{"id":506,"date":"2021-07-14T14:10:48","date_gmt":"2021-07-14T18:10:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathology\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=506"},"modified":"2025-08-16T17:45:32","modified_gmt":"2025-08-16T21:45:32","slug":"chapter-overview","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/pathology\/chapter\/chapter-overview\/","title":{"raw":"Melanoma Chapter Overview","rendered":"Melanoma Chapter Overview"},"content":{"raw":"<div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Chapter Learning Objectives<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\nBy the end of this chapter, you will be able to:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Describe the normal role of melanocytes in skin.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Explain how damage to DNA can cause cancerous changes in genes - particularly proto-oncogenes and tumour suppressors.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Examine a histological preparation of skin and identify common histological features in cancerous cells and the basement membrane.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Briefly describe how metastasis can develop and likely sites of metastasis.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Explain how collaboration between\u00a0 health care professionals work towards diagnosis and management of melanoma.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Recall measures to lower one's risk for developing melanoma.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\nSkin cancers are THE most common types of cancers. Thankfully, most types of skin cancers do not result in death. However, melanoma is one type of skin cancer that can be lethal if not detected and treated early enough. This chapter will first discuss normal epithelial tissue and skin anatomy and histology, followed by a brief introduction to how cancer can develop in a cell. To introduce melanoma, author Lyz Boyd will guide you from the point of view the reader who sees a funny looking mole to the naked eye. Lyz will introduce the histopathology of melanoma and metastasis.\r\n\r\nWatch this Open Education video for a quick introduction to melanoma.\r\n\r\n[h5p id=\"4\"]\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;background-color: #f0f0f0;padding: 5px\"><sup>How Likely Are You to Get Skin Cancer? by New York Magazine, licensed under <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/\">CC-BY 4.0<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\r\nThis chapter is subdivided into:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Pre-test<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Normal skin anatomy &amp; histology<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Introduction to cell differentiation and cancer<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Pathophysiology of melanoma<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Progression of melanoma: metastasis<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Interview with medical Laboratory Science technologist about biopsy of possible melanoma<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Post-test<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h1 data-type=\"part\">Abbreviations<\/h1>\r\nThe following abbreviations are used throughout the chapter.\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\" border=\"0\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 49.90654205607476%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;ACTH&quot;}\">ACTH<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50.09345794392524%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Adrenocorticotropic Hormone&quot;}\">Adrenocorticotropic Hormone<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 49.90654205607476%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;BMI&quot;}\">BMI<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50.09345794392524%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Body Mass Index&quot;}\">Body Mass Index<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 49.90654205607476%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;CDK&quot;}\">CDK<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50.09345794392524%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Cyclin-Dependent Kinase&quot;}\">Cyclin-Dependent Kinase<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 49.90654205607476%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;G1&quot;}\">G1<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50.09345794392524%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Gap 1 Phase&quot;}\">Gap 1 Phase<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 49.90654205607476%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;G2&quot;}\">G2<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50.09345794392524%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Gap 2 Phase&quot;}\">Gap 2 Phase<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 49.90654205607476%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;hESCs&quot;}\">hESCs<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50.09345794392524%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Human Embryonic Stem Cells&quot;}\">Human Embryonic Stem Cells<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 49.90654205607476%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;iPSCs&quot;}\">iPSCs<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50.09345794392524%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells&quot;}\">Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 49.90654205607476%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;MSH&quot;}\">MSH<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50.09345794392524%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone&quot;}\">Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 49.90654205607476%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;S phase&quot;}\">S phase<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50.09345794392524%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Synthesis Phase&quot;}\">Synthesis Phase<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 49.90654205607476%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;UV&quot;}\">UV<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50.09345794392524%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Ultraviolet&quot;}\">Ultraviolet<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h1>Acknowledgement<\/h1>\r\nThis chapter was predominantly composed by medical student Lyz Boyd as part of her Yr 1 FLEX project with UBC Undergraduate Medical Program.","rendered":"<div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Chapter Learning Objectives<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p>By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Describe the normal role of melanocytes in skin.<\/li>\n<li>Explain how damage to DNA can cause cancerous changes in genes &#8211; particularly proto-oncogenes and tumour suppressors.<\/li>\n<li>Examine a histological preparation of skin and identify common histological features in cancerous cells and the basement membrane.<\/li>\n<li>Briefly describe how metastasis can develop and likely sites of metastasis.<\/li>\n<li>Explain how collaboration between\u00a0 health care professionals work towards diagnosis and management of melanoma.<\/li>\n<li>Recall measures to lower one&#8217;s risk for developing melanoma.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Skin cancers are THE most common types of cancers. Thankfully, most types of skin cancers do not result in death. However, melanoma is one type of skin cancer that can be lethal if not detected and treated early enough. This chapter will first discuss normal epithelial tissue and skin anatomy and histology, followed by a brief introduction to how cancer can develop in a cell. To introduce melanoma, author Lyz Boyd will guide you from the point of view the reader who sees a funny looking mole to the naked eye. Lyz will introduce the histopathology of melanoma and metastasis.<\/p>\n<p>Watch this Open Education video for a quick introduction to melanoma.<\/p>\n<div id=\"h5p-4\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-4\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"4\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"How Likely Are You to Get Skin Cancer?\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;background-color: #f0f0f0;padding: 5px\"><sup>How Likely Are You to Get Skin Cancer? by New York Magazine, licensed under <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/\">CC-BY 4.0<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p>This chapter is subdivided into:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Pre-test<\/li>\n<li>Normal skin anatomy &amp; histology<\/li>\n<li>Introduction to cell differentiation and cancer<\/li>\n<li>Pathophysiology of melanoma<\/li>\n<li>Progression of melanoma: metastasis<\/li>\n<li>Interview with medical Laboratory Science technologist about biopsy of possible melanoma<\/li>\n<li>Post-test<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1 data-type=\"part\">Abbreviations<\/h1>\n<p>The following abbreviations are used throughout the chapter.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 49.90654205607476%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;ACTH&quot;}\">ACTH<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.09345794392524%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Adrenocorticotropic Hormone&quot;}\">Adrenocorticotropic Hormone<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 49.90654205607476%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;BMI&quot;}\">BMI<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.09345794392524%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Body Mass Index&quot;}\">Body Mass Index<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 49.90654205607476%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;CDK&quot;}\">CDK<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.09345794392524%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Cyclin-Dependent Kinase&quot;}\">Cyclin-Dependent Kinase<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 49.90654205607476%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;G1&quot;}\">G1<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.09345794392524%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Gap 1 Phase&quot;}\">Gap 1 Phase<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 49.90654205607476%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;G2&quot;}\">G2<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.09345794392524%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Gap 2 Phase&quot;}\">Gap 2 Phase<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 49.90654205607476%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;hESCs&quot;}\">hESCs<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.09345794392524%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Human Embryonic Stem Cells&quot;}\">Human Embryonic Stem Cells<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 49.90654205607476%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;iPSCs&quot;}\">iPSCs<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.09345794392524%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells&quot;}\">Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 49.90654205607476%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;MSH&quot;}\">MSH<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.09345794392524%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone&quot;}\">Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 49.90654205607476%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;S phase&quot;}\">S phase<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.09345794392524%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Synthesis Phase&quot;}\">Synthesis Phase<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 49.90654205607476%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;UV&quot;}\">UV<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.09345794392524%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Ultraviolet&quot;}\">Ultraviolet<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h1>Acknowledgement<\/h1>\n<p>This chapter was predominantly composed by medical student Lyz Boyd as part of her Yr 1 FLEX project with UBC Undergraduate Medical 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