{"id":74,"date":"2026-01-06T15:55:12","date_gmt":"2026-01-06T20:55:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/openscholarship\/chapter\/traditional-knowledge\/"},"modified":"2026-02-10T16:10:56","modified_gmt":"2026-02-10T21:10:56","slug":"traditional-knowledge","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/openscholarship\/chapter\/traditional-knowledge\/","title":{"raw":"Traditional Knowledge","rendered":"Traditional Knowledge"},"content":{"raw":"[embed]https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/14YInJGNwZc[\/embed]\n<p style=\"text-align: center;background-color: #f8f9fa\"><sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=14YInJGNwZc&amp;list=PLGST5NdudG0SfkcfZcK9Z9MR3mUNRxfvt&amp;index=3\">Traditional Knowledge and Intellectual Property<\/a>\u00a0by the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cigionline.org\/\">Centre for International Governance Innovation<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\nTraditional knowledge (TK) is knowledge, know-how, skills and practices that are developed, sustained and passed on from generation to generation within a community, often forming part of its cultural or spiritual identity.\n\nWhile there is not yet an accepted definition of TK at the international level, it can be said that:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n \t<li><strong>TK in a general sense<\/strong>\u00a0embraces the content of knowledge itself as well as traditional cultural expressions, including distinctive signs and symbols associated with TK.<\/li>\n \t<li><strong>TK in the narrow sense<\/strong>\u00a0refers to knowledge as such, in particular the knowledge resulting from intellectual activity in a traditional context, and includes know-how, practices, skills, and innovations.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nTraditional knowledge can be found in a wide variety of contexts, including: agricultural, scientific, technical, ecological and medicinal knowledge as well as biodiversity-related knowledge.[footnote]World Intellectual Property Organization. (n.d.). Traditional knowledge. https:\/\/www.wipo.int\/tk\/en\/tk\/[\/footnote]\n\n&nbsp;\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\" border=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 82.8767%\">\n<h5>Reflection - Australian Dreaming Stories<\/h5>\n<img class=\"wp-image-72 size-full aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2593\/2026\/01\/Screenshot-2026-01-06-at-12.57.10-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"855\" height=\"440\">\n\nIn 1994, a carpet factory reproduced a well-known painting by Banduk Marika entitled <a href=\"http:\/\/www.printsandprintmaking.gov.au\/works\/34247\/\">Djanda and the Sacred Waterhole <\/a>on a carpet. The underlying image of this work belongs to the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.rirratjingu.com\/\">Rirratjingu clan<\/a>\u00a0and is part of the mythology of the Djangkawu creation story.\n\nIn the case study of the\u00a0<strong>Australian Dreaming Stories<\/strong>, reflect on the following question:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n \t<li>What impact does the use of the painting have on the intellectual property rights of Banduk Marika, as outlined above?<\/li>\n \t<li>Is the painting Djanda and the Sacred Waterhole considered traditional knowledge?<\/li>\n \t<li>What impact does the use of the painting have on the cultural and spiritual health of the Rirratinjgu clan?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 17.1233%\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Traditional Knowledge and Canadian Indigenous Peoples<\/h2>\nWhile copyright serves the purpose to protect the rights of creators of literary and artistic works, there are several ways in which copyright fails Indigenous peoples and TK.\n\nIndigenous cultural heritage and identity is expressed through creative works like storytelling, song, dance, rituals, and practices and is connected to land and community across time. The Canadian Copyright Act, as it is currently structured, cannot protect Indigenous knowledge due to the complex and community-based notions of ownership.\n\nIn recognizing the difference in ideas of ownership, copyright is increasingly harmful to Indigenous peoples in the following ways:\n<ul>\n \t<li>Copyright focuses on economic benefits of knowledge and fails to recognize the cultural, spiritual and communal importance of Indigenous creative works.<\/li>\n \t<li>Copyright focuses on individual creators and fails to recognize the communal nature of producing and caring for the creative works.<\/li>\n \t<li>Copyright provides limits to the length of time in which an object can be protected which fails to recognize the intangible spiritual nature of the object that is situated in Indigenous identity across time.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nFurther issues around copyright for Indigenous creative works relate to the idea of ownership of heritage materials in the traditional publishing process. From the <a href=\"http:\/\/cfla-fcab.ca\/en\/home-page\/\">Canadian Federation of Library Associations <\/a>(website) <a href=\"http:\/\/cfla-fcab.