{"id":23,"date":"2021-01-25T23:43:03","date_gmt":"2021-01-26T04:43:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathology\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=23"},"modified":"2025-08-16T18:54:39","modified_gmt":"2025-08-16T22:54:39","slug":"chapter-2-emphysema","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathology\/chapter\/chapter-2-emphysema\/","title":{"raw":"Emphysema Chapter Overview","rendered":"Emphysema Chapter Overview"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Chapter Learning Objectives<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\nAt the end of this chapter, you will be able to:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Describe the pathophysiology of emphysema as a consequence of chronic injury and inflammation.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Identify key histological features associated with emphysema.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">Outline expected clinical changes in a patient in response to remodelling, loss of alveolar tissue\u00a0 &amp; lung elasticity.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\nThis chapter is about emphysema, a condition that is under the umbrella term of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ([pb_glossary id=\"24\"]COPD[\/pb_glossary]). Emphysema is chronic condition of continuous lung injury and inflammation which will progressively worsen with no known cure. Thus, it takes many health care providers working collaboratively to manage an emphysema patient during the exacerbations and progression of their disease.\r\n\r\nThis chapter is subdivided into:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Pre-test<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Normal lung anatomy and histology<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Normal physiology of breathing<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Inflammation and Tissue remodeling<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Pathophysiology and histopathology of emphysema<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Interview with health care professionals diagnosing\/treating those with emphysema and its complications\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Medical Radiographer (Computerized tomography)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Nurse<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Case study of a patient experiencing exacerbation with COPD and her patient journey and interactions with health care professionals<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Post-test<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h1>Abbreviations<\/h1>\r\nThe following abbreviations are used throughout the chapter.\r\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%;height: 375px\" border=\"0\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;AAT&quot;}\">AAT<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Alpha-1-Antitrypsin&quot;}\">Alpha-1-Antitrypsin<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;COPD&quot;}\">COPD<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease&quot;}\">Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;CPAP&quot;}\">CPAP<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Continuous Positive Airway Pressure&quot;}\">Continuous Positive Airway Pressure<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;CT&quot;}\">CT<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Computed Tomography&quot;}\">Computed Tomography<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;DRG&quot;}\">DRG<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Dorsal Respiratory Group&quot;}\">Dorsal Respiratory Group<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;ERV&quot;}\">ERV<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Expiratory Reserve Volume&quot;}\">Expiratory Reserve Volume<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;FRC&quot;}\">FRC<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Functional Residual Capacity&quot;}\">Functional Residual Capacity<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;HRVC&quot;}\">HRVC<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Human Rhinovirus C&quot;}\">Human Rhinovirus C<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;IC&quot;}\">IC<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Inspiratory Capacity&quot;}\">Inspiratory Capacity<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;IFN-\u00a0\u03b3&quot;}\">IFN-\u00a0\u03b3<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Interferon-\u03b3&quot;}\">Interferon-\u03b3<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;IL-1&quot;}\">IL-1<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Interleukin-1 (IL-1)&quot;}\">Interleukin-1<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;IRV&quot;}\">IRV<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Inspiratory Reserve Volume&quot;}\">Inspiratory Reserve Volume<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;LPS&quot;}\">LPS<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Lipopolysaccharide&quot;}\">Lipopolysaccharide<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Palv&quot;}\">P<sub>alv<\/sub><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Intra-alveolar Pressure&quot;}\">Intra-alveolar Pressure<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Patm&quot;}\">P<sub>atm<\/sub><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Atmospheric Pressure&quot;}\">Atmospheric Pressure<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;PGE2&quot;}\">PGE<sub>2<\/sub><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Prostaglandin E2&quot;}\">Prostaglandin E2<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Pip&quot;}\">P<sub>ip<\/sub><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Intrapleural Pressure&quot;}\">Intrapleural Pressure<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;PRG&quot;}\">PRG<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Pontine Respiratory Group&quot;}\">Pontine Respiratory Group<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;PRRs&quot;}\">PRRs<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Pattern Recognition Receptor&quot;}\">Pattern Recognition Receptor<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;RV&quot;}\">RV<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Residual Volume&quot;}\">Residual Volume<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;TLC&quot;}\">TLC<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Total Lung Capacity&quot;}\">Total Lung Capacity<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;TNF&quot;}\">TNF<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Tumour Necrosis Factor&quot;}\">Tumour Necrosis Factor<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;TV&quot;}\">TV<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Tidal Volume&quot;}\">Tidal Volume<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;VC&quot;}\">VC<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Vital Capacity&quot;}\">Vital Capacity<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;VRG&quot;}\">VRG<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Ventral Respiratory Group&quot;}\">Ventral Respiratory Group<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n&nbsp;","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Chapter Learning Objectives<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p>At the end of this chapter, you will be able to:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Describe the pathophysiology of emphysema as a consequence of chronic injury and inflammation.