{"id":3201,"date":"2025-12-26T03:14:35","date_gmt":"2025-12-26T08:14:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=3201"},"modified":"2026-04-29T13:48:42","modified_gmt":"2026-04-29T17:48:42","slug":"chapter-6-unit-4-grammar-focus","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/chapter\/chapter-6-unit-4-grammar-focus\/","title":{"raw":"Unit 4 \u2014 Grammar Focus","rendered":"Unit 4 \u2014 Grammar Focus"},"content":{"raw":"<p class=\"p1\">By this point, you have already studied \u0939\u094b (<i>ho<\/i>) \/ \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d (<i>hun<\/i>) as the Nepali linking verb for identity and classification\u2014used to say what or who something is (A = B).<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">This section introduces the second high-frequency \u201cto be\u201d pattern: \u091b (<i>cha<\/i>) \/ \u091b\u0928\u094d (<i>chan<\/i>). Nepali uses this pattern when the meaning is not identity, but location (\u201cwhere something is\u201d), state or condition (\u201chow something is\u201d), or existence\/availability (\u201cthere is\/are\u2026\u201d).<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Unlike English, which uses one verb (\u201cto be\u201d) for all these meanings, Nepali separates identity (\u0939\u094b \/ \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d) from location, existence, and condition (\u091b \/ \u091b\u0928\u094d).<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Because \u091b (<i>cha<\/i>) \/ \u091b\u0928\u094d (<i>chan<\/i>) is essential for everyday communication\u2014finding objects, asking where people or things are, and describing availability\u2014you will use this system frequently from here onward.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n<h1>Expressing Location in Nepali<\/h1>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">To describe where someone or something is, Nepali uses the verb forms \u091b (<i>cha<\/i>) and \u091b\u0928\u094d (<i>chan<\/i>). In this function, they act as locative copulas, linking the subject to a place (\u201cX is in\/on\/at Y\u201d).<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">This pattern is different from \u0939\u094b (<i>ho<\/i>), which is used only for identity and classification (\u201cX is Y\u201d).<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Although \u091b \/ \u091b\u0928\u094d come from the verb \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941 (<i>hunu<\/i>) \u201cto be,\u201d they are used in grammar specifically for location, as well as for states, conditions, and existence.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">In this section, the focus is on location questions and answers\u2014sentences that respond to \u201cWhere is\/are\u2026?\u201d<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Nepali typically marks location with the postposition \u2013\u092e\u093e (<i>-m\u0101<\/i>), which means \u201cin,\u201d \u201con,\u201d or \u201cat,\u201d depending on context.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h1 data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"102\">Location of objects in the present tense<\/h1>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">To describe where an object is in Nepali, use the existence\/location verbs \u091b (<i>cha<\/i>) for a single item and \u091b\u0928\u094d (<i>chan<\/i>) for multiple items. Their negatives are \u091b\u0948\u0928 (<i>chaina<\/i>) and \u091b\u0948\u0928\u0928\u094d (<i>chainan<\/i>).<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The place is marked with the postposition \u2013\u092e\u093e (<i>-m\u0101<\/i>), meaning \u201cin,\u201d \u201con,\u201d or \u201cat,\u201d depending on context. You may also add \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 (<i>yah\u0101\u0303<\/i>) \u201chere\u201d or \u0924\u094d\u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 (<i>tyah\u0101\u0303<\/i>) \u201cthere\u201d for clarity or emphasis.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">This pattern is used for objects and non-human things (not honorific reference).<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Basic structure:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Singular: \u092f\u094b\/\u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b + noun + [place]\u2013\u092e\u093e (<i>-m\u0101<\/i>) + \u091b\/\u091b\u0948\u0928 (<i>cha\/chaina<\/i>)<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Plural: \u092f\u0940\/\u0924\u0940 + noun + [place]\u2013\u092e\u093e (<i>-m\u0101<\/i>) + \u091b\u0928\u094d\/\u091b\u0948\u0928\u0928\u094d (<i>chan\/chainan<\/i>)<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[table id=427 \/]\r\n<div>\r\n<h1><strong data-start=\"6\" data-end=\"49\">Location of people in the present tense<\/strong><\/h1>\r\n<p data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"988\">Present-tense location forms with \u091b (<em data-start=\"39\" data-end=\"45\">cha<\/em>) \/ \u091b\u0928\u094d (<em data-start=\"54\" data-end=\"60\">chan<\/em>) change depending on the subject pronoun. Even though all of these forms mean \u201cis\/are (in a place),\u201d Nepali also marks respect through grammar, so the verb you choose reflects both number (one vs. more than one) and honorific level (plain vs. respectful).<\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"988\">Non-honorific subjects such as \u092e (<em data-start=\"371\" data-end=\"375\">ma<\/em>), \u0939\u093e\u092e\u0940 (<em data-start=\"388\" data-end=\"394\">h\u0101m\u012b<\/em>), \u090a (<em data-start=\"404\" data-end=\"407\">\u016b<\/em>), and \u0909\u0928\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 (<em data-start=\"426\" data-end=\"435\">un\u012bhar\u016b<\/em>) use the regular location\/existence system (\u091b\/\u091b\u0928\u094d) and its negatives (\u091b\u0948\u0928\/\u091b\u0948\u0928\u0928\u094d). Respectful subjects such as \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 (<em data-start=\"565\" data-end=\"573\">tap\u0101\u012b\u0303<\/em>) and \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 (<em data-start=\"589\" data-end=\"595\">uh\u0101\u0303<\/em>) take honorific location forms in careful speech, but the sentence meaning stays the same: someone is or is not in a place.<\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"988\">The tables below summarize the most common affirmative and negative present-location patterns with both non-honorific and honorific pronouns, so you can see how Nepali signals politeness while keeping the same core structure: [place]-\u092e\u093e + \u201cis\/are\u201d.<\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"990\" data-end=\"1008\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\">[table id=158 \/]<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n[table id=159 \/]\r\n<h1>Asking \u201cWhere?\u201d with <em data-start=\"43\" data-end=\"50\">kah\u0101\u0303<\/em><\/h1>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">To ask about location in Nepali, use the interrogative adverb \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 (<i>kah\u0101\u0303<\/i>) meaning \u201cwhere.\u201d<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">In most cases, the place in both questions and answers is marked with the locative postposition \u2013\u092e\u093e (<i>-m\u0101<\/i>), which attaches to the noun and can mean \u201cin,\u201d \u201con,\u201d or \u201cat,\u201d depending on context.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The verb follows the standard present-location system:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">\u091b (<i>cha<\/i>) for singular \/ one item<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">\u091b\u0928\u094d (<i>chan<\/i>) for plural<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Negative forms: \u091b\u0948\u0928 (<i>chaina<\/i>), \u091b\u0948\u0928\u0928\u094d (<i>chainan<\/i>)<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">When the subject is a respectful person (especially \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 <i>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303<\/i> or \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 <i>uh\u0101\u0303<\/i>), Nepali often uses the honorific form \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b (<i>hunuhuncha<\/i>) and its negative \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928 (<i>hunuhunna<\/i>) to maintain politeness.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">This section focuses on forming and answering \u201cwhere\u201d questions in natural, polite Nepali, with correct agreement for number and respect level.