{"id":22,"date":"2019-08-13T19:16:30","date_gmt":"2019-08-13T23:16:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nursingpharmacology\/chapter\/1-1-pharmacology-basics-introduction\/"},"modified":"2022-02-24T16:07:43","modified_gmt":"2022-02-24T21:07:43","slug":"1-1-pharmacology-basics-introduction","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nursingpharmacology\/chapter\/1-1-pharmacology-basics-introduction\/","title":{"raw":"1.1 Pharmacology Introduction","rendered":"1.1 Pharmacology Introduction"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<h2>Learning Objectives<\/h2>\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Identify and describe the processes of pharmacokinetics<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Apply principles of evidence-based practice to\u00a0identify pertinent information related to drugs<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Consider pharmacodynamic differences across the lifespan<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Differentiate among prescription drugs, over-the-counter drugs, herbals, and dietary supplements<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Key Terms<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<table class=\"no-lines\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 1003px;height: 550px\" border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"30\" cellpadding=\"30\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 33px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 400px;height: 33px;text-align: left;vertical-align: top\" scope=\"col\">[pb_glossary id=\"519\"]absorption[\/pb_glossary]<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 400px;height: 33px;text-align: left;vertical-align: top\">[pb_glossary id=\"529\"]duration[\/pb_glossary]<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 400px;height: 33px;text-align: left;vertical-align: top\">[pb_glossary id=\"518\"]pharmacogenetics[\/pb_glossary]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 33px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 400px;height: 33px;text-align: left;vertical-align: top\">[pb_glossary id=\"506\"]adverse effects[\/pb_glossary]<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 400px;height: 33px;text-align: left;vertical-align: top\">[pb_glossary id=\"525\"]efficacy[\/pb_glossary]<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 400px;height: 33px;text-align: left;vertical-align: top\">[pb_glossary id=\"512\"]pharmacokinetics[\/pb_glossary]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 33px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 400px;height: 33px;text-align: left;vertical-align: top\">[pb_glossary id=\"505\"]affinity[\/pb_glossary]<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 400px;height: 33px;text-align: left;vertical-align: top\">[pb_glossary id=\"522\"]excretion[\/pb_glossary]<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 400px;height: 33px;text-align: left;vertical-align: top\">[pb_glossary id=\"1560\"]pharmacotherapeutics[\/pb_glossary]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 33px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 400px;height: 33px;text-align: left;vertical-align: top\">[pb_glossary id=\"507\"]agonist[\/pb_glossary]<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 400px;height: 33px;text-align: left;vertical-align: top\">[pb_glossary id=\"707\"]first-pass effect[\/pb_glossary]<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 400px;height: 33px;text-align: left;vertical-align: top\">[pb_glossary id=\"515\"]pharmacology[\/pb_glossary]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 33px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 400px;height: 33px;text-align: left;vertical-align: top\">[pb_glossary id=\"508\"]antagonist[\/pb_glossary]<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 400px;height: 33px;text-align: left;vertical-align: top\">[pb_glossary id=\"564\"]half-life[\/pb_glossary]<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 400px;height: 33px;text-align: left;vertical-align: top\">[pb_glossary id=\"532\"]potency[\/pb_glossary]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 33px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 400px;height: 33px;text-align: left;vertical-align: top\">[pb_glossary id=\"513\"]bioavailability[\/pb_glossary]<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 400px;height: 33px;text-align: left;vertical-align: top\">[pb_glossary id=\"524\"]mechanism of action[\/pb_glossary]<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 400px;height: 33px;text-align: left;vertical-align: top\">[pb_glossary id=\"533\"]selectivity[\/pb_glossary]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 33px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 400px;height: 33px;text-align: left;vertical-align: top\">[pb_glossary id=\"521\"]blood-brain barrier[\/pb_glossary]<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 400px;height: 33px;text-align: left;vertical-align: top\">[pb_glossary id=\"517\"]metabolism[\/pb_glossary]<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 400px;height: 33px;text-align: left;vertical-align: top\">[pb_glossary id=\"534\"]side effect[\/pb_glossary]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 33px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 400px;height: 33px;text-align: left;vertical-align: top\">[pb_glossary id=\"1404\"]clients[\/pb_glossary]<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 400px;height: 33px;text-align: left;vertical-align: top\">[pb_glossary id=\"527\"]onset[\/pb_glossary]<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 400px;height: 33px;text-align: left;vertical-align: top\">[pb_glossary id=\"531\"]therapeutic index[\/pb_glossary]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 33px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 400px;height: 33px;text-align: left;vertical-align: top\">[pb_glossary id=\"520\"]distribution[\/pb_glossary]<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 400px;height: 33px;text-align: left;vertical-align: top\">[pb_glossary id=\"528\"]peak[\/pb_glossary]<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 400px;height: 33px;text-align: left;vertical-align: top\">[pb_glossary id=\"530\"]therapeutic window[\/pb_glossary]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 33px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 400px;height: 33px;text-align: left;vertical-align: top\">[pb_glossary id=\"526\"]dose-response[\/pb_glossary]<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 400px;height: 33px;text-align: left;vertical-align: top\">[pb_glossary id=\"523\"]pharmacodynamics[\/pb_glossary]<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 400px;height: 33px;text-align: left;vertical-align: top\">[pb_glossary id=\"941\"]trough[\/pb_glossary]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 33px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 400px;height: 42px;text-align: left;vertical-align: top\">[pb_glossary id=\"908\"]drugs[\/pb_glossary]<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 400px;height: 42px;text-align: left;vertical-align: top\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 400px;height: 42px;text-align: left;vertical-align: top\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\nSafe medication administration is a vital component of the nursing role. Each day it is common for nurses to make clinical judgments regarding the safety, appropriateness, and effectiveness of the medications administered to their clients.