{"id":2574,"date":"2022-04-13T14:29:45","date_gmt":"2022-04-13T18:29:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathology\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=2574"},"modified":"2025-08-21T23:30:31","modified_gmt":"2025-08-22T03:30:31","slug":"diabetes-chapter-overview","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathology\/chapter\/diabetes-chapter-overview\/","title":{"raw":"Diabetes Mellitus Chapter Overview","rendered":"Diabetes Mellitus Chapter Overview"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Chapter Learning Objectives<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\nBy the end of this section, you will be able to:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Define diabetes mellitus and differentiate between Type 1, Type 2, and gestational diabetes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Explain the differing roles of insulin and insulin receptors in the types of diabetes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Identify histological features in the pancreas associated with diabetes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>List the diverse clinical manifestations of the onset of diabetes and explain the pathophysiology behind each of them.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Correlate consequences of uncontrolled diabetes in the cardiovascular, neural, and renal systems.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Briefly describe how interprofessional collaboration of health care professions work towards diagnosis and management of diabetes and its consequences.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1845479\">[pb_glossary id=\"2951\"]Diabetes mellitus[\/pb_glossary] is a dysfunction of either insulin production and secretion (Type 1) or the tissue's insensitivity to the insulin hormone (Type 2 &amp; gestational). As a consequence, glucose can not get into most cells of the body resulting in high blood sugar and cells 'starving' for glucose. Blood sugar becomes abnormally high, regardless of when or what a person has eaten.<\/p>\r\nAn increasingly common disease, diabetes mellitus is diagnosed in both adults and children; however, millions of adults have undiagnosed diabetes. In addition, the population as a whole is approaching pre-diabetic levels, a condition in which blood glucose levels are abnormally high, but not yet high enough to be classified as diabetes.\r\n\r\nThis chapter is subdivided into:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Pre-test<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Anatomy &amp; histology of endocrine pancreas and glucose homeostasis<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Normal gross anatomy &amp; histology of pancreas<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Type I (1) diabetes<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Type II (2) diabetes<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Gestational diabetes<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Diagnosis of diabetes<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Consequences of chronic high sugar in other systems<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Interprofessional collaboration during care of diabetes<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Management and treatment of diabetes<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Consequences of untreated high blood sugar: diabetic ketoacidosis<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Video of patient and family's life with Type I diabetes: the McKinstry family<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Chapter summary<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Post-test<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h1>Abbreviations<\/h1>\r\nThe following abbreviations are used throughout the chapter.\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\" border=\"0\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 49.9065%\">DM<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50.0935%\">Diabetes Mellitus<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 49.90654205607476%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;DKA&quot;}\">DKA<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50.09345794392524%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Diabetic Ketoacidosis&quot;}\">Diabetic Ketoacidosis<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 49.90654205607476%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;T1DM&quot;}\">T1DM<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50.09345794392524%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus&quot;}\">Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 49.90654205607476%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;T2DM&quot;}\">T2DM<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50.09345794392524%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus&quot;}\">Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Chapter Learning Objectives<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p>By the end of this section, you will be able to:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Define diabetes mellitus and differentiate between Type 1, Type 2, and gestational diabetes.<\/li>\n<li>Explain the differing roles of insulin and insulin receptors in the types of diabetes.<\/li>\n<li>Identify histological features in the pancreas associated with diabetes.<\/li>\n<li>List the diverse clinical manifestations of the onset of diabetes and explain the pathophysiology behind each of them.<\/li>\n<li>Correlate consequences of uncontrolled diabetes in the cardiovascular, neural, and renal systems.<\/li>\n<li>Briefly describe how interprofessional collaboration of health care professions work towards diagnosis and management of diabetes and its consequences.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-id1845479\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_2574_2951\">Diabetes mellitus<\/a> is a dysfunction of either insulin production and secretion (Type 1) or the tissue&#8217;s insensitivity to the insulin hormone (Type 2 &amp; gestational). As a consequence, glucose can not get into most cells of the body resulting in high blood sugar and cells &#8216;starving&#8217; for glucose. Blood sugar becomes abnormally high, regardless of when or what a person has eaten.<\/p>\n<p>An increasingly common disease, diabetes mellitus is diagnosed in both adults and children; however, millions of adults have undiagnosed diabetes. In addition, the population as a whole is approaching pre-diabetic levels, a condition in which blood glucose levels are abnormally high, but not yet high enough to be classified as diabetes.<\/p>\n<p>This chapter is subdivided into:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Pre-test<\/li>\n<li>Anatomy &amp; histology of endocrine pancreas and glucose homeostasis<\/li>\n<li>Normal gross anatomy &amp; histology of pancreas<\/li>\n<li>Type I (1) diabetes<\/li>\n<li>Type II (2) diabetes<\/li>\n<li>Gestational diabetes<\/li>\n<li>Diagnosis of diabetes<\/li>\n<li>Consequences of chronic high sugar in other systems<\/li>\n<li>Interprofessional collaboration during care of diabetes<\/li>\n<li>Management and treatment of diabetes<\/li>\n<li>Consequences of untreated high blood sugar: diabetic ketoacidosis<\/li>\n<li>Video of patient and family&#8217;s life with Type I diabetes: the McKinstry family<\/li>\n<li>Chapter summary<\/li>\n<li>Post-test<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1>Abbreviations<\/h1>\n<p>The following abbreviations are used throughout the chapter.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 49.9065%\">DM<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.0935%\">Diabetes Mellitus<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 49.90654205607476%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;DKA&quot;}\">DKA<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.09345794392524%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Diabetic Ketoacidosis&quot;}\">Diabetic Ketoacidosis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 49.90654205607476%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;T1DM&quot;}\">T1DM<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.09345794392524%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus&quot;}\">Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 49.90654205607476%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;T2DM&quot;}\">T2DM<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.09345794392524%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus&quot;}\">Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"glossary\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\" id=\"definition\">definition<\/span><template id=\"term_2574_2951\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_2574_2951\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>a condition caused by destruction or dysfunction of the beta cells of the pancreas or cellular resistance to insulin that results in abnormally high blood glucose levels<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><\/div>","protected":false},"author":1232,"menu_order":1,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":["jen-2"],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[59],"license":[],"class_list":["post-2574","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","contributor-jen-2"],"part":2572,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2574","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1232"}],"version-history":[{"count":22,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2574\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9189,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2574\/revisions\/9189"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/2572"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2574\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2574"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=2574"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=2574"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=2574"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}