<\/p>\r\n[table id=160 \/]\r\n\r\n[table id=161 \/]\r\n\r\n[table id=162 \/]\r\n<h1>Postpositions in Nepali<\/h1>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">English uses prepositions like \u201cin,\u201d \u201con,\u201d and \u201cat\u201d before a noun (e.g., \u201cin the classroom\u201d). Nepali typically uses postpositions, which come after the noun and are usually written attached.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The most common location marker is \u2013\u092e\u093e (<i>-m\u0101<\/i>), which can mean \u201cin,\u201d \u201con,\u201d or \u201cat,\u201d depending on context.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Examples:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e + \u092e\u093e \u2192 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u092e\u093e (<i>kak\u1e63\u0101m\u0101<\/i>) \u201cin the classroom\u201d<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">\u0918\u0930 + \u092e\u093e \u2192 \u0918\u0930\u092e\u093e (<i>gharm\u0101<\/i>) \u201cat home\u201d<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">\u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932 + \u092e\u093e \u2192 \u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932\u092e\u093e (<i>\u1e6debalm\u0101<\/i>) \u201con the table\u201d<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Once you form the noun + \u2013\u092e\u093e (<i>-m\u0101<\/i>) phrase, you combine it with \u091b (<i>cha<\/i>) \/ \u091b\u0928\u094d (<i>chan<\/i>) to express where someone or something is located in the present tense.<\/p>\r\n[table id=164 \/]\r\n<h2>Common location words (inside, under, in front of\u2026)<\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">In Nepali, you use a set of high-frequency location words to describe spatial relationships such as \u201cinside,\u201d \u201coutside,\u201d \u201cunder,\u201d \u201con top of,\u201d \u201cin front of,\u201d and \u201cbehind.\u201d These are used in everyday communication for finding objects, giving directions, and describing places.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">In sentences, these words typically follow the noun and function as relational markers, forming phrases like \u201cunder the table\u201d or \u201cin front of the school.\u201d They are commonly used with the location\/existence verbs \u091b (<i>cha<\/i>) \/ \u091b\u0928\u094d (<i>chan<\/i>) to state where something is.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The table below lists essential beginner-level location words, along with their transliteration and English meaning.<\/p>\r\n[table id=165 \/]\r\n\r\n[table id=166 \/]\r\n<h2>Location phrases with specific places<\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">When the reference noun is a specific place or institution (such as an office, school, building, or college), Nepali commonly links it to location words using the genitive marker \u2013\u0915\u094b (<i>-ko<\/i>). This structure shows a spatial relationship between the place and the location word.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">This is especially common with words like \u0905\u0917\u093e\u0921\u093f (<i>ag\u0101\u1e0di<\/i>) \u201cin front of,\u201d \u092a\u091b\u093e\u0921\u093f (<i>pach\u0101\u1e0di<\/i>) \u201cbehind,\u201d \u092d\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 (<i>bhitra<\/i>) \u201cinside,\u201d and \u092c\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0930 (<i>b\u0101hira<\/i>) \u201coutside.\u201d<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The pattern is essentially:<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><b>[Place + \u2013\u0915\u094b (-ko)] + [location word]<\/b><b><\/b><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Meaning: \u201cthe front\/inside\/behind\/outside of the place\u201d<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Examples:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">\u0915\u0932\u0947\u091c\u0915\u094b \u092d\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 (<i>kalejko bhitra<\/i>) \u2014 inside the college<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">\u092d\u0935\u0928\u0915\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0930 (<i>bhawanko b\u0101hira<\/i>) \u2014 outside the building<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">These phrases are then commonly used with \u091b (<i>cha<\/i>) \/ \u091b\u0928\u094d (<i>chan<\/i>) to describe where something is located.<\/p>\r\n[table id=167 \/]\r\n\r\n[table id=168 \/]\r\n<h1>Past Location (Was \/ Were)<\/h1>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">To describe where someone or something was in the past, Nepali uses past forms of \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941 (<i>hunu<\/i>) \u201cto be,\u201d built on the \u0925\u093f- (<i>thi-<\/i>) stem. In location sentences, these forms function as a linking (copular) verb that connects a subject to a place and expresses a past-time location meaning\u2014\u201cX was in\/on\/at Y.\u201d<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The basic structure remains the same as in the present:<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><b>[Subject] + [Location phrase] + Past copula<\/b><b><\/b><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The difference is only in the verb form:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Singular: \u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b (<i>thiyo<\/i>) \u2014 \u201cwas\u201d<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Plural: \u0925\u093f\u090f (<i>thiye<\/i>) \u2014 \u201cwere\u201d<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Honorific: \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f\u094b (<i>hunuhunthyo<\/i>) \u2014 respectful \u201cwas\/were\u201d<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The location marker \u2013\u092e\u093e (<i>-m\u0101<\/i>) and other postpositional location expressions stay unchanged. Only the verb changes to show past time.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p3\"><b>Key point:<\/b><b><\/b><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Past time is expressed through the verb, not by changing the location marker.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Example pattern:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">\u0918\u0930\u092e\u093e \u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b (<i>gharm\u0101 thiyo<\/i>) \u2014 was at home<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u092e\u093e \u0925\u093f\u090f (<i>kak\u1e63\u0101m\u0101 thiye<\/i>) \u2014 were in the classroom<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">\u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f\u094b (<i>yah\u0101\u0303 hunuhunthyo<\/i>) \u2014 was here (honorific)<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2>Past location forms with pronouns<\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">To express past location (\u201cwas\/were\u201d), Nepali uses past forms of \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941 (<i>hunu<\/i>) built on the \u0925\u093f- (<i>thi-<\/i>) stem, such as \u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b (<i>thiyo<\/i>), \u0925\u093f\u090f (<i>thiye<\/i>), and \u0925\u093f\u090f\u0901 (<i>thi\u1ebd<\/i>). These forms change according to the subject pronoun and level of respect.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Non-honorific subjects use the regular \u0925\u093f- (<i>thi-<\/i>) forms:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Singular: \u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b (<i>thiyo<\/i>) \u2014 was<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Plural: \u0925\u093f\u090f (<i>thiye<\/i>) \u2014 were<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">First person: \u0925\u093f\u090f\u0901 (<i>thi\u1ebd<\/i>) \u2014 I was<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Their negative forms are:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">\u0925\u093f\u090f\u0928 (<i>thiena<\/i>) \u2014 was not<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">\u0925\u093f\u090f\u0928\u0928\u094d (<i>thienan<\/i>) \u2014 were not<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Respectful subjects such as \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 (<i>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303<\/i>) and \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 (<i>uh\u0101\u0303<\/i>) typically use the honorific form \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f\u094b (<i>hunuhunthyo<\/i>), with the negative \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0925\u094d\u092f\u094b (<i>hunuhunnathyo<\/i>).