\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--sidebar textbox--examples\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Key Terms: Clients<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\nIn British Columbia, [pb_glossary id=\"1404\"]<strong>clients<\/strong>[\/pb_glossary] are defined as, \"individual consumers of healthcare services who can be either a Patient or Resident or Tenant\". [footnote]Health Information Management. (2021). Glossary of Terms - Client. http:\/\/www.himconnect.ca\/meet-him\/faqs\/glossary-of-terms[\/footnote]. In this textbook, the words client and patient are used interchangeably.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\nExamples of decisions that a nurse might make during client care include:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Is my client's heart rate within the correct range to receive this beta-blocker medication?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Does my client have adequate renal function prior to administering this dose of antibiotic?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Is this pain medication effective in controlling my client's discomfort?<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nIn order to make safe medication administration decisions, the nurse must have a strong understanding of\u00a0<strong>[pb_glossary id=\"515\"]pharmacology[\/pb_glossary]<\/strong>. Symptom management, physical recovery, and individual well-being can be strongly connected to the use of medications in a client's treatment plan. Before a nurse reviews a medication order, checks a medication administration record, or administers a medication, it is important to have a foundational understanding of how medications work within the human body.\r\n\r\nNurses should understand the key components of pharmacology\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>[pb_glossary id=\"1560\"]<strong>Pharmacotherapeutics<\/strong>[\/pb_glossary]: The clinical purpose or reason for the medication<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Pharmacokinetics: The movement of the drug through the body<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Pharmacodynamics: The physiological response of the body to the drug.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nThese next sections will introduce pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Future chapters of this textbook will focus on the pharmacotherapeutics of specific drug classifications.","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<h2>Learning Objectives<\/h2>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<ol>\n<li>Identify and describe the processes of pharmacokinetics<\/li>\n<li>Apply principles of evidence-based practice to\u00a0identify pertinent information related to drugs<\/li>\n<li>Consider pharmacodynamic differences across the lifespan<\/li>\n<li>Differentiate among prescription drugs, over-the-counter drugs, herbals, and dietary supplements<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Key Terms<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<table class=\"no-lines\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 1003px;height: 550px; border-spacing: 30px;\" cellpadding=\"30\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 33px\">\n<td style=\"width: 400px;height: 33px;text-align: left;vertical-align: top\" scope=\"col\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_22_519\">absorption<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 400px;height: 33px;text-align: left;vertical-align: top\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_22_529\">duration<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 400px;height: 33px;text-align: left;vertical-align: top\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_22_518\">pharmacogenetics<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 33px\">\n<td style=\"width: 400px;height: 33px;text-align: left;vertical-align: top\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_22_506\">adverse effects<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 400px;height: 33px;text-align: left;vertical-align: top\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_22_525\">efficacy<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 400px;height: 33px;text-align: left;vertical-align: top\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_22_512\">pharmacokinetics<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 33px\">\n<td style=\"width: 400px;height: 33px;text-align: left;vertical-align: top\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_22_505\">affinity<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 400px;height: 33px;text-align: left;vertical-align: top\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_22_522\">excretion<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 400px;height: 33px;text-align: left;vertical-align: top\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_22_1560\">pharmacotherapeutics<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 33px\">\n<td style=\"width: 400px;height: 33px;text-align: left;vertical-align: top\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_22_507\">agonist<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 400px;height: 33px;text-align: left;vertical-align: top\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_22_707\">first-pass effect<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 400px;height: 33px;text-align: left;vertical-align: top\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_22_515\">pharmacology<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 33px\">\n<td style=\"width: 400px;height: 33px;text-align: left;vertical-align: top\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_22_508\">antagonist<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 400px;height: 33px;text-align: left;vertical-align: top\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_22_564\">half-life<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 400px;height: 33px;text-align: left;vertical-align: top\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_22_532\">potency<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 33px\">\n<td style=\"width: 400px;height: 33px;text-align: left;vertical-align: top\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_22_513\">bioavailability<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 400px;height: 33px;text-align: left;vertical-align: top\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_22_524\">mechanism of action<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 400px;height: 33px;text-align: left;vertical-align: top\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_22_533\">selectivity<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 33px\">\n<td style=\"width: 400px;height: 33px;text-align: left;vertical-align: top\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_22_521\">blood-brain barrier<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 400px;height: 33px;text-align: left;vertical-align: top\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_22_517\">metabolism<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 400px;height: 33px;text-align: left;vertical-align: top\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_22_534\">side