{"id":948,"date":"2024-03-11T17:26:50","date_gmt":"2024-03-11T21:26:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/oerguideuvic\/?post_type=chapter&p=948"},"modified":"2024-03-14T16:56:44","modified_gmt":"2024-03-14T20:56:44","slug":"canadian-law","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/oerguideuvic\/chapter\/canadian-law\/","title":{"raw":"Canadian Law","rendered":"Canadian Law"},"content":{"raw":"
Last update: March 14\/24<\/div>\r\n

Blogs<\/h1>\r\n\"This\u00a0James W. Zaitsoff on British Columbia Estate Litigation - Selected BC Estate Litigation Blog columns from 2020-2022<\/a> (CanLII user licence<\/a>)\r\n\r\nJames Zaitsoff is associate counsel at Legacy Tax + Trust Lawyers, and he is the head of Legacy\u2019s Estate and Trust Litigation Group.\u00a0 He is a civil litigator specializing in wills, estates and trust litigation and he regularly appears before all levels of court in British Columbia on estate matters. James authors www.BCEstateLitigation.ca, a blog to inform readers of the latest developments in estate litigation. He is also a frequent contributor to CanLII Connects where he posts case comments on recent decisions.\r\n

Casebooks<\/h1>\r\n\"\" \"Bestiality\" as reflected in Canadian case law<\/a> (CanLII user licence<\/a>)\r\n\r\nThis report is based on legal research conducted\u00a0following\u00a0R v DLW<\/em>,\u00a02016 SCC 22<\/a>. The research primarily occurred between June 2016 and June 2017, though cases and developments that occurred after June 2017 are also referenced if relevant. See Appendix A for an explanation of the terminology used within this paper.\r\n\r\n\"\" Administrative Law: Cases and Commentaries<\/a> (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)\r\n\r\nAdministrative agencies are a powerful part of modern government and crucial to our daily lives. There are many excellent Administrative Law textbooks. This one \u2013 which has the benefit of being open-source - was created to support my Administrative Law course at Allard School of Law, which surveys the legal framework of administrative bodies. The course \u2013 and the book \u2013 provide an overview of the legal framework (rules, principles, and policy considerations) that shape the powers of these administrative decision-makers in a diverse range of areas including human rights, municipal law, First Nations governance, and professional self-governance. In particular, the book provides material on how courts review public bodies based on the principles and rules that constrain their decision-making.\r\n\r\n\"\" The Canadian Constitutional Law Open Access Casebook<\/a> (CanLII user licence<\/a>)\r\n\r\nVirtually every society around the world has something called a \u201cconstitution.\u201d But they differ from one another significantly. Some bind only the government of the country, some bind private actors as well. Some constitutions are written (like those of the United States, France, South Africa and India), some (like that of the United Kingdom, New Zealand and Israel) are unwritten (or \u201cuncodified\u201d) and some (like Canada) are hybrids of the two. Some (like Canada, the United States and South Africa) contain protections for human rights, and some (like Australia) do not.\r\n\r\nAt a basic level, however, the function of a constitution is to define and limit the institutions that govern a society.\u00a0In terms of limiting governmental power, constitutions define set of fundamental principles by which future governments must abide. Otherwise, the state can operate for the short-term benefit of those in currently in government, to the detriment of those that are not. A corollary of this principle is that constitutions tend to be difficult to amend; often requiring the assent of a \u201csupermajority\u201d (e.g. two thirds or three fourths) of legislators (or legislatures in countries with federal arrangements).\r\n\r\n\"This Tort Law: Cases and Commentaries, Second Edition<\/a> (CC BY-NC 4.0)\r\n\r\nThe law of obligations concerns the legal rights and duties owed between people. Three primary categories make up the common law of obligations: tort, contract, and unjust enrichment. This casebook provides an introduction to tort law: the law that recognises and responds to civil wrongdoing. The material is arranged in two parts. Part I comprises\u00a0\u00a7\u00a7<\/b>1<\/b><\/a>-11<\/b><\/a>\u00a0and addresses intentional and dignitary torts and the overarching theories and goals of tort law. Part II comprises\u00a0\u00a7\u00a7<\/b>12<\/b><\/a>-25<\/b><\/a>\u00a0and addresses no-fault compensation schemes, negligence, nuisance, strict liability, and tort law\u2019s place within our broader legal systems.\r\n

Documents<\/h1>\r\n\"\" Civil Appeals in Saskatchewan: The Court of Appeal Act & Rules Annotated<\/a> (CanLII licence<\/a>)\r\n\r\nOngoing Updates, September 2020.\r\n\r\n\"\" David Doga on the Human Rights Tribunal of Ontario<\/a> (CanLII user licence)\r\n\r\nDiscrimination in Job Postings.\r\n\r\n\"\"\u00a0Historical Table of Public Statutes 1909-1978<\/a> (CanLII user licence<\/a>)\r\n\r\nThis historical table traces Saskatchewan statutes by name,\u00a0alphabetically arranged, from initial enactment through to the 1978 Revision, showing all amendments along the way, noting if and when it has been repealed, and, if replaced on repeal, the\u00a0replacement statute. The Law Society Library has formatted the\u00a0information to be similar to that of the Legislative Table of Acts\u00a0Regulations published online by Publications Saskatchewan (formerly Queen\u2019s Printer), which begins with the 1978 Revision year and traces the same information to the present.\r\n\r\n\"\" Insights from Hicks Morley<\/a> (CanLII user licence<\/a>)\r\n\r\nSelected articles published in 2020.\r\n

Journals<\/h1>\r\n\"\" The Sedona Canada Principles Addressing Electronic Discovery, Third Edition<\/a> (CanLII user licence<\/a>)\r\n\r\nVolume 23 of the Sedona Conference Journal.\r\n

Manuals<\/h1>\r\n\"\" Saskatchewan Limitations Manual<\/a> (CanLII user licence<\/a>)\r\n\r\nCurrent to December 10, 2020.\r\n\r\n\"\" Saskatchewan Builders' Lien Manual<\/a> (CanLII user licence<\/a>)\r\n\r\nPart of the focus of this update was to pull in relevant Saskatchewan case law that has developed since the first edition of this publication. Therefore, the focus is on an attempt to refer to what Saskatchewan case law is out there. For reference to the law regarding similar provisions in other Canadian jurisdictions, reference should be had to publications that are focused on those matters.\r\n\r\n\"\" The Annotated Accessible Canada Act<\/a> (CanLII user licence<\/a>)\r\n\r\nA publication of the Law, Disability & Social Change Project.\r\n