<\/p>\r\n[table id=169 \/]\r\n\r\n[table id=170 \/]\r\n\r\n[table id=171 \/]\r\n\r\n[table id=172 \/]\r\n\r\n[table id=173 \/]\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox\">\r\n<h3>Check your understanding<\/h3>\r\n[h5p id=\"125\"]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<header class=\"textbox__header\"><\/header>","rendered":"<p class=\"p1\">By this point, you have already studied \u0939\u094b (<i>ho<\/i>) \/ \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d (<i>hun<\/i>) as the Nepali linking verb for identity and classification\u2014used to say what or who something is (A = B).<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">This section introduces the second high-frequency \u201cto be\u201d pattern: \u091b (<i>cha<\/i>) \/ \u091b\u0928\u094d (<i>chan<\/i>). Nepali uses this pattern when the meaning is not identity, but location (\u201cwhere something is\u201d), state or condition (\u201chow something is\u201d), or existence\/availability (\u201cthere is\/are\u2026\u201d).<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Unlike English, which uses one verb (\u201cto be\u201d) for all these meanings, Nepali separates identity (\u0939\u094b \/ \u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d) from location, existence, and condition (\u091b \/ \u091b\u0928\u094d).<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Because \u091b (<i>cha<\/i>) \/ \u091b\u0928\u094d (<i>chan<\/i>) is essential for everyday communication\u2014finding objects, asking where people or things are, and describing availability\u2014you will use this system frequently from here onward.<\/p>\n<div>\n<h1>Expressing Location in Nepali<\/h1>\n<p class=\"p1\">To describe where someone or something is, Nepali uses the verb forms \u091b (<i>cha<\/i>) and \u091b\u0928\u094d (<i>chan<\/i>). In this function, they act as locative copulas, linking the subject to a place (\u201cX is in\/on\/at Y\u201d).<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">This pattern is different from \u0939\u094b (<i>ho<\/i>), which is used only for identity and classification (\u201cX is Y\u201d).<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Although \u091b \/ \u091b\u0928\u094d come from the verb \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941 (<i>hunu<\/i>) \u201cto be,\u201d they are used in grammar specifically for location, as well as for states, conditions, and existence.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">In this section, the focus is on location questions and answers\u2014sentences that respond to \u201cWhere is\/are\u2026?\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Nepali typically marks location with the postposition \u2013\u092e\u093e (<i>-m\u0101<\/i>), which means \u201cin,\u201d \u201con,\u201d or \u201cat,\u201d depending on context.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h1 data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"102\">Location of objects in the present tense<\/h1>\n<p class=\"p1\">To describe where an object is in Nepali, use the existence\/location verbs \u091b (<i>cha<\/i>) for a single item and \u091b\u0928\u094d (<i>chan<\/i>) for multiple items. Their negatives are \u091b\u0948\u0928 (<i>chaina<\/i>) and \u091b\u0948\u0928\u0928\u094d (<i>chainan<\/i>).<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">The place is marked with the postposition \u2013\u092e\u093e (<i>-m\u0101<\/i>), meaning \u201cin,\u201d \u201con,\u201d or \u201cat,\u201d depending on context. You may also add \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 (<i>yah\u0101\u0303<\/i>) \u201chere\u201d or \u0924\u094d\u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 (<i>tyah\u0101\u0303<\/i>) \u201cthere\u201d for clarity or emphasis.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">This pattern is used for objects and non-human things (not honorific reference).<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Basic structure:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">Singular: \u092f\u094b\/\u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b + noun + [place]\u2013\u092e\u093e (<i>-m\u0101<\/i>) + \u091b\/\u091b\u0948\u0928 (<i>cha\/chaina<\/i>)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">Plural: \u092f\u0940\/\u0924\u0940 + noun + [place]\u2013\u092e\u093e (<i>-m\u0101<\/i>) + \u091b\u0928\u094d\/\u091b\u0948\u0928\u0928\u094d (<i>chan\/chainan<\/i>)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-427-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-427\">Table 6.4.1 \u2013 Present-tense location Sentences (objects)<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-427\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-427\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-427-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">English<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092f\u094b \u0915\u0932\u092e \u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932\u092e\u093e \u091b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>yo kalam \u1e6debalm\u0101 cha.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">This pen is on the table.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b \u091a\u093e\u092c\u0940 \u091d\u094b\u0932\u093e\u092e\u093e \u091b\u0948\u0928\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>tyo c\u0101b\u012b jhol\u0101m\u0101 chaina.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">That key is not in the bag.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092f\u0940 \u091d\u094b\u0932\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u0915\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u091b\u0928\u094d\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>y\u012b jhol\u0101har\u016b kurs\u012bm\u0101 chan.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">These bags are on the chair.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u092c\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u091b\u0948\u0928\u0928\u094d\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>t\u012b c\u0101b\u012bhar\u016b yah\u0101\u0303 chainan.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">Those keys are not here.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-427 from cache --><\/p>\n<div>\n<h1><strong data-start=\"6\" data-end=\"49\">Location of people in the present tense<\/strong><\/h1>\n<p data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"988\">Present-tense location forms with \u091b (<em data-start=\"39\" data-end=\"45\">cha<\/em>) \/ \u091b\u0928\u094d (<em data-start=\"54\" data-end=\"60\">chan<\/em>) change depending on the subject pronoun. Even though all of these forms mean \u201cis\/are (in a place),\u201d Nepali also marks respect through grammar, so the verb you choose reflects both number (one vs. more than one) and honorific level (plain vs. respectful).<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"988\">Non-honorific subjects such as \u092e (<em data-start=\"371\" data-end=\"375\">ma<\/em>), \u0939\u093e\u092e\u0940 (<em data-start=\"388\" data-end=\"394\">h\u0101m\u012b<\/em>), \u090a (<em data-start=\"404\" data-end=\"407\">\u016b<\/em>), and \u0909\u0928\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 (<em data-start=\"426\" data-end=\"435\">un\u012bhar\u016b<\/em>) use the regular location\/existence system (\u091b\/\u091b\u0928\u094d) and its negatives (\u091b\u0948\u0928\/\u091b\u0948\u0928\u0928\u094d). Respectful subjects such as \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 (<em data-start=\"565\" data-end=\"573\">tap\u0101\u012b\u0303<\/em>) and \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 (<em data-start=\"589\" data-end=\"595\">uh\u0101\u0303<\/em>) take honorific location forms in careful speech, but the sentence meaning stays the same: someone is or is not in a place.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"988\">The tables below summarize the most common affirmative and negative present-location patterns with both non-honorific and honorific pronouns, so you can see how Nepali signals politeness while keeping the same core structure: [place]-\u092e\u093e + \u201cis\/are\u201d.