\"1096\">You will also encounter frequently used conjuncts:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"1098\" data-end=\"1145\">\n<li data-section-id=\"qumutr\" data-start=\"1098\" data-end=\"1113\">\u0915\u094d\u0937 (<em data-start=\"1105\" data-end=\"1110\">k\u1e63a<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"ke83br\" data-start=\"1114\" data-end=\"1129\">\u0924\u094d\u0930 (<em data-start=\"1121\" data-end=\"1126\">tra<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1u2df98\" data-start=\"1130\" data-end=\"1145\">\u091c\u094d\u091e (<em data-start=\"1137\" data-end=\"1142\">j\u00f1a<\/em>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"1147\" data-end=\"1245\">These are extremely common in Nepali vocabulary and are best recognized as <strong data-start=\"1222\" data-end=\"1244\">fixed visual units<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-434-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-434\">Table 1.4.1 - Consonant Chart<\/h2>\n<p><span id=\"tablepress-434-description\" class=\"tablepress-table-description tablepress-table-description-id-434\">The table below lists the 33 basic Nepali consonant letters in Devan\u0101gar\u012b. Use it as a reference to learn each consonant\u2019s shape and sound, and to practice reading the consonants in order. The chart also includes three very common joined consonant forms (conjuncts)\u2014\u0915\u094d\u0937 (k\u1e63a), \u0924\u094d\u0930 (tra), and \u091c\u094d\u091e (j\u00f1a)\u2014because you will see them frequently in everyday Nepali words and names.<\/p>\n<p><\/span><\/p>\n<table id=\"tablepress-434\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-434\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-434-name\" aria-describedby=\"tablepress-434-description\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th colspan=\"5\" class=\"column-1\">CONSONANTS<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0915 <\/p>\n<p><em>ka<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0916<\/p>\n<p><em>kha<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0917<\/p>\n<p><em>ga<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">\u0918<\/p>\n<p><em>gha<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-5\">\u0919<\/p>\n<p><em>\u1e45a<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u091a<\/p>\n<p><em>ca<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u091b<\/p>\n<p><em>cha<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u091c<\/p>\n<p><em>ja<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">\u091d <\/p>\n<p><em>jha<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-5\">\u091e<\/p>\n<p><em>\u00f1a<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u091f<\/p>\n<p><em>\u1e6da<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0920 <\/p>\n<p><em>\u1e6dha<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0921<\/p>\n<p><em>\u1e0da<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">\u0922 <\/p>\n<p><em>\u1e0dha<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-5\">\u0923<\/p>\n<p><em>\u1e47a<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924 <\/p>\n<p><em>ta<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0925<\/p>\n<p><em>tha<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0926<\/p>\n<p><em>da<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">\u0927<\/p>\n<p><em>dha<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-5\">\u0928<\/p>\n<p><em>na<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092a<\/p>\n<p><em>pa<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u092b<\/p>\n<p><em>pha<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u092c<\/p>\n<p><em>ba<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">\u092d<\/p>\n<p><em>bha<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-5\">\u092e <\/p>\n<p><em>ma<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-7\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092f<\/p>\n<p><em>ya<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0930<\/p>\n<p><em>ra<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0932<\/p>\n<p><em>la<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">\u0935<\/p>\n<p><em>wa<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-5\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-8\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0936<\/p>\n<p><em>\u015ba<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0937<\/p>\n<p><em>\u1e63a<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0938<\/p>\n<p><em>sa<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">\u0939<\/p>\n<p><em>ha<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-5\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-9\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0915\u094d\u0937<\/p>\n<p><em>k\u1e63a<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/p>\n<p><em>tra<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u091c\u094d\u091e <\/p>\n<p><em>j\u00f1a<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-5\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-434 from cache --><\/p>\n<div>\n<h2 data-section-id=\"1mnexg9\" data-start=\"1746\" data-end=\"1781\"><span role=\"text\"><strong data-start=\"1749\" data-end=\"1781\">The Five Main Consonant Rows<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"1783\" data-end=\"1897\">The consonants are organized into <strong data-start=\"1817\" data-end=\"1850\">five systematic rows (<em>wargas<\/em>)<\/strong> based on where they are produced in the mouth.