Reference Tools<\/h1>\r\n\"\" Annotated Language Laws of Canada - Constitutional, Federal, Provincial and Territorial Laws<\/a> (Open Government Licence - Canada<\/a>)\r\n\r\nThe\u00a0Annotated Language Laws of Canada<\/em>\u00a0is a comprehensive and evergreen legal reference tool. It inventories all constitutional, federal, provincial and territorial legislation relating, in whole or in part, to the use of language(s) within government institutions and in commercial and\/or private activities. The publication covers a variety of legislative and regulatory provisions and relevant case law excerpts relating to the official languages of Canada, aboriginal languages and the rights of Canadians who speak languages other than French or English.\r\n

Textbooks<\/h1>\r\n\"\" A Common Hunger: Land Rights in Canada and South Africa<\/a> (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0)\r\n\r\nThis comparative history of two former British colonies \u2013 Canada and the <\/span>Republic of South Africa \u2013 focuses on the response of indigenous peoples <\/span>to their experience of European colonization and domination.\u00b9 While <\/span>the methods and political objectives of dispossession di\ufb00ered in many <\/span>important ways, the alienation of land had devastating consequences for <\/span>the aboriginal peoples of both countries. Today, by reclaiming rights to <\/span>the land and an equitable share in the wealth-producing resources they <\/span>contain, the \ufb01rst peoples of Canada and South Africa are taking impor\u00ad<\/span>tant steps to confront the legacies of poverty that characterize many of <\/span>their communities. <\/span>\r\n\r\n\"\" Canada's Legal Pasts: Looking Forward, Looking Back<\/a> (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)\r\n\r\nCanada\u2019s Legal Pasts presents new essays on a range of topics and episodes in Canadian legal history, provides an introduction to legal methodologies, shows researchers new to the field how to locate and use a variety of sources, and includes a combined bibliography arranged to demonstrate best practices in gathering and listing primary sources. It is an essential welcome for scholars who wish to learn about Canada\u2019s legal pasts\u2014and why we study them. Telling new stories\u2014about a fishing vessel that became the subject of an extraordinarily long diplomatic dispute, young Northwest Mounted Police constables subject to an odd mixture of police discipline and criminal procedure, and more\u2014this book presents the vibrant evolution of Canada\u2019s legal tradition. Explorations of primary sources, including provincial archival records that suggest how Quebec courts have been used in interfamilial conflict, newspaper records that disclose the details of bigamy cases, and penitentiary records that reveal the details of the lives and legal entanglements of Canada\u2019s most marginalized people, show the many different ways of researching and understanding legal history. This is Canadian legal history as you\u2019ve never seen it before. Canada\u2019s Legal Pasts dives into new topics in Canada\u2019s fascinating history and presents practical approaches to legal scholarship, bringing together established and emerging scholars in collection essential for researchers at all levels.\r\n\r\n\"\" Canadian Intellectual Property Law<\/a> (CC BY-SA 4.0)\r\n\r\nTo the ordinary passerby, the term \u201cintellectual property\u201d may seem to be an abstract phrase that applies to the world <\/span>of \u201cacademics\u201d and \u201cprofessionals\u201d\u2014a world beyond that of \u201cordinary individuals.\u201d However, intellectual property (IP) is, <\/span>in fact, deeply woven in people\u2019s daily lives. <\/span>Consider an object with which most of us are familiar: a video<\/a> game.<\/a> When an individual purchases a video <\/span>game, they acquire <\/span>ownership <\/span>of a digital <\/span>copy of <\/span>the <\/span>game, <\/span>which they can then <\/span>download <\/span>onto <\/span>the game <\/span>console they own to play. However, even if they own the copy of the game, they have no right over the game\u2019s IP. The <\/span>content of the game, such as the character designs or background music, are copyrighted by the game company. <\/span>The player cannot reproduce or upload the game\u2019s contents onto the Internet without the owner\u2019s permission, or <\/span>else they will infringe on the owner\u2019s copyright. They cannot use the logo design of the game on similar merchandise <\/span>without permission, or else they will infringe on the company\u2019s trademark rights and copyright. No other game <\/span>manufacturer can construct or sell a video game console with the same functionality, since this right is reserved for the <\/span>patent holder. Nor can they reproduce the console\u2019s aesthetic appearance onto another product, since this right <\/span>is reserved for the industrial design holder. Evidently, many different forms of IP rights can overlap and co\u00ad<\/span>exist in single commonplace objects.<\/span>\r\n\r\n\"\" Civil Appeals in Saskatchewan: The Court of Appeal Act & Rules Annotated, First Edition<\/a> (CanLII user licence<\/a>)\r\n\r\nThis document was updated as Civil Appeals in Saskatchewan: The Court of Appeal Act & Rules Annotated, Ongoing Updates, Court of Appeal for Saskatchewan,\u00a02019 CanLIIDocs 22<\/a>.\r\n\r\n\"\" Civil Procedure and Practice in Ontario, 2nd ed<\/a> (CanLII user licence<\/a>)\r\n\r\nThe law exists in order to bring better justice into human relationships. It governs the decisions of judicial officials, but it is also meant to help people avoid and resolve disputes without the need for formal procedure. For the law to function in these ways, it must be accessible and intelligible to all those to whom it applies.\u00a0 Ideally, everyone should be able to learn, quickly and costlessly, how the law would apply to any set of facts.\r\n\r\nWe are still a long way from realizing this ideal, but\u00a0Civil Procedure & Practice in Ontario<\/em>\u00a0seeks to bring us a bit closer. The legislation and common law governing civil disputes in Ontario is voluminous and difficult to decipher \u2014 for lawyers as well as lay-people.\u00a0 The team behind this volume saw the need for a comprehensive and free guide. We wanted to create something that would be not only sophisticated enough for specialist litigators, but also straightforward and understandable for law office staff, self-represented litigants, and the general public.