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/CFLA-FCAB_Indigenous_knowledge_statement.pdf\">Position Statement on Indigenous Knowledge in Canada\u2019s Copyright Act<\/a> (PDF):\n<blockquote>Who holds \u201clegal\u201d copyright to that knowledge or cultural expression under Canada\u2019s current Copyright Act is often contrary to Indigenous notions of copyright ownership. Indigenous knowledge may be found in published works as a result of research or appropriation, and in these cases, the author of the published work holds the \u201clegal\u201d copyright to that knowledge or cultural expression, while Indigenous peoples would see the owners as the people from where the knowledge originated.[footnote]Canadian Federation of Library Associations\/F\u00e9d\u00e9ration canadienne des associations de biblioth\u00e8ques (CFLA-FCAB). (2018). Indigenous knowledge in Canada\u2019s Copyright Act: Position statement (PDF). http:\/\/cfla-fcab.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/CFLA-FCAB_Indigenous_knowledge_statement.pdf[\/footnote]<\/blockquote>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\" border=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 82.666%\">\n<h5>Dig Deeper<\/h5>\nTo learn more about traditional knowledge in the Canadian context, review:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cigionline.org\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/ILRP%202019%20Toronto.pdf\">Protecting Traditional Knowledge and Traditional Cultural Expressions<\/a>, Conference Report \u2014 Toronto, Canada, March 2019.<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 17.334%\"><img class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-33\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2593\/2025\/11\/Dig-Deeper-2-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n&nbsp;\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Traditional Knowledge Licenses &amp; Labels<\/h2>\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n\n<img class=\"alignright wp-image-73 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2593\/2026\/02\/TK-329x300-1-300x274.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"274\">As illustrated through this chapter,\u00a0IP rights related to traditional knowledge fail to consider the full expression of cultural heritage, traditions, and notions of ownership. From this understanding came the development of Traditional Knowledge Licenses and Labels that address the protocols and concerns of Indigenous peoples around traditional knowledge objects.\n\n<a href=\"https:\/\/localcontexts.org\/licenses\/traditional-knowledge-licenses\/\">Traditional Knowledge (TK) Licenses<\/a>\u00a0are developed in conversation with Indigenous communities to provide a set of licenses, similar to the Creative Commons license structure, that identifies the needs of Indigenous peoples when addressing intellectual property.\n\nThe\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/localcontexts.org\/labels\/traditional-knowledge-labels\/\">TK Labels<\/a> are a tool for Indigenous communities to add existing local protocols for access and use to recorded cultural heritage that is digitally circulating outside community contexts. The TK Labels help non-community users of this cultural heritage understand its importance and significance to the communities from where it derives and continues to have meaning.[footnote]Local Contexts. (n.d.). Traditional Knowledge Labels. https:\/\/localcontexts.org\/labels\/traditional-knowledge-labels\/[\/footnote]\n\n<strong>Example of TK Labels in Use<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013<a href=\"http:\/\/digitalsqewlets.ca\/traditional-knowledge_connaissances_traditionnelles-eng.php\">\u00a0SQ\u2019\u00c9WLETS \u2013 Research and Resource Management Centre<\/a>\n\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\" border=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 82.5606%\">\n<h5>Dig Deeper<\/h5>\nTo learn more about Traditional Knowledge Licenses and Labels, review: Anderson, Jane and Kimberly Christen.\u00a0(2013).\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/localcontexts.mukurtu.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/MAR.pdf\">\u2018Chuck a Copyright on it\u2019: Dilemmas of Digital Return and the Possibilities for Traditional Knowledge Licenses and Labels<\/a>.\u00a0<em>Museum Anthropology Review<\/em>\u00a07, (1-2) Spring-Fall 2013; 105-126.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/deed.en\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/deed.en\">CC BY 3.0<\/a>.<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 17.4394%\"><img class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-33\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2593\/2025\/11\/Dig-Deeper-2-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n&nbsp;\n<h1>Adaption<\/h1>\nAdapted from \"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.wipo.int\/edocs\/pubdocs\/en\/wipo_pub_1048.pdf\">Protect and Promote Your Culture: A Practical Guide to Intellectual Property for Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities\"<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wipo.int\/tk\/en\/\">World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Traditional Knowledge Division<\/a> under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/igo\/\">CC BY 3.0 IGO<\/a>","rendered":"<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"What is Traditional Knowledge?