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1899\" data-end=\"1937\">Each row follows a consistent pattern:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"1939\" data-end=\"2042\">\n<li data-section-id=\"2qbyu9\" data-start=\"1939\" data-end=\"1964\">voiceless unaspirated<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"bvcmwq\" data-start=\"1965\" data-end=\"1988\">voiceless aspirated<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"ayw0h8\" data-start=\"1989\" data-end=\"2011\">voiced unaspirated<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1q6rk1j\" data-start=\"2012\" data-end=\"2032\">voiced aspirated<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"cx1me1\" data-start=\"2033\" data-end=\"2042\">nasal<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u200bIn the Nepali consonant chart, the \u201cfive main consonant rows\u201d are the basic backbone of the system. Each row is called a <em data-start=\"121\" data-end=\"128\">varga<\/em> (series) and has five consonants made in a similar place in the mouth: the <em>ka<\/em>-series (\u0915 <em data-start=\"221\" data-end=\"225\">ka<\/em>, \u0916 <em data-start=\"229\" data-end=\"234\">kha<\/em>, \u0917 <em data-start=\"238\" data-end=\"242\">ga<\/em>, \u0918 <em data-start=\"246\" data-end=\"251\">gha<\/em>, \u0919 <em data-start=\"255\" data-end=\"259\">\u1e45a<\/em>) at the back of the mouth, the <em>ca<\/em>-series (\u091a <em data-start=\"308\" data-end=\"312\">ca<\/em>, \u091b <em data-start=\"316\" data-end=\"321\">cha<\/em>, \u091c <em data-start=\"325\" data-end=\"329\">ja<\/em>, \u091d <em data-start=\"333\" data-end=\"338\">jha<\/em>, \u091e <em data-start=\"342\" data-end=\"346\">\u00f1a<\/em>) at the hard palate, the <em>\u1e6da<\/em>-series (\u091f <em data-start=\"389\" data-end=\"393\">\u1e6da<\/em>, \u0920 <em data-start=\"397\" data-end=\"402\">\u1e6dha<\/em>, \u0921 <em data-start=\"406\" data-end=\"410\">\u1e0da<\/em>, \u0922 <em data-start=\"414\" data-end=\"419\">\u1e0dha<\/em>, \u0923 <em data-start=\"423\" data-end=\"427\">\u1e47a<\/em>) with the tongue curled back (retroflex), the <em>ta<\/em>-series (\u0924 <em data-start=\"491\" data-end=\"495\">ta<\/em>, \u0925 <em data-start=\"499\" data-end=\"504\">tha<\/em>, \u0926 <em data-start=\"508\" data-end=\"512\">da<\/em>, \u0927 <em data-start=\"516\" data-end=\"521\">dha<\/em>, \u0928 <em data-start=\"525\" data-end=\"529\">na<\/em>) at the teeth, and the <em>pa<\/em>-series (\u092a <em data-start=\"570\" data-end=\"574\">pa<\/em>, \u092b <em data-start=\"578\" data-end=\"583\">pha<\/em>, \u092c <em data-start=\"587\" data-end=\"591\">ba<\/em>, \u092d <em data-start=\"595\" data-end=\"600\">bha<\/em>, \u092e <em data-start=\"604\" data-end=\"608\">ma<\/em>) with the lips (dental). In each row, the first two are voiceless, the next two voiced, and the last one is a nasal.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-12-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-12\">Table 1.4.2 - Nepali stop and nasal consonants by place of articulation<\/h2>\n<p><span id=\"tablepress-12-description\" class=\"tablepress-table-description tablepress-table-description-id-12\">This chart organizes the most common Nepali consonants by where they are made in the mouth (place of articulation). Each row shows a set of five related sounds: four stop consonants (unvoiced\/voiced, each with an unaspirated and aspirated form) plus one nasal. As you read across the row, notice two key contrasts: aspiration (extra puff of air, as in \u0915 vs \u0916) and voicing (vocal cords off\/on, as in \u0915 vs \u0917). Use this table as a roadmap for pronunciation and as a quick reference when learning the consonant groups.<\/span><\/p>\n<table id=\"tablepress-12\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-12\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-12-name\" aria-describedby=\"tablepress-12-description\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Place of articulation<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Stops \u2013 unvoiced (unaspirated)<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">Stops \u2013 unvoiced (aspirated)<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-4\">Stops \u2013 voiced (unaspirated)<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-5\">Stops \u2013 voiced (aspirated)<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-6\">Nasal<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">Velar \/ guttural<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0915 (<em>ka<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0916 (<em>kha<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">\u0917 (<em>ga<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-5\">\u0918 (<em>gha<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-6\">\u0919 (<em>\u1e45a<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">Palatal<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u091a (<em>ca<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u091b (<em>cha<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">\u091c (<em>ja<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-5\">\u091d (<em>jha<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-6\">\u091e (<em>\u00f1a<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">Retroflex<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u091f (<em>\u1e6da<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0920 (<em>\u1e6dha<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">\u0921 (<em>\u1e0da<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-5\">\u0922 (<em>\u1e0dha<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-6\">\u0923 (<em>\u1e47a<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">Dental<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0924 (<em>ta<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0925 (<em>tha<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">\u0926 (<em>da<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-5\">\u0927 (<em>dha<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-6\">\u0928 (<em>na<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">Labial<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u092a (<em>pa<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u092b (<em>pha<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\">\u092c (<em>ba<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-5\">\u092d (<em>bha<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-6\">\u092e (<em>ma<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-12 from cache --><\/p>\n<h2>Velar consonants<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"2633\" data-end=\"2729\">Velar consonants are produced at the back of the mouth where the tongue touches the soft palate.