effect<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 33px\">\n<td style=\"width: 400px;height: 33px;text-align: left;vertical-align: top\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_22_1404\">clients<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 400px;height: 33px;text-align: left;vertical-align: top\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_22_527\">onset<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 400px;height: 33px;text-align: left;vertical-align: top\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_22_531\">therapeutic index<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 33px\">\n<td style=\"width: 400px;height: 33px;text-align: left;vertical-align: top\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_22_520\">distribution<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 400px;height: 33px;text-align: left;vertical-align: top\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_22_528\">peak<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 400px;height: 33px;text-align: left;vertical-align: top\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_22_530\">therapeutic window<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 33px\">\n<td style=\"width: 400px;height: 33px;text-align: left;vertical-align: top\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_22_526\">dose-response<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 400px;height: 33px;text-align: left;vertical-align: top\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_22_523\">pharmacodynamics<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 400px;height: 33px;text-align: left;vertical-align: top\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_22_941\">trough<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 33px\">\n<td style=\"width: 400px;height: 42px;text-align: left;vertical-align: top\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_22_908\">drugs<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 400px;height: 42px;text-align: left;vertical-align: top\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 400px;height: 42px;text-align: left;vertical-align: top\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Safe medication administration is a vital component of the nursing role. Each day it is common for nurses to make clinical judgments regarding the safety, appropriateness, and effectiveness of the medications administered to their clients.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--sidebar textbox--examples\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Key Terms: Clients<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p>In British Columbia, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_22_1404\"><strong>clients<\/strong><\/a> are defined as, &#8220;individual consumers of healthcare services who can be either a Patient or Resident or Tenant&#8221;. <a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Health Information Management. (2021). Glossary of Terms - Client. http:\/\/www.himconnect.ca\/meet-him\/faqs\/glossary-of-terms\" id=\"return-footnote-22-1\" href=\"#footnote-22-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a>. In this textbook, the words client and patient are used interchangeably.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Examples of decisions that a nurse might make during client care include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Is my client&#8217;s heart rate within the correct range to receive this beta-blocker medication?<\/li>\n<li>Does my client have adequate renal function prior to administering this dose of antibiotic?<\/li>\n<li>Is this pain medication effective in controlling my client&#8217;s discomfort?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In order to make safe medication administration decisions, the nurse must have a strong understanding of\u00a0<strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_22_515\">pharmacology<\/a><\/strong>. Symptom management, physical recovery, and individual well-being can be strongly connected to the use of medications in a client&#8217;s treatment plan. Before a nurse reviews a medication order, checks a medication administration record, or administers a medication, it is important to have a foundational understanding of how medications work within the human body.<\/p>\n<p>Nurses should understand the key components of pharmacology<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_22_1560\"><strong>Pharmacotherapeutics<\/strong><\/a>: The clinical purpose or reason for the medication<\/li>\n<li>Pharmacokinetics: The movement of the drug through the body<\/li>\n<li>Pharmacodynamics: The physiological response of the body to the drug.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>These next sections will introduce pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Future chapters of this textbook will focus on the pharmacotherapeutics of specific drug classifications.<\/p>\n<hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-22-1\">Health Information Management. (2021). Glossary of Terms - Client. http:\/\/www.himconnect.ca\/meet-him\/faqs\/glossary-of-terms <a href=\"#return-footnote-22-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div><div class=\"glossary\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\" id=\"definition\">definition<\/span><template id=\"term_22_519\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_22_519\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The first stage of pharmacokinetics: medications enter the body and travel from the site of administration into the body's circulation.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_22_529\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_22_529\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The length of time that a medication is available within the body and producing its desired therapeutic effect.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_22_518\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_22_518\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The study of how people's genes affect their response to medicines.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_22_506\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_22_506\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>An unintended pharmacological effect that occurs when a medication is administered correctly.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_22_525\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_22_525\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The maximum effect of which the drug is capable.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_22_512\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_22_512\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The study of how the body absorbs, distributes, metabolizes, and eliminates drugs.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_22_505\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_22_505\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The strength of binding between drug and receptor.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_22_522\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_22_522\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The final stage of pharmacokinetics; process by which the body eliminates waste or excess.