\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/14YInJGNwZc?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;background-color: #f8f9fa\"><sup><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=14YInJGNwZc&amp;list=PLGST5NdudG0SfkcfZcK9Z9MR3mUNRxfvt&amp;index=3\">Traditional Knowledge and Intellectual Property<\/a>\u00a0by the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cigionline.org\/\">Centre for International Governance Innovation<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Traditional knowledge (TK) is knowledge, know-how, skills and practices that are developed, sustained and passed on from generation to generation within a community, often forming part of its cultural or spiritual identity.<\/p>\n<p>While there is not yet an accepted definition of TK at the international level, it can be said that:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>TK in a general sense<\/strong>\u00a0embraces the content of knowledge itself as well as traditional cultural expressions, including distinctive signs and symbols associated with TK.<\/li>\n<li><strong>TK in the narrow sense<\/strong>\u00a0refers to knowledge as such, in particular the knowledge resulting from intellectual activity in a traditional context, and includes know-how, practices, skills, and innovations.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Traditional knowledge can be found in a wide variety of contexts, including: agricultural, scientific, technical, ecological and medicinal knowledge as well as biodiversity-related knowledge.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"World Intellectual Property Organization. (n.d.). Traditional knowledge. https:\/\/www.wipo.int\/tk\/en\/tk\/\" id=\"return-footnote-74-1\" href=\"#footnote-74-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 82.8767%\">\n<h5>Reflection &#8211; Australian Dreaming Stories<\/h5>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-72 size-full aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2593\/2026\/01\/Screenshot-2026-01-06-at-12.57.10-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"855\" height=\"440\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/openscholarship\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2593\/2026\/01\/Screenshot-2026-01-06-at-12.57.10-PM.png 855w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/openscholarship\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2593\/2026\/01\/Screenshot-2026-01-06-at-12.57.10-PM-300x154.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/openscholarship\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2593\/2026\/01\/Screenshot-2026-01-06-at-12.57.10-PM-768x395.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/openscholarship\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2593\/2026\/01\/Screenshot-2026-01-06-at-12.57.10-PM-65x33.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/openscholarship\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2593\/2026\/01\/Screenshot-2026-01-06-at-12.57.10-PM-225x116.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/openscholarship\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2593\/2026\/01\/Screenshot-2026-01-06-at-12.57.10-PM-350x180.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 855px) 100vw, 855px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>In 1994, a carpet factory reproduced a well-known painting by Banduk Marika entitled <a href=\"http:\/\/www.printsandprintmaking.gov.au\/works\/34247\/\">Djanda and the Sacred Waterhole <\/a>on a carpet. The underlying image of this work belongs to the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.rirratjingu.com\/\">Rirratjingu clan<\/a>\u00a0and is part of the mythology of the Djangkawu creation story.<\/p>\n<p>In the case study of the\u00a0<strong>Australian Dreaming Stories<\/strong>, reflect on the following question:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>What impact does the use of the painting have on the intellectual property rights of Banduk Marika, as outlined above?<\/li>\n<li>Is the painting Djanda and the Sacred Waterhole considered traditional knowledge?<\/li>\n<li>What impact does the use of the painting have on the cultural and spiritual health of the Rirratinjgu clan?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 17.1233%\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Traditional Knowledge and Canadian Indigenous Peoples<\/h2>\n<p>While copyright serves the purpose to protect the rights of creators of literary and artistic works, there are several ways in which copyright fails Indigenous peoples and TK.<\/p>\n<p>Indigenous cultural heritage and identity is expressed through creative works like storytelling, song, dance, rituals, and practices and is connected to land and community across time. The Canadian Copyright Act, as it is currently structured, cannot protect Indigenous knowledge due to the complex and community-based notions of ownership.