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2731\" data-end=\"2765\">This group includes: \u0915, \u0916, \u0917, \u0918, \u0919<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2767\" data-end=\"2781\">Key contrasts:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"2783\" data-end=\"2890\">\n<li data-section-id=\"1mo0a3g\" data-start=\"2783\" data-end=\"2821\">aspiration: \u0916, \u0918 have extra breath<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1ph7hl2\" data-start=\"2822\" data-end=\"2850\">voicing: \u0917, \u0918 are voiced<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"o8wbpa\" data-start=\"2851\" data-end=\"2890\">nasal: \u0919 appears mainly in clusters<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 data-start=\"59\" data-end=\"102\">Table 1.4.3 \u2013 Velar consonants<\/h3>\n<table class=\"lines landscape\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 98.639%;height: 87px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 25.0543%;height: 15px\">Letter<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 24.9819%;height: 15px\">Transliteration<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 43.543896%;height: 15px\">Pronunciation Note<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 80.163104%;height: 15px\">Audio<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 31px\">\n<td style=\"width: 25.0543%;height: 20px\">\u0915<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 24.9819%;height: 20px\"><em>ka<\/em><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 43.543896%;height: 20px\">\u201ck\u201d as in <em>kit<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 80.163104%;height: 20px\">\n<div id=\"h5p-478\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-478\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"478\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Chap1_Unit4_Table1.4.3_1.mp3\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 63px\">\n<td style=\"width: 25.0543%;height: 10px\">\u0916<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 24.9819%;height: 10px\"><em>kha<\/em><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 43.543896%;height: 10px\">\u201ckh\u201d with a strong puff of air<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 80.163104%;height: 10px\">\n<div id=\"h5p-479\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-479\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"479\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Chap1_Unit4_Table1.4.3_2.mp3\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 12px\">\n<td style=\"width: 25.0543%;height: 12px\">\u0917<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 24.9819%;height: 12px\"><em>ga<\/em><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 43.543896%;height: 12px\">\u201cg\u201d as in <em>go<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 80.163104%;height: 12px\">\n<div id=\"h5p-480\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-480\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"480\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Chap1_Unit4_Table1.4.3_3.mp3\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 25.0543%;height: 15px\">\u0918<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 24.9819%;height: 15px\"><em>gha<\/em><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 43.543896%;height: 15px\">\u201cgh\u201d with a strong puff of air<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 80.163104%;height: 15px\">\n<div id=\"h5p-481\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-481\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"481\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Chap1_Unit4_Table1.4.3_4.mp3\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 25.0543%;height: 15px\">\u0919<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 24.9819%;height: 15px\"><em>\u1e45a<\/em><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 43.543896%;height: 15px\">\u201cng\u201d as in <em>sing<\/em> (mainly in clusters)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 80.163104%;height: 15px\">\n<div id=\"h5p-482\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-482\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"482\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Chap1_Unit4_Table1.4.3_5.mp3\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2 class=\"textbox__title\">Palatal consonants<\/h2>\n<p>Palatal consonants are made in the front part of the mouth, with the tongue raised toward the hard palate (or close to the upper gum-line, just behind the teeth).<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3267\" data-end=\"3290\">Includes: \u091a, \u091b, \u091c, \u091d, \u091e<\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"105\" data-end=\"150\">Table 1.4.4 \u2013 Palatal consonants<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<table class=\"lines landscape\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 97.5645%;height: 87px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 31px\">\n<td style=\"width: 25.0543%;height: 20px\">Letter<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 24.9819%;height: 20px\">Transliteration<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 41.648567%;height: 20px\">Pronunciation Note<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 79.186433%;height: 20px\">Audio<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 25.0543%\">\u091a<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 24.9819%\"><em>ca<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 41.648567%\">&#8220;ch&#8221; as in chair<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 79.186433%\">\n<div id=\"h5p-483\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-483\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"483\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Chap1_Unit4_Table1.4.4_1.mp3\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 25.0543%\">\u091b<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 24.9819%\"><em>cha<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 41.648567%\">\u201cchh\u201d with extra air<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 79.186433%\">\n<div id=\"h5p-484\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-484\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"484\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Chap1_Unit4_Table1.4.4_2.mp3\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 25.0543%\">\u091c<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 24.9819%\"><em>ja<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 41.648567%\">\u201cj\u201d as in\u00a0<em>jam<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 79.186433%\">\n<div id=\"h5p-485\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-485\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"485\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Chap1_Unit4_Table1.4.4_3.mp3\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 