\r\n\r\n\"\" Controlling Knowledge: Freedom of Information and Privacy Protection in a Networked World<\/a> (CC BY-NC-ND 2.5 CA)\r\n\r\nDigital communications technology has immeasurably enhanced our capacity to store, retrieve, and exchange information. But who controls our access to information, and who decides what others have a right to know about us? In\u00a0Controlling Knowledge<\/em>, author Lorna Stefanick offers a thought-provoking and user-friendly overview of the regulatory regime that currently governs freedom of information and the protection of privacy.Aiming to clarify rather than mystify, Stefanick outlines the history and application of FOIP legislation, with special focus on how these laws affect the individual. To illustrate the impact of FOIP, she examines the notion of informed consent, looks at concerns about surveillance in the digital age, and explores the sometimes insidious influence of Facebook. Specialists in public policy and public administration, information technology, communications, law, criminal justice, sociology, and health care will find much here that bears directly on their work, while students and general readers will welcome the book\u2019s down-to-earth language and accessible style.\r\n\r\nIntended to serve as a \u201ccitizen\u2019s guide,\u201d\u00a0Controlling Knowledge<\/em>\u00a0is a vital resource for anyone seeking to understand how freedom of information and privacy protection are legally defined and how this legislation is shaping our individual rights as citizens of the information age.\r\n\r\n\"\" De la couleur des lois : une histoire juridique du racisme au Canada entre 1900 et 1950<\/a> (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)\r\n\r\nPublished by University of Ottawa Press.\r\n\r\n\"\" Environment in the Courtroom<\/a> (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)\r\n\r\nThis book is focused on providing an overview of current environmental <\/span>legal issues in Canada in three key areas: the unique nature of environmental <\/span>harm, prosecution of environmental offences, and sentencing for environ\u00ad<\/span>mental offences. The essays in this volume represent an attempt by Canadian <\/span>environmental law scholars, lawyers in private practice, Crown counsel, cor\u00ad<\/span>porate counsel, administrative lawyers, lawyers employed by NGOs and in\u00ad<\/span>dustry organizations, environmental consultants, and law students to come to <\/span>grips with the challenges associated with the litigation of environmental cases <\/span>in Canada. The majority of the essays represent a Canadian perspective and <\/span>provide insights on the environmental law experience in a variety of Canadian <\/span>provinces and territories, leading judicial decisions, and the important pro\u00ad<\/span>cedural and theoretical aspects of environmental litigation in Canada, a nation <\/span>with a shared common law and civil law heritage. However, consideration of <\/span>the included contributions on Australia and the United States will reveal that <\/span>Canada shares similar fundamental environmental challenges with some other <\/span>jurisdictions. Environmental law is a dynamic and exciting area that is play\u00ad<\/span>ing an increasingly important role in furthering the sustainable development <\/span>policies adopted by federal, provincial, and territorial governments in Canada. <\/span>\r\n\r\n\"\" Environment in the Courtroom II<\/a> (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)\r\n\r\nThis book examines the application and enforcement of Canadian environ\u00ad<\/span>mental law. It is not about environmental law generally. It focuses on the idea <\/span>of enforcement and enforcement techniques including administration of en\u00ad<\/span>vironmental statutes and enforcement of specific decisions and orders. There <\/span>are two enforcement aspects. One is decisions and decision processes con\u00ad<\/span>cerning approvals and related decisions for projects and activities involving, <\/span>for the purposes of this book, marine waters, wildlife, and energy and other <\/span>greenhouse gas emitting actions. This establishes the baselines for enforce-<\/span>ment. The second is explicit actions by authorized public officials (ministers <\/span>and their authorized representatives\u2014such as the federal ministers of fish\u00ad<\/span>eries and oceans and transport) and tribunals (such as the Canada Energy <\/span>Regulator and the Alberta Energy Regulator) to enforce the legal duties that <\/span>these decisions create. This includes powers of public officials or tribunals to <\/span>issue orders requiring cessation of defined activities and imposing conditions.<\/span>\r\n\r\n\"\" Law, Privacy and Surveillance in Canada in the Post-Snowden Era<\/a> (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)\r\n\r\nSnowden\u2019s primary focus has been centred on the United States. <\/span>However, the steady stream of documents have laid bare the notable <\/span>role of allied surveillance agencies, including the Communications <\/span>Security Establishment (CSE), Canada\u2019s signals intelligence agency. <\/span>The Canadian-related leaks\u200a\u2014\u200aincluding disclosures regarding sur\u00ad<\/span>veillance over millions of Internet downloads, airport wireless net-<\/span>works, spying on the Brazilian government, and the facilitation of <\/span>spying at the G8 and G20 meetings hosted in Toronto in 2010\u200a\u2014\u200ahave unsurprisingly inspired some domestic discussion and increased media coverage of privacy and surveillance issues.<\/span>\r\n\r\n\"\" Le bilinguisme judiciaire en Ontario : th\u00e9orie et r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/a> (Licence d'utilisation de CanLII<\/a>)\r\n\r\nPendant les trois ann\u00e9es et demi au cours desquelles j'ai \u00e9t\u00e9 directeur du Centre de traduction et de documentation juridi\u00adques de l'Universit\u00e9 d'Ottawa, j'\u00e9tais dans une situation id\u00e9ale pour observer de pr\u00e8s l'\u00e9volution rapide qui a men\u00e9 \u00e0 l'adoption d'une loi faisant du fran\u00e7ais une langue officielle devant les tribunaux ontariens. Toutefois, j'ai souvent remarqu\u00e9 qu'il \u00e9tait difficile de discuter de la question du bilinguisme des tribunaux en Ontario \u00e0 cause du manque de renseignements fonda- mentaux sur ce sujet. Cela \u00e9tait sans doute da au fait que la situation \u00e9tait enti\u00e8rement nouvelle et que personne n'avait publi\u00e9 d'ouvrage sur le sujet pendant les premi\u00e8re ann\u00e9es. Le pr\u00e9sent ouvrage constitue donc une premi\u00e8re tentative en vue de combler ces lacunes. Il vise \u00e0 fournir des renseignements de base sur le bilinguisme des tribunaux en Ontario. Il est pr\u00e9sen\u00adt\u00e9 dans l'espoir qu'il sera utile \u00e0 ceux qui voudraient mieux.\r\n\r\n\"This JP Boyd on Family Law: Resolving family law disputes in British Columbia<\/a> (CC BY-NC-SA 2.5 CA)\r\n\r\nYou might want to know about your own family law problem, or you might be helping someone else deal with their own <\/span>family law problem. Either way, this is for you. In this wikibook, we \u2014 John-Paul<\/a> Boyd<\/a> and the team of experienced <\/span>family law lawyers who serve as editors \u2014 guide you through family law in British Columbia as if we were talking to <\/span>you.