<\/p>\n<p>In recognizing the difference in ideas of ownership, copyright is increasingly harmful to Indigenous peoples in the following ways:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Copyright focuses on economic benefits of knowledge and fails to recognize the cultural, spiritual and communal importance of Indigenous creative works.<\/li>\n<li>Copyright focuses on individual creators and fails to recognize the communal nature of producing and caring for the creative works.<\/li>\n<li>Copyright provides limits to the length of time in which an object can be protected which fails to recognize the intangible spiritual nature of the object that is situated in Indigenous identity across time.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Further issues around copyright for Indigenous creative works relate to the idea of ownership of heritage materials in the traditional publishing process. From the <a href=\"http:\/\/cfla-fcab.ca\/en\/home-page\/\">Canadian Federation of Library Associations <\/a>(website) <a href=\"http:\/\/cfla-fcab.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/CFLA-FCAB_Indigenous_knowledge_statement.pdf\">Position Statement on Indigenous Knowledge in Canada\u2019s Copyright Act<\/a> (PDF):<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Who holds \u201clegal\u201d copyright to that knowledge or cultural expression under Canada\u2019s current Copyright Act is often contrary to Indigenous notions of copyright ownership. Indigenous knowledge may be found in published works as a result of research or appropriation, and in these cases, the author of the published work holds the \u201clegal\u201d copyright to that knowledge or cultural expression, while Indigenous peoples would see the owners as the people from where the knowledge originated.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Canadian Federation of Library Associations\/F\u00e9d\u00e9ration canadienne des associations de biblioth\u00e8ques (CFLA-FCAB). (2018). Indigenous knowledge in Canada\u2019s Copyright Act: Position statement (PDF). http:\/\/cfla-fcab.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/CFLA-FCAB_Indigenous_knowledge_statement.pdf\" id=\"return-footnote-74-2\" href=\"#footnote-74-2\" aria-label=\"Footnote 2\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[2]<\/sup><\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 82.666%\">\n<h5>Dig Deeper<\/h5>\n<p>To learn more about traditional knowledge in the Canadian context, review:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cigionline.org\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/ILRP%202019%20Toronto.pdf\">Protecting Traditional Knowledge and Traditional Cultural Expressions<\/a>, Conference Report \u2014 Toronto, Canada, March 2019.<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 17.334%\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-33\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2593\/2025\/11\/Dig-Deeper-2-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/openscholarship\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2593\/2025\/11\/Dig-Deeper-2-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/openscholarship\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2593\/2025\/11\/Dig-Deeper-2-65x64.png 65w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Traditional Knowledge Licenses &amp; Labels<\/h2>\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-73 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2593\/2026\/02\/TK-329x300-1-300x274.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"274\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/openscholarship\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2593\/2026\/02\/TK-329x300-1-300x274.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/openscholarship\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2593\/2026\/02\/TK-329x300-1-65x59.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/openscholarship\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2593\/2026\/02\/TK-329x300-1-225x205.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/openscholarship\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2593\/2026\/02\/TK-329x300-1.jpg 329w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>As illustrated through this chapter,\u00a0IP rights related to traditional knowledge fail to consider the full expression of cultural heritage, traditions, and notions of ownership. From this understanding came the development of Traditional Knowledge Licenses and Labels that address the protocols and concerns of Indigenous peoples around traditional knowledge objects.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/localcontexts.org\/licenses\/traditional-knowledge-licenses\/\">Traditional Knowledge (TK) Licenses<\/a>\u00a0are developed in conversation with Indigenous communities to provide a set of licenses, similar to the Creative Commons license structure, that identifies the needs of Indigenous peoples when addressing intellectual property.<\/p>\n<p>The\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/localcontexts.org\/labels\/traditional-knowledge-labels\/\">TK Labels<\/a> are a tool for Indigenous communities to add existing local protocols for access and use to recorded cultural heritage that is digitally circulating outside community contexts. The TK Labels help non-community users of this cultural heritage understand its importance and significance to the communities from where it derives and continues to have meaning.