25.0543%\">\u091d<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 24.9819%\"><em>jha<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 41.648567%\">\u201cjh\u201d with extra air<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 79.186433%\">\n<div id=\"h5p-486\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-486\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"486\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Chap1_Unit4_Table1.4.4_4.mp3\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 25.0543%\">\u091e<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 24.9819%\"><em>\u00f1a<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 41.648567%\">\u201cny\u201d as in\u00a0<em>canyon<\/em>\u00a0(mainly in clusters)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 79.186433%\">\n<div id=\"h5p-487\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-487\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"487\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Chap1_Unit4_Table1.4.4_5.mp3\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div>\n<h2 class=\"textbox__title\">Retroflex consonants<\/h2>\n<p>Retroflex consonants are made by curling the tongue slightly back so the tongue tip touches the area behind the alveolar ridge (toward the palate). This group includes \u091f, \u0920, \u0921, \u0922, and the nasal \u0923.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3671\" data-end=\"3694\">Includes: \u091f, \u0920, \u0921, \u0922, \u0923<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3671\" data-end=\"3694\">These sounds often feel \u201charder\u201d than the dental sounds, and the key contrasts are again aspiration (\u091f vs \u0920, \u0921 vs \u0922) and voicing (\u091f\/\u0920 unvoiced vs \u0921\/\u0922 voiced). The nasal \u0923 is a retroflex \u201c\u1e47\u201d and appears in many common Nepali words.<\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"153\" data-end=\"200\">Table 1.4.5 \u2013 Retroflex consonants<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<table class=\"lines landscape\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 97.1347%;height: 87px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 31px\">\n<td style=\"width: 24.9811%;height: 20px\">Letter<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 23.9487%;height: 20px\">Transliteration<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 42.537583%;height: 20px\">Pronunciation Note<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 78.469417%;height: 20px\">Audio<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 24.9811%\">\u091f<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 23.9487%\"><em>\u1e6da<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 42.537583%\">hard \u201ct\u201d (tongue slightly curled)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 78.469417%\">\n<div id=\"h5p-488\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-488\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"488\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Chap1_Unit4_Table1.4.5_1.mp3\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 24.9811%\">\u0920<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 23.9487%\"><em>\u1e6dha<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 42.537583%\">hard \u201cth\u201d with air<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 78.469417%\">\n<div id=\"h5p-489\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-489\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"489\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Chap1_Unit4_Table1.4.5_2.mp3\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 24.9811%\">\u0921<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 23.9487%\"><em>\u1e0da<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 42.537583%\">hard \u201cd\u201d<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 78.469417%\">\n<div id=\"h5p-490\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-490\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"490\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Chap1_Unit4_Table1.4.5_3.mp3\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 24.9811%\">\u0922<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 23.9487%\"><em>\u1e0dha<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 42.537583%\">hard \u201cdh\u201d with air<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 78.469417%\">\n<div id=\"h5p-491\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-491\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"491\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Chap1_Unit4_Table1.4.5_4.mp3\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 24.9811%\">\u0923<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 23.9487%\"><em>\u1e47a<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 42.537583%\">retroflex \u201cn\u201d<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 78.469417%\">\n<div id=\"h5p-492\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-492\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"492\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Chap1_Unit4_Table1.4.5_5.mp3\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div>\n<h2 class=\"textbox__title\">Dental consonants<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"4018\" data-end=\"4062\">Produced with the tongue at the upper teeth.