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_22_1560\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_22_1560\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The clinical purpose or reason for the medication<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_22_507\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_22_507\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A drug which binds to its \"receptor\" and produces its characteristic effect.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_22_707\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_22_707\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The breakdown of orally administered drugs in the liver and intestines.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_22_515\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_22_515\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The science dealing with actions of drugs on the body.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_22_508\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_22_508\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A molecule that prevents the action of other molecules, often by competing for a cellular receptor; opposite of agonist.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_22_564\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_22_564\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The rate at which 50% of a drug is eliminated from the bloodstream.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_22_532\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_22_532\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The drug dose required to produce a specific intensity of effect.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_22_513\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_22_513\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The ability of a drug or other chemical to be taken up by the body and made available in the tissue where it is needed.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_22_524\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_22_524\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>How a medication works at a cellular level within the body.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_22_533\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_22_533\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>How readily the drug targets specific cells to produce an intended therapeutic effect.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_22_521\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_22_521\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A nearly impenetrable barricade that is built from a tightly woven mesh of capillaries cemented together to protect the brain from potentially dangerous substances such as poisons or viruses.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_22_517\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_22_517\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The breakdown of a drug molecule via enzymes in the liver (primarily) or intestines (secondarily).<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_22_534\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_22_534\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The effect of a drug, other than the desired effect, sometimes in an organ other than the target organ.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_22_1404\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_22_1404\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Individual consumer of healthcare services who can be either a patient, resident or tenant<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_22_527\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_22_527\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>When a medication first begins to work and exerts a therapeutic effect.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_22_531\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_22_531\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A measurement of the amount of drug that produces a therapeutic effect compared to the amount of drug that produces a toxic effect.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_22_520\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_22_520\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The second stage of pharmacokinetics; the process by which medication is distributed throughout the body.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_22_528\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_22_528\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>When the maximum concentration of drug is in the body.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_22_530\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_22_530\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The dosing window in which the safest and most effective treatment will occur.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_22_526\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_22_526\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>As the dose of a drug increases, the response should increase. The slope of the curve is characteristic of the particular drug-receptor interaction.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_22_523\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_22_523\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The study of how drugs act at target sites of action in the body.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_22_941\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_22_941\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The trough level of medication indicates the lowest concentration of that medication in a person's body. Troughs of medication concentration occur after the drug has been broken down and metabolized by the body.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_22_908\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_22_908\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Medications or other substances that have a physiological effect when introduced to the body.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><\/div>","protected":false},"author":103,"menu_order":1,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":["open-resources-for-nursing-open-rn"],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[48],"contributor":[68],"license":[],"class_list":["post-22","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","chapter-type-numberless","contributor-open-resources-for-nursing-open-rn"],"part":21,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/22","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/103"}],"version-history":[{"count":27,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/22\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2469,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/22\/revisions\/2469"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/21"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/22\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=22"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=22"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=22"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/nursingpharmacology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=22"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}