<\/span>\r\n\r\n\"\" Legal Literacy: An Introduction to Legal Studies<\/a> (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)\r\n\r\nTo understand how the legal system works, students must consider the law in terms of its structures, processes, language, and modes of thought and argument\u2014in short, they must become literate in the field.\u00a0Legal Literacy<\/em>\u00a0fulfills this aim by providing a foundational understanding of key concepts such as legal personhood, jurisdiction, and precedent, and by introducing students to legal research and writing skills. Examples of cases, statutes, and other legal materials support these concepts.\r\n\r\nWhile\u00a0Legal Literacy<\/em>\u00a0is an introductory text, it also challenges students to consider critically the system they are studying. Touching on significant socio-legal issues such as access to justice, legal jargon, and plain language, Zariski critiques common legal traditions and practices, and analyzes what it means \u201cto think like a lawyer.\u201d As such, the text provides a sound basis for those who wish to pursue further studies in law or legal studies as well as those seeking a better understanding of how the legal field relates to the society that it serves.\r\n\r\n\"\" Responding to Domestic Violence in Family Law, Civil Protection & Child Protection Cases<\/a> (CanLII user licence<\/a>)\r\n\r\nThis E-book has evolved from the research and writing of three editions of a bench book on domestic violence for Canadian Judges on behalf of the National Judicial Institute: Linda C. Neilson (2009)\u00a0Domestic Violence and Family Law in Canada: A Handbook for Judges<\/em>\u00a0(Ottawa: National Judicial Institute) with Introductory Comments by Justice John F. McGarry, Superior Court, Ontario, published in electronic bench book format as\u00a0Domestic Violence, Family Law;\u00a0<\/em>Linda C Neilson (2011, 2nd edition)\u00a0Domestic Violence Electronic Bench Book\u00a0<\/em>(Ottawa: National Judicial Institute); and Linda C Neilson (2015, 3rd\u00a0edition)\u00a0Domestic Violence Electronic Bench Book\u00a0<\/em>(Ottawa: National Judicial Institute). The bench book was cited by the United Nations as one of Canada's major family violence works in the United Nations' (2012)\u00a0Handbook For National Action Plans on Violence Against Women\u00a0<\/em>at page 28-29; it was also cited as the model to follow when developing similar practice materials for judicial use throughout Australia in Australia Law Reform Commission and New South Wales Law Reform Commission (2010)\u00a0Family Violence \u2014 A National Legal Response<\/em>\u00a0(ALRC Report 114) (Australian Government). This e-book, while related to these works, has been updated and modified for lawyers and service providers.\r\n\r\n\"\" Sexual Assault in Canada - Law, Legal Practice and Women's Activism<\/a> (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)\r\n\r\nPublished by University of Ottawa Press.\r\n\r\n\"\" The Canadian Legal Research and Writing Guide<\/a> (CanLII user licence<\/a>)\r\n\r\nThe Canadian Legal Research and Writing Guide<\/em>\u00a0is based on\u00a0The Best Guide to Canadian Legal Research<\/em>, An online legal research guide written and published by Catherine Best, which she started in 1998. The site grew out of Catherine\u2019s experience teaching legal research and writing, and her conviction that a process-based analytical approach was needed. She was also motivated to help researchers learn to effectively use electronic research tools.\r\n\r\nCatherine Best retired In 2015, and she generously donated the site to CanLII to use as our legal research site going forward. As Best explained:\r\n\r\nThe world of legal research is dramatically different than it was in 1998. However, the site\u2019s emphasis on research process and effective electronic research continues to fill a need. It will be fascinating to see what changes the next 15 years will bring.\r\n\r\nThe text has been updated and expanded for this publication by a national editorial board of legal researchers.\r\n\r\n\"This The CanLII Manual to British Columbia Civil Litigation: A User-friendly guide<\/a> (CanLII user licence<\/a>)\r\n\r\nThere are perhaps few greater challenges to the contemporary justice system than meaningful public access to it. Access has been a problem in Canada for some time, and, if it can be said that there has been any shift in this issue, it is perhaps for the worse. We hope that this manual will facilitate your navigation through your specific litigious issue and that, in so doing, that it might also contribute a greater measure of access to justice for all British Columbians.\r\n\r\n\"\" The Copyright Pentalogy: How the Supreme Court of Canada Shook the Foundation of Canadian Copyright Law<\/a> (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0)\r\n\r\nCopyright cases typically reach the Supreme Court of Canada (the <\/span>Court) only once every few years, ensuring that each case is carefully <\/span>parsed and analyzed. On 12 July 2012, the Court issued rulings on five <\/span>copyright cases in a single day, an unprecedented tally that shook the <\/span>very foundations of copyright law in Canada. In fact, with the decisions <\/span>coming just weeks after the Canadian government passed long-awaited <\/span>copyright reform legislation, Canadian copyright law experienced a <\/span>seismic shift that will take years to sort out. <\/span>\r\n\r\n\"\" The Law is (Not) for Kids: A Legal Rights Guide for Canadian Children and Teens, Second Edition<\/a> (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)\r\n\r\nSince its publication in 2019, this important and practical guide to the law has empowered and educated Canadian children and youth and those who serve them. The authors address questions about how rights and laws affect the lives of young people at home, at school, at work, and in their relationships as they draw attention to the many ways in which a person\u2019s life can intersect with the law. This revised and updated edition reflects the progress that has occurred in Indigenous child welfare legislation. Updates also reflect amendments to the Youth Criminal Justice Act and the Divorce Act as well as amendments to a variety of provincial child and family laws.\r\n\r\n\"\" Violence, Imagination, and Resistance: Socio-legal Interrogations of Power<\/a> (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)\r\n\r\nFor some time, scholars have devoted considerable attention to the law as a force of repression, one that replicates and enforces structural inequalities through violence and legally sanctioned modes of punishment. But it is the means by which the law functions as a tool of governmentality that occupies the contributors to this volume. Through the exploration of how to deconstruct law\u2019s power, how to expose the violence the law produces, and finally how to identify modes of resistance that have transformative potential, these essays contribute to the ongoing interrogation of settler colonialism, racism, and structural violence in Canada.","rendered":"
Last update: March 14\/24<\/div>\n