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"4064\" data-end=\"4087\">Includes: \u0924, \u0925, \u0926, \u0927, \u0928<\/p>\n<h3>Table 1.4.6 \u2013 Dental consonants<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<table class=\"lines landscape\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 97.1347%;height: 87px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 31px\">\n<td style=\"width: 162.375px;height: 20px\">Letter<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 222.5px;height: 20px\">Transliteration<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 218.5px;height: 20px\">Pronunciation Note<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 40.90625px;height: 20px\">Audio<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 162.375px\">\u0924<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 222.5px\"><em>ta<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 218.5px\">\u201ct\u201d with tongue at the teeth<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 40.90625px\">\n<div id=\"h5p-493\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-493\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"493\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Chap1_Unit4_Table1.4.6_1.mp3\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 162.375px\">\u0925<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 222.5px\"><em>tha<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 218.5px\">\u201cth\u201d with extra air<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 40.90625px\">\n<div id=\"h5p-494\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-494\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"494\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Chap1_Unit4_Table1.4.6_2.mp3\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 162.375px\">\u0926<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 222.5px\"><em>da<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 218.5px\">\u201cd\u201d with tongue at the teeth<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 40.90625px\">\n<div id=\"h5p-495\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-495\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"495\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Chap1_Unit4_Table1.4.6_3.mp3\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 162.375px\">\u0927<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 222.5px\"><em>dha<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 218.5px\">\u201cdh\u201d with extra air<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 40.90625px\">\n<div id=\"h5p-496\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-496\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"496\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Chap1_Unit4_Table1.4.6_4.mp3\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 162.375px\">\u0928<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 222.5px\"><em>na<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 218.5px\">\u201cn\u201d as in\u00a0<em>no<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 40.90625px\">\n<div id=\"h5p-497\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-497\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"497\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Chap1_Unit4_Table1.4.6_5.mp3\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div>\n<h2 class=\"textbox__title\">Labial consonants<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"4392\" data-end=\"4417\">Produced using both lips.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"4419\" data-end=\"4442\">Includes: \u092a, \u092b, \u092c, \u092d, \u092e<\/p>\n<h3>Table 1.4.7 \u2013 Labial consonants<\/h3>\n<table class=\"lines landscape\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 97.1347%;height: 87px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 31px\">\n<td style=\"width: 167.078125px;height: 20px\">Letter<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 205.4375px;height: 20px\">Transliteration<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 230.984375px;height: 20px\">Pronunciation Note<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 40.78125px;height: 20px\">Audio<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 167.078125px\">\u092a<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 205.4375px\"><em>pa<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 230.984375px\">\u201cp\u201d as in\u00a0<em>pen<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 40.78125px\">\n<div id=\"h5p-498\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-498\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"498\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Chap1_Unit4_Table1.4.7_1.mp3\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 167.078125px\">\u092b<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 205.4375px\"><em>pha<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 230.984375px\">aspirated \u201cph\u201d (often like English\u00a0<em>f<\/em>\u00a0in loans)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 40.78125px\">\n<div id=\"h5p-499\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-499\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"499\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Chap1_Unit4_Table1.4.7_2.mp3\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 167.078125px\">\u092c<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 205.4375px\"><em>ba<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 230.984375px\">\u201cb\u201d as in\u00a0<em>bat<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 40.78125px\">\n<div id=\"h5p-500\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-500\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"500\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Chap1_Unit4_Table1.4.7_3.mp3\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 167.078125px\">\u092d<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 205.4375px\"><em>bha<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 230.984375px\">\u201cbh\u201d with extra air<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 40.78125px\">\n<div id=\"h5p-501\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-501\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"501\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Chap1_Unit4_Table1.4.7_4.mp3\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 167.078125px\">\u092e<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 205.4375px\"><em>ma<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 230.984375px\">\u201cm\u201d as in\u00a0<em>man<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 40.78125px\">\n<div id=\"h5p-502\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-502\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"502\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Chap1_Unit4_Table1.4.7_5.mp3\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2 data-section-id=\"n2s2me\" data-start=\"4756\" data-end=\"4785\"><span role=\"text\"><strong data-start=\"4759\" data-end=\"4785\">Other Consonant Groups<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"4787\" data-end=\"4862\">Beyond the five main rows, Nepali includes additional consonant categories.