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"990\" data-end=\"1008\"><span style=\"text-align: initial;font-size: 1em\"><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-158-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-158\">Table 6.4.2 \u2013 Present-tense location forms (non-honorific)<\/h2>\n<p><span id=\"tablepress-158-description\" class=\"tablepress-table-description tablepress-table-description-id-158\"><\/span><\/p>\n<table id=\"tablepress-158\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-158\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-158-name\" aria-describedby=\"tablepress-158-description\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Subject<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Affirmative<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">Negative<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092e (<em>ma<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u091b\u0941 (<em>chu<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u091b\u0948\u0928 (<em>chaina<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0939\u093e\u092e\u0940 (<em>h\u0101m\u012b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u091b\u094c\u0901 (<em>cha\u0169<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u091b\u0948\u0928\u094c\u0901 (<em>chaina\u0169<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u093f\u092e\u0940 (<em>tim\u012b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u091b\u094c (<em>chau<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u091b\u0948\u0928\u094c (<em>chainau<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u090a \/ \u092f\u094b \/ \u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b (<em>\u016b \/ yo \/ tyo<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u091b (<em>cha<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u091b\u0948\u0928 (<em>chaina<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0928\u0940 \/ \u092f\u093f\u0928\u0940 \/ \u0924\u093f\u0928\u0940 (<em>un\u012b \/ yin\u012b \/ tin\u012b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u091b\u0928\u094d (<em>chan<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u091b\u0948\u0928\u0928\u094d (<em>chainan<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-7\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0928\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 (<em>un\u012bhar\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u091b\u0928\u094d (<em>chan<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u091b\u0948\u0928\u0928\u094d (<em>chainan<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-158 from cache --><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-159-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-159\">Table 6.4.3 \u2013 Present-tense location forms (honorific\/polite)<\/h2>\n<p><span id=\"tablepress-159-description\" class=\"tablepress-table-description tablepress-table-description-id-159\"><\/span><\/p>\n<table id=\"tablepress-159\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-159\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-159-name\" aria-describedby=\"tablepress-159-description\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Subject<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Affirmative<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">Negative<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 (<em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b (<em>hunuhuncha<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928 (<em>hunuhunna<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 (<em>uh\u0101\u0303<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b (<em>hunuhuncha<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928 (<em>hunuhunna<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0939\u0930\u0942 (<em>uh\u0101\u0303har\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b (<em>hunuhuncha<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928 (<em>hunuhunna<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-159 from cache --><\/p>\n<h1>Asking \u201cWhere?\u201d with <em data-start=\"43\" data-end=\"50\">kah\u0101\u0303<\/em><\/h1>\n<p class=\"p1\">To ask about location in Nepali, use the interrogative adverb \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 (<i>kah\u0101\u0303<\/i>) meaning \u201cwhere.\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">In most cases, the place in both questions and answers is marked with the locative postposition \u2013\u092e\u093e (<i>-m\u0101<\/i>), which attaches to the noun and can mean \u201cin,\u201d \u201con,\u201d or \u201cat,\u201d depending on context.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">The verb follows the standard present-location system:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">\u091b (<i>cha<\/i>) for singular \/ one item<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">\u091b\u0928\u094d (<i>chan<\/i>) for plural<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">Negative forms: \u091b\u0948\u0928 (<i>chaina<\/i>), \u091b\u0948\u0928\u0928\u094d (<i>chainan<\/i>)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p1\">When the subject is a respectful person (especially \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 <i>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303<\/i> or \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 <i>uh\u0101\u0303<\/i>), Nepali often uses the honorific form \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b (<i>hunuhuncha<\/i>) and its negative \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928 (<i>hunuhunna<\/i>) to maintain politeness.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">This section focuses on forming and answering \u201cwhere\u201d questions in natural, polite Nepali, with correct agreement for number and respect level.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-160-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-160\">Table 6.4.4 \u2013 Location Questions<\/h2>\n<p><span id=\"tablepress-160-description\" class=\"tablepress-table-description tablepress-table-description-id-160\"><\/span><\/p>\n<table id=\"tablepress-160\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-160\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-160-name\" aria-describedby=\"tablepress-160-description\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">English<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092e\u0947\u0930\u094b \u0915\u0932\u092e \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u091b?<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>mero kalam kah\u0101\u0303 cha?<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">Where is my pen?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u091a\u093e\u092c\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u091b\u0928\u094d?<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>c\u0101b\u012bhar\u016b kah\u0101\u0303 chan?<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">Where are the keys?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u091b?<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>mob\u0101il yah\u0101\u0303 cha?<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">Is the mobile here?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b?<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 kah\u0101\u0303 hunuhuncha?<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">Where are you? (polite)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b?<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>uh\u0101\u0303 kah\u0101\u0303 hunuhuncha?<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">Where is he\/she? (honorific)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-160 from cache --><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-161-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-161\">Table 6.4.5 \u2013 Present location statements (affirmative)<\/h2>\n<p><span id=\"tablepress-161-description\" class=\"tablepress-table-description tablepress-table-description-id-161\"><\/span><\/p>\n<table id=\"tablepress-161\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-161\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-161-name\" aria-describedby=\"tablepress-161-description\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">English<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092e\u0947\u0930\u094b \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u091d\u094b\u0932\u093e\u092e\u093e \u091b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>mero k\u0101r\u1e0d jhol\u0101m\u0101 cha.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">My card is in the bag.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u091a\u093e\u092c\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932\u092e\u093e \u091b\u0928\u094d\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>c\u0101b\u012bhar\u016b \u1e6debalm\u0101 chan.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">The keys are on the table.