Blogs<\/h1>\n

\"This\u00a0James W. Zaitsoff on British Columbia Estate Litigation – Selected BC Estate Litigation Blog columns from 2020-2022<\/a> (CanLII user licence<\/a>)<\/p>\n

James Zaitsoff is associate counsel at Legacy Tax + Trust Lawyers, and he is the head of Legacy\u2019s Estate and Trust Litigation Group.\u00a0 He is a civil litigator specializing in wills, estates and trust litigation and he regularly appears before all levels of court in British Columbia on estate matters. James authors www.BCEstateLitigation.ca, a blog to inform readers of the latest developments in estate litigation. He is also a frequent contributor to CanLII Connects where he posts case comments on recent decisions.<\/p>\n

Casebooks<\/h1>\n

\"\" “Bestiality” as reflected in Canadian case law<\/a> (CanLII user licence<\/a>)<\/p>\n

This report is based on legal research conducted\u00a0following\u00a0R v DLW<\/em>,\u00a02016 SCC 22<\/a>. The research primarily occurred between June 2016 and June 2017, though cases and developments that occurred after June 2017 are also referenced if relevant. See Appendix A for an explanation of the terminology used within this paper.<\/p>\n

\"\" Administrative Law: Cases and Commentaries<\/a> (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)<\/p>\n

Administrative agencies are a powerful part of modern government and crucial to our daily lives. There are many excellent Administrative Law textbooks. This one \u2013 which has the benefit of being open-source – was created to support my Administrative Law course at Allard School of Law, which surveys the legal framework of administrative bodies. The course \u2013 and the book \u2013 provide an overview of the legal framework (rules, principles, and policy considerations) that shape the powers of these administrative decision-makers in a diverse range of areas including human rights, municipal law, First Nations governance, and professional self-governance. In particular, the book provides material on how courts review public bodies based on the principles and rules that constrain their decision-making.<\/p>\n

\"\" The Canadian Constitutional Law Open Access Casebook<\/a> (CanLII user licence<\/a>)<\/p>\n

Virtually every society around the world has something called a \u201cconstitution.\u201d But they differ from one another significantly. Some bind only the government of the country, some bind private actors as well. Some constitutions are written (like those of the United States, France, South Africa and India), some (like that of the United Kingdom, New Zealand and Israel) are unwritten (or \u201cuncodified\u201d) and some (like Canada) are hybrids of the two. Some (like Canada, the United States and South Africa) contain protections for human rights, and some (like Australia) do not.<\/p>\n

At a basic level, however, the function of a constitution is to define and limit the institutions that govern a society.\u00a0In terms of limiting governmental power, constitutions define set of fundamental principles by which future governments must abide. Otherwise, the state can operate for the short-term benefit of those in currently in government, to the detriment of those that are not. A corollary of this principle is that constitutions tend to be difficult to amend; often requiring the assent of a \u201csupermajority\u201d (e.g. two thirds or three fourths) of legislators (or legislatures in countries with federal arrangements).<\/p>\n

\"This Tort Law: Cases and Commentaries, Second Edition<\/a> (CC BY-NC 4.0)<\/p>\n

The law of obligations concerns the legal rights and duties owed between people. Three primary categories make up the common law of obligations: tort, contract, and unjust enrichment. This casebook provides an introduction to tort law: the law that recognises and responds to civil wrongdoing. The material is arranged in two parts. Part I comprises\u00a0\u00a7\u00a7<\/b>1<\/b><\/a>–11<\/b><\/a>\u00a0and addresses intentional and dignitary torts and the overarching theories and goals of tort law. Part II comprises\u00a0\u00a7\u00a7<\/b>12<\/b><\/a>–25<\/b><\/a>\u00a0and addresses no-fault compensation schemes, negligence, nuisance, strict liability, and tort law\u2019s place within our broader legal systems.<\/p>\n

Documents<\/h1>\n

\"\" Civil Appeals in Saskatchewan: The Court of Appeal Act & Rules Annotated<\/a> (CanLII licence<\/a>)<\/p>\n

Ongoing Updates, September 2020.<\/p>\n

\"\" David Doga on the Human Rights Tribunal of Ontario<\/a> (CanLII user licence)<\/p>\n

Discrimination in Job Postings.<\/p>\n

\"\"\u00a0Historical Table of Public Statutes 1909-1978<\/a> (CanLII user licence<\/a>)<\/p>\n

This historical table traces Saskatchewan statutes by name,\u00a0alphabetically arranged, from initial enactment through to the 1978 Revision, showing all amendments along the way, noting if and when it has been repealed, and, if replaced on repeal, the\u00a0replacement statute. The Law Society Library has formatted the\u00a0information to be similar to that of the Legislative Table of Acts\u00a0Regulations published online by Publications Saskatchewan (formerly Queen\u2019s Printer), which begins with the 1978 Revision year and traces the same information to the present.<\/p>\n

\"\" Insights from Hicks Morley<\/a> (CanLII user licence<\/a>)<\/p>\n

Selected articles published in 2020.<\/p>\n

Journals<\/h1>\n

\"\" The Sedona Canada Principles Addressing Electronic Discovery, Third Edition<\/a> (CanLII user licence<\/a>)<\/p>\n

Volume 23 of the Sedona Conference Journal.<\/p>\n

Manuals<\/h1>\n

\"\" Saskatchewan Limitations Manual<\/a> (CanLII user licence<\/a>)<\/p>\n

Current to December 10, 2020.<\/p>\n

\"\" Saskatchewan Builders’ Lien Manual<\/a> (CanLII user licence<\/a>)<\/p>\n

Part of the focus of this update was to pull in relevant Saskatchewan case law that has developed since the first edition of this publication. Therefore, the focus is on an attempt to refer to what Saskatchewan case law is out there. For reference to the law regarding similar provisions in other Canadian jurisdictions, reference should be had to publications that are focused on those matters.<\/p>\n

\"\" The Annotated Accessible Canada Act<\/a> (CanLII user licence<\/a>)<\/p>\n

A publication of the Law, Disability & Social Change Project.<\/p>\n

Reference Tools<\/h1>\n

\"\" Annotated Language Laws of Canada – Constitutional, Federal, Provincial and Territorial Laws<\/a> (Open Government Licence – Canada<\/a>)<\/p>\n