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Table 1.4.8 &#8211; Other consonant groups in Nepali<\/h3>\n<table class=\"lines landscape\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 95.2722%;height: 87px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 31px\">\n<td style=\"width: 28.458625%;height: 20px\">Categories<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 30.112791%;height: 20px\">Label<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 32.368385%;height: 20px\">Letters<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-2\" style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 28.458625%;height: 15px\">Glides \/ liquids<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 30.112791%;height: 15px\">Semi-vowels<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 32.368385%;height: 15px\">\u092f (<em>ya<\/em>), \u0930 (<em>ra<\/em>), \u0932 (<em>la<\/em>), \u0935 (<em>wa<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\" style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 28.458625%;height: 15px\">Sibilant fricatives<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 30.112791%;height: 15px\">Sibilant consonants<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 32.368385%;height: 15px\">\u0936 (<em>\u015ba<\/em>), \u0937 (<em>\u1e63a<\/em>), \u0938 (<em>sa<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\" style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 28.458625%;height: 15px\">Glottal fricative<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 30.112791%;height: 15px\">Aspirated consonant<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 32.368385%;height: 15px\">\u0939 (<em>ha<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\" style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 28.458625%;height: 15px\">Consonant clusters<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 30.112791%;height: 15px\">Conjunct consonants<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 32.368385%;height: 15px\">\u0915\u094d\u0937 (<em>k\u1e63a<\/em>), \u0924\u094d\u0930 (<em>tra<\/em>), \u091c\u094d\u091e (<em>j\u00f1a<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div>\n<h2 data-section-id=\"1kj4x2n\" data-start=\"5119\" data-end=\"5156\"><span role=\"text\"><strong data-start=\"5122\" data-end=\"5156\">Semi-vowels (Glides \/ Liquids)<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"5158\" data-end=\"5222\">These behave like consonants but flow smoothly in pronunciation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Table 1.4.9 &#8211; Semi-vowels (glides \/ liquids)<\/h3>\n<div>\n<table class=\"lines landscape\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 95.7736%;height: 87px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 19.9888%\">Letter<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 26.1967%\">Transliteration<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 48.147673%\">Pronunciation Note<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 72.938227%\">Audio<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 19.9888%\">\u092f<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 26.1967%\"><em>ya<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 48.147673%\">\u201cy\u201d as in\u00a0<em>yes<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 72.938227%\">\n<div id=\"h5p-503\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-503\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"503\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Chap1_Unit4_Table1.4.8_1.mp3\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 19.9888%\">\u0930<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 26.1967%\"><em>ra<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 48.147673%\">Nepali \u201cr\u201d (flap\/roll)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 72.938227%\">\n<div id=\"h5p-504\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-504\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"504\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Chap1_Unit4_Table1.4.8_2.mp3\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 19.9888%\">\u0932<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 26.1967%\"><em>la<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 48.147673%\">\u201cl\u201d as in\u00a0<em>love<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 72.938227%\">\n<div id=\"h5p-505\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-505\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"505\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Chap1_Unit4_Table1.4.8_3.mp3\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 19.9888%\">\u0935<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 26.1967%\"><em>wa<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 48.147673%\">blend of \u201cv\/w\u201d (often sounds like\u00a0<em>wa<\/em>\u00a0in speech)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 72.938227%\">\n<div id=\"h5p-506\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-506\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"506\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Chap1_Unit4_Table1.4.8_4.mp3\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2 data-section-id=\"1eo40qj\" data-start=\"5434\" data-end=\"5460\"><span role=\"text\"><strong data-start=\"5437\" data-end=\"5460\">Sibilant Consonants<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"5462\" data-end=\"5489\">These are \u201chissing\u201d sounds.<\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"5462\" data-end=\"5489\">Table 1.4.10 &#8211; Sibilant consonants<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<table class=\"lines landscape\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 95.4877%;height: 60px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr class=\"row-1\" style=\"height: 15px\">\n<th class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 18.5211%;height: 15px\">Letter<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 26.3115%;height: 15px\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 46.024022%;height: 15px\">Pronunciation Note<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 67.078778%;height: 15px\">Audio<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-2\" style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 18.5211%;height: 15px\">\u0936<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 26.3115%;height: 