<\/li>\n<li>Identify key histological features associated with emphysema.<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">Outline expected clinical changes in a patient in response to remodelling, loss of alveolar tissue\u00a0 &amp; lung elasticity.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>This chapter is about emphysema, a condition that is under the umbrella term of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_23_24\">COPD<\/a>). Emphysema is chronic condition of continuous lung injury and inflammation which will progressively worsen with no known cure. Thus, it takes many health care providers working collaboratively to manage an emphysema patient during the exacerbations and progression of their disease.<\/p>\n<p>This chapter is subdivided into:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Pre-test<\/li>\n<li>Normal lung anatomy and histology<\/li>\n<li>Normal physiology of breathing<\/li>\n<li>Inflammation and Tissue remodeling<\/li>\n<li>Pathophysiology and histopathology of emphysema<\/li>\n<li>Interview with health care professionals diagnosing\/treating those with emphysema and its complications\n<ul>\n<li>Medical Radiographer (Computerized tomography)<\/li>\n<li>Nurse<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Case study of a patient experiencing exacerbation with COPD and her patient journey and interactions with health care professionals<\/li>\n<li>Post-test<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1>Abbreviations<\/h1>\n<p>The following abbreviations are used throughout the chapter.<\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%;height: 375px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;AAT&quot;}\">AAT<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Alpha-1-Antitrypsin&quot;}\">Alpha-1-Antitrypsin<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;COPD&quot;}\">COPD<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease&quot;}\">Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;CPAP&quot;}\">CPAP<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Continuous Positive Airway Pressure&quot;}\">Continuous Positive Airway Pressure<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;CT&quot;}\">CT<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Computed Tomography&quot;}\">Computed Tomography<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;DRG&quot;}\">DRG<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Dorsal Respiratory Group&quot;}\">Dorsal Respiratory Group<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;ERV&quot;}\">ERV<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Expiratory Reserve Volume&quot;}\">Expiratory Reserve Volume<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;FRC&quot;}\">FRC<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Functional Residual Capacity&quot;}\">Functional Residual Capacity<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;HRVC&quot;}\">HRVC<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Human Rhinovirus C&quot;}\">Human Rhinovirus C<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;IC&quot;}\">IC<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Inspiratory Capacity&quot;}\">Inspiratory Capacity<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;IFN-\u00a0\u03b3&quot;}\">IFN-\u00a0\u03b3<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Interferon-\u03b3&quot;}\">Interferon-\u03b3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;IL-1&quot;}\">IL-1<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Interleukin-1 (IL-1)&quot;}\">Interleukin-1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;IRV&quot;}\">IRV<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Inspiratory Reserve Volume&quot;}\">Inspiratory Reserve Volume<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;LPS&quot;}\">LPS<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Lipopolysaccharide&quot;}\">Lipopolysaccharide<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Palv&quot;}\">P<sub>alv<\/sub><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Intra-alveolar Pressure&quot;}\">Intra-alveolar Pressure<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Patm&quot;}\">P<sub>atm<\/sub><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Atmospheric Pressure&quot;}\">Atmospheric Pressure<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;PGE2&quot;}\">PGE<sub>2<\/sub><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Prostaglandin E2&quot;}\">Prostaglandin E2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Pip&quot;}\">P<sub>ip<\/sub><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Intrapleural Pressure&quot;}\">Intrapleural Pressure<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;PRG&quot;}\">PRG<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Pontine Respiratory Group&quot;}\">Pontine Respiratory Group<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;PRRs&quot;}\">PRRs<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Pattern Recognition Receptor&quot;}\">Pattern Recognition Receptor<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;RV&quot;}\">RV<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Residual Volume&quot;}\">Residual Volume<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;TLC&quot;}\">TLC<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Total Lung Capacity&quot;}\">Total Lung Capacity<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;TNF&quot;}\">TNF<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Tumour Necrosis Factor&quot;}\">Tumour Necrosis Factor<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;TV&quot;}\">TV<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Tidal Volume&quot;}\">Tidal Volume<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;VC&quot;}\">VC<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Vital Capacity&quot;}\">Vital Capacity<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;VRG&quot;}\">VRG<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Ventral Respiratory Group&quot;}\">Ventral Respiratory Group<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"glossary\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\" id=\"definition\">definition<\/span><template id=\"term_23_24\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_23_24\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease is an umbrella term for chronic pulmonary diseases that progressively narrows &amp; obstructs the airways - especially during exhalation.  This makes it progressively harder to breathe.  Emphysema and chronic bronchitis are the most common examples of COPD<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><\/div>","protected":false},"author":1232,"menu_order":1,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":["jen-2"],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[59],"license":[],"class_list":["post-23","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","contributor-jen-2"],"part":328,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/23","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1232"}],"version-history":[{"count":21,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/23\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9087,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/23\/revisions\/9087"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/328"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/23\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=23"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=23"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=23"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=23"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}