The\u00a0Annotated Language Laws of Canada<\/em>\u00a0is a comprehensive and evergreen legal reference tool. It inventories all constitutional, federal, provincial and territorial legislation relating, in whole or in part, to the use of language(s) within government institutions and in commercial and\/or private activities. The publication covers a variety of legislative and regulatory provisions and relevant case law excerpts relating to the official languages of Canada, aboriginal languages and the rights of Canadians who speak languages other than French or English.<\/p>\n

Textbooks<\/h1>\n

\"\" A Common Hunger: Land Rights in Canada and South Africa<\/a> (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0)<\/p>\n

This comparative history of two former British colonies \u2013 Canada and the <\/span>Republic of South Africa \u2013 focuses on the response of indigenous peoples <\/span>to their experience of European colonization and domination.\u00b9 While <\/span>the methods and political objectives of dispossession di\ufb00ered in many <\/span>important ways, the alienation of land had devastating consequences for <\/span>the aboriginal peoples of both countries. Today, by reclaiming rights to <\/span>the land and an equitable share in the wealth-producing resources they <\/span>contain, the \ufb01rst peoples of Canada and South Africa are taking impor\u00ad<\/span>tant steps to confront the legacies of poverty that characterize many of <\/span>their communities. <\/span><\/p>\n

\"\" Canada’s Legal Pasts: Looking Forward, Looking Back<\/a> (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)<\/p>\n

Canada\u2019s Legal Pasts presents new essays on a range of topics and episodes in Canadian legal history, provides an introduction to legal methodologies, shows researchers new to the field how to locate and use a variety of sources, and includes a combined bibliography arranged to demonstrate best practices in gathering and listing primary sources. It is an essential welcome for scholars who wish to learn about Canada\u2019s legal pasts\u2014and why we study them. Telling new stories\u2014about a fishing vessel that became the subject of an extraordinarily long diplomatic dispute, young Northwest Mounted Police constables subject to an odd mixture of police discipline and criminal procedure, and more\u2014this book presents the vibrant evolution of Canada\u2019s legal tradition. Explorations of primary sources, including provincial archival records that suggest how Quebec courts have been used in interfamilial conflict, newspaper records that disclose the details of bigamy cases, and penitentiary records that reveal the details of the lives and legal entanglements of Canada\u2019s most marginalized people, show the many different ways of researching and understanding legal history. This is Canadian legal history as you\u2019ve never seen it before. Canada\u2019s Legal Pasts dives into new topics in Canada\u2019s fascinating history and presents practical approaches to legal scholarship, bringing together established and emerging scholars in collection essential for researchers at all levels.<\/p>\n

\"\" Canadian Intellectual Property Law<\/a> (CC BY-SA 4.0)<\/p>\n

To the ordinary passerby, the term \u201cintellectual property\u201d may seem to be an abstract phrase that applies to the world <\/span>of \u201cacademics\u201d and \u201cprofessionals\u201d\u2014a world beyond that of \u201cordinary individuals.\u201d However, intellectual property (IP) is, <\/span>in fact, deeply woven in people\u2019s daily lives. <\/span>Consider an object with which most of us are familiar: a video<\/a> game.<\/a> When an individual purchases a video <\/span>game, they acquire <\/span>ownership <\/span>of a digital <\/span>copy of <\/span>the <\/span>game, <\/span>which they can then <\/span>download <\/span>onto <\/span>the game <\/span>console they own to play. However, even if they own the copy of the game, they have no right over the game\u2019s IP. The <\/span>content of the game, such as the character designs or background music, are copyrighted by the game company. <\/span>The player cannot reproduce or upload the game\u2019s contents onto the Internet without the owner\u2019s permission, or <\/span>else they will infringe on the owner\u2019s copyright. They cannot use the logo design of the game on similar merchandise <\/span>without permission, or else they will infringe on the company\u2019s trademark rights and copyright. No other game <\/span>manufacturer can construct or sell a video game console with the same functionality, since this right is reserved for the <\/span>patent holder. Nor can they reproduce the console\u2019s aesthetic appearance onto another product, since this right <\/span>is reserved for the industrial design holder. Evidently, many different forms of IP rights can overlap and co\u00ad<\/span>exist in single commonplace objects.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\" Civil Appeals in Saskatchewan: The Court of Appeal Act & Rules Annotated, First Edition<\/a> (CanLII user licence<\/a>)<\/p>\n

This document was updated as Civil Appeals in Saskatchewan: The Court of Appeal Act & Rules Annotated, Ongoing Updates, Court of Appeal for Saskatchewan,\u00a02019 CanLIIDocs 22<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\"\" Civil Procedure and Practice in Ontario, 2nd ed<\/a> (CanLII user licence<\/a>)<\/p>\n

The law exists in order to bring better justice into human relationships. It governs the decisions of judicial officials, but it is also meant to help people avoid and resolve disputes without the need for formal procedure. For the law to function in these ways, it must be accessible and intelligible to all those to whom it applies.\u00a0 Ideally, everyone should be able to learn, quickly and costlessly, how the law would apply to any set of facts.<\/p>\n

We are still a long way from realizing this ideal, but\u00a0Civil Procedure & Practice in Ontario<\/em>\u00a0seeks to bring us a bit closer. The legislation and common law governing civil disputes in Ontario is voluminous and difficult to decipher \u2014 for lawyers as well as lay-people.\u00a0 The team behind this volume saw the need for a comprehensive and free guide. We wanted to create something that would be not only sophisticated enough for specialist litigators, but also straightforward and understandable for law office staff, self-represented litigants, and the general public.<\/p>\n

\"\" Controlling Knowledge: Freedom of Information and Privacy Protection in a Networked World<\/a> (CC BY-NC-ND 2.5 CA)<\/p>\n

Digital communications technology has immeasurably enhanced our capacity to store, retrieve, and exchange information. But who controls our access to information, and who decides what others have a right to know about us? In\u00a0Controlling Knowledge<\/em>, author Lorna Stefanick offers a thought-provoking and user-friendly overview of the regulatory regime that currently governs freedom of information and the protection of privacy.Aiming to clarify rather than mystify, Stefanick outlines the history and application of FOIP legislation, with special focus on how these laws affect the individual. To illustrate the impact of FOIP, she examines the notion of informed consent, looks at concerns about surveillance in the digital age, and explores the sometimes insidious influence of Facebook. Specialists in public policy and public administration, information technology, communications, law, criminal justice, sociology, and health care will find much here that bears directly on their work, while students and general readers will welcome the book\u2019s down-to-earth language and accessible style.<\/p>\n