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Local Contexts. (n.d.). Traditional Knowledge Labels. https:\/\/localcontexts.org\/labels\/traditional-knowledge-labels\/\" id=\"return-footnote-74-3\" href=\"#footnote-74-3\" aria-label=\"Footnote 3\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[3]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Example of TK Labels in Use<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013<a href=\"http:\/\/digitalsqewlets.ca\/traditional-knowledge_connaissances_traditionnelles-eng.php\">\u00a0SQ\u2019\u00c9WLETS \u2013 Research and Resource Management Centre<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 82.5606%\">\n<h5>Dig Deeper<\/h5>\n<p>To learn more about Traditional Knowledge Licenses and Labels, review: Anderson, Jane and Kimberly Christen.\u00a0(2013).\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/localcontexts.mukurtu.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/MAR.pdf\">\u2018Chuck a Copyright on it\u2019: Dilemmas of Digital Return and the Possibilities for Traditional Knowledge Licenses and Labels<\/a>.\u00a0<em>Museum Anthropology Review<\/em>\u00a07, (1-2) Spring-Fall 2013; 105-126.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/deed.en\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/deed.en\">CC BY 3.0<\/a>.<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 17.4394%\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-33\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2593\/2025\/11\/Dig-Deeper-2-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/openscholarship\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2593\/2025\/11\/Dig-Deeper-2-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/openscholarship\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2593\/2025\/11\/Dig-Deeper-2-65x64.png 65w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h1>Adaption<\/h1>\n<p>Adapted from &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.wipo.int\/edocs\/pubdocs\/en\/wipo_pub_1048.pdf\">Protect and Promote Your Culture: A Practical Guide to Intellectual Property for Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities&#8221;<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wipo.int\/tk\/en\/\">World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Traditional Knowledge Division<\/a> under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/igo\/\">CC BY 3.0 IGO<\/a><\/p>\n<hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-74-1\">World Intellectual Property Organization. (n.d.). Traditional knowledge. https:\/\/www.wipo.int\/tk\/en\/tk\/ <a href=\"#return-footnote-74-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-74-2\">Canadian Federation of Library Associations\/F\u00e9d\u00e9ration canadienne des associations de biblioth\u00e8ques (CFLA-FCAB). (2018). Indigenous knowledge in Canada\u2019s Copyright Act: Position statement (PDF). http:\/\/cfla-fcab.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/CFLA-FCAB_Indigenous_knowledge_statement.pdf <a href=\"#return-footnote-74-2\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 2\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-74-3\">Local Contexts. (n.d.). Traditional Knowledge Labels. https:\/\/localcontexts.org\/labels\/traditional-knowledge-labels\/ <a href=\"#return-footnote-74-3\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 3\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":1076,"menu_order":6,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-74","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":59,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/openscholarship\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/74","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/openscholarship\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/openscholarship\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/openscholarship\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1076"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/openscholarship\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/74\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":75,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/openscholarship\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/74\/revisions\/75"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/openscholarship\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/59"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/openscholarship\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/74\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/openscholarship\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=74"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/openscholarship\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=74"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/openscholarship\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=74"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/openscholarship\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=74"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}