15px\"><em>\u015ba<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 46.024022%;height: 15px\">\u201csh\u201d (often realized as \/s\/)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 67.078778%\">\n<div id=\"h5p-507\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-507\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"507\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Chap1_Unit4_Table1.4.8_5.mp3\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\" style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 18.5211%;height: 15px\">\u0937<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 26.3115%;height: 15px\"><em>\u1e63a<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 46.024022%;height: 15px\">\u201csh\u201d (often \/s\/)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 67.078778%\">\n<div id=\"h5p-509\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-509\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"509\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Chap1_Unit4_Table1.4.10_2.mp3\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\" style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 18.5211%;height: 15px\">\u0938<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 26.3115%;height: 15px\"><em>sa<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 46.024022%;height: 15px\">\u201cs\u201d as in\u00a0<em>sun<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 67.078778%\">\n<div id=\"h5p-510\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-510\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"510\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Chap1_Unit4_Table1.4.10_3.mp3\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>Aspirated consonants<\/h2>\n<p>Aspirated consonants (\u0939) refers here to \u0939 (<em>ha<\/em>), which is a <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Voiced_glottal_fricative\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">glottal fricative<\/a>\u2014a breathy \u201ch\u201d sound made by air flowing through the open vocal folds. It is similar to the \u201ch\u201d in English <em data-start=\"1478\" data-end=\"1483\">hat<\/em>. You will see \u0939 frequently in common vocabulary and in many verb forms.<\/p>\n<h3>Table 1.4.11 &#8211; Aspirated consonants<\/h3>\n<div>\n<table class=\"lines landscape\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 95.9169%;height: 39px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr class=\"row-1\" style=\"height: 10px\">\n<th style=\"width: 17.2387%;height: 10px\">Letter<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 26.656%;height: 10px\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 48.498175%;height: 10px\">Pronunciation Note<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 85.465225%;height: 10px\">Audio<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-2\" style=\"height: 29px\">\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 17.2387%;height: 29px\">\u0939<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 26.656%;height: 29px\"><em>ha<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 48.498175%;height: 29px\">\u201ch\u201d as in\u00a0<em>hat<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 85.465225%;height: 29px\">\n<div id=\"h5p-511\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-511\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"511\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Chap1_Unit4_Table1.4.11_1.mp3\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>Common conjuncts<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"5834\" data-end=\"5887\">Some consonant clusters appear as fixed visual units.<\/p>\n<h3>Table 1.4.12 &#8211; Common conjuncts<\/h3>\n<table class=\"lines landscape\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 95.9885%;height: 87px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 11.8035%\">Conjunct<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 17.1344%\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 16.1368%\">Composition<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 46.54798%\">Pronunciation note<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-5\" style=\"width: 92.42722%\">Audio<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 11.8035%\">\u0915\u094d\u0937<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 17.1344%\"><em>k\u1e63a<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 16.1368%\">\u0915\u094d + \u0937<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 46.54798%\">often pronounced like\u00a0<em>k\u1e63a<\/em>\u00a0\/\u00a0<em>ksha<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 92.42722%\">\n<div id=\"h5p-512\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-512\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"512\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Chap1_Unit4_Table1.4.12_1.mp3\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 11.8035%\">\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 17.1344%\"><em>tra<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 16.1368%\">\u0924\u094d + \u0930<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 46.54798%\"><em>tra<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 92.42722%\">\n<div id=\"h5p-513\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-513\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"513\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Chap1_Unit4_Table1.4.12_2.mp3\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\" style=\"width: 11.8035%\">\u091c\u094d\u091e<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\" style=\"width: 17.1344%\"><em>j\u00f1a<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\" style=\"width: 16.1368%\">\u091c\u094d + \u091e<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 46.54798%\">often closer to\u00a0<em>gya\/gy\u0101<\/em>\u00a0in modern Nepali<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-4\" style=\"width: 92.42722%\">\n<div id=\"h5p-514\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-514\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"514\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Chap1_Unit4_Table1.4.12_3.mp3\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox videobox\">\n<h2>Watch and Practices<\/h2>\n<p>Let\u2019s watch this short video (about 3 minute long) created by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@elsantosonlineschool3020\">El Santos Teaches<\/a> (for Hindi, but it applies to Nepali also) to learn and practise consonants:<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"Learning the Hindi Consonants\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/-I7iUUp-cX8?