Intended to serve as a \u201ccitizen\u2019s guide,\u201d\u00a0Controlling Knowledge<\/em>\u00a0is a vital resource for anyone seeking to understand how freedom of information and privacy protection are legally defined and how this legislation is shaping our individual rights as citizens of the information age.<\/p>\n

\"\" De la couleur des lois : une histoire juridique du racisme au Canada entre 1900 et 1950<\/a> (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)<\/p>\n

Published by University of Ottawa Press.<\/p>\n

\"\" Environment in the Courtroom<\/a> (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)<\/p>\n

This book is focused on providing an overview of current environmental <\/span>legal issues in Canada in three key areas: the unique nature of environmental <\/span>harm, prosecution of environmental offences, and sentencing for environ\u00ad<\/span>mental offences. The essays in this volume represent an attempt by Canadian <\/span>environmental law scholars, lawyers in private practice, Crown counsel, cor\u00ad<\/span>porate counsel, administrative lawyers, lawyers employed by NGOs and in\u00ad<\/span>dustry organizations, environmental consultants, and law students to come to <\/span>grips with the challenges associated with the litigation of environmental cases <\/span>in Canada. The majority of the essays represent a Canadian perspective and <\/span>provide insights on the environmental law experience in a variety of Canadian <\/span>provinces and territories, leading judicial decisions, and the important pro\u00ad<\/span>cedural and theoretical aspects of environmental litigation in Canada, a nation <\/span>with a shared common law and civil law heritage. However, consideration of <\/span>the included contributions on Australia and the United States will reveal that <\/span>Canada shares similar fundamental environmental challenges with some other <\/span>jurisdictions. Environmental law is a dynamic and exciting area that is play\u00ad<\/span>ing an increasingly important role in furthering the sustainable development <\/span>policies adopted by federal, provincial, and territorial governments in Canada. <\/span><\/p>\n

\"\" Environment in the Courtroom II<\/a> (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)<\/p>\n

This book examines the application and enforcement of Canadian environ\u00ad<\/span>mental law. It is not about environmental law generally. It focuses on the idea <\/span>of enforcement and enforcement techniques including administration of en\u00ad<\/span>vironmental statutes and enforcement of specific decisions and orders. There <\/span>are two enforcement aspects. One is decisions and decision processes con\u00ad<\/span>cerning approvals and related decisions for projects and activities involving, <\/span>for the purposes of this book, marine waters, wildlife, and energy and other <\/span>greenhouse gas emitting actions. This establishes the baselines for enforce-<\/span>ment. The second is explicit actions by authorized public officials (ministers <\/span>and their authorized representatives\u2014such as the federal ministers of fish\u00ad<\/span>eries and oceans and transport) and tribunals (such as the Canada Energy <\/span>Regulator and the Alberta Energy Regulator) to enforce the legal duties that <\/span>these decisions create. This includes powers of public officials or tribunals to <\/span>issue orders requiring cessation of defined activities and imposing conditions.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\" Law, Privacy and Surveillance in Canada in the Post-Snowden Era<\/a> (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)<\/p>\n

Snowden\u2019s primary focus has been centred on the United States. <\/span>However, the steady stream of documents have laid bare the notable <\/span>role of allied surveillance agencies, including the Communications <\/span>Security Establishment (CSE), Canada\u2019s signals intelligence agency. <\/span>The Canadian-related leaks\u200a\u2014\u200aincluding disclosures regarding sur\u00ad<\/span>veillance over millions of Internet downloads, airport wireless net-<\/span>works, spying on the Brazilian government, and the facilitation of <\/span>spying at the G8 and G20 meetings hosted in Toronto in 2010\u200a\u2014\u200ahave unsurprisingly inspired some domestic discussion and increased media coverage of privacy and surveillance issues.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\" Le bilinguisme judiciaire en Ontario : th\u00e9orie et r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/a> (Licence d’utilisation de CanLII<\/a>)<\/p>\n

Pendant les trois ann\u00e9es et demi au cours desquelles j’ai \u00e9t\u00e9 directeur du Centre de traduction et de documentation juridi\u00adques de l’Universit\u00e9 d’Ottawa, j’\u00e9tais dans une situation id\u00e9ale pour observer de pr\u00e8s l’\u00e9volution rapide qui a men\u00e9 \u00e0 l’adoption d’une loi faisant du fran\u00e7ais une langue officielle devant les tribunaux ontariens. Toutefois, j’ai souvent remarqu\u00e9 qu’il \u00e9tait difficile de discuter de la question du bilinguisme des tribunaux en Ontario \u00e0 cause du manque de renseignements fonda- mentaux sur ce sujet. Cela \u00e9tait sans doute da au fait que la situation \u00e9tait enti\u00e8rement nouvelle et que personne n’avait publi\u00e9 d’ouvrage sur le sujet pendant les premi\u00e8re ann\u00e9es. Le pr\u00e9sent ouvrage constitue donc une premi\u00e8re tentative en vue de combler ces lacunes. Il vise \u00e0 fournir des renseignements de base sur le bilinguisme des tribunaux en Ontario. Il est pr\u00e9sen\u00adt\u00e9 dans l’espoir qu’il sera utile \u00e0 ceux qui voudraient mieux.<\/p>\n

\"This JP Boyd on Family Law: Resolving family law disputes in British Columbia<\/a> (CC BY-NC-SA 2.5 CA)<\/p>\n

You might want to know about your own family law problem, or you might be helping someone else deal with their own <\/span>family law problem. Either way, this is for you. In this wikibook, we \u2014 John-Paul<\/a> Boyd<\/a> and the team of experienced <\/span>family law lawyers who serve as editors \u2014 guide you through family law in British Columbia as if we were talking to <\/span>you.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\" Legal Literacy: An Introduction to Legal Studies<\/a> (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)<\/p>\n