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092e \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u092e\u093e \u091b\u0941\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>ma kak\u1e63\u0101m\u0101 chu.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">I am in class.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0905\u092b\u093f\u0938\u092e\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 aphism\u0101 hunuhuncha.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">You are in the office. (polite)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-161 from cache --><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-162-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-162\">Table 6.4.6 \u2013 Present location statements (negative)<\/h2>\n<p><span id=\"tablepress-162-description\" class=\"tablepress-table-description tablepress-table-description-id-162\"><\/span><\/p>\n<table id=\"tablepress-162\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-162\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-162-name\" aria-describedby=\"tablepress-162-description\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">English<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092e\u0947\u0930\u094b \u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u091b\u0948\u0928\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>mero mob\u0101il yah\u0101\u0303 chaina.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">My phone is not here.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u091a\u093e\u092c\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932\u092e\u093e \u091b\u0948\u0928\u0928\u094d\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>c\u0101b\u012bhar\u016b \u1e6debalm\u0101 chainan.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">The keys are not on the table.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u092e\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 kak\u1e63\u0101m\u0101 hunuhunna.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">You are not in class. (polite)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0924\u094d\u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>uh\u0101\u0303 tyah\u0101\u0303 hunuhunna.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">He\/She is not there. (hon.)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-162 from cache --><\/p>\n<h1>Postpositions in Nepali<\/h1>\n<p class=\"p1\">English uses prepositions like \u201cin,\u201d \u201con,\u201d and \u201cat\u201d before a noun (e.g., \u201cin the classroom\u201d). Nepali typically uses postpositions, which come after the noun and are usually written attached.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">The most common location marker is \u2013\u092e\u093e (<i>-m\u0101<\/i>), which can mean \u201cin,\u201d \u201con,\u201d or \u201cat,\u201d depending on context.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Examples:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e + \u092e\u093e \u2192 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u092e\u093e (<i>kak\u1e63\u0101m\u0101<\/i>) \u201cin the classroom\u201d<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">\u0918\u0930 + \u092e\u093e \u2192 \u0918\u0930\u092e\u093e (<i>gharm\u0101<\/i>) \u201cat home\u201d<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">\u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932 + \u092e\u093e \u2192 \u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932\u092e\u093e (<i>\u1e6debalm\u0101<\/i>) \u201con the table\u201d<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p1\">Once you form the noun + \u2013\u092e\u093e (<i>-m\u0101<\/i>) phrase, you combine it with \u091b (<i>cha<\/i>) \/ \u091b\u0928\u094d (<i>chan<\/i>) to express where someone or something is located in the present tense.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-164-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-164\">Table 6.4.7 \u2013 Example sentences (location with \u2013\u092e\u093e)<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-164\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-164\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-164-name\" aria-describedby=\"tablepress-164-description\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">English<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092e\u0947\u0930\u094b \u0915\u0932\u092e \u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932\u092e\u093e \u091b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>mero kalam \u1e6debalm\u0101 cha.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">My pen is on the table.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092e \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u092e\u093e \u091b\u0941\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>ma kak\u1e63\u0101m\u0101 chu.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">I am in class.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0905\u092b\u093f\u0938\u092e\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 aphism\u0101 hunuhuncha.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">You are in the office. (polite)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u093e\u0932\u092f\u092e\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u091b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>uh\u0101\u0303 pustak\u0101layam\u0101 hunuhuncha.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">He\/She is in the library. (hon.)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span id=\"tablepress-164-description\" class=\"tablepress-table-description tablepress-table-description-id-164\"><\/span><br \/>\n<!-- #tablepress-164 from cache --><\/p>\n<h2>Common location words (inside, under, in front of\u2026)<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\">In Nepali, you use a set of high-frequency location words to describe spatial relationships such as \u201cinside,\u201d \u201coutside,\u201d \u201cunder,\u201d \u201con top of,\u201d \u201cin front of,\u201d and \u201cbehind.\u201d These are used in everyday communication for finding objects, giving directions, and describing places.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">In sentences, these words typically follow the noun and function as relational markers, forming phrases like \u201cunder the table\u201d or \u201cin front of the school.\u201d They are commonly used with the location\/existence verbs \u091b (<i>cha<\/i>) \/ \u091b\u0928\u094d (<i>chan<\/i>) to state where something is.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">The table below lists essential beginner-level location words, along with their transliteration and English meaning.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-165-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-165\">Table 6.4.8 \u2013 Common location words<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-165\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-165\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-165-name\" aria-describedby=\"tablepress-165-description\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">English<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092d\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>bhitra<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">inside<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092c\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0930<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>b\u0101hira<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">outside<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092e\u093e\u0925\u093f<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>m\u0101thi<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">on top of \/ above<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092e\u0941\u0928\u093f<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>muni<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">under<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0905\u0917\u093e\u0921\u093f<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>ag\u0101\u1e0di<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">in front of<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-7\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092a\u091b\u093e\u0921\u093f<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>pach\u0101\u1e0di<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">behind<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-8\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0928\u091c\u093f\u0915<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>najik<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">near<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-9\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u091f\u093e\u0922\u093e<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>\u1e6d\u0101\u1e0dh\u0101<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">far<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-10\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092c\u0940\u091a\u092e\u093e<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>b\u012bcm\u0101<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">between \/ in the middle<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span id=\"tablepress-165-description\" class=\"tablepress-table-description tablepress-table-description-id-165\"><\/span><br \/>\n<!