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>Let\u2019s watch this short video (about 3 minute long) created by\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@SharadDhakal\">Sharad Dhakal<\/a>\u200b to learn and practise how to write Nepali consonants:<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-2\" title=\"Nepali Consonants in 3 Minutes. Nepali Language Lessons.\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/OZUBNfN0JL8?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<h2>Check Your Understanding<\/h2>\n<div id=\"h5p-16\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-16\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"16\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Flashcards activity: identify each Nepali consonant letter (Devan\u0101gar\u012b) and provide its IAST transliteration (e.g., \u0915 = ka).\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Memory Game: Nepali Consonants &amp; Transliteration<\/p>\n<div id=\"h5p-17\">\n<div class=\"h5p-content\" data-content-id=\"17\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"h5p-5\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-5\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"5\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Match Nepali Consonants to IAST transliteration (Drag the Words)\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox reflectbox\">\n<h2>Self Reflection<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"1428\" data-end=\"1553\">\n<div id=\"h5p-571\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-571\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"571\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Self-Reflection \u2013 Nepali Consonants\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Key Takeaways<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<ul data-start=\"6669\" data-end=\"7090\">\n<li data-section-id=\"jaifo2\" data-start=\"6669\" data-end=\"6746\">Nepali consonants include <strong data-start=\"6697\" data-end=\"6717\">33 basic letters<\/strong> plus common conjunct forms<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1ganagu\" data-start=\"6747\" data-end=\"6812\">Every consonant carries an inherent vowel <em data-start=\"6791\" data-end=\"6794\">a<\/em> unless modified<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1t9tm8l\" data-start=\"6813\" data-end=\"6871\">The five articulation rows structure the entire system<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"aan3in\" data-start=\"6872\" data-end=\"6941\">Consonants differ by <strong data-start=\"6895\" data-end=\"6939\">place, voicing, aspiration, and nasality<\/strong><\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1q2a3oh\" data-start=\"6942\" data-end=\"7008\">Semi-vowels, sibilants, and \u0939 form additional important groups<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"myb3zc\" data-start=\"7009\" data-end=\"7090\">Conjuncts like \u0915\u094d\u0937, \u0924\u094d\u0930, and \u091c\u094d\u091e are frequent and must be recognized visually<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<section id=\"ch4-consonants\"><\/section>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"glossary\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\" id=\"definition\">definition<\/span><template id=\"term_3022_7988\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_3022_7988\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p><em>devan\u0101gar\u012b <\/em>is the script used to write Nepali (and several other languages), in which most consonant letters include an inherent \u201ca\u201d vowel unless modified by vowel signs.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_3022_7989\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_3022_7989\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p><em>ak\u1e63ara<\/em> means a syllabic writing unit in <em>devanagari<\/em>\u2014typically a vowel (\u0905) or a consonant with its vowel (\u0915 = <em>ka<\/em>), and it can include vowel sign (<em>m\u0101tr\u0101)<\/em> (\u0915\u093f, \u0915\u093e) or conjuncts (\u0915\u094d\u0924, \u0938\u094d\u0924) as one written unit.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_3022_7982\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_3022_7982\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p><em>m\u0101tr\u0101<\/em> is a vowel sign (vowel diactritics) added to a consonant in Devan\u0101gar\u012b to change its vowel sound (e.g., \u0915 <em>ka<\/em> \u2192 \u0915\u093e <em>k\u0101<\/em>, \u0915\u093f <em>ki<\/em>, \u0915\u0941 <em>ku<\/em>).<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_3022_7993\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_3022_7993\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p><em>halanta<\/em> (\u094d) is the <em>devan\u0101gar\u012b<\/em> sign that removes a consonant\u2019s built-in vowel, so the consonant is read without any vowel sound (e.g., \u0915 <em>ka<\/em> \u2192 \u0915\u094d <em>k<\/em>).<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><\/div>","protected":false},"author":2466,"menu_order":4,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"Consonants","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":"cc-by-nc"},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[56],"class_list":["post-3022","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","license-cc-by-nc"],"part":2986,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/3022","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2466"}],"version-history":[{"count":25,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/3022\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12291,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/3022\/revisions\/12291"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/2986"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/3022\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3022"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=3022"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=3022"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=3022"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}