To understand how the legal system works, students must consider the law in terms of its structures, processes, language, and modes of thought and argument\u2014in short, they must become literate in the field.\u00a0Legal Literacy<\/em>\u00a0fulfills this aim by providing a foundational understanding of key concepts such as legal personhood, jurisdiction, and precedent, and by introducing students to legal research and writing skills. Examples of cases, statutes, and other legal materials support these concepts.<\/p>\n

While\u00a0Legal Literacy<\/em>\u00a0is an introductory text, it also challenges students to consider critically the system they are studying. Touching on significant socio-legal issues such as access to justice, legal jargon, and plain language, Zariski critiques common legal traditions and practices, and analyzes what it means \u201cto think like a lawyer.\u201d As such, the text provides a sound basis for those who wish to pursue further studies in law or legal studies as well as those seeking a better understanding of how the legal field relates to the society that it serves.<\/p>\n

\"\" Responding to Domestic Violence in Family Law, Civil Protection & Child Protection Cases<\/a> (CanLII user licence<\/a>)<\/p>\n

This E-book has evolved from the research and writing of three editions of a bench book on domestic violence for Canadian Judges on behalf of the National Judicial Institute: Linda C. Neilson (2009)\u00a0Domestic Violence and Family Law in Canada: A Handbook for Judges<\/em>\u00a0(Ottawa: National Judicial Institute) with Introductory Comments by Justice John F. McGarry, Superior Court, Ontario, published in electronic bench book format as\u00a0Domestic Violence, Family Law;\u00a0<\/em>Linda C Neilson (2011, 2nd edition)\u00a0Domestic Violence Electronic Bench Book\u00a0<\/em>(Ottawa: National Judicial Institute); and Linda C Neilson (2015, 3rd\u00a0edition)\u00a0Domestic Violence Electronic Bench Book\u00a0<\/em>(Ottawa: National Judicial Institute). The bench book was cited by the United Nations as one of Canada’s major family violence works in the United Nations’ (2012)\u00a0Handbook For National Action Plans on Violence Against Women\u00a0<\/em>at page 28-29; it was also cited as the model to follow when developing similar practice materials for judicial use throughout Australia in Australia Law Reform Commission and New South Wales Law Reform Commission (2010)\u00a0Family Violence \u2014 A National Legal Response<\/em>\u00a0(ALRC Report 114) (Australian Government). This e-book, while related to these works, has been updated and modified for lawyers and service providers.<\/p>\n

\"\" Sexual Assault in Canada – Law, Legal Practice and Women’s Activism<\/a> (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)<\/p>\n

Published by University of Ottawa Press.<\/p>\n

\"\" The Canadian Legal Research and Writing Guide<\/a> (CanLII user licence<\/a>)<\/p>\n

The Canadian Legal Research and Writing Guide<\/em>\u00a0is based on\u00a0The Best Guide to Canadian Legal Research<\/em>, An online legal research guide written and published by Catherine Best, which she started in 1998. The site grew out of Catherine\u2019s experience teaching legal research and writing, and her conviction that a process-based analytical approach was needed. She was also motivated to help researchers learn to effectively use electronic research tools.<\/p>\n

Catherine Best retired In 2015, and she generously donated the site to CanLII to use as our legal research site going forward. As Best explained:<\/p>\n

The world of legal research is dramatically different than it was in 1998. However, the site\u2019s emphasis on research process and effective electronic research continues to fill a need. It will be fascinating to see what changes the next 15 years will bring.<\/p>\n

The text has been updated and expanded for this publication by a national editorial board of legal researchers.<\/p>\n

\"This The CanLII Manual to British Columbia Civil Litigation: A User-friendly guide<\/a> (CanLII user licence<\/a>)<\/p>\n

There are perhaps few greater challenges to the contemporary justice system than meaningful public access to it. Access has been a problem in Canada for some time, and, if it can be said that there has been any shift in this issue, it is perhaps for the worse. We hope that this manual will facilitate your navigation through your specific litigious issue and that, in so doing, that it might also contribute a greater measure of access to justice for all British Columbians.<\/p>\n

\"\" The Copyright Pentalogy: How the Supreme Court of Canada Shook the Foundation of Canadian Copyright Law<\/a> (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0)<\/p>\n

Copyright cases typically reach the Supreme Court of Canada (the <\/span>Court) only once every few years, ensuring that each case is carefully <\/span>parsed and analyzed. On 12 July 2012, the Court issued rulings on five <\/span>copyright cases in a single day, an unprecedented tally that shook the <\/span>very foundations of copyright law in Canada. In fact, with the decisions <\/span>coming just weeks after the Canadian government passed long-awaited <\/span>copyright reform legislation, Canadian copyright law experienced a <\/span>seismic shift that will take years to sort out. <\/span><\/p>\n

\"\" The Law is (Not) for Kids: A Legal Rights Guide for Canadian Children and Teens, Second Edition<\/a> (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)<\/p>\n

Since its publication in 2019, this important and practical guide to the law has empowered and educated Canadian children and youth and those who serve them. The authors address questions about how rights and laws affect the lives of young people at home, at school, at work, and in their relationships as they draw attention to the many ways in which a person\u2019s life can intersect with the law. This revised and updated edition reflects the progress that has occurred in Indigenous child welfare legislation. Updates also reflect amendments to the Youth Criminal Justice Act and the Divorce Act as well as amendments to a variety of provincial child and family laws.<\/p>\n

\"\" Violence, Imagination, and Resistance: Socio-legal Interrogations of Power<\/a> (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)<\/p>\n

For some time, scholars have devoted considerable attention to the law as a force of repression, one that replicates and enforces structural inequalities through violence and legally sanctioned modes of punishment. But it is the means by which the law functions as a tool of governmentality that occupies the contributors to this volume. Through the exploration of how to deconstruct law\u2019s power, how to expose the violence the law produces, and finally how to identify modes of resistance that have transformative potential, these essays contribute to the ongoing interrogation of settler colonialism, racism, and structural violence in Canada.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":20,"menu_order":3,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-948","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":241,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/oerguideuvic\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/948","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/oerguideuvic\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/oerguideuvic\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/oerguideuvic\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/20"}],"version-history":[{"count":25,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/oerguideuvic\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/948\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1039,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/oerguideuvic\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/948\/revisions\/1039"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/oerguideuvic\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/241"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/oerguideuvic\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/948\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/oerguideuvic\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=948"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/oerguideuvic\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=948"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/oerguideuvic\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=948"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/oerguideuvic\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=948"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}