-- #tablepress-165 from cache --><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-166-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-166\">Table 6.4.9 \u2013 Location phrases<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-166\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-166\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-166-name\" aria-describedby=\"tablepress-166-description\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">English<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0915\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0940\u092e\u0941\u0928\u093f<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>kurs\u012bmuni<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">under the chair<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932\u092e\u093e\u0925\u093f<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>\u1e6debalm\u0101thi<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">on the table<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u091d\u094b\u0932\u093e\u092d\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>jhol\u0101bhitra<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">inside the bag<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span id=\"tablepress-166-description\" class=\"tablepress-table-description tablepress-table-description-id-166\">These phrases are commonly written as a single unit by attaching the location word directly to the noun.<\/span><br \/>\n<!-- #tablepress-166 from cache --><\/p>\n<h2>Location phrases with specific places<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\">When the reference noun is a specific place or institution (such as an office, school, building, or college), Nepali commonly links it to location words using the genitive marker \u2013\u0915\u094b (<i>-ko<\/i>). This structure shows a spatial relationship between the place and the location word.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">This is especially common with words like \u0905\u0917\u093e\u0921\u093f (<i>ag\u0101\u1e0di<\/i>) \u201cin front of,\u201d \u092a\u091b\u093e\u0921\u093f (<i>pach\u0101\u1e0di<\/i>) \u201cbehind,\u201d \u092d\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 (<i>bhitra<\/i>) \u201cinside,\u201d and \u092c\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0930 (<i>b\u0101hira<\/i>) \u201coutside.\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">The pattern is essentially:<\/p>\n<p class=\"p3\"><b>[Place + \u2013\u0915\u094b (-ko)] + [location word]<\/b><b><\/b><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Meaning: \u201cthe front\/inside\/behind\/outside of the place\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Examples:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">\u0915\u0932\u0947\u091c\u0915\u094b \u092d\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 (<i>kalejko bhitra<\/i>) \u2014 inside the college<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">\u092d\u0935\u0928\u0915\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0930 (<i>bhawanko b\u0101hira<\/i>) \u2014 outside the building<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p1\">These phrases are then commonly used with \u091b (<i>cha<\/i>) \/ \u091b\u0928\u094d (<i>chan<\/i>) to describe where something is located.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-167-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-167\">Table 6.4.10 \u2013 Using \u2013\u0915\u094b (\u2013ko) with specific places<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-167\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-167\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-167-name\" aria-describedby=\"tablepress-167-description\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">English<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0915\u094b \u0905\u0917\u093e\u0921\u093f<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>k\u0101ry\u0101layako ag\u0101\u1e0di<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">in front of the office<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0941\u0932\u0915\u094b \u092a\u091b\u093e\u0921\u093f<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>skulko pach\u0101\u1e0di<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">behind the school<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span id=\"tablepress-167-description\" class=\"tablepress-table-description tablepress-table-description-id-167\"><\/span><br \/>\n<!-- #tablepress-167 from cache --><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-168-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-168\">Table 6.4.11 \u2013 Using location words in full sentences<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-168\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-168\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-168-name\" aria-describedby=\"tablepress-168-description\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">English<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u091a\u093e\u092c\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0938\u0940\u092e\u0941\u0928\u093f \u091b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>c\u0101b\u012b kurs\u012bmuni cha.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">The key is under the chair.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932\u092e\u093e\u0925\u093f \u091b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>mob\u0101il \u1e6debalm\u0101thi cha.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">The phone is on the table.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0928 \u0915\u0932\u0947\u091c\u0915\u094b \u092d\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u091b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>ky\u0101n\u1e6din kalejko bhitra cha.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">The cafeteria is inside the college.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092c\u093e\u0925\u0930\u0941\u092e \u092d\u0935\u0928\u0915\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0930 \u091b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>b\u0101thrum bhavanko b\u0101hira cha.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">The washroom is outside the building.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0915\u094b \u0905\u0917\u093e\u0921\u093f \u091b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>pustak\u0101laya k\u0101ry\u0101layako ag\u0101\u1e0di cha.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">The library is in front of the office.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-7\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0919 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0941\u0932\u0915\u094b \u092a\u091b\u093e\u0921\u093f \u091b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>p\u0101rki\u1e45 skulko pach\u0101\u1e0di cha.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">The parking lot is behind the school.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-8\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092c\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u092a \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901\u092c\u093e\u091f \u0928\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u091b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>bas s\u1e6dap yah\u0101\u0303b\u0101\u1e6da najik cha.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">The bus stop is near from here.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-9\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092e\u0947\u0930\u094b \u0918\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901\u092c\u093e\u091f \u091f\u093e\u0922\u093e \u091b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>mero ghar yah\u0101\u0303b\u0101\u1e6da \u1e6d\u0101\u1e0dh\u0101 cha.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">My house is far from here.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-10\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092a\u0938\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0941\u0932 \u0930 \u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u093e\u0932\u092f\u0915\u094b \u092c\u0940\u091a\u092e\u093e \u091b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>pasal skul ra pustak\u0101layako b\u012bcm\u0101 cha.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">The shop is between the school and the library.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span id=\"tablepress-168-description\" class=\"tablepress-table-description tablepress-table-description-id-168\"><\/span><br \/>\n<!-- #tablepress-168 from cache --><\/p>\n<h1>Past Location (Was \/ Were)<\/h1>\n<p class=\"p1\">To describe where someone or something was in the past, Nepali uses past forms of \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941 (<i>hunu<\/i>) \u201cto be,\u201d built on the \u0925\u093f- (<i>thi-<\/i>) stem. In location sentences, these forms function as a linking (copular) verb that connects a subject to a place and expresses a past-time location meaning\u2014\u201cX was in\/on\/at Y.\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">The basic structure remains the same as in the present:<\/p>\n<p class=\"p3\"><b>[Subject] + [Location phrase] + Past copula<\/b><b><\/b><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">The difference is only in the verb form:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">Singular: \u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b (<i>thiyo<\/i>) \u2014 \u201cwas\u201d<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">Plural: \u0925\u093f\u090f (<i>thiye<\/i>) \u2014 \u201cwere\u201d<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">Honorific: \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f\u094b (<i>hunuhunthyo<\/i>) \u2014 respectful \u201cwas\/were\u201d<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p1\">The location marker \u2013\u092e\u093e (<i>-m\u0101<\/i>) and other postpositional location expressions stay unchanged. Only the verb changes to show past time.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p3\"><b>Key point:<\/b><b><\/b><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Past time is expressed through the verb, not by changing the location marker.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Example pattern:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">\u0918\u0930\u092e\u093e \u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b (<i>gharm\u0101 thiyo<\/i>) \u2014 was at home<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u092e\u093e \u0925\u093f\u090f (<i>kak\u1e63\u0101m\u0101 thiye<\/i>) \u2014 were in the classroom<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">\u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f\u094b (<i>yah\u0101\u0303 hunuhunthyo<\/i>) \u2014 was here (honorific)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Past location forms with pronouns<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\">To express past location (\u201cwas\/were\u201d), Nepali uses past forms of \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941 (<i>hunu<\/i>) built on the \u0925\u093f- (<i>thi-<\/i>) stem, such as \u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b (<i>thiyo<\/i>), \u0925\u093f\u090f (<i>thiye<\/i>), and \u0925\u093f\u090f\u0901 (<i>thi\u1ebd<\/i>). These forms change according to the subject pronoun and level of respect.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Non-honorific subjects use the regular \u0925\u093f- (<i>thi-<\/i>) forms:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">Singular: \u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b (<i>thiyo<\/i>) \u2014 was<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">Plural: \u0925\u093f\u090f (<i>thiye<\/i>) \u2014 were<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">First person: \u0925\u093f\u090f\u0901 (<i>thi\u1ebd<\/i>) \u2014 I was<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p1\">Their negative forms are:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">\u0925\u093f\u090f\u0928 (<i>thiena<\/i>) \u2014 was not<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">\u0925\u093f\u090f\u0928\u0928\u094d (<i>thienan<\/i>) \u2014 were not<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p1\">Respectful subjects such as \u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 (<i>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303<\/i>) and \u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 (<i>uh\u0101\u0303<\/i>) typically use the honorific form \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f\u094b (<i>hunuhunthyo<\/i>), with the negative \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0925\u094d\u092f\u094b (<i>hunuhunnathyo<\/i>).<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-169-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-169\">Table 6.4.12 \u2013 Past location forms (non-honorific)<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-169\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-169\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-169-name\" aria-describedby=\"tablepress-169-description\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Subject<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Affirmative<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">Negative<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092e (<em>ma<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0925\u093f\u090f\u0901 (<em>thi\u1ebd<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0925\u093f\u0907\u0928\u0901 (<em>thiin\u00e3<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0939\u093e\u092e\u0940 (<em>h\u0101m\u012b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094c\u0901 (<em>thiya\u0169<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0925\u093f\u090f\u0928\u094c\u0901 (<em>thiena\u0169<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u093f\u092e\u0940 (<em>tim\u012b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094c (<em>thiyau<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0925\u093f\u090f\u0928\u094c (<em>thienau<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u090a \/ \u092f\u094b \/ \u0924\u094d\u092f\u094b (<em>\u016b \/ yo \/ tyo<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b (<em>thiyo<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0925\u093f\u090f\u0928 (<em>thiena<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0928\u0940 \/ \u092f\u093f\u0928\u0940 \/ \u0924\u093f\u0928\u0940 (<em>un\u012b \/ yin\u012b \/ tin\u012b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0925\u093f\u090f (<em>thiye<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0925\u093f\u090f\u0928\u0928\u094d (<em>thienan<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-7\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0928\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 (<em>un\u012bhar\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0925\u093f\u090f (<em>thiye<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0925\u093f\u090f\u0928\u0928\u094d (<em>thienan<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span id=\"tablepress-169-description\" class=\"tablepress-table-description tablepress-table-description-id-169\"><\/span><br \/>\n<!-- #tablepress-169 from cache --><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-170-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-170\">Table 6.4.13 \u2013 Past location forms (honorific\/polite)<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-170\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-170\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-170-name\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Subject<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Affirmative<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">Negative<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 (<em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f\u094b (<em>hunuhunthyo<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0925\u094d\u092f\u094b (<em>hunuhunnathyo<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 (<em>uh\u0101\u0303<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f\u094b (<em>hunuhunthyo<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0925\u094d\u092f\u094b (<em>hunuhunnathyo<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901\u0939\u0930\u0942 (<em>uh\u0101\u0303har\u016b<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\">\u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f\u094b (<em>hunuhunthyo<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">\u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0925\u094d\u092f\u094b (<em>hunuhunnathyo<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!-- #tablepress-170 from cache --><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-171-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-171\">Table 6.4.14 \u2013 Past location questions<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-171\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-171\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-171-name\" aria-describedby=\"tablepress-171-description\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">English<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092e\u0947\u0930\u094b \u0915\u0932\u092e \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b?<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>mero kalam kah\u0101\u0303 thiyo?<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">Where was my pen?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u091a\u093e\u092c\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0925\u093f\u090f?<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>c\u0101b\u012bhar\u016b kah\u0101\u0303 thie?<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">Where were the keys?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f\u094b?<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 kah\u0101\u0303 hunuhunthyo?<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">Where were you? (polite)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f\u094b?<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>uh\u0101\u0303 kah\u0101\u0303 hunuhunthyo?<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">Where was he\/she? (hon.)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span id=\"tablepress-171-description\" class=\"tablepress-table-description tablepress-table-description-id-171\">Past location questions use \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 (kah\u0101\u0303) in the same way as present-time questions. Only the verb changes to the past form.<\/span><br \/>\n<!-- #tablepress-171 from cache --><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-172-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-172\">Table 6.4.15 \u2013 Past location statements (affirmative)<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-172\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-172\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-172-name\" aria-describedby=\"tablepress-172-description\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">English<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092e\u0947\u0930\u094b \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u091d\u094b\u0932\u093e\u092e\u093e \u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>mero k\u0101r\u1e0d jhol\u0101m\u0101 thiyo.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">My card was in the bag.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u091a\u093e\u092c\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932\u092e\u093e \u0925\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>c\u0101b\u012bhar\u016b \u1e6debalm\u0101 thie.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">The keys were on the table.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092e \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u092e\u093e \u0925\u093f\u090f\u0901\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>ma kak\u1e63\u0101m\u0101 thi\u1ebd.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">I was in class.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0924\u094d\u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>uh\u0101\u0303 tyah\u0101\u0303 hunuhunthyo.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">He\/She was there. (hon.)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span id=\"tablepress-172-description\" class=\"tablepress-table-description tablepress-table-description-id-172\">In affirmative past-time sentences, the location phrase (often with \u2013\u092e\u093e \u2013m\u0101 or other location words) stays the same. The verb changes to \u0925\u093f\u092f\u094b \/ \u0925\u093f\u090f (thiyo \/ thiye) or \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0925\u094d\u092f\u094b (hunuhunthyo).<\/span><br \/>\n<!-- #tablepress-172 from cache --><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"tablepress-173-name\" class=\"tablepress-table-name tablepress-table-name-id-173\">Table 6.4.16 \u2013 Past location statements (negative)<\/h2>\n<table id=\"tablepress-173\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-173\" aria-labelledby=\"tablepress-173-name\" aria-describedby=\"tablepress-173-description\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n<th class=\"column-1\">Nepali<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-2\">Transliteration<\/th>\n<th class=\"column-3\">English<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u092e\u0947\u0930\u094b \u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0925\u093f\u090f\u0928\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>mero mob\u0101il yah\u0101\u0303 thiena.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">My phone was not here.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u091a\u093e\u092c\u0940\u0939\u0930\u0942 \u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932\u092e\u093e \u0925\u093f\u090f\u0928\u0928\u094d\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>c\u0101b\u012bhar\u016b \u1e6debalm\u0101 thienan.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">The keys were not on the table.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0924\u092a\u093e\u0908\u0902 \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u092e\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0925\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>tap\u0101\u012b\u0303 kak\u1e63\u0101m\u0101 hunuhunnathyo.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">You were not in class. (polite)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n<td class=\"column-1\">\u0909\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0924\u094d\u092f\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0925\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0964<\/td>\n<td class=\"column-2\"><em>uh\u0101\u0303 tyah\u0101\u0303 hunuhunnathyo.<\/em><\/td>\n<td class=\"column-3\">He\/She was not there. (hon.)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span id=\"tablepress-173-description\" class=\"tablepress-table-description tablepress-table-description-id-173\">To make past-time location negative, Nepali uses the negative past forms (e.g., \u0925\u093f\u090f\u0928, \u0925\u093f\u090f\u0928\u0928\u094d) or the honorific negative \u0939\u0941\u0928\u0941\u0939\u0941\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0925\u094d\u092f\u094b (hunuhunnathyo).<\/span><br \/>\n<!-- #tablepress-173 from cache --><\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox\">\n<h3>Check your understanding<\/h3>\n<div id=\"h5p-125\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-125\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"125\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Check your understanding: Location (Chapter 6)\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<header class=\"textbox__header\"><\/header>\n","protected":false},"author":2466,"menu_order":4,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[49],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-3201","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","chapter-type-numberless"],"part":2189,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/3201","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2466"}],"version-history":[{"count":26,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/3201\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12058,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/3201\/revisions\/12058"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/2189"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/3201\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3201"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=3